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UCL Institute of

ARCL0028: The Prehistoric Mediterranean

2019-2020 Year 2-3 option, 15 credits

Deadlines for coursework: 18th November 2019, 13th January 2020

Dr. Borja Legarra Herrero: [email protected] Office 106; tel: +44 (0)20 7679 1539

Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages.

1. OVERVIEW

Course content: This course introduces students to the archaeology of the Greek world from the Age to the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The lectures are divided in sections, the first offering a set of frameworks for Greek archaeology; the following sections deal, respectively, with the development of cities and settlements through time, religion and cult, and cultural, social and economic practices.

Course summary: (Term 1) Room B13, Tuesdays 14:00-16:00 1st October 1. Introduction, Defining the Mediterranean (BLH) 2. Hyper connectivity and the sea (BLH) 8th October 3. Making archaeology in the Mediterranean: Excavation, survey, Science, Text (BLH) 4: SEMINAR: Cultural Heritage and Tourism (BLH) 15th October 5: The First Modern in the Mediterranean (ca. 35.000 – 9600 BCE) (BLH) 6: SEMINAR: The Changing Med project: A taste of the future of research (BLH) 22th October 7: Neolithisation: a truly Mediterranean phenomenon (9600 - 5500 BC) (BLH) 8: Case studies: Is the inevitable? (BLH) 29th November 9: The End of the Neolithic and the Beginning of (5500-3500 BC) (BLH) 10: Case Studies: The Temples of Malta (BLH).

(5th November – Reading Week)

12th November 11: Early Complexity (3500 - 2000 BC) (BLH) 12: Case Study: The Aegean (BLH) 19th November 13: SEMINAR Materials and Interaction: a hands-on session (BLH) 14: Late Bronze Age systems (2000-1200 BC) (BLH) 26st November 15: Late Bronze Case studies: : perfume and metal (BLH) 16: Late Bronze case studies: : The start of a beautiful relationship (BLH) 3rd December 17: Collapse or a gentle waltz towards the ? (1200-600) (BLH) 18: Case Study: The Phoenicians in the west (BLH) 10th December 19: SEMINAR: Rethinking the Mediterranean (BLH) 20: Conclusions (BLH)

Basic texts Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea: A of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. London and New York: Thames and Hudson and Oxford University Press. INST ARCH Issue desk BRO.

Methods of assessment: This course is assessed by two standard essays: first essay is 2,500 words in length (50% of the mark) and second essay is 2500 words in length (50% of the mark).

Teaching methods: The course is taught by one 2-hour lecture session a week. There will be four seminars that will require participation from the students, including one material handling session 2 in which students will have the opportunity to explore Mediterranean material culture first-hand.

Workload: Class attendance: 20 hours. In addition, you are expected to devote about 168 hours to reading and to preparing the essays. It is assumed by the lecturer that you will be doing this reading along with attending the lectures, which are intended to be supplementary to such study, not a complete course in themselves.

Prerequisites: Available to second and third year students. There are no prerequisites for the course.

2A. AIMS, OBJECTIVES

Aims The Mediterranean combines the world’s largest inland sea, a rare type of semi-arid environment, and proximity to the world’s earliest examples of complex urban societies, a unique constellation of circumstances that goes far towards explaining its central importance in history. This course: a) Provides a holistic interpretative survey of Mediterranean societies from the Palaeolithic until the Iron Age. b) encourages comparative analysis of Mediterranean societies in terms of their traits, interactions and trajectories at diverse scales c) Offers specific case-studies in which the students can gain an in-depth knowledge of an area, allowing students to understand the relationship between research and methodology in the archaeology of the region.

Objectives

On successful completion of this course, a student should: a) Have an overview of the regions, phases and issues within Mediterranean . b) Understand the main underlying factors that shaped early Mediterranean societies. c) Recognise a range of the cultural manifestations of early Mediterranean societies, such as major settlement forms, anthropogenic landscapes, material culture, monuments and seafaring technology. d) Be prepared for more detailed exploration of specific areas or time-spans within the early Mediterranean or adjacent areas.

Learning outcomes

On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate an enhanced ability to: a) Read critically and assess differing viewpoints and interpretative paradigms. b) Relate ideas and theories to the material remains of the past. c) Debate core issues among peers.

3 2B: ASSESSMENT This course is assessed by two essays, each of 2375-2625 words, and each of which contributes 50% to the final mark for the course. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. The Course Co- ordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided that this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Essay questions are listed at the end of this handbook.

The deadlines for the following assessment are as follows: a) 1st essay 18th November 2019 b) 2nd essay 13th January 2020

If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator.

Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. The nature of the assignment and possible approaches to it will be discussed in class, in advance of the submission deadline.

Please note that in order to be deemed to have completed and passed in any course, it is necessary to submit all assessments.

Word-Count The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices.

Essay 1: 2375-2625 words Essay 2: 2375-2625 words

Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected.

In the 2019-20 session penalties for overlength will be as follows:

• For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. • For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass.

4

Course Work 1: 2,500 Words, 18th November  Critical analysis the project: The changing face of the Mediterranean ( 29.5).

Course Work 2: 2,500 Words, 13th January  What an archaeology of the Mediterranean means to you? Present two case studies that illustrate such an approach.  How does interaction define the Prehistoric Mediterranean? Use two case studies to structure your answer.  Is world-system theory an adequate model to study the prehistory of the Mediterranean? Use specific cases to defend your ideas.  What do you think are the major dangers for the prehistoric remains in the Mediterranean? Use some specific examples.  In which period do you think seafaring became a key activity in the Mediterranean, and why in that particular period? Use archaeological evidence to support your points.

Coursework submission procedures All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work) All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked.

Instructions are given below:

Please note that the procedure has changed for 2019-20, and work is now submitted to Turnitin via Moodle.

1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document. Please include the module code and your candidate number on every page as a header. 2.. Go into the Moodle page for the module to which you wish to submit your work. 3. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1), 4. Fill in the “Submission title” field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 Essay 1), Note that this changes each year. 5. Click “Upload”. 6 Click on “Submit” 7 You should receive a receipt – please save this.

If you have problems, please email the IoA Turnitin Advisers on [email protected],

5 explaining the nature of the problem and the exact course and assignment involved.

One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to email the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline

3. SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS

Course co-ordinator: Dr. Borja Legarra Herrero (BLH),

Office Hours: Borja Legarra Herrero, Room 106, Open door policy; or by arrangement (e-mail [email protected])

Lecture Schedule: Tuesdays 2-4, Room B13, Institute of Archaeology.

Syllabus

Term 1, Room 209, Friday 14.00-16.00 General Reading list

Introductory

Alcock, S.E. and Cherry, J.F. 2005. ‘The Mediterranean world’, in C. Scarre (ed.), The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies, 472-517. Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II nd (translation of 2 revised edition [1966] of French original). Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World. London and New York: Thames and Hudson and Oxford University Press. INST ARCH Issue desk BRO. Demand, N. H., 2011. The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. Chichester and Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DAG 100 DEM. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Walsh, K. 2014. The archaeology of Mediterranean Landscapes: human-environment interaction from the Neolithic to the Roman period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DAG 100 WAL

Regional overviews Egypt nd Kemp, B. 2006 (2 edn.). : Anatomy of a Civilization. Trigger, B.G., B.J. Kemp, D. O’Connor and A.B. Lloyd 1983. Ancient Egypt: A Social History.

6 North Mitchell, P. 2005. African Connections: An Archaeological Perspective on Africa and the Wider World, read selectively for north African perspectives.

Levant Levy, T. (ed.) 1995. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Potts, D.T. (e.d.). 2012. A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient . Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. INST ARCH DBA 100 POT Schwartz, M. and P. Akkermans 2003. The Archaeology of : From Complex Hunter-gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC).

Anatolia Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky 2009. Ancient Turkey.

Cyprus Knapp, A.B. 2013. The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DAG 15 KNA. Steel, L. 2004. Cyprus Before History: From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age.

Aegean Cline, E. (ed.) 2010. The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca. 3000-1000 BC). New York: Oxford University Press. INST ARCH Issue desk CLI 2. Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age.

Dalmatia Wilkes, J.J. 1992. The (largely for later periods). Chapman, J., Shiel, R. and Batović, Š. 1996. The Changing Face of . INST ARCH DARD 12 CHA

Italy and No overview for peninsular Italy exists; see papers in Mathers and Stoddart (above). Leighton, R. 1999. Sicily Before History: An Archaeological Survey from the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age. Webster, G.S. 1996. A Prehistory of Sardinia, 2500-500 BC.

Corsica Costa, L. J. 2004. Corse préhistorique: Peuplement d’une île et modes de vie des sociétés e e insulaires (IX – II millénaires av. J.-C.) (in French).

Balearics No up-to-date overview exists.

Malta Cilia, D. (ed.) 2004. Malta Before History: The World’s Oldest Free-Standing Stone Architecture. Sagona, C. 2015. The Archaeology of Malta. From the Neolithic through the Roman Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

7 Iberia Almagro Gorbea, M (ed.). 2014. Iberia. of the far west of : from Neolithic to Roman Conquest. University of Burgos. Electronic resource. Cruz Berrocal, M, and L. Garcia Sanjuan. 2013. Prehistory of Iberia: Debating Early Social Stratification. Oxford: Routlege. INST ARCH DAP CRU.

Lecture 1. Introduction: Defining the Mediterranean

What is the Mediterranean, and what does it mean to different people today? In what range of ways can we define and characterise it as a physical and cultural space? Why is it a compelling alternative archaeological and historical framework to the more familiar ones of Europe, western Asia and Africa, all of whose shores surround it? What has been the Mediterranean’s role in world history?

Essential Broodbank, C. 2013. The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World, Chapter 1.

Recommended Defining the Mediterranean Attenborough, D. 1987. The First Eden: The Mediterranean World and Man (a little simplistic but useful as an absolute introduction). Blondel, J. and J. Aronson 1999. Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region, Chapter 1. DAG 4.5 BLO; Biology B7 BLO; Geography LX 30 BLO. Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume I, Part III. Harris, W.V. (ed.) 2004. Rethinking the Mediterranean, especially papers by Harris, Herzfeld, Alcock and response by Horden and Purcell. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, 7-49. Issue desk HOR 6; DAG 200 HOR; several other copies UCL. Jirat-Wasiutynski, Vojtěch, 2007. Modern Art and the Idea of the Mediterranean. Knapp, A.B. and E. Blake (eds.) 2005. ‘Prehistory in the Mediterranean: the connecting and corrupting sea’, in E. Blake and A.B Knapp. (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, 1-23. King, R., L. Proudfoot and B. Smith (eds.) 1997. The Mediterranean: Environment and Society, Chapter 1. Purcell, N. 2003. ‘The boundless sea of unlikeness? On defining the Mediterranean’, in Mediterranean Historical Review 18, 9-29. Sherratt, A. G. 1995. ‘Reviving the grand narrative: archaeology and long-term change’, Journal of European Archaeology 3: 1-32. Electronic resource. Shaw, B.D. 2001. ‘Challenging Braudel: a new vision of the Mediterranean’, Journal of Roman Archaeology 14: 419-53 (in-depth review of The Corrupting Sea). Mediterranean Historical Review 18 (2003) has one issue dedicated to this subject. Woodward, J. C. (ed.) 2009. The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean.

The Mediterranean Ethnography and the modern DNA De Pina-Cabral, J. 1989. ‘The Mediterranean as a category of regional comparison: a critical view’, Current Anthropology 30: 399-406. Driessen, H. 2001. ‘People, boundaries and the anthropologist’s Mediterranean’, Anthropological Journal on European Cultures 10: 11–25. Ferrari F. B. 2012 Ernesto De Martino on Religion. The Crisis and the Presence. 8 Herzfeld, M., 1984. ‘The horns of the Mediterraneanist dilemma’, American Ethnologist 11: 439–54. Herzfeld, M. 1987. Anthropology Through the Looking-Glass: Critical Ethnography on the Margins of Europe. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, 485-523. Genetics Hughey JR, Paschou P, Drineas P, et al. (2013) A European population in Minoan Bronze Age Crete. 4: 1861. Lazaridis I, Mittnik A, Patterson N, et al. (2017) Genetic origins of the Minoans and Mycenaeans. Nature 548: 214-218. Sarno S, Boattini A, Pagani L, et al. (2017) Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean. Scientific Reports 7: 1984.

Lecture 2. Hyperconnectivity and the Sea

At the centre of the basin lies the world’s largest inland sea, potentially a highway of communication and just as diverse as the land in terms of conditions and resources. This sea is studded with numerous islands, both stepping-stones and isolates, which have contributed some of the Mediterranean’s most remarkable societies.

Essential Farr, H. 2006. ‘Seafaring as social action’, Journal of Maritime Archaeology 1: 85- 99. Electronic resource. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2000. The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, 123-43 (connections and routes) and 438-45 (maritime cults).

Recommended Agouridis, C. 1997. ‘Sea routes and in the third millennium Aegean’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 1-24. Casson, L. 1971. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, 270-99 on sailing. Braudel, F. 1972. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1, Parts II and V, 1-2. DAG 100 BRA; Issue desk BRA 9; Main Library Hist 41 h BRA 90 (and issue desk); further in Science Library. Blondel, J. 2006. ‘The “design” of Mediterranean landscapes: a millennial story of humans and ecological systems during the historic period’, Human Ecology 34: 713-29. Electronic resource. Blondel, J. and Aronson, J. 1999 Biology and Wildlife of the Mediterranean Region, or 2010 revised edition; browse for marine information. Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades, Chapters 1 and 3. Issue desk BRO 9; DAG 10 BRO. Horden, P. and N. Purcell 2006. ‘The Mediterranean and the “new thalassology”’, American Historical Review 111: 722-40. Snodgrass, A.M. 2000. ‘: a view from the sea’, in D. Ridgway et al. (eds), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting, 171-77. Malamat, A. 1998. ‘The sacred sea’ in B.Z. Kedar and R.J.Z. Werblowsky (eds.), Sacred Space: Shrine, City, Land. Evans, J.D. 1973. ‘Islands as laboratories for the study of culture process’, in C. Renfrew (ed.) The Explanation of Culture Change: Models in Prehistory, 517-20. 9 Lecture 3. Making archaeology in the Mediterranean: Excavation, survey, science, text, and ethnography

The Mediterranean is one of the most intensively investigated places in the world, and a vast range of information can be brought to bear in its past, from excavation above ground and underwater, landscape surveys, scientific dating, provenance and contents analysis, and ethnographic analogy, as well as textual and pictorial data.

Essential Bass, G. F. 1991. ‘Evidence of from Bronze Age shipwrecks’, in N. H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean, 69-82. TC 508; Issue desk GAL 3. Papadopoulos, J.K. and R.M. Leventhal (eds.) 2003. Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old World and New World Perspectives Chapters 6 (excavation) and 9 (survey), plus 3 if time. Issue desk PAP; DAG 100 PAP.

Recommended Overall Trigger, B.G. 1984. ‘Alternative archaeologies: nationalist, colonialist, imperialist’, Man 19: 355-70. TC 2866; Inst Arch Pers. Underwater archaeology Ballard, R. D. (ed.), 2008. Archaeological Oceanography. Haldane, C. 1993. ‘Direct evidence for organic cargoes in the Late Bronze Age’, World Archaeology 24: 348-60. Parker, A.J. 1992. ‘Cargoes, containers and storage: the ancient Mediterranean’, International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 21: 89-100. Inst Arch Pers. Raban, A. 1985. Harbour Archaeology (British Archaeological Reports 257).

Survey, interdisciplinary regional studies and GIS Alcock, S.E. and J.F. Cherry (eds.) 2004. Side-by-Side Survey: Comparative Regional Studies in the Mediterranean World. Barker, G. 1995. A Mediterranean Valley: Landscape Archaeology and Annales History in the Biferno Valley. Bevan, A. 2002. ‘The rural landscape of Neopalatial Kythera: A GIS perspective’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 15: 217-256. Schwartz, G.M and S.E. Falconer (eds). 1994. Archaeological Views from the Countryside: Village Communities in Early Complex Societies. Mithen, Steven, and Emily Black (eds), 2011. Water, Life and Civilisation: Climate, Environment and Society in the Jordan Valley. Science Knapp, A.B. and J.F. Cherry 1994. Provenience Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus. Kuniholm, P.I. 1995. ‘The prehistoric Aegean: dendrochronological progress as of 1995’, in Randsborg, K. (ed.) Absolute Chronology: Archaeological Europe 500-500 BC (Acta Archaeologica 67), 291-8. TC 2162. Serpico, M. and R. White 2000. ‘The botanical identity and transport of incense during the Egyptian New Kingdom’, Antiquity 74: 884-97. Electronic resource.

Ethnography Forbes, H. 2007. Meaning and Identity in a Greek Landscape: An Archaeological Ethnography. Halstead, P. 2014 Two Oxen Ahead: pre-mechanized farming in the Mediterranean. Wiley- Balckwell. Online

10 Seminar 4. Cultural Heritage and Tourism

Huge challenges confront the preservation of Mediterranean sites and landscapes in the present, with chronic threats from mass tourism, development and mechanised agriculture (all central to the basin’s economies); war, and the antiquities looting that follows from esteem for ancient Mediterranean culture, constitute additional dangers.

Essential Fouseki K and Dragouni M. 2017. Heritage spectacles: the case of Amphipolis excavations during the Greek economic crisis. International Journal of Heritage Studies , 23 (8) 742 -758. Naccache, A. 1998. ‘Beirut’s memorycide’, in L. Meskell (ed.) Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, 140-158. Issue desk MES; AG MES.

Recommended General de la Torre, M. (ed.) 1997. The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region. Gill, D. and C. Chippindale 1993. ‘Material and intellectual consequences of esteem for Cycladic figures’, American Journal of Archaeology 97: 601-659. Electronic resource. Grenon, M. and M. Batisse (eds), 1989. Futures for the Mediterranean Basin: the Blue Plan. Hamilakis, Y. and E. Yalouri 1996. ‘Antiquities as symbolic capital in modern Greek society’, Antiquity 70: 117-29. Hodder, I. and L. Doughty (eds.) 2007. Mediterranean Prehistoric Heritage: Training, Education and Management. Kane S. 2015 Archaeology and Cultural Heritage in Post-Revolution Libya, in Near Eastern Archaeology, Vol. 78, No. 3, Special Issue: The Cultural Heritage Crisis in the Middle East (September 2015), 204-211[online] King, R., L. Proudfoot, and B. Smith (eds.) 1997. The Mediterranean: Environment and Society, browse Chapters 9, 11-18. Lowenthal, David, 2007. ‘Mediterranean between history and heritage’ in S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds.) Mediterranean Crossroads, 661–90. Meskell, L. (ed.) 1998. Archaeology Under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East. Papadopoulos, J.K. and R.M. Leventhal (eds.) 2003. Theory and Practice in Mediterranean Archaeology: Old World and New World Perspectives (Cotsen Advanced Seminars 1), Chapters 18 and 19. Skeates, R. 2005. ‘Museum archaeology and the Mediterranean cultural heritage’, in E. Blake and A.B. Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, 303-20. Issue desk BLA 9; DAG 100 BLA.

Looting and its consequences Brodie, N., J. Doole and P. Watson 2000. Stealing History: the Illicit Trade in Cultural Material. Elia, R. 2001. ‘Analysis of the looting, selling, and collecting of Apulian red-figure vases: a quantitative approach, in N.J. Brodie, J. Doole and C. Renfrew (eds.) Trade in Illicit Antiquities, 145-53. Elsner, J. and R. Cardinal (eds.) 1993. The Cultures of Collecting. Tubb, K.W. (ed.) 1995. Antiquities: Trade or Betrayed: Legal, Ethical and Conservation Issues (especially paper by Palmer). Rodríguez Temiño I. and A. Roma Valdés 2015 Fighting against the archaeological 11 looting and the illicit trade of antiquities in Spain, in International Journal of Cultural Property vol. 22, 111-130 Watson, P. and C. Todeschini 2006. The Medici Conspiracy: The Illicit Journey of Looted Antiquities from Italy’s Tomb Raiders to the World’s Greatest Museums.

Lecture 5. The first Modern Humans in the Mediterranean (35,000 - 9600 BCE)

Bordering Africa and its Levantine exit-point, the Mediterranean is implicated in the expansion of hominins and humans throughout the cycles of glaciations and sea-level changes. Equally, however, the sea proved a barrier until relatively late. We explore Ice Age Mediterranean hunter-gatherers and the origins of seafaring.

Essential

Leppard, T. 2015. The Evolution of Modern Behaviour and its implications for maritime dispersal during the Palaeolithic. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 1-18 Stiner, M.C. and S.L. Kuhn 2006. ‘Changes in the “connectedness” and resilience of societies in Mediterranean ecosystems’, Human Ecology 34: 693- 712. Electronic resource.

Recommended General Bar-Yosef, O. and D.R. Pilbeam (eds.) 2000. The Geography of Neandertals and Modern Humans in Europe and the Greater Mediterranean, especially Hublin. Bar-Yosef, O. 1998. ‘The in the Levant, threshold to the origins of agriculture’, Evolutionary Anthropology 6: 159-77. Electronic resource. Camps, M. and C. Szmidt (eds.) 2009. The Mediterranean from 50,000 to 25,000 BP: Turning Points and New Directions. Carbonell, E, M. Mosquera, M. Rodríquez et al., 2008. ‘Eurasian gates: The earliest human dispersals’, Journal of Anthropological Research 64: 195–228 Dennell, R. 2003. ‘Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside east Africa?’ Journal of Human Evolution 45: 421-40. Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe, Chapters 4-7. Garcea, E. (ed.) 2010. South-eastern Mediterranean Peoples Between 130,000 and 10,000 Years Ago. Hublin, J.-J. 2015. The modern human colonization of western : when and where? Quaternary Science Reviews, 118, 194-210. Lambeck, K. 1996. ‘Sea-level change and shore-line evolution in Aegean since Upper Palaeolithic time’, Antiquity 70: 588-611. Mussi, M. 2001. Earliest Italy: An Overview of the Italian Paleolithic and . Runnels, C. 1995. ‘Review of Aegean prehistory IV: the of Greece from the Palaeolithic to the advent of the Neolithic’, American Journal of Archaeology 99: 699- 728. Schüle, W. 1993. ‘Mammals, vegetation and the initial human settlement of the Mediterranean islands: a palaeoecological approach’, Journal of Biogeography 20: 399-411. Shea, J.J. 2008. ‘Transitions or turnovers? Climatically forced extinctions of Homo sapiens and in the East Mediterranean Levant,’ Quaternary Science Reviews 27: 2253– 12 70 Simmons, A.H. and associates 1999. Faunal Extinction in an Island Society: Pigmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus. Simmons, A. H. 2014. Stone age sailors: Paleolithic seafaring in the Mediterranean. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press Straus, L. G. 2001. ‘Africa and Iberia in the Pleistocene’. Quaternary International 25: 91-102. Strasser, T. F., E. Panagopoulou, C. N. Runnels et al., 2010. ‘Stone Age seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias region for Lower Palaeolithic and Mesolithic habitation of Crete,’ Hesperia 79: 145–90 van Andel T.H. and P.C. Tzedakis 1996. ‘Palaeolithic landscapes of Europe and environs, 150,000-25,000 years ago: an overview’, Quaternary Science Reviews 15: 481-500.

Seminar 6. Paleolithic study cases The Changing Med project. The Holocene 29.2

Lecture 7. Neolithisation: a truly Mediterranean phenomenon (9600 - 5500 BC)

The Holocene ushered in warmer climates, rising seas and accompanying human revolutions. Once again the Levant acted as a critical region; Neolithic farming ways of life spread from there to Gibraltar over four millennia, and seafaring is attested by growing numbers of people on islands.

Essential Robb, J.E. and P. Miracle 2007. ‘Beyond “migration” versus “acculturation”: New models for the spread of agriculture’ in A. Whittle and E. Cummings (eds.) Going Over: The Mesolithic-Neolithic Transition in North-west Europe, 99–116 Zeder, M., 2008. ‘Domestication and Early Agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, Diffusion, and Impact’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (3): 11597-604. Electronic resource.

Recommended Neolithic expansion Arbuckle, B. 2014. Pace and process in the emergence of animal husbandry in Neolithic Southwest Asia. Bioarchaeology of the Near East 8: 53-81. Bar-Yosef, O. 2016. Facing climatic hazards: Paleolithic foragers and Neolithic farmers. Quaternary International. Berger, J.-F. and J. Guilaine 2009. ‘The 8200 cal BP abrupt environmental change and the Neolithic transition: A Mediterranean perspective’, Quaternary International 200: 31– 49. Bernabeu Aubán, J., Michael Barton, C., Pardo Gordó, S., & Bergin, S. M. (2015). Modeling initial Neolithic dispersal. The first agricultural groups in West Mediterranean. Ecological Modelling, 307, 22-31 Dawson, H. 2014. Mediterranean voyages: the archaeology of island colonisation and abandonment. Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press Guilaine, J. (2017). The Neolithic Conquest of the Mediterranean. In M. Fernández-Götz & D. Krausse (Eds.), Eurasia at the Dawn of History: Urbanization and Social Change (pp. 67-80). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

13 Halstead, P. 1996. ‘The development of agriculture and pastoralism in Greece: when, how, who and what’, in D. Harris (ed.) The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia, 296-309. Kuijt, Ian, and A. N. Goring-Morris, 2002. ‘Foraging, farming and social complexity in the Pre- Neolithic of the south-central Levant: a review and synthesis’, Journal of World Prehistory 16 (4), 361–440. Leppard, T. P. (2014). Mobility and migration in the Early Neolithic of the Mediterranean: questions of motivation and mechanism. World Archaeology, 46(4) Mithen, S. 2003. After the Ice: A Global 20,000-5000 BC, browse Chapters 3-10, 16-18 and 21 for great vignettes. Issue desk; BC 100 MIT. Perlès, C. 2001. The early Neolithic in Greece: the first farming communities in Europe. Rowley-Conwy, P., 2011. ‘Westward Ho! The Spread of Agriculture from to the Atlantic’, Current Anthropology 52 (Supplement 4): S431–S451. Shennan, S. (2018). The First Farmers of Europe: An Evolutionary Perspective (Cambridge World Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapters 3 and 5 Sherratt, A.G. 2007. ‘Diverse origins: regional contributions to the genesis of farming’, in S. Colledge and J. Conolly (eds.), The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe, 1-20. HA COL. Tagliacozzo, A. 1994. ‘Economic changes between the Mesolithic and the Neolithic in the Grotta dell’Uzzo (Sicily, Italy)’,Accordia Research Papers, 5: 7-71. Zilhão, J. 2003. ‘The Neolithic transition in and the role of demic diffusion in the spread of agriculture across west Mediterranean Europe’, in A. J. Ammerman and P. Biagi (eds.), The Widening Harvest, 207-23. Issue desk AMM 2.

Island colonization Broodbank, C. and T.F. Strasser 1991. ‘Migrant farmers and the Neolithic colonization of Crete’, Antiquity 65: 233-245. Cherry, J.F. 1981. ‘Pattern and process in the earliest colonization of the Mediterranean islands’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 47: 41-68 (dated but still classic). Knapp, A. B., 2010. ‘Cyprus’s Earliest Prehistory: Seafarers, Foragers and Settlers’, Journal of World Prehistory 23 (2): 79–120. Vigne, J.-D., 1999. ‘The Large “True” Mediterranean Islands as a Model for the Holocene Human Impact on the European Vertebrate Fauna? Recent Data and New Reflections’ in N. Benecke (ed.), The Holocene History of the European Vertebrate Faunas: Modern Aspects of Research.

An African contrast Barker, G. 2006. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory, 273-304. Linstädter, J., 2008. ‘The –Neolithic transition in the Mediterranean region of northwest Africa.’ Quartär 55: 33–54. Mulazzani, S., Belhouchet, L., Salanova, L., Aouadi, N., Dridi, Y., Eddargach, W., Zoughlami, J. (2016). The emergence of the Neolithic in North Africa: A new model for the Eastern Maghreb. Quaternary International, 410, Part A, 123-143.

Genetics Pimenta, J. Alexandra M Lopes, David Comas, António Amorim, Miguel Arenas; Evaluating the Neolithic Expansion at Both Shores of the , Molecular Biology and Evolution, Volume 34, Issue 12, 1 December 2017, Pages 3232–3242. Pereira, J. B., Costa, M. D., Vieira, D., Pala, M., Bamford, L., Harich, N., . . . Richards, M. B. (2017). Reconciling evidence from ancient and contemporary genomes: a major 14 source for the European Neolithic within Mediterranean Europe. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1851). Fregel, R., Méndez, F. L., Bokbot, Y., Martín-Socas, D., Camalich-Massieu, M. D., Santana, J., . . . Bustamante, C. D. (2018). Ancient genomes from North Africa evidence prehistoric migrations to the Maghreb from both the Levant and Europe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science

BUT READ: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-03773-6

Lecture 8. Neolithic Case studies: (A) The inevitable Neolithic?

Were the processes by which communities became sedentary groups focused on the farming of domestic plants and animals the result of the continuous accululation of unique improvements to food security, an uwitting trap into which Epipalaeolithic groups led themselves through time, or a natural by-product of the trajectory of post-Palaeolithic production and social systems?

Recommended

Abbo, S., Lev-Yadun, S. and Gopher, A. 2012. ‘Plant domestication and crop evolution in the Near East: on events and processes’, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31(3): 241-257. Bar-Yosef, O. 2008. ‘On the nature of transitions: the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic and the ’, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 8(2): 141-163. Byrd, B.F. 1989. ‘The Natufian: settlement variability and economic adaptations in the Levant at the end of the Pleistocene’, Journal of World Prehistory 3(2): 159-197. Boyd, B. 2006. ‘On ‘sedentism’ in the Later Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) Levant’, World Archaeology 38(2): 164-178. Fuller, D.F., Willcox, G. and Allaby, R.G. 2011. ‘Cultivation and domestication had multiple origins: arguments against the core area hypothesis for the origins of agriculture in the Near East’, World Archaeology 43(4): 628-652. Rowley-Conwy, P and Layton, R. 2011. ‘Foraging and farming as niche construction: stable and unstable adaptations’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 366: 849-862. Munro, N.D. 2004. ‘Zooarchaeological measures of pressure and occupation intensity in the Natufian: implications for agricultural origins’, Current Anthropology 45(S4):S5-S34. Scott, J. 2018. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States. Yale University Press Whitehouse, N.J. and Kirleis. 2014. ‘The world reshaped: practices and impacts of early agrarian societies’, Journal of Archaeological Science 51: 1-11 Zeder MA. 2017. ‘Domestication as a model system for the extended evolutionary synthesis,’ Interface Focus 7: 20160133. Zohary, D., Tchernov, E. and Horwitz, L. 1998. ‘The role of unconscious selection in the domestication of sheep and goats,’ Journal of Zoology 245(2): 129-135.

(B) Collapse, mobility and innovation: spreading mechanisms in the Neolithic 15

Recommended Coward, F. Shennan, S., Colledge, S., Conolly, J. and Collard, M. 2008. ‘The spread of Neolithic plant economies from the Near East to northwest Europe: a phylogenetic analysis’, Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 42-56. Forenbaher, S., Kaiser, T. and Miracle, P. 2013. ‘Dating the East Adriatic Neolithic,’ European Journal of Archaeology 16(4): 589-609. Fort, J. 2012. ‘Synthesis between demic and cultural diffusion in the Neolithic transition in Europe,’ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109(45): 18669-18673. Halstead, P. 2011. Farming, material culture and ideology: repackaging the Neolithic of Greece (and Europe), in A. Hadjikoumis, E. Robinson and S. Viner (eds.), The Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe: Studies in Honour of Andrew Sherrat, 131-151. DA 140 GAD Lipson, M. et al 2017. ‘Parallel ancient gemonic transects reveal complex population history of early European farmers, BioRxiv doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/114488 Peltenburg, E., Colledge, S., Croft, P., Jackson, A., McCartney, C. and Murray, M. 2013. Neolithic dispersals from the Levantine corridor: a Mediterranean perspective. Levant 33: 35- 64. Silva, F. and Vander Linden, M. 2017. Amplitude of travelling front as inferred from 14C predicts levels of genetic admixture among European early farmers. Nature Scientific Reports 7: 11985.

Lecture 9. The End of the Neolithic and the beginning of Metallurgy (5500 - 3500 BC)

Infilling landscapes, new techniques, the advent of Metallurgy; The Mediterranean is experiencing major changes that start to push populations to find new social, political and cultural solutions to a growing number of challenges. The Mediterranean starts to produce a unique human history.

Essential Robb, J. E. and Farr, R. H. 2005. ‘Substances in motion: Neolithic Mediterranean “trade”’, in Blake and Knapp (eds.), The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, 24-45. Issue desk BLA 9; DAG 100 BLA. Roberts, B.W., C. P. Thornton and V. C. Pigott, 2009. ‘Development of metallurgy in Eurasia’, Antiquity 83: 1012–22

Recommended Levant Kassianidou, V. and A. B. Knapp 2005. ‘Archaeometallurgy in the Mediterranean: the social context of mining, technology, and trade’, in Blake and Knapp (eds.) The Archaeology of Mediterranean Prehistory, 215-51. As above. Kuijt, I. 2000. Life in Neolithic Farming Villages. Social Organisation, Identity and Differentiation, especially Chapters 4-6. 16 Levy, T.E. 1995. ‘Cult, metallurgy and rank societies - Chalcolithic period (ca. 4500- 3500 BCE’, in T.E. Levy (ed.), The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, 226-44. Rowan, Y. and J. Golden, 2009. ‘The Chalcolithic period of the Southern Levant: a synthetic review’, Journal of World Prehistory 22 (1), 1–92. European Mediterranean Bass, B. 1998. ‘Early Neolithic offshore accounts: remote islands, maritime exploitations, and the trans-Adriatic cultural network’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 11, 165-190. Halstead. P. (ed.) 1999. Neolithic Society in Greece. Robb, J.E. 2007. The Early Mediterranean Village: Agency, Material Culture, and Social Change in . Robb, J. E. and van Hove, D. 2003. ‘Gardening, foraging and herding: Neolithic land use and social territories in southern Italy’. Antiquity 77, 241-54. Tykot, R. 1996. ‘ procurement and distribution in the central and western Mediterranean’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9, 39-82. Africa Hassan, F.A. 2000. ‘Climate and cattle in north Africa: a first approximation’, in R.M. Blench and K.C. MacDonald (eds.), The Origins and Development of African Livestock: Archaeology, Genetics, Linguistics and Ethnography, 61-86. Linstädter, J., I. Medved, M. Solich and G.-C. Weniger, 2012. ‘Neolithisation process within the Alboran territory: models and possible African impact’, Quaternary InternationaI 274: 219– 32. Linstädter, J., Broich, M., & Weninger, B. 2016. Defining the Early Neolithic of the Eastern Rif, – Spatial distribution, chronological framework and impact of environmental changes. Quaternary International

Lecture 10. Chalcolithic Case Studies: The Temples of Malta While strictly Neolithic the Malta Temples are the first example of the kind of Monumentalisation that will define the next millennium and that will be accompanied by major social and political changes. It provides a unique example of how cult, death were intrinsically related to landscape, social organization and resource exploitation.

Essential Kolb, M. J. (2005). The Genesis of Monuments among the Mediterranean Islands. In E. Blake & A. B. Knapp (Eds.), The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory (pp. 156-179). oxford: Blackwell. Sagona, C. 2015. The Archaeology of Malta. From the Neolithic through the Roman Period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chapters 3 and 4.

Recommended Cazzella, A., & Recchia, G. (2013). Bronze Age fortified settlements in southern Italy and Sicily. Scienze dell'Antichitá, 19(2/3), 45-64. Cazzella, A., & Recchia, G. (2015). The Early Bronze Age in the Maltese Islands. In D. Tanasi & N. C. Vella (Eds.), The late prehistory of Malta: Essays on Borg in-Nadur and other sites (pp. 139-159). Oxford: Archaeopress. Cilia, D. 2004, Malta Before History, with a particularly useful chapter by Grima on ‘The 17 landscape context of megalithic architecture’, 326–46. Malone, C., S. Stoddart, A. Bonnano and D. Trump (eds.) 2009. Mortuary Customs in Prehistoric Malta. Robb, J.E. 2001. ‘Island identities: ritual, travel and the creation of difference in Neolithic Malta’, European Journal of Archaeology 4: 175-201. Electronic resource. Skeates, R. 2010. An Archaeology of the Senses: Prehistoric Malta. Vella, C. 2016. Manipulated Connectivity in Island Isolation: Maltese Prehistoric Stone Tool Technology and Procurement Strategies Across the Fourth and Third Millennia BC. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 11(3), 344-363.

Lecture 11. Early Bronze Age Complexity (3500 - 2000 BC)

The ‘long’ 3rd millennium BC was the formative age for the Mediterranean. A drying climate created semi-arid, risky environments like those of today, a strong interconnected world lead to new ways of life that will define the Mediterranean for Millenia to come

Essential Gilman, A. 1981. ‘The development of social stratification in ’, Current Anthropology 22: 1–23. Legarra Herrero, B. 2016. An elite-infested sea: Interaction and change in Mediterranean paradigms. In Molloy, B. (ed.) ‘Of Odysseys and Oddities’: Scales and modes of interaction between prehistoric Aegean societies and their neighbours. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 10. Oxbow Books. 25-52

Recommended The emergence of urban, state-level societies and world-systems Hassan, Fekri A., 1997. ‘The dynamics of a riverine civilization: a geoarchaeological perspective on the Valley, Egypt’, World Archaeology 29 (1): 51–74. Marfoe, L. 1985. ‘Cedar forest to silver mountain: social change and the development of long- distance trade in early Near Eastern societies’, in M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 25-35. Rothman, M. S. (ed.) 2001. Uruk and Its Neighbors. Cross-cultural Interactions in the Era of State Formation. Robb, J.E. 1999. ‘Great persons and big men in the Italian Neolithic’, in R.H. Tykot, J. Morter and J.E. Robb (eds.), Social Dynamics of the Prehistoric Central Mediterranean. 111-21. TC 3597. Sherratt, A. G. 1999. ‘Cash-crops before cash: organic consumables and trade’ in C. Gosden and J. Hather (eds), The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change, 13–34. Wengrow, D. 2006. The Archaeology of Early Egypt: Social Transformations in North-East Africa, 10,000 to 2650 BC, Chapter 7. European perspectives Nakou, G. 1995. ‘The cutting edge: a new look at early Aegean metallurgy’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8. Economies and beyond Halstead, P. 1988. ‘On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies’, in E.B. French & K.A. Wardle (eds.) Problems in Greek Prehistory, 519- 28. 18 Halstead, P. and V. Isaakidou, 2011. ‘Revolutionary secondary products: the development and significance of milking, animal-traction and wool-gathering in later and the Near East’ in Wilkinson et al. (eds.) Interweaving Worlds, 61–76. McGovern, P. E. 2003. Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture. Roberts, B. W. 2008. ‘Creating Traditions and Shaping Technologies: Understanding the Emergence of Metallurgy in Western Europe c. 3500–2000 BC.’ WA 40 (3): 354–72. Sherratt, A.G. 1993. ‘What would a Bronze-Age world system look like? Relations between temperate Europe and the Mediterranean in later prehistory’, Journal of European Archaeology 1: 1-57. Electronic resource.

Lecture 12. Case Study: The Aegean The Third Millennium Aegean is a complex case study in which several regions have differing trajectories, all shaped by interconnectivity. The lecture will have a look at the Aegean as a whole, starting from the Troy and the International Spirit to the Rise of Crete.

Essential Broodbank, C. (1993). Ulysses without sails: trade, distance, knowledge and power in the early Cyclades. World Archaeology, 24 (3), 315-331. Legarra Herrero, B. 2016. Primary State Formation Processes on Bronze Age Crete: A Social Approach to Change in Early Complex Societies. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1-19

Recommended Legarra Herrero, B. 2012. and the construction, deconstruction and non- construction of hierarchical societies in Early Bronze Age Crete. In, I. Schoep, P. Tomkins and J. Driessen (eds) Back to the Beginning: Reassessing social, economic and political complexity in the Early and Middle Bronze Age on Crete. Oxbow Books. 325-357 Antonova, I., V. Tolstikov and M. Triester 1996. The of Troy: Searching for Homer’s Fabled City. Bachhuber, C. 2014. Citadel and in Early Bronze Age Anatolia. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology. Equinox. Broodbank, C. 2000. An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cherry, J.F. 1984. ‘The emergence of the state in the prehistoric Aegean’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 30, 18-48. Cullen, T. (ed.) 2001. Aegean Prehistory: A Review. Day, P.M. and R. Doonan (eds) 2007. Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean. Kouka, O. 2013. ‘Against the gaps: The Early Bronze Age and the Transition to the Middle Bronze Age in the Northern and Eastern Aegean/Western Anatolia’, American Journal of Archaeology 117: 569-80. Legarra Herrero, B. 2009. ‘The Minoan fallacy: cultural diversity and mortuary behaviour on Crete at the beginning of the Bronze Age’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28: 29-57. Nakou, G. 1995. ‘The cutting edge: a new look at early Aegean metallurgy’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 8. Renfrew, A.C. 1972. The Emergence of Civilisation: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC.

19 Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, Chapters 2-3 by Broodbank and Pullen. Whitelaw, T.M. 2004. ‘Alternative pathways to complexity in the southern Aegean’, in J.C. Barrett and P. Halstead (eds.) The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited (Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 6), 232-56. INST ARCH Issue desk BAR 19; DAG 100 BAR; TC 2974

Seminar 13: Material and Interaction: a hands-on session This is a hands-on session in which we will be looking at different types of material and what kind of information they can provide, particularly about interaction.

Lecture 14: Late Bronze Age systems (2000 -1200 BC) Over the 2nd millennium the scale, range and nature of interaction between regions of the Mediterranean expanded dramatically, with rich information from archaeology (both terrestrial and shipwreck), texts and images. How did inter-regional economies develop?

Essential Sherratt, A.G. and E.S. Sherratt 1991. ‘From luxuries to commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age trading systems’, in N.H. Gale (ed.) Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean 351-86. TC 507; Issue desk GAL 3. Stein, G. J. 1999. Rethinking World-Systems: Power, Distance, and Diasporas in the Dynamics of Interregional Interaction. In N. P. Kardoulias (Ed.), World-System Theory in Practice. Leadership, Production, and Exchange (pp. 153-178). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc

Recommended Aruz, J, K. Benzel and J. M. Evans, (eds.) 2008. Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium BC. Kardulias, P.N. 2010: World-Systems Applications for Understanding the Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. In Parkinson, W.A. & Galaty, M.L. (eds.), Archaic State Interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. (Santa Fe, School for Afvanced Research Press.), 53-80. Sherratt, S. 2010: The Aegean and the Wider World: Some Thoughts on a World- Systems Perspective. In Parkinson, W.A. & Galaty, M.L. (eds.), Archaic State Interaction. The Eastern Mediterranean in the Bronze Age. (School for Advanced Research.)

Egypt Bietak, M. 1996. Avaris: The Capital of the Hyksos: Recent Excavations at Tell ed Dab’a. Kemp, nd B.J. 2006 (2 edn). Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization, Chapters 4-8. Levant Akkermans, P. and Schwartz, G. 2003. The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter- Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000 – 300 BC), Chapter 9-10. Levi, T. (ed.) 1995. The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, Chapters 18 (Ilan) and 19 (Bunimovitz). Yasur-Landau, Assaf, et al. 2015 "Rethinking Canaanite Palaces? The Palatial Economy of Tel Kabri during the Middle Bronze Age." Journal of Field Archaeology 40.6: 607-625. Cyprus Keswani, P. 1996. ‘Hierarchies, heterarchies and urbanization processes: the view from Bronze Age Cyprus’, Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 9: 211-50. 20 Knapp, A.B. 2008. Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Identity, Insularity, and Connectivity. Marcus, E. 2006. ‘ on the Nile? On the maritime character of Tell Dab’a/ Avaris’, in E. Czerny, I. Hein, H. Hunger, D. Melman and A. Schwab (eds.), Timelines: Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak, Vol. 2, 185-8. TC 3599 Steel, L. 2004. Cyprus Before History: From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age, Chapters 5-6. Aegean Bennet, J. 2007. ‘The Aegean Bronze Age’, in W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds.) The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, 175-210. Broodbank, C. 2004. ‘Minoanisation’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 50: 46-91. Shelmerdine, C. (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age, Chapters 5-13. Whitelaw, T.W. 2001. ‘From sites to communities: defining the human dimensions of Minoan urbanism’, in K. Branigan (ed.) Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age, 15-37. Anatolia Glatz, C. 2009. ‘Empire as network: spheres of material interaction in Late BronzeAge Anatolia’, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 28, 127-41. Sagona, A. and P. Zimansky 2009. Ancient Turkey.

Lecture 15: Late Bronze Age Case studies: Cyprus, perfume and metal Cyprus became rapidly a central player in the east Mediterranean around the mid-2nd Millennium BC, making a stark contrast with its earlier history. Pottery allow us to identify Cyprus role in the movement of certain products across the east Mediterranean. At the same time, Cyprus become a major producer of . The combination of the trade of these products left Cyprus with a unique role in the bright east Mediterranean.

Essential Bevan, A. (2010). Making and marking relationships: Bronze Age brandings and Mediterranean commodities. In Bevan, A., Wengrow, D. (Eds.), Cultures of Commodity Branding. (pp. 35- 86). Walnut Creek, US: Left Coast Press Knapp, A.B. 2013. The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory through the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. INST ARCH DAG 15 KNA. Chapter 7.

Recommended Bachhuber, R, C. 2006: Aegean Interest on the Uluburun Ship. American Journal of Archaeology, 110, 345-363. Bell, C. 2012. ‘The merchants of Ugarit: oligarchs of the Late Bronze Age trade in metals?’ in Kassianidou and Papasavvas (eds.), 180–87 Knapp, A.B. 2008. Prehistoric and Protohistoric Cyprus: Identity, Insularity, and Connectivity Jung, R. 2009 Pirates of the Aegean: Italy – East Aegean – Cyprus at the End of the Second Millennium BCE. In Karageorghis, V. and O. Kouka (eds), Cyprus and the East Aegean: Intercultural Contacts from 3000 to 500 BC. An International Archaeological Symposium held at Pythagoreion, Samos, October 17th – 18th 2008 (Nicosia) 72–93. Lo Schiavo, F. 2012. ‘Cyprus and Sardinia, beyond the oxhide ingots’, in V. Kassianidou and G. 21 Pappasavvas (eds.) Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC, 142-50. Steel, L. 2004. Cyprus Before History: From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age. London: Duckworth. INST ARCH DAG 15 STE. Van Wijngaarden, G. J., 2002. Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600–1200 BC). Sherratt, E.S. 1994. ‘Commerce, iron and ideology: metallurgical innovation in 12th-11th century Cyprus’, in V. Karageorghis (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium: Cyprus in the 11th Century BC, 59-106.

Lecture 16: Late Bronze Age Case studies: Italy and the start of a beautiful relationship This case study will focus on the and surrounding islands during the 1500- 1000 BC. It will look in detail how the central Mediterranean became much more integrated with the exchang networks of the east Mediterranean and what kind of transformations brought to the local populations.

Essential Vagnetti, L. 1999. ‘Mycenaean pottery in the central Mediterranean; imports and local production in their context’, in J. P. Crielaard, V. Stissi, and G. J. van Wijngaarden (eds.), The Complex Past of Pottery, 137-61. YATES P6 CRI; TC 3601. Iacono, F. 2016. From Networks to Society: Pottery Style and Hegemony in Bronze Age Southern Italy. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 26(1), 121-140

Recommended Blake, E. 2008. ‘The Mycenaeans in Italy: A minimalist position’, Papers of the British School at 76: 1–34. Iacono, F. 2013. ‘Westernizing Aegean of LH III C’, in M.E. Alberti and S. Sabatini (eds.), Exchange Networks and Local Transformation, 60–79. Pare, C. 2000. ‘Bronze and the Bronze Age’, in C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe, 1-38. Pearce, M. 2000. ‘Metals make the world go round: The copper supply for Frattesina’, in C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe, 108-15. AND Lo Schiavo, F. 2012. ‘Cyprus and Sardinia, beyond the oxhide ingots’, in V. Kassianidou and G. Pappasavvas (eds.) Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC, 142-50. Russell, A. 2010. ‘Foreign materials, islander mobility and elite identity in Late Bronze Age Sardinia’, in P. van Dommelen and A.B. Knapp (eds.) Material Connections in the Ancient Mediterranean: Mobility, Materiality, and Mediterranean Identities, 106–26. Sherratt, E.S. and A.G. Sherratt 1993. ‘The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC’, World Archaeology 24: 361-78. Electronic resource. Van Wijngaarden, G. J., 2002. Use and Appreciation of Mycenaean Pottery in the Levant, Cyprus and Italy (1600–1200 BC).

22 Lecture 17. Collapse or a gentle waltz towards the Iron Age? (1200 - 600 BC) nd The last centuries of the 2 millennium saw a widespread transformation, commonly interpreted as political collapse, in the east. This marks the transition from the Bronze to Iron Ages, and the end of the palace-states, though in the west no hiatus is visible. Can this rupture be understood as a structural economic shift in trading mechanisms?

Essential Kaniewski, David, et al. 2013. "Environmental roots of the Late Bronze Age crisis." PLoS One 8.8. Sherratt, S. 2003. ‘The Mediterranean economy: ‘Globalization’ at the end of the second millennium BCE’, in W.G. Dever and S. Gitin (eds.) Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past: Canaan, Ancient Israel, and their Neighbors from the Late Bronze Age Through Roman Palaestina, 37-62. DBA 100 DEV.

Recommended The eastern Mediterranean Artzy, M. 1997. ‘Nomads of the sea’, in S. Swiny et al (eds.), Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to , 1-16. Bauer, A. 1998. ‘Cities of the sea: Maritime trade and the origin of Philistine settlement in the Early Iron Age southern Levant’, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 17(2): 149-68. Liverani, M. 1987. ‘The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Bronze Age: the case of Syria’, in M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.) Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 66-73.; Issue Desk ROW 3; AH ROW. Morris, I. 2006. ‘The collapse and regeneration of complex society in Greece 1500- 500 BC’, in G. Schwartz and J. Nichols (eds.) After Collapse: The Regeneration of Complex Societies, 72- 84. O’Connor, D. 1990. ‘The nature of Tjemhu (Libyan) society in the later New Kingdom’, in A. Leahy (ed.), Libya and Egypt: ca 1300-750 BC, 29-113. Sherratt, E.S. 1994. ‘Commerce, iron and ideology: metallurgical innovation in 12th- 11th century Cyprus’, in V. Karageorghis (ed.) Proceedings of the International Symposium: Cyprus in the 11th Century BC, 59-106. Sherratt, E.S. 2000. ‘Circulation of metals and the end of the Bronze Age in the eastern Mediterranean’, in C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe, 82-98. Issue desk PAR 3: DAQto PAR. A comparison with the centre and west th th Giardino, C. 1995. The West Mediterranean between the 14 and 8 Centuries B.C.: Mining and Metallurgy Spheres. BAR International Series 612. Leighton, R. 1999. Sicily Before History, Chapters 5 and 6. Lo Schiavo, F. 2012. ‘Cyprus and Sardinia, beyond the oxhide ingots’, in V. Kassianidou and G. Pappasavvas (eds.) Eastern Mediterranean Metallurgy and Metalwork in the Second Millennium BC, 142-50. Pearce, M. 2000. ‘Metals make the world go round: The copper supply for Frattesina’, in C. Pare (ed.) Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe, 108-15. Webster, G.S. 1996. A Prehistory of Sardinia, 2500-500 BC, Chapters 6-7.

Lecture 18. Case Study: and the west

Early in the Iron Age Phoenician cities created the first pan-Mediterranean trading network, heavily engaged in extracting metals from Iberia. Gradually, the entire

23 Mediterranean began to resemble a melting pot of people and connections.

Essential Ruiz-Gálvez, M. 2014. Before the 'gates of Tartessos': Indigenous Knowledge and Exchange Networks in the Late Bronze Age Far West. In A. B. Knapp & P. Van Dommelen (Eds.), The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bronze and Iron Age Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 196-214 online Vives-Ferrándiz Sánchez J. 2007 Colonial encounters and the negotiation of identities in south-east Iberia in S. Antoniadou and A. Pace (eds) Mediterranean crossroads. Athens, Pierides Foundation, 537-562 [IoA: TC 3623; DAG 100 ANT]

Recommended nd Aubet, M.E. 2001. The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade (2 edn). Bedford 2009, P. ‘The Neo-Assyrian empire’ in I. Morris and W. Schiedel (eds.) The Dynamics of Ancient Empires, 30-66. Bietti Sestieri, A.M. 1997. ‘Italy in Europe in the Early Iron Age’, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 63: 371–402. TC 3596. Elctronic resource. Faust, A. and E. Weiss. 2011. ‘Between Assyria and the Mediterranean world: the prosperity of Judah and Philistia in the seventh century BCE in context’, in T. Wilkinson et al. (eds.) th s Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7 to the 1 Millennia BC, 189-204. Frankenstein, S. 1979. ‘The Phoenicians in the far west: a function of neo-Assyrian imperialism’, in M.G. Larsen (ed.) Power and Propaganda, 263-294. Gonzalez de Canales Cerisola, F. et al. 2006. ‘The pre-colonial Phoenician emporium of Huelva ca. 900-770 BC’, Bulletin Antieke Beschaving 81: 13-29. Malkin, I. 2003. ‘Networks and the emergence of Greek identity’, Mediterranean Historical Review 18: 56-74. Markoe, G.E. 2000. The Phoenicians. Morris, I. 2000. Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece. Ridgway, D. 2000. ‘The first western revisited’, in D. Ridgway et al. (eds.), Ancient Italy in its Mediterranean Setting, 179-91. Riva, C. and Vella, N. (eds.) 2006. Debating Orientalization: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Processes of Change in the Ancient Mediterranean. Schneider, J. 2011. ‘Anticipating the Silk Road: Some thoughts on the wool-murex connection in th Tyre’, in T. Wilkinson et al. (eds.) Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7 st to the 1 Millennia BC, 295-302. Sherratt, E.S. and A.G. Sherratt 1993. ‘The growth of the Mediterranean economy in the early first millennium BC’, World Archaeology 24: 361-78. Electronic resource. Sherratt, S. 2005. ‘Ethnicities, ethnonyms and archaeological labels. Whose ideologies and whose identities?’, in J. Clarke (ed.) Archaeological Perspectives on the Transmission and Transformation of Culture in the Eastern Mediterranean, 25-38.

Lecture 19. Seminar: Rethinking the Mediterranean This seminar serves as a recap of the course. The main goal is to discuss whether the Idea of an Archaeology of the Mediterranean is useful based on the data revised during the course. What is useful? What seems not to work? The seminar will also work to prepare the second essay. Herzfeld, M. 2005. ‘Practical Mediterraneanism: Excuses for everything, from epistemology to eating’, in W.V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Mediterranean, 45-63. INST ARCH Issue desk HAR; DAG 100 HAR. Purcell, N. 2003. ‘The boundless sea of unlikeness? On defining the Mediterranean’, 24 Mediterranean Historical Review 18, 9-29. Reviews of Broodbank 2013 in Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 27.1, particularly Foxhall. Online

Lecture 20: Conclusions This lecture will link with the seminar in order to offer closing thoughts about the course and discuss ways in which the students can continue their studies in Mediterranean Archaeology. Additionally, we will consider the role of Mediterranean archaeology in the modern world.

5. Online reading list The full text of this handbook and online reading list for accessing a range of useful online resources dedicated to Greek archaeology and themes touched upon in the lectures are available here https://ucl.rl.talis.com/modules/arcl2022.html

6. Moodle

There is a moodle page for this course. On it you will find a) an electronic version of this handbook, in case you lose your hardcopy; b) PDFs of the powerpoint presentations for the lectures which will uploaded as the term proceeds.

7. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

INSTITUTE OF ARCHAELOGY COURSEWORK PROCEDURES

General policies and procedures concerning modules and coursework, including submission procedures, assessment criteria, and general resources, are available on the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle: https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/

It is essential that you read and comply with these. Note that some of the policies and procedures will be different depending on your status (e.g. undergraduate, postgraduate taught, affiliate, graduate diploma, intercollegiate, interdepartmental). If in doubt, please consult your module co-ordinator.

GRANTING OF EXTENSIONS: Note that there are strict UCL-wide regulations with regard to the granting of extensions for coursework. Note that Module Coordinators are not permitted to grant extensions. All requests for extensions must be submitted on a the appropriate UCL form, together with supporting documentation, via Judy Medrington’s office and will then be referred on for consideration. Please be aware that the grounds that are acceptable are limited. Those with long-term difficulties should contact UCL Student Support and Wellbeing to make special 25 arrangements. Please see the IoA Student Administration section of Moodle https://moodle.ucl.ac.uk/ for further information. Additional information is given here http://www.ucl.ac.uk/srs/academic-manual/c4/extenuating-circumstances/ .

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