ARCL0028: the Prehistoric Mediterranean
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Mathias Mehofer
REINHARD JUNG · MATHIAS MEHOFER MYCENAEAN GREECE AND BRONZE AGE ITALY: COOPERATION, TRADE OR WAR? »I continue to believe it probable that the occasion for the first introduction of Type II swords to the Aegean was military necessity that drove Mycenaean princes to hire warriors from outside Greece. These warriors brought their own armouries with them. Their swords in particular were greatly admired by their em - ployers, who set their own swordsmiths to copy and adapt them.« 1 Since the publication of Hector Catling’s paper, which contains the above interpretation of Late Bronze Age relations between Mycenaean Greece and its north-western neighbours, various research ers have decisively contributed to a better understanding of the pro - cesses that lead 1) to the adoption of new types of weapons, armour, dress accessories and implements (often referred to as metallurgical koiné or »urnfield bronzes«) at the end of the Aegean Bronze Age and 2) to the local production of impasto pottery of Italian Recent and Final Bronze Age type in the Aegean and beyond. Thanks to the results of recent studies, we are provided with detailed typological arguments 2 that support the theory that the origin of those bronze and pottery types has to be traced back to Italy (figs 1-2). Other schools of research argued that the majority of the types forming the Fig. 1 Sites of the studied objects in Italy. – (Map R. Jung / metallurgical koiné was invented in the regions of M. Mehofer). Fig. 2 Sites of the studied objects in Greece. – (Map R. Jung / M. Mehofer). Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 43 · 2013 175 the Balkans and/or Central Europe and reached the Aegean via a Balkan route 3, whereas still others proposed to ascribe at least specific types to a Central European/Balkan origin 4. -
Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81, 2015, pp. 361–392 © The Prehistoric Society doi:10.1017/ppr.2015.17 Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC By KRISTIAN KRISTIANSEN1 and PAULINA SUCHOWSKA-DUCKE2 The Bronze Age was the first epoch in which societies became irreversibly linked in their co-dependence on ores and metallurgical skills that were unevenly distributed in geographical space. Access to these critical resources was secured not only via long-distance physical trade routes, making use of landscape features such as river networks, as well as built roads, but also by creating immaterial social networks, consisting of interpersonal relations and diplomatic alliances, established and maintained through the exchange of extraordinary objects (gifts). In this article, we reason about Bronze Age communication networks and apply the results of use-wear analysis to create robust indicators of the rise and fall of political and commercial networks. In conclusion, we discuss some of the historical forces behind the phenomena and processes observable in the archaeological record of the Bronze Age in Europe and beyond. Keywords: Bronze Age communication networks, agents, temperate Europe, Mediterranean Basin THE EUROPEAN BRONZE AGE AS A COMMUNICATION by small variations in ornaments and weapons NETWORK: HISTORICAL & THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK (Kristiansen 2014). Among the characteristics that might compel archaeo- Initially driven by the necessity to gain access to logists to label the Bronze Age a ‘formative epoch’ in remote resources and technological skills, Bronze Age European history, the density and extent of the era’s societies established communication links that ranged exchange and communication networks should per- from the Baltic to the Mediterranean and from haps be regarded as the most significant. -
Italian: Repubblica Italiana),[7][8][9][10] Is a Unitary Parliamentary Republic Insouthern Europe
Italy ( i/ˈɪtəli/; Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic (Italian: Repubblica italiana),[7][8][9][10] is a unitary parliamentary republic inSouthern Europe. Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and has a largely temperate climate; due to its shape, it is often referred to in Italy as lo Stivale (the Boot).[11][12] With 61 million inhabitants, it is the 5th most populous country in Europe. Italy is a very highly developed country[13]and has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and the eighth-largest in the world.[14] Since ancient times, Etruscan, Magna Graecia and other cultures have flourished in the territory of present-day Italy, being eventually absorbed byRome, that has for centuries remained the leading political and religious centre of Western civilisation, capital of the Roman Empire and Christianity. During the Dark Ages, the Italian Peninsula faced calamitous invasions by barbarian tribes, but beginning around the 11th century, numerous Italian city-states rose to great prosperity through shipping, commerce and banking (indeed, modern capitalism has its roots in Medieval Italy).[15] Especially duringThe Renaissance, Italian culture thrived, producing scholars, artists, and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. Italian explorers such as Polo, Columbus, Vespucci, and Verrazzano discovered new routes to the Far East and the New World, helping to usher in the European Age of Discovery. Nevertheless, Italy would remain fragmented into many warring states for the rest of the Middle Ages, subsequently falling prey to larger European powers such as France, Spain, and later Austria. -
On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution
On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Bar-Yosef, Ofer. 1998. “On the Nature of Transitions: The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution.” Cam. Arch. Jnl 8 (02) (October): 141. Published Version doi:10.1017/S0959774300000986 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:12211496 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8:2 (1998), 141-63 On the Nature of Transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic Revolution Ofer Bar-Yosef This article discusses two major revolutions in the history of humankind, namely, the Neolithic and the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic revolutions. The course of the first one is used as a general analogy to study the second, and the older one. This approach puts aside the issue of biological differences among the human fossils, and concentrates solely on the cultural and technological innovations. It also demonstrates that issues that are common- place to the study of the trajisition from foraging to cultivation and animal husbandry can be employed as an overarching model for the study of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Palaeolithic. The advantage of this approach is that it focuses on the core areas where each of these revolutions began, the ensuing dispersals and their geographic contexts. -
Exploring Gender in Prehistoric Italy
EXPLORING GENDER IN PREHISTORIC ITALY INTRODUCTION Gender studies got off to a late start in archaeology, compared to other disciplines in the humanities and social sciences. The first articles were published in the 1980s, but it is only in the 1990s that a significant body of work has appeared (for example, influential edited volumes: Gero and Conkey, 1991; Walde and Willows, 1991; Claassen, 1992; Du Cros and Smith, 1993; Wright, 1996; Moore and Scott, 1997; Sweely, 1999; single-authored books: Gilchrist, 1994; 1999; Nelson, 1997; Serensen, 2000; a collection of abstracts: Bacus et al, 1993; and a reader: Hays-Gilpin and Whitley, 1998). None the less, it remains very much a minority interest within the discipline, and mainstream archae- ology does little more than pay lip-service to it. A good example of this can be found in the chief archaeological textbook used in British universities, Archaeology. Theories, Methods and Practice, by Colin Renfrew and Paul Bahn. The first edition, published in 1991, has no section devoted to gender and the word does not appear in the index. In the second edition (1996), 'gender studies' occurs in the index, with a brief discussion at the tail-end of chapter 1 ('The history of archaeology') and a small section of its own in chapter 5 ('Social archaeology'); gender also figures significantly in a boxed feature on 'The individual as an agent of change' in chapter 12 ('Explanation in archaeology'), although this is not cross-referenced in the index. The third edition (2000) claims explicitly on the back -
Some Observations on Stone Bracelets of the Early Neolithic of Northern Italy
RAW MATERIALS, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS AND NEOLITHIC GROUPS: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON STONE BRACELETS OF THE EARLY NEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN ITALY Roberto Micheli Summary: One of the most characteristic personal ornament of the European Neolithic is the ring bracelet made of stone or shell. In Italy, its spreading affected several cultural groups between the Early and Middle Neolithic. It was a very com - mon adornment object, especially in the northern Italian regions, indicating that its employment was trans-cultural and had a long lasting tradition during the Neolithic. The paper focuses on the stone bracelets of the Early Neolithic groups of northern Italy dated between 5600 and 4900/4800 cal. BC, taking into consideration their geographical distribution, the raw materials employed, the manufacturing processes, the exchange networks and interrelation between different groups. Key words: raw materials, stone ring bracelets, personal ornaments, Early Neolithic, northern Italy. Riassunto: Uno dei più caratteristici ornamenti personali del Neolitico europeo è il bracciale ad anello in pietra o conchiglia. In Italia la sua distribuzione interessa diversi gruppi culturali tra Neolitico antico e medio, quando fu un oggetto di adorno molto comune, specialmente nelle regioni settentrionali. Il lavoro si concentra principalmente sui bracciali in pietra dei gruppi neolitici dell’Italia settentrionale databili tra 5600 e 4900/4800 cal. BC, prendendo in considerazione la distribuzione geografica, le ma - terie prime impiegate, i processi di fabbricazione, le reti di scambio e le interrelazioni tra i diversi gruppi. Parole chiave: materie prime, anelloni in pietra, ornamenti personali, Neolitico antico, Italia settentrionale. Introduction The Neolithic is an interesting phase for observing the al. -
9. Mobility and Transitions: the South-Central Mediterranean on the Eve of History
Davide Tanasi and Nicholas C. Vella (eds), Site, artefacts and landscape - Prehistoric Borġ in-Nadur, Malta, 251-282 ©2011 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy 9. Mobility and transitions: the south-central Mediterranean on the eve of history Nicholas C. Vella – Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta, Malta [email protected] Davide Tanasi – Arcadia University, The College of Global Studies, MCAS, Italy [email protected] Maxine Anastasi – Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Malta, Malta [email protected] Abstract. This paper reviews the evidence for maritime connections between Malta and Sicily in the second millennium BC and considers their social implications. Since much of what has been written by antiquarians and archaeologists about the islands was often the result of more modern maritime connections and knowledge transfer between local and foreign scholars, we begin by arguing for the relevance of a spatially oriented history of archaeological thought and practice. 9.1. Introduction Mobility is the hallmark of the Bronze and early Iron ages, not only movement of humans across the Mediterranan but with them ideas, beliefs, and ways of doing. The invention of the sail somewhere along the eastern shores of the Middle Sea resulted in what Broodbank has called ‘the shrinkage of the Mediterranean’, a process which brought easterners ever closer to the islands and coastal regions of the centre of that sea from about the mid-second 252 Nicholas C. Vella, Davide Tanasi, Maxine Anastasi millennium BC1. This is not to say that mobility did not occur in earlier periods in prehistory: the obsidian exchange system tells us much about movement in the Neolithic2 whereas the phenomenon related to the distribution of Beaker pottery during the Chalcolithic/Early Bronze Age is now being explained in part by reference to a structured interaction involving small-scale population movements between regions3. -
ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCL 0141 Mediterranean Prehistory 2019-20, Term 1 - 15 CREDITS Deadlines for coursework: 11th November 2019, 13th January 2020 Coordinator: Dr. Borja Legarra Herrero [email protected] Office 106, tel. (0) 20 7679 1539 Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages 1 OVERVIEW Introduction This course reunites the study and analysis of prehistoric societies around the Mediterranean basin into a coherent if diverse exploration. It takes a long-term perspective, ranging from the first modern human occupation in the region to the start of the 1st millennium BCE, and a broad spatial approach, searching for the overall trends and conditions that underlie local phenomena. Opening topics include the glacial Mediterranean and origins of seafaring, early Holocene Levantine-European farming, and Chalcolithic societies. The main body of the course is formed by the multiple transformations of the late 4th, 3rd and 2nd millennium BC, including the environmental ‘mediterraneanisation’ of the basin, the rise of the first complex societies in east and west Mediterranean and the formation of world-system relations at the east Mediterranean. A final session examines the transition to the Iron Age in the context of the emergence of pan-Mediterranean networks, and this also acts as a link to G202. This course is designed to interlock with G206, which explores Mediterranean dynamics from a diachronic and comparative perspective. Equally, it can be taken in conjunction with courses in the prehistory of specific regions, such as the Aegean, Italy, the Levant, Anatolia and Egypt, as well as Europe and Africa. -
The Fertile Crescent and the Neolithic Expansion 9500 BC – 5800 BC
The Fertile Crescent and the Neolithic Expansion 9500 BC – 5800 BC The Last Hunter Gatherers in the Iberian Peninsula The dramatic effects of the oscillations and general improvement of the climate after the Younger Dryas (about 9500 BC) can be seen in the wider Mediterranean, which is where we now go to look at a development that would change the way of life of the whole of Europe. Whilst the human populations of Andalucia wobbled around a non-sustainable level, populations elsewhere were burgeoning to such an extent that they flowed over and out of the land they originally occupied. First a quick tour of the Mediterranean to look at what was afoot elsewhere. In the Levant, to which we will return shortly, rainfall increased to about 20% above current levels. More importantly the rains fell evenly throughout the year, raising water tables, bringing springs to life and feeding streams and rivers. In the northern Mediterranean and temperate Europe, a chaotic succession of plants, trees and attendant animals eventually settled down in many areas to large tracts of mixed oak forest with conifers in the mountains and open scrub on the thinner, poorer, limestone soils. In the drier parts of the Aegean and, as we have seen, the Iberian Peninsula, tree cover was patchier. There were large areas of prickly scrub and tracts of savannah dotted with almond, pistachio and terebinth. In climatic enclaves the shrubs we consider typically Mediterranean, the woody, fragrant herbs, together with olives and other, evergreen, trees kept their heads down and survived. In southern Anatolia and parts of the Levant, the woodland was, uncharacteristically, slow to advance, compared to areas at similar latitudes that were settled with a stable ecological system. -
History Italy (18151871) and Germany (18151890) 2Nd Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
HISTORY ITALY (18151871) AND GERMANY (18151890) 2ND EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Michael Wells | 9781316503638 | | | | | History Italy (18151871) and Germany (18151890) 2nd edition PDF Book This is a good introduction, as it shows a clear grasp of the topic, and sets out a logical plan that is clearly focused on the demands of the question. Activities throughout the chapters to encourage an exploratory and inquiring approach to historical learning. Jacqueline Paris. In , Italy forced Albania to become a de facto protectorate. Written by an experienced, practising IB English teacher, it covers key concepts in language and literature studies in a lively and engaging way suited to IB students aged 16— The Fascist regime engaged in interventionist foreign policy in Europe. Would you like to change to the site? Bosworth says of his foreign policy that Crispi:. He wanted to re-establish links with the papacy and was hostile to Garibaldi. Assessment Italy had become one of the great powers — it had acquired colonies; it had important allies; it was deeply involved in the diplomatic life of Europe. You are currently using the site but have requested a page in the site. However, there were some signs that Italy was developing a greater national identity. The mining and commerce of metal, especially copper and iron, led to an enrichment of the Etruscans and to the expansion of their influence in the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean sea. Retrieved 21 March Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene". Urbano Rattazzi —73 : Rattazzi was a lawyer from Piedmont. PL E Silvio writes: Italy was deeply divided by This situation was shaken in , when the French Army of Italy under Napoleon invaded Italy, with the aims of forcing the First Coalition to abandon Sardinia where they had created an anti-revolutionary puppet-ruler and forcing Austria to withdraw from Italy. -
Original Research Paper the Origins of Nomadic Pastoralism in the Eastern Jordanian Steppe
Manuscript Click here to access/download;Manuscript;Miller et al The Origins of Nomadic Pastoralism.docx Original Research Paper The origins of nomadic pastoralism in the eastern Jordanian steppe: a combined stable isotope and chipped stone assessment Holly Miller1, Douglas Baird2, Jessica Pearson2, Angela L. Lamb3, Matt Grove2, Louise Martin4 and Andrew Garrard4. The circumstances in which domestic animals were first introduced to the arid regions of the Southern Levant and the origins of nomadic pastoralism, have been the subject of considerable debate. Nomadic pastoralism was a novel herd management practice with implications for the economic, social and cultural development of Neolithic communities inhabiting steppe and early village environs. Combining faunal stable isotope and chipped stone analysis from the Eastern Jordanian Neolithic steppic sites of Wadi Jilat 13 and 25, and ‘Ain Ghazal in the Mediterranean agricultural zone of the Levantine Corridor, we provide a unique picture of the groups exploiting the arid areas. Key words Neolithic; stable isotopes; nomadic pastoralism; lithic analysis; fauna. Introduction Some of the earliest evidence for domestic sheep and goats herds in the Eastern Jordanian steppe has been recovered from the sites of Wadi Jilat 13 and 25 at the beginning of the seventh millennium cal. BC (Garrard 1998; Garrard et al. 1994b; Martin 1999; Martin and Edwards 2013), although the possibility of their introduction in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (henceforth LPPNB) 1 Holly Miller (corresponding author) Department of Classics and Archaeology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. email: [email protected], telephone: +44 (0)115 951 4813, ORCHiD: 0000-0002- 0394-9444 2 Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. -
Art and Agency in Neolithic Sardinia and Traditional South-East Asia', European Journal of Archaeology, Vol
Edinburgh Research Explorer What are bucrania doing in tombs? Art and agency in Neolithic Sardinia and traditional South-East Asia Citation for published version: Robin, G 2017, 'What are bucrania doing in tombs? Art and agency in Neolithic Sardinia and traditional South-East Asia', European Journal of Archaeology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 603-635. https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.12 Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1017/eaa.2017.12 Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Peer reviewed version Published In: European Journal of Archaeology Publisher Rights Statement: This article has been published in a revised form in European Journal of Archaeology, https://doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.12. This version is published under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND. No commercial re-distribution or re-use allowed. Derivative works cannot be distributed. © copyright holder. General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 27. Sep. 2021 European Journal of Archaeology Received 8 April 2016, revised 19 October 2016, accepted 19 December 2016 What Are Bucrania Doing in Tombs? Art and Agency in Neolithic Sardinia and Traditional South-East Asia GUILLAUME ROBIN School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, UK The interior of Neolithic tombs in Europe is frequently decorated with carved and painted motifs.