Saracino, M et al 2014 Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric pia : Preliminary Results of the ‘‘IN or OUT’’ Project (PHASE 1). Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 24(1): 12, pp. 1-14, DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5334/pia.462

SHORT REPORT Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy: Preliminary Results of the ‘‘IN or OUT’’ Project (PHASE 1) Massimo Saracino*, Lorenzo Zamboni†, Vera Zanoni† and Elisa Perego‡

This report presents the preliminary results of the ‘‘IN or OUT’’ Project, a col- laborative, interdisciplinary effort which aims to investigate social exclusion, mar- ginality and the adoption of anomalous funerary rites in late prehistoric Italy. In particular, this contribution explores the incidence and meaning of practices of ritual marginalisation and funerary deviancy in the region of between the and the early period.

Introduction Research Background This report presents the preliminary results Recent research by the authors of this con- of the “IN or OUT” Project, a collaborative, tribution has investigated the incidence interdisciplinary effort which aims to inves- of practices of marginalization and funer- tigate social exclusion, marginality and the ary deviancy in the Italian region of Veneto adoption of anomalous funerary rites in late between the beginning of the Iron Age and prehistoric Italy. In particular, research focus- the early Roman period (c.10th-9th century ing on Practices of Ritual Marginalization in BC – early 1st century AD) (e.g. Perego 2010, Bronze Age Veneto (“IN or OUT” Project PHASE 2012a, 2012b, in press, forthcoming; Perego 1) has been carried out by our team (Perego, et al. 2013a, forthcoming; Saracino 2009; Saracino, Zamboni and Zanoni) since April Saracino and Zanoni 2014; Zamboni and 2013 (see Perego et al. 2013a, 2013b, forth- Zanoni 2010; Zanoni 2011). A fundamental coming; Saracino et al. 2014). To the best of aspect of this research was the attempt to our knowledge, this research represents the connect the adoption of rare or anomalous first systematic attempt to investigate funer- funerary rites (e.g. prone or settlement ) ary deviancy and social exclusion in Bronze to genuine occurrences of social exclusion, Age Italy. potentially relating to the status, age, gen- der, health condition or cause of death of the deceased. From a methodological and theo- * PhD Independent researcher, Verona, Italy retical point of view, our work has drawn on [email protected] archaeological research on funerary deviancy † Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy (e.g. Murphy 2008; Reynolds 2009; Tamorri [email protected], [email protected] 2012) and on anthropological approaches ‡ Institute of Archaeology, UCL, United Kingdom to marginality and social exclusion (e.g. [email protected] Germani 1980; Park 1928, 1931; Stonequist Art. 12, page 2 of 14 Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy

Fig. 1: Map of Veneto region with sampled sites (elaboration by L. Zamboni).

1935). When available, a particular empha- Aims and Methodology sis has also been placed on osteological and The aim of the “IN or OUT” Project, PHASE bioarchaeological data (e.g. Agarwal and 1, is to widen the focus of our research to Glencross 2011; Robb 2002). This evidence include the Bronze Age period, in order to – potentially shedding light on the life con- identify possible occurrences of social exclu- ditions, health status and cause of death of sion and funerary deviancy in Veneto during the deceased – may be vital to uncover the the late third and the second millennia BC reasons motivating the adoption of abnormal (FIG. 1). In this article, therefore, we pro- funerary treatments (e.g. immature or abnor- pose the preliminary results of a contextual mal death, contagious disease, handicap and and statistical analysis of funerary evidence physical deformity, or social discrimination archived in a relational database hosting based on gender, age or status). all the archaeological, bioarchaeological, Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy Art. 12, page 3 of 14 archaeometric and taphonomic data avail- the complete lack of Venetic written sources able for each burial selected for examination. regarding these issues. To date, our research has mainly consisted of a preliminary screening of published data: Preliminary Results this includes evidence from more than 30 Early Bronze Age (23rd – 17th settlement and cemetery contexts across an centuries BC) area roughly corresponding to present-day The funerary rituals of Early Bronze Age Veneto. Further research relating to PHASE Veneto remain poorly investigated and 1 is intended to add unpublished evidence poorly understood, with the exception of to our dataset. Furthermore, we aim to some recent discoveries (e.g. de Marinis and broaden the focus of our analysis to sites we Valzolgher 2013). However, a recent survey have previously been unable to sample, or of the available evidence (de Marinis 2003) to archaeological contexts currently under offers a starting point for identifying pos- study or in press. Future research may be sible occurrences of anomalous mortuary extended to other and/or to behaviour in this region. different chronological phases. A suitable The skulls or cranial fragments found methodology for the identification of funer- at sites such as the pile dwellings of Canàr ary deviancy in the context under study has (San Pietro Polesine, Rovigo) and Dossetto di been preliminarily discussed in recent pub- Nogara (Verona) – as well as at other contem- lications and conference presentations (e.g. poraneous northern Italian pile-dwellings Perego 2012a; forthcoming; Perego et al. settlements – might have been linked to 2013a; forthcoming; Saracino and Zanoni rituals relating to ancestor and skull venera- 2014; Zanoni 2011). For Iron Age Veneto, tion (culto dei crani) or other forms of skel- possible markers of funerary abnormality etal manipulation whose meaning remains include the adoption of the inhumation rite unclear (e.g. de Marinis 2003: 38–39; (but see below); a lack or scarcity of grave Tecchiati 2011; Menotti et al. 2014). Given goods; forms of spatial displacement (set- the overall scarcity of funerary data from this tlement burial, burial in ritual or sacrificial phase, we believe that these practices can- sites, burial in marginal cemetery areas not be easily classified as abnormal and/or burial in isolation); the adoption of or occurrences of social exclusion marked by anomalous tomb structures; the evidence of the adoption of atypical funerary treatments. pre-mortem, peri-mortem and post-mortem The only possible case of funerary mar- violence, deviant body treatments (e.g. bind- ginalization identified so far is attested near ing) and/or anomalous body postures (e.g. the burial site of Arano di Cellore di Illasi prone or face-down burial); the adoption (Verona) and dates to the central phase of of practices of skeletal manipulation (e.g. the Early Bronze Age (c. 20th - 19th centuries disarticulation) and hasty interment possi- BC) (de Marinis and Valzolgher 2013; Salzani bly aimed at constraining or degrading the and Salzani 2008; Valzolgher et al. 2012). corpse. The social criteria determining the With over 60 inhumation tombs and one adoption of anomalous mortuary treatments , Arano is the largest Early Bronze for some individuals may have been linked Age cemetery presently known in northern to their low social status, health condition, Italy. The relevant tomb, known as US 20–1a, age and/or cause of death. Occurrences of was found in isolation c. 90 m north-west of capital sentence, damnation and forms of the cemetery, on the bank of a ditch running exclusion relating either to local religious close to the settlement area known as Sector practice or necrophobia (the fear of the dead: A. The grave belonged to a three to four year- Tsaliki 2008) are also possible, although they old child and is currently the focus of in-depth remain more difficult to demonstrate due to chronological and stratigraphic analysis. The Art. 12, page 4 of 14 Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy deceased was buried in a crouched position this burial, presumably pertaining to a ‘sub- on an E-W orientation with the head point- adult’, was the only inhumation found in the ing to the west. The skeleton was covered Bovolone cemetery segment known as Sector with stones and a wooden table. While the C 1996 (FIG. 3). burial displays some ritual features compa- The most significant evidence dating to rable to those characteristic of most graves this phase, however, is the appearance of clustered in the main cemetery area (e.g. prone inhumation burials in biritual cem- adoption of inhumation rite), its location far eteries such as Olmo di Nogara (Verona), from the other tombs may be indicative of Scalvinetto di Legnago (Verona), Castello del the young child’s anomalous status within Tartaro (Cerea, Verona) and Franzine Nuove his or her burial group. di Villabartolomea (Verona). At these sites, the vast majority of the inhumations were Middle and Recent Bronze Age (17th – supine burials, while prone burial was an 12th centuries BC) extremely rare practice. As far as Iron Age Whilst a greater amount of data is avail- Veneto is concerned, prone burial is a ritual able for the subsequent Middle and Recent phenomenon which has already been con- Bronze Age phases, further research is nected to practices of social exclusion and needed to identify clear occurrences of social marginalization, especially when accom- marginalization and funerary deviancy in panied by occurrences of spatial displace- this time period within this dataset, espe- ment (e.g. settlement burial), pre-mortem or cially in view of the preliminary nature of peri-mortem violence, handicap or disease, some published material (e.g. Salzani 2011) and abuse or degradation of the corpse (e.g. and the scanty and/or poor osteological evi- Perego 2012a; in press; forthcoming; Saracino dence accessible for some burial contexts 2009; Zamboni and Zanoni 2010). The com- (e.g. Salzani 2010). However, some prelimi- plexity of this phenomenon is well evidenced nary observations are possible. Firstly, the by its persistence in the longue durée, with persistence of the practices of bone and skel- cemetery and settlement occurrences dating etal manipulation already attested in the pre- from throughout the Iron Age up until at vious period is suggested by evidence from least the Roman period (Rossi 2011). the cemetery of Bovolone (Verona). Here, For the previous Bronze Age phase, the the possible removal for ritual purposes of cemetery of Olmo di Nogara has yielded to the crania from inhumation Tombs 1/1956 date approximately 526 graves, with a large and 29–30 has been interpreted as a possible prevalence of inhumations over persistence of the ‘skull veneration’ phenom- (465 = 89% vs. 61 = 11%). The graves can enon (Salzani 2010). Secondly, remarkable be dated to between the Middle Bronze Age for their rarity and anomalous location are and the late Recent Bronze Age, with the the occurrences of inhumation burials cre- earliest cremations going back to the end of ated in isolation in relation to the clusters of the Middle Bronze Age. The burial site was cremation tombs which progressively came delimited by a ‘funerary road’ on the west to dominate the landscape of many Veneto’s and subdivided into at least three different burial sites since the Recent Bronze Age (14th segments known as Areas A, B and C. Most – 12th centuries BC) (Salzani 2011: 228), but graves have been found in Area C, where the mainly during the Final Bronze Age (see for tombs clustered into two segments known example the case of Frattesina Narde II, dis- as C1 (in the north) and C2 (in the south) cussed below). An example is Bovolone Tomb (Cupitò and Leonardi 2005; Salzani 2005). 135, characterized by a NE-SW orientation The four prone burials known to date and placed in between two or three groups from the Olmo cemetery were located in the of cremations (Salzani 2010). Significantly, northern segment of Area C (Salzani 2005) Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy Art. 12, page 5 of 14

Fig. 2: Olmo di Nogara (Verona) graveyard: location of prone burials mentioned in the article (elaboration by M. Saracino after Salzani 2005).

(FIG. 2). Tomb 56 was the deposition of female subject, around 20 years old at death. an adult female buried with a W-E orienta- Notably, only Tomb 147 did not contain a tion during the Middle Bronze Age (Phase grave assemblage. Despite this evidence, the 3). Tomb 105 might have been the burial social and structural complexity of the Olmo of a female individual aged approximately di Nogara burial site does not allow us, at this 17 at death; it had an E-W orientation and stage of the project, to make further sugges- was probably deposited during the Recent tions regarding the meaning of these buri- Bronze Age. Tomb 147 yielded the remains als. Recent research has, however, suggested of a man around 50 years, and had a SE-NW that Area C may represent the most interest- orientation. Tomb 225 was a NW-SE oriented ing burial segment from the Olmo cemetery Art. 12, page 6 of 14 Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy

Fig. 3: Bovolone (Verona) graveyard: location of isolated Tomb 135 (elaboration by M. Sara- cino and L. Zamboni after Salzani 2010). for a study of the socio-political transforma- the so-called ‘sword-bearers’ (i.e. male buri- tions that involved the local community in als accompanied by a sword) attested in the the period under consideration (e.g. Bietti entire cemetery (i.e. 28 out of 43). Sestieri 2011; Cupitò and Leonardi 2005; De The cemetery of Scalvinetto was presum- Angelis 2005; de Marinis and Salzani 2005; ably connected to the nearby settlement of Speciale and Zanini 2012). It is in this area, Fondo Paviani, a site that appears to have for example, that over 367 tombs variously functioned as a ‘central place’ in the terri- characterized by more simple or more com- torial organisation that developed in south- plex graves assemblages are clustered; of ern Veneto between the Middle Bronze Age these graves, 321 are inhumations and 21 and the beginning of the Final Bronze Age. are cremations. Furthermore, the southern The burial area excavated until now roughly segment of Area C yielded the majority of dates between the central phase of the Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy Art. 12, page 7 of 14

Middle Bronze Age and the Recent Bronze Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Age: it has yielded 705 graves, of which Phase 1 (c. 12th – 9th centuries BC) 437 are cremations (62%) and 268 are Since the Final Bronze Age, the richness of inhumations (38%) (Cavazzuti 2008–2010: the funerary record discloses significant 77; Salzani 2004). The inhumations were instances of funerary deviancy, potentially mainly located within a 35m by 20m area ascribable to genuine cases of social exclu- in the western segment of the cemetery. sion relating to the peculiar conditions By contrast, the cremations were generally of life and/or death of the subject appar- located in the eastern segment of the burial ently ‘marginalized’ in the funerary record site and coalesced in clusters of variable (e.g. Perego 2012a, in press, forthcoming; size and density. The clusters were sepa- Saracino 2009; Saracino and Zanoni 2014; rated by empty areas, where rare scattered Zanoni 2011). The cases of prone burial and graves were occasionally found. Notably, spatial displacement already attested in the the inhumations discovered in the eastern previous phases are now accompanied by area of the cemetery were never located more numerous occurrences of settlement inside the clusters of cremations, but were burial, deposition in marginal cemetery always placed on the margins or outside. areas, and practices of abuse, manipulation Preliminary stratigraphic data seem to indi- and constraint of the corpse in abnormal cate that the inhumations might have been postures. Among the most significant occur- more ancient than the cremations, although rences, it is worth mentioning the settlement this cannot be proved for the entire burial burials at Montagnana (Padua) (Bianchin site (Cavazzuti 2008–2010: 81). Among the Citton et al. 1998; Venetkens 2013), Rocca di inhumations, Tomb 345 is the only prone Rivoli (Verona) (Barfield and Bagolini 1976), burial presently known from Scalvinetto. Villamarzana (Rovigo) (Consonni 2008) and The deceased was a 25 to 30 year-old woman Montereale Valcellina (Udine) (Corazza 1997). buried on an E-W orientation (Cavazzuti, Also notable are the prone burials found at 2008; 2010; Salzani 2004). the Narde II cemetery of Frattesina di Fratta While the burial site of Castello del Tartaro Polesine (Rovigo) (Salzani and Colonna 2010) remains mainly unpublished (but see Salzani (FIG. 4). Sometimes, the co-occurrence of 2011 for some preliminary considerations), several deviant attributes in relation to the the cemetery of Franzine Nuove, which same subject seems to emphasize the abnor- was connected to the nearby settlement of mal nature of these burials. For example, this Fabbrica dei Soci, yielded approximately 582 might be the case with Frattesina Narde II graves, most of which are inhumations (394 Tombs 223, 227 and 13 which are placed in vs. 188 cremations). The tombs were located isolation from, or in-between large clusters in two main archaeological layers dating to of, cremation graves possibly belonging to the late Middle and the Recent Bronze Age. kinship groups (Salzani and Colonna 2010). have been found associated with Tomb 223 was the prone burial of a 30 to 40 19% of the inhumations while all the crema- year-old man apparently interred far from tions were deprived of any visible funerary any cluster of tombs in the cemetery’s Sector assemblage – as was customary during the II (see Salzani and Colonna 2010: 28, fig. 8). Middle and Recent Bronze Age in Veneto According to Salzani (Salzani and Colonna (Aspes and Fasani 1968; Salzani 2011: 228). 2010: 300), the ‘limbs of the deceased may The prone burial from Franzine (Tomb 497) have been intentionally fractured’. Tomb 13 belonged to a ‘young-adult’ – possibly male – contained the remains of an eight year-old although the osteological evidence available child, also buried prone with the legs bent does not support any further speculation towards the back (Salzani and Colonna 2010: (Corrain et al. 1967). 182–3); again, this burial may have been Art. 12, page 8 of 14 Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy

Fig. 4: Frattesina Narde II (Rovigo) graveyard: location of inhumation burials mentioned in the article (elaboration by M. Saracino after Salzani and Colonna 2010). placed in isolation or relative isolation (see the left leg bent towards the pelvis (Salzani Salzani and Colonna 2010: 26, fig. 6). Tomb and Colonna 2010: 282). Another notable 227 was a shallow pit excavated in a ditch occurrence is Tomb 25, the burial of a 13 to 14 dating to the earliest phases of the cemetery. year-old individual showing possible skeletal The individual – a woman older than 50 – evidence of growth disturbance (Salzani and was interred in a supine position, with the Colonna 2010: 56 ff.); the deceased was bur- lower limbs unusually flexed leftward and ied with the lower limbs abnormally crossed, Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy Art. 12, page 9 of 14 forming an ‘X’-shaped position (Salzani and Open Problems and Preliminary Colonna 2010: 188). Conclusions Notable – and in need of further investi- Research carried out for the “IN or OUT” gation – is the presence of scattered human Project (PHASE 1) allows us to propose remains at settlement sites such as Frattesina some preliminary considerations on the (Rovigo) (Bellintani and Cassoli 1984; Bietti incidence and meaning of potential cases Sestieri 1984), Vallarana (Padua) (Vanzetti of funerary deviancy and ritual marginali- 2007–2008: note 65), Lozzo Atestino (Padua) zation in Bronze Age Veneto. (1) A notable (Zerbinati 1982), Treviso (Tecchiati 2011) and variability in funerary practice and ritual Villamarzana (Rovigo) (de Marinis 2003). behavior is attested during the period and For the period under consideration, these across the geographical setting under con- occurrences are mainly attested between the sideration, even in relation to potential 10th and the 9th centuries BC (for later occur- cases of abnormal burial; certainly, deviant rences dating to the Iron Age see Zanoni burials are not exhaustive of all aspects of 2011; for an analysis of this phenomenon mortuary behavior in Bronze Age Veneto. in late prehistoric – see (2) While it remains problematic to link Tecchiati 2011). In most cases, the skeletal funerary deviancy directly to social margin- remains are represented by cranial fragments alization, this seems possible in some of the and portions of long bones from the lower cases sampled for our study (see occurrences limbs such as femurs. Sometimes, evidence from Montagnana and Frattesina). Notably, of ‘processing’ possibly intended to turn the the criteria for the definition of both social bone into an instrument or a tool has been and funerary marginality appear to evolve noticed (for a preliminary discussion see over time, possibly in relation to changes in Perego 2012a: 214 -5; Zanoni 2011). the socio-economic structure and religious Overall, the widespread adoption of cre- ideology of the Bronze Age period. (3) No mation as the dominant funerary rite as well clear evidence linking funerary deviancy to as the poverty and/or abnormality of most a specific age or gender group has emerged of the rare inhumations attested from the so far; the lack of neonatal and infant buri- 12th century BC raise important questions als from some funerary sites, however, may about the meaning of the inhumation rite indicate that very young children were in Veneto between the Final Bronze Age granted alternative burial rites or no burial and the Late Iron Age (up to c. 300–100 at all, at least in some contexts or chrono- BC). At the moment, however, it remains logical phases (e.g. Cavazzuti 2008–2010: unclear whether inhumation might have 84, 165–174). Indeed, the issue of funerary constituted per se a marker of marginal- representativity (e.g. Cavazzuti 2008–2010) ity and social exclusion (e.g. Perego 2012a, and its potential connection to marginal- in press, forthcoming; Saracino and Zanoni ity should be paid more attention in future 2014). Particularly significant in this regard research. (4) Particularly problematic is is the evidence from the Via Umberto I – our understanding of the Early Bronze Age Emo Capodilista Palace cemetery of Padua funerary rite, partly due to the scarcity of (late 9th – 1st centuries BC). Here, the inhu- the data available. For example, the only mations dating to the earliest phases of this potential case of funerary marginalization burial site do not display any clear evidence sampled to date, the child burial from the of marginalization and spatial displacement Arano cemetery, might be motivated by the in respect to the cremations (for a prelimi- young age of the deceased. Further analy- nary discussion see Gamba and Tuzzato sis, however, will only be possible when 2008). The cemetery, however, remains the cemetery is fully published. (5) During mostly unpublished. the Middle and Recent Bronze Ages, it is Art. 12, page 10 of 14 Saracino et al: Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy possible to note in the biritual cemeteries 2010; Peroni 2004; Peroni and Vanzetti of Veneto the presence of some rare prone 2006). It is possible that significant changes inhumation burials, sometimes located in which occurred in the Bronze Age mortu- ‘liminal’ locations within the funerary space. ary ideology of Veneto render this earlier The reasons for the adoption of this funer- evidence less ‘readable’. By contrast, given ary practice in this chronological time span that the Final Bronze Age funerary rituals in remain unclear, although we cannot exclude Veneto partially anticipate those of the Iron that the adoption of an abnormal burial Age (e.g. widespread adoption of cremation ritual might have been intended to under- rites, lack or scarcity of visible grave goods line some substantial ‘difference’ existing in inhumation tombs), more reliable deduc- between these individuals and the rest of tions can be made from the funerary record the buried community. (6) An increasing of the 11th- and 10th-centuries BC. formalization and visibility of funerary devi- ancy practices seems attested from the Final Acknowledgments Bronze Age, although it remains unclear We warmly thank the editors at PIA and the whether the transition phase between the anonymous reviewers for commenting on an Recent Bronze Age and the Final Bronze earlier version of this paper. Publication was Age represented a real watershed. However, funded through the Open Access Funding this cannot be excluded a priori, given the Team of the UCL Library Services. Research remarkable changes in funerary practice on social marginality by E. Perego has been attested from this period (e.g. the dramatic supported by the British Academy and the spread of cremation rites coupled with a British School at . sharp decline in the adoption of inhuma- tion). It is also worth mentioning that the References 12th century BC has already been recognized Agarwal, S C and Glencross, B A (eds.) as a phase of crisis and dramatic change in 2011 Social Bioarchaeology. Malden: the Veneto region (the so-called crisi del XII Wiley Blackwell. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ secolo a.C.). Amongst other phenomena, this 10.1002/9781444390537 phase was characterized by the collapse of Aspes, A and Fasani, L 1968 ‘Necropoli the Terramare settlement system, which dell’età del Bronzo a Franzine Nuove di appears to have been the result of a chain Villabartolomea (Verona)’. Memorie del reaction including cultural, socio-economic, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, climatic, and environmental causes (e.g. 16: 455–482. Cardarelli 2009; Cremaschi 2009; De Guio Barfield, L H and Bagolini, B (eds.) 1976 The et al. 2009; Leonardi 2010). The connection Excavations on the Rocca di Rivoli, Verona between these phenomena and any change 1963–1968. Verona: Museo Civico di Sto- in funerary ideology would deserve further ria Naturale. investigation. (7) The criteria we have poten- Bellintani, G F and Cassoli, P F 1984 ‘Utiliz- tially identified for the recognition of funer- zazione dei femori umani come utensili ary deviancy and social exclusion in Iron Age nella stazione protostorica di Frattesina Veneto may not be valid – or entirely valid (Rovigo)’. Padusa, 20: 103–108. – for the previous Bronze Age period, espe- Bianchin Citton, E, Gambacurta, G and cially for the chronological phases preceding Ruta Serafini, A (eds.) 1998 “…presso the Final Bronze Age. This does not necessar- l’Adige ridente…”. Recenti rinvenimenti ily mean that these previous societies were archeologici da Este a Montagnana, Cata- more egalitarian, although this cannot be logo della mostra. Padova: Adle. excluded (on the social structure of Bronze Bietti Sestrieri, A M 1984 ‘L’abitato di Frat- Age Veneto see Bietti Sestieri 2011; Leonardi tesina’. Padusa, 20: 413–427. 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How to cite this article: Saracino, M, Zamboni, L, Zanoni, V and Perego, E 2014 Investigating Social Exclusion in Late Prehistoric Italy: Preliminary Results of the ‘‘IN or OUT’’ Project (PHASE 1). Papers from the Institute of Archaeology, 24(1): 12, pp. 1-14, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pia.462

Published: 22 August 2014

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