RAW MATERIALS, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS AND NEOLITHIC GROUPS: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON STONE BRACELETS OF THE EARLY NEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN ITALY

Roberto Micheli

Summary: One of the most characteristic personal ornament of the European Neolithic is the ring bracelet made of stone or shell. In Italy, its spreading affected several cultural groups between the Early and Middle Neolithic. It was a very com - mon adornment object, especially in the northern Italian regions, indicating that its employment was trans-cultural and had a long lasting tradition during the Neolithic. The paper focuses on the stone bracelets of the Early Neolithic groups of northern Italy dated between 5600 and 4900/4800 cal. BC, taking into consideration their geographical distribution, the raw materials employed, the manufacturing processes, the exchange networks and interrelation between different groups. Key words: raw materials, stone ring bracelets, personal ornaments, Early Neolithic, northern Italy.

Riassunto: Uno dei più caratteristici ornamenti personali del Neolitico europeo è il bracciale ad anello in pietra o conchiglia. In Italia la sua distribuzione interessa diversi gruppi culturali tra Neolitico antico e medio, quando fu un oggetto di adorno molto comune, specialmente nelle regioni settentrionali. Il lavoro si concentra principalmente sui bracciali in pietra dei gruppi neolitici dell’Italia settentrionale databili tra 5600 e 4900/4800 cal. BC, prendendo in considerazione la distribuzione geografica, le ma - terie prime impiegate, i processi di fabbricazione, le reti di scambio e le interrelazioni tra i diversi gruppi. Parole chiave: materie prime, anelloni in pietra, ornamenti personali, Neolitico antico, Italia settentrionale.

Introduction

The Neolithic is an interesting phase for observing the al. 1993; Constantin and Vachard 2004) and central changes which affected the material culture and the ide - Europe (Zápotocká 1984; Nieszery and Brienl 1993; ology of the prehistoric groups in Europe. The produc - Jeunesse 1995, 1997). tion of personal ornaments improved and new types ap - In Italy, the spreading of ring bracelets involves several cul - peared. A new kind of personal adornment was often tural groups between Early and Middle-Late Neolithic. linked to a new costume, and therefore to new social mes - The distribution of such objects is very large, especially sages to convey. One of the most characteristic personal in the northern regions, indicating that the employment ornaments marking such change was the ring bracelet of this peculiar personal ornament was trans-cultural and worn on the arm, usually above the elbow, and employed had a long lasting tradition as an important component during the Early and Middle Neolithic in Europe. of the Neolithic costume. In fact, the older ring bracelets Personal ornaments of the European Neolithic groups in - are dated in the first half of the 6th millennium BC, while clude mainly ring bracelets and necklaces. The former are later artefacts can be assigned to the second half of the 5th made of stone, shell, and rarely bone or baked clay. The millennium BC; after this, stone or shell ring bracelets latter consist of various elements such as, for example, were no more employed in Italian prehistory. simply perforated shells and teeth or different shapes of The Neolithization of northern Italy was brought about stone, shell and bone beads and pendants joined together by the Impressa Ware groups during the first half of the and arranged as a sequence of one type only or as a mi - 6th millennium BC with the colonization of the coas - xed composition of various materials. The employment of the stone or shell ring bracelet worn above the elbow is confirmed by several findings in burials outside the Ita - Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Friuli Venezia Giulia lian territories such as in France (Joffroy 1972; Bulard et e-mail: [email protected]

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tal territories of the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian seas along tion of the extensive forested zone along the main river maritime ways following the main marine streams and courses. The two cultural spheres coexisting in the se - sight navigation; in the Po Plain, instead, this process cond half of the 6th millennium BC remained subs - was achieved around the middle of the same millennium tantially independent from each other (Pessina 1998; by the Padan Neolithic groups thanks to the coloniza - Pessina and Tiné 2008).

Ring bracelet in northern Italy: some general data

In northern Italy the stone ring bracelet (fig. 1) is a per - Pottery groups and Serra d’Alto culture), while in Sardi - sonal ornament characteristic and seemingly exclusive of nia they are characteristic of the Middle Neolithic Bonu all groups of the Early Neolithic of the Po Plain and su - Ighinu culture. rrounding Alpine territories. It is very common in the Fio - Many Italian stone bracelets, unfortunately, come from rano, Vhò and Friulian groups, but it is attested in small surface or old collections; nevertheless, the Early Neo - numbers also in the Isolino and Gaban groups and in cen - lithic attribution of most of them is certain thanks to tral Italy, in the area affected by the Incised Lines Ware some recent discoveries in well-dated settlements. Even (Ceramica a Linee Incise ). Such personal ornament is ab - though ring bracelets are attested in the early phase of sent from the Impressa Ware complexes; it only appears the Square Mouthed Pottery in Liguria during the be - in Liguria during a transitional phase between the Epi - ginning of the Middle Neolithic, they have never been cardial phase and the early moment of the Square Mou - found in any of the Po Plain sites of the same culture re - thed Pottery ( Vasi a Bocca Quadrata ) culture. In the rest cently excavated, where many kinds of steatite beads, of Italy ring bracelets are attested in various cultural sphe - perforated fossil shells and animal teeth are instead very res associated with painted pottery between late Early and common (Micheli in press; Mazzieri and Micheli in this Middle Neolithic (Bichromatic and Trichromatic Painted volume).

FIGURE 1. Neolithic ring bracelets in northern and central Italy.

242 J Congrés Internacional Xarxes al Neolític – Neolithic Networks RAW MATERIALS, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS AND NEOLITHIC GROUPS: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON STONE BRACELETS OF THE EARLY NEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN ITALY

Bracelet typology: morphological and functional data

The more common stone ring bracelet is obtained from Ring bracelets were probably worn on arms since a very soft green stone; it can have a circular, subcircular or oval young age and were worn for many years until they were profile and a triangle or drop section developing in the unintentionally damaged or until the death of the owner. sense of the width (fig. 2); it is clear that there is a strict Broken bracelets could however be reassembled, as in the relationship between the section shape of bracelets and the case of the composed specimens fixed together by means geological structure of the stone employed. In fact, bra - of strings, as shown by the well known burial of Jablines celets with a narrow and high section made of marble or – Longues Raies in France (Bulard et al. 1993; Loubou - limestone are very few in Italy, while they are well known tin 2008). Nevertheless, composed bracelets do not seem in southern France (Courtin and Gutherz 1976). Com - to be merely the result of repair, but rather might be con - posed ring bracelets are also known; in this case, two se - sidered as a particular type of bracelet that could be fixed micircular segments with one or two holes at the edges and removed easily and employed, for example, during could be joint together by some strings. However, some special collective events such as feasts, ceremonies and me - semicircular segments have only one hole suggesting they etings where the most precious personal ornaments had were used as pendants after the bracelet was broken. to be exhibited.

Ring bracelets obtained from other raw materials: a brief overview

The Neolithic costume of Italian regions presents also bra - cumented in the cist graves group of Valle d’Aosta repre - celets obtained from bone and shell; the former are ho - senting a southern extension of the Chamblandes Swiss wever very rare, while the latter are numerous, although group; other findings of the same period are sporadic and less common than stone bracelets. The bone specimens come from some southern sites with painted pottery came from four Early Neolithic sites of Fiorano, Vhò and (Micheli 2006). Like most of the stone specimens, shell Incised Lines Ware groups; such objects can have both a bracelets are also often found in fragments; the only flat or thick triangle section and are made of large flatte - complete artefacts come from some burials in stone cist ned bones such as scapula and pelvis or large holed bo - graves in Valle d’Aosta (Mezzena 1997), from two burial nes such as femur of big size animals (mainly cattle). caves in Sardinia at Rifugio Cave (Agosti et al. 1980) and Shell bracelets have ring shape with oval or subcircular in Tuscany at Fontino Cave (Micheli 2006). The geo - profile and rounded, lenticular or semicircular section; the graphical diffusion of stone ring bracelets and shell spe - specimens are usually white, sometimes with nuances of cimens often coincides, although the latter are less com - their natural colour on the polishing surface. Composed mon and probably more precious. Remains of the bracelets are also known. Shell ring specimens are obtai - working process are known from only two localities: ned from big shells of two Bivalves, Spondylus gaederopus Arene Candide Cave in Liguria, where a laboratory was and Glycymeris , probably of the bigger species G. pilosa , active at the end of the 6th millennium and in the first but we don’t have any punctual data about it, and of a centuries of the 5th millennium BC (Borrello and Micheli Gastropod, Charonia lampas also known as Triton nodi - 2011), and Cala Tramontana in the San Domino Island ferum . The profile and section shapes of ring bracelets de - from a early Middle Neolithic context (Micheli 2010). pend on the morphology of the shell blanks and the size of the shells employed. In fact, Bivalves and Gastropods shell structures are very different and therefore influence the final bracelet shape, since they need appropriate and different manufacturing processes (Micheli 2006). The spreading of shell bracelets is attested beginning from the Early Neolithic in Impressa Ware culture sites, in Fiorano and Vhò groups in the Po Plain and excep - tionally in one burial site of the Incised Lines Ware group in Tuscany. They are also known from the Catignano cul - ture in Abruzzi. During the Middle Neolithic, shell bra - celets appear in Liguria in some caves with Square Mou - thed Pottery culture remains, but, as stressed before for stone specimens, they aren’t documented in the other nor - thern Italian regions affected by such culture. Shell bra - celets characterize some collective burial complexes in the caves of the Bonu Ighinu culture in Sardinia. Between the Middle and Late Neolithic, many shell specimens are do - FIGURE 2. Green stone ring bracelet from Casa Gazza – Travo.

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Bracelet inner diameter and human arm: a mathematical analysis

The general small measure of the inner diameter of Ita - viduals (fig. 3.2) of both genders of the Square Mouthed lian stone bracelets was already noted by Giuseppa Tanda Pottery culture excavated recently in the western Emilia in her paper published in 1977. However, her analysis did region can be compared with the inner diameter of the not correlate such diameter to the anthropological data of stone bracelet series. Since there is no evidence of big po - the Neolithic people because at that time the functional pulation changes between the end of the Early and the be - interpretations of such artefacts were several and their use ginning of the Middle Neolithic, such comparison is sig - as personal ornaments was only one hypothesis among nificant because it reveals a correlation between the two many. Still today, after over thirty years of archaeological series and suggests that the small inner diameter of the research in northern Italy, the funeral data of the Early northern Italian stone bracelets could fit adult individuals Neolithic are unfortunately very few. Intact and well pre - of both sexes. served bracelets found until now are scarce and probably come from sporadic discoveries of disturbed Neolithic graves, although we have not any clear evidence of burial with ring bracelets. The histogram (fig. 3.1), presenting the inner diameter measures, reveals clearly a prevalence of the specimens with a diameter comprised between 50 and 59 mm, al - though bigger artefacts are known. Such measure seems too small for the arm of an adult. The prevailing inner diameter measures of the southern France bracelets are comprised between 60 and 70 mm. Jean Courtin and Xa - vier Gutherz (1976) asserted that ring bracelets with an inner diameter comprised between 50 and 80 mm could be worn by slender young women, while the specimens with a diameter smaller than 50 mm could be used by adolescent individuals. The sizes of the Italian series are therefore smaller than those of French artefacts. This suggests two interpretations of the data: 1) The Italian se - ries might belong mainly to younger individuals with small arms; 2) The differences in Italian and French se - ries might prove indirectly that there was a diversity in the anthropological characteristic of the Neolithic popula - tions. Unfortunately the well-known case of the Neolithic bu - rials of Valle d’Aosta where shell ring bracelets were asso - ciated directly to the dead cannot be considered here, since the anthropological data are not published. Howe - FIGURE 3. Inner diameter variability and lower epiphysis width: 1. Histogram of the measures of 67 stone ring bracelets from ver, although in northern Italy there are no Early Neoli - northern Italy; 2. Histogram of the lower epiphysis width of the thic burials with stone ring bracelets, a series of measures humerus of 21 individuals of Square Mouthed Pottery culture from of the lower epiphysis of the humerus of 21 adult indi - western Emilia.

Exploitation and employment of raw materials: the case of green stones

The lithotypes employed are various: the majority of metaophiolitic group comprising eclogite, jade, nephrite, stone ring bracelets is obtained from metamorphic rocks serpentinite, omphacite, green-schist, glauco-phanitic of the green stone group, which comprises serpentinite, schist and chlorite-schist. Recent geological studies allo - paragonite-schist and chlorite-schist, although sedimen - wed to identify some primary outcrops of such stones in tary and effusive rocks are also employed. The choice of few places at middle-high altitude in the western Alps green stones is not casual: they have a fine green colour, (Compagnoni et al. 1995; Compagnoni 2003) and se - and some are soft and easy to work. Other green stones condary deposits in the Oligocene conglomerates of are harder and stronger: eclogite and jade, for example, are north-western Apennine (Dallagiovana et al. 1984-86) rarely used for ring bracelets, but are more frequently em - and in the alluvial and morainic soil of the western Alps ployed for cutting tools. Soft green stones, together with and north-western Apennine, in particular along water other harder green stones, form the high-pressure (HP) courses and at the outlet of valleys in the plains (Ric-de-

244 J Congrés Internacional Xarxes al Neolític – Neolithic Networks RAW MATERIALS, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS AND NEOLITHIC GROUPS: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON STONE BRACELETS OF THE EARLY NEOLITHIC OF NORTHERN ITALY

Bouard and Fedele 1993; Compagnoni et al. 1995). As the Neolithic in Italy and Europe (D’Amico et al. 2003; it is well known, such stones were largely employed for Negrino et al. 2004; D’Amico 2005; Thirault 2005; Pé - manufacturing axes and hatchets that circulated during trequin et al. 1998; Pessina 1998; Pessina and Tiné 2008)

Manufacturing remains and bracelet production: some observations

Manufacturing remains of stone ring bracelets are attes - The manufacturing process of green stone ring bracelets ted in some sites of the Piedmont region located in the starts probably with the creation and transfer of unfinis - area with secondary Oligocene conglomerates deposits. hed pieces such as coarse blocks or discoidal artefacts from The remains comprise discoidal artefacts, ring rough-outs the primary and secondary sources of raw materials in the and unfinished bracelets; bracelet manufacturing is do - Piedmont area to settlements in the same region where cumented in the same site where stone axes and hatchets the ornaments were worked, refined, employed locally or production is also attested. Such evidence, and its asso - distributed to the eastern Neolithic groups. Nevertheless, ciation with other stone tool production, testifies to a the discovery of green stone ring rough-outs in the cen - form of specialized craft not based exclusively on the tral Po Plain sites testifies to the possible spread of rough- manufacturing of a characteristic type or class of artefacts, outs from the Piedmont territories, as shown, for exam - but rather on the transformation of a group of raw ma - ple, by the cases of the limestone ring bracelets of the Paris terials that needed particular skill and knowledge. Fur - basin (Constantin et al. 2001) and, partially, by that of thermore, green stone ring rough-outs are attested also in the schist bracelets of the northern French and Belgium the central Po Plain at Vhò di Piadena and at Pescale, pro - territories (Fromont 2005). In northern Italy green stone ving that the final manufacture of stone bracelets was re - axes and hatchets spread in a similar way, namely in the alized also in settlements very far from the main suppl - form of rough-outs or coarse material selected for shape ying areas. The data from Casa Querciolaia in Tuscany, and dimensions (Starnini et al. 2004); ethnographic data instead, attest the exploitation of the local steatite for stone confirms that stone artefacts also spread in an analogous ring bracelet manufacturing. way (Pétrequin and Pétrequin 1993, 2006).

Stone ring bracelets, raw materials and Neolithic groups: some different supply strategies

There are clear differences in the incidence of the raw ma - artefacts is clear: the paragonite-schist originates from terials employed for stone ring bracelets among the va - the western Alps as probably the serpentinite, while rious Neolithic groups. These differences could depend the chlorite-schist origin is more uncertain. The Vhò on various factors, such as: 1) The distance of the raw ma - group (fig. 4, c), in whose territories the main deposits terial supplying area from the settlements; 2) The presence of green stones are located, employs exclusively such of good stones available for bracelets manufacturing in the kind of stones and the serpentinite in particular; ne - territories controlled by the various groups; 3) The exis - vertheless, at the Vhò – Campo Ceresole site there is a tence of other less valuable stones locally; 3) The existence bracelet made of metabasalt coming from an Apennine of good exchange systems allowing the circulation of va - source, a lithology never used during the Neolithic, luable raw materials and goods; 4) The diverse chrono - but common for stone axe manufacturing during the logy of the Neolithic groups. Copper Age. Lastly in Liguria (fig. 4, d), the data reveal The Fiorano group (fig. 4, a) employed both western a different picture with respect to the rest of northern green stones and other less valuable stones coming from Italy, since bracelets are made of limestone or marble and the Apennine sources (steatite, sandstone, limestone, of green stone, both found locally. This proves that Li - marble, etc.). The exploitation of local raw materials is guria probably had close ties with southern France also attested in Tuscany in the Fiorano enclaves and in where a large use of limestone and marble bracelets is at - the sphere of the Incised Lines Ware. In the case of the tested (Courtin and Gutherz 1976); on the contrary, Friulian groups (fig. 4, b) the importance of the western very few are found in Italy. Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Loretana Salvadei of the Museo gave me kindly the useful data of the lower epiphysis Preistorico ed Etnografico “L. Pigorini” of Rome who width of Square Mouthed Pottery individuals of Emilia.

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FIGURE 4. Lithotypes variability of stone ring bracelets of northern Italy: a) Fiorano group; b) Friulian groups (Sammardenchia and Fagninola groups); c) Vhò group; d) late Cardial and early Square Mouth Pottery groups (Ligurian sites).

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