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A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy. Author(S): V A Sketch of the Anthropology of Italy. Author(s): V. Giuffrida-Ruggeri Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 48 (Jan. - Jun., 1918), pp. 80-102 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843504 Accessed: 12-01-2016 12:43 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 194.27.18.18 on Tue, 12 Jan 2016 12:43:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 80 A SKETCH OF THE ANTHROPOLOGYOF ITALY.,' By V. GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI,PROFESSOR OF ANTHROPOLOGYIN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES. I.-ANTHROPOLOGICALDATA OF MODERNITALIAN POPULATIONS. PROFESSORGIUSTINIANO NIcoLuCCI, who held the Chair of Anthropologyin the Universityof Naples with so muchbrilliancy, was the firstto undertakea complete study of Italian Anthropology,2which appeared thirtyyears ago. It is a weighty work,which is still useful to consult,because, as the author was extraordinarily erudite,we findused there all the preceding literature on the subject. Two parts are more amply discussed: the prehistoricpart, whichincludes the Ligures, the Umbrians,the Oscians, the Pelasgi, the Japiges-Messapi,the Euganeans, with the Veneti, the Etruscans, the people of so-called GreaterGreece, the Phoenicians and the Gauls or Celts: and the part which deals with barbarian invasions and foreigncolonies in Italy. The least developedpart is that on present-dayanthro- pology,entitled " The ModernItalians ": it sufficesto say that theLigures, who had givenso muchmaterial for prehistoric enquiries to the author,do not even appear in the tables of the various regionsof Italy. In any case little or nothingwhich is satisfactoryto modernscientific needs can be got fromthe tables compiled by Nicolucci; the author does not specifywhich series he studied or used, and resulta which have been obtained since do not at all confirmthe figureshe gives. Eleven years after the appearance of Nicolucci's treatise another scholar, a specialistin glottology,Professor F. L. Pulle, published his " Profiloantropologicca dell' Italia,"3 in which the mostimportant place is given to linguisticfacts and the smallestto somaticdata: forthese last are used those alreadyobtained by Livi, who elaborated the anthropometricmaterial gatheredat the levies for the army,4but not taken by him in person as has been erroneouslybelieved. Finally, this same 1 This articleis presentedby the authorfor the purposeof expressinghis thanksfor his electionas Hon. Fellow of the Royal AnthropologicalInstitute of GreatBritain and Ireland on, 11thDecember, 1917. 2 Nicolucci,G., " Antropologiadell' Italia nell' evo anticoe nel moderno,"Atti B. Accad.sce fis. mat.,voL ii, serie 2A, Napoli, 1888. This same workpublished as a reprintbears the date 1887,as it was reallypresented to the Academyat the meetingof July10th, 1886. a Pulle, F. L., " Profiloantropologico dell' Italia," Arch.per 1' Antrop.e 1' Etnol., xxviii, 1898,fasc. 1. Beforethis Pulle had publisheda long chapterin vol. iv of Marinelli'sLa Terra, called " Le linguee le gentid' Italia " (pp. 467-508), in whichhe speciallyillustrates the pre- historicpeoples of Italy,always basing himself on literaryand linguistictexts. 4 Livi, R., Antropometriamilitare, Parte i, Roma, 1896. Part ii was publishedin 1905. This content downloaded from 194.27.18.18 on Tue, 12 Jan 2016 12:43:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions V. GIUFFRIDA-RUGGERI.-ASketch of the Anthropologyof Italy. 81 Livi wrote in 1907 a brief summary called "Geografia antropologica dell' Italia."' * * * * * Height.-Nicolucci calculated the average height of Italians to be 1636 mm., adding10 mm.to theaverage of conscripts measured between 1874-84, i.e., 1626 mm., whichis onlya littlehigher than that whichLivil obtainedfor the 1855-59 classes, i.e., 1624, on a total of 1,350,799measured. Livi gave previously5the average heightof the incorporatedsoldiers or recruitsof the 1859-63 classes, that is of 299,355individuals: thisaverage height was 1645mm. and is mentionedby Deniker.4 But it is evidentthat this heightcannot be preferredto the other,which is that of all individualsat 20 years of age, and Livi hirmself,in fact,in his ethnologicalcom- parisons,only uses the figuresrelating to conscriptsinstead of those higher,which relateto recruitsincorporated in the army. It seems that Deniker thoughthe mightconsider as the average heightof the whole male population,either the average + 10 mm. obtainedfrom the conscripts, or the genuineaverage obtained fromrecruits, believing that the two figuresYnust be the same " a un demi-centimetrepres,"S but it is easy to see that the difference is greaterthan 5 mm. In fact the differencebetween 1634 mm. (i.e., 1624 + 10 mm.)and 1645 is 11 mm.,and this differenceis constantlypositive, as I have been able to verifyin all the sixteen departmentsof the kingdom.6 On the otherhand, it is certainthat in two years' time the average growthof soldiersis 9 8 mm.,7therefore, ifwe add 10 mm.to theaverage height of the conscripts at 20 years of age, we have the heightof the whole male populationat 22 years of age and the ulteriorgrowth (from - to 1 cm.) can be neglected,as such growthis compensatedlater in the mass of the population by the decrease in height (from 1 to 1 cm.) after50 years of age. Accordingto this reasoningthe averageheight of thewhole male populationin Italy is 1634 mm.,and we may concludethat Nicolucci's figurewas fairlyexact.8 1 It is part of a volume by Livi, R., " Antropometrianei suoi rapporticon la Medicina sociale,"from the Trattatodi MedicinaSociale, Sanit2 Psichica, edited by Fr. Vallardi. 2 Livi, R., " Sulla Staturadegli Italiani," Arch.per l'Antrop.e l'Etnol.,1883, p. 376. 3 Op. cit.,Part i, p. 32. 4Deniker, J.,Les raceset lespeuples de la terre,Paris, 1900, p. 662. Thisaverage is erroneously givento be for344,371 individuals. The average 164.00 cm.,is givenby Martin,R., Lehrbuch derAnthropologie, Jena, 1914,p. 214, withou'tgiving the numberof measured,and it is one of the veryfew data whichMartin gives on Italy in his tables. 5 Deniker,J., " Les six races composantla populationactuelle de l'Europe,"Journ. Anthrop. Inst., 1904,pp. 194-195. 6 Giuffrida-Ruggeri,V., " Differenzadi staturafra coscrittie reclutenelle diverseregioni d' Italia," Rit. geogr.Ital., xii, 1905,fasc. ix. 7 Livi, R., op. cit.,Part ii. 8In hislarge memoir ("Les Races de I'Europe. I.-la Taille en Europe," Ass.fran9. pour l'avancementdes sciences,Congres de Lyon, 1906. Paris, 1908,p. 27), publishedlater, Deniker assertsthat the average height of Italians is 1647mm., from figures given by De' Rossi. He holds VOL. XLVIII. G This content downloaded from 194.27.18.18 on Tue, 12 Jan 2016 12:43:56 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 82 V. GiUFFRIDA-RUGGERI.-A Sketch of the A nthAopology of Italy. The femaleheight in Italy is, according to the data given by Raseri,' on an average 9 cm. lowerthan the male; there is, in fact,a differenceof 8 cm. between males and femalesin Southern Italy and 10 cm. betweenmales and fenales in NorthernItaly. Colouring.-Consideringtwo pure types of pigmentation,that withblack hair and black or dark eyes and that withfair hair and blue or light-colouredeyes, the first,generally called the " brown,"is foundon a generalaverage2 of 25 4 per cent., the second of 3 per cent. Othertwo types,which may be called the mixed brown and the mixed blond, are also found,the firston an average of 50 1 per cent., the second of 9*3 per cent. A rosycolouring of the skin seems to be representedby 38 59 per cent. Shape of thehair.-Curly hair is only foundin 3*3 per cent.,wavy in 13'5 per cent.,straight in 83 2 per cent.; but this last categoryis uncertain,as properlyto observeit the hair shouldbe fairlylong and not as it is wornby men at 20 years of 'age; it is probable that many classifiedas straight-hairedshould reallybe classed as wavy-haired. Much betterdata could be obtainedfrom females. Cephalicindex.-The cephalic or cephalometricindex taken on 294,271Italians gives an average of 82 M7,3but reallythis is an average withoutsignificance: only two provinces,those of Pisa and Salerno, give such an index. From this index, taken on the living,it is necessaryfor technicalreasons to subtract-accordingto Livi-not less than three units to get the cephalic index of the skull. Roughly we can say that a littleless than halfthe Italians are brachycephals. Nasal index.-This index was measured on 2696 Italian soldiersfrom all the districts4and gives an average of 68 54. We know also the proportionper cent. of the " naso arricciato,"which Livi believes to representthe concave nose,6but mightalso include the nose with a wavy bridge (a variety of the aquiline bridge), which has nothingto do with the concave nose, and naturallywe cannot be sure that all the doctorswho compiledthe tables ofindividual characteristics understood also (pp. 6-7) thatfor low heightsit is necessaryto add 20 mm.instead of 10 mm.to the height of the conscriptsat 20 yearsof age; but I do not believethat shortmen who belongto a short race grow20 mm.in twoyears, as mayhappen to thoseunder-developed of a tall race. As to the figure1632 givenby De' Rossi forthe last levies consideredby him,it mayrepre- sent the tendencyto reach the definiteheight more precociously: thereis thereforeeven less reasonto add other15 mm.as does Denikerto get theheight 1647 mm.
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