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Kıbrıs'ta Yaşananlar Ve Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı (1957-1964)
Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi: AAM Derg., 2018 ; 34 (2) : 98 : 311-376 Makalenin Geliş ve Kabul Tarihleri : 14.06.2017-27.04.2018 KIBRIS’TA YAŞANANLAR VE TÜRK MUKAVEMET TEŞKİLATI (1957-1964) Dilek YİĞİT YÜKSEL* ÖZ Kıbrıs, coğrafi konumundan dolayı uluslararası siyaset alanında büyük önem taşı- maktadır. Kıbrıs Adası’nı yöneten devlet, Akdeniz ve çevresini kontrol edebilmektedir. Bundan dolayı tarihte mücadelelere ve savaşlara sahne olmuştur. 1878 yılında Osmanlı Devleti ile Birleşik Krallık (İngiltere) arasında imzalanan bir antlaşma ile Kıbrıs’ın yönetimi İngiltere’ye bırakılmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı başladığında, tek yanlı bir kararla İngiltere adayı ilhak etmiştir. Daha sonra Kıbrıs, Taç Kolonisi ilan edilmiştir. Kıbrıslı Rumların organizasyonu olan EOKA 1955 yılında George Grivas liderliğinde hükûmete karşı saldırı başlatmıştır. Talepleri Enosis’tir (Yunanistan ile birleşmek). Sonra Kıbrıslı Türklere karşı katliam başlatmışlardır. Kıbrıslı Türklerin organizas- yonu olan Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı (TMT), 1957 yılında savunmaya başlamıştır. TMT Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin desteği ile yeniden yapılandırılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, TMT’nin kuruluşu, yapısı, savunma faaliyetleri ve Kıbrıs Adası’nda yaşanan süreç anlatılmaktadır. Çalışmamızın amacı, Türk, İngiliz, Yunan ve Birleşmiş Milletler ara- sındaki ilişkilerin kronolojik özetini de içeren Kıbrıs konusundaki çalışmalara katkı sağlamaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, Kıbrıslı Türkler, Türk Mukavemet Teşkilatı, Enosis. * Öğr. Gör. Dr., Hacettepe Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü, Ankara/TÜRKİYE, [email protected] Dilek YiĞiT YÜkSEL 312 Güz - 2018 INCIDENTS IN CYPRUS AND TURKISH RESISTANCE ORGANIZATION (1957-1964) ABSTRACT Cyprus is of strategic importance in international politics owing to its geographi- cal location. A state, which rules the Cyprus Island can be considered to control the Mediterranean and its surroundings. Therefore it had been a scene of struggles and battles in history. -
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe. -
Turkey's Relations with Italy (1932-39)
TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH ITALY (1932-39): REALITIES AND PERCEPTIONS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY MEHMET DOĞAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS JULY 2020 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Yaşar Kondakçı Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay Fırat Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Ebru Boyar Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Prof. Dr. Ebru Boyar (METU, IR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Onur İşçi (Bilkent Uni., IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Mehmet Doğar Signature : iii ABSTRACT TURKEY’S RELATIONS WITH ITALY (1932-39): REALITIES AND PERCEPTIONS Doğar, Mehmet M.Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ebru Boyar July 2020, 233 pages This thesis examines Turkey’s relations with Italy between 1932 and 1939 through key historical events and analyses the role of Italy in Turkish foreign policy making. -
The Peace Conference of Lausanne (1922-1923)
Bern 1923 - 2008 With the kind support of: Mrs Ionna Ertegiin Mrs Selma Goksel Tiirkiye I~ Bankasi Anadolu Ajans1 Thanks to: Onur Ozc;:eri (Research, text and layout) Agathon Aerni (research) Tuluy Tanc;: (editing) © Embassy of Turkey, Bern 85 years of representation of the Republic of Turkey in Switzerland (1923-2008) The Embassy of the Republic of Turkey, Bern ~u6tic offJ'urk,ey rrfie (Jlresufent It is no coincidence that the Republic of Turkey purchased its first Embassy premises abroad, in Switzerland's capital, Bern, to establish the seat of its diplomatic representation. The negotiation of a peace treaty and its successful outcome took the shape of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923. The Treaty of Lausanne left an indelible mark in our memory. The aspiration of the Turkish nation to live as a free and independent people is thus anchored in Switzerland, a land that earned the reputation for fairness, equity and justice. The subsequent adoption in 1926 of a Civil Code based on the Swiss example, the Montreux Convention negotiated in 1936 in Switzerland giving full sovereignty on the Turkish Straits and other events have solidified this perception. I am therefore particularly pleased that the roots of the friendship bonds between Turkey and Switzerland and the main events associating Switzerland to Turkey have been compiled in a book. The book also illustrates the reciprocal attention and like minded approaches of both Turkey and Switzerland to further promote bilateral relations between two democracies and to facilitate the realization of aspirations of peace. I would like to express my thanks to the President of the Swiss Confederation, His Excellency Pascal Couchepin and to all who have contributed to the realization of this book. -
Studies in Atatürk's Turkey
Studies in Atatürk’s Turkey Th e Ottoman Empire and its Heritage Politics, Society and Economy Edited by Suraiya Faroqhi and Halil Inalcik Advisory Board Firket Adanir, Idris Bostan, Palmira Brummett, Amnon Cohen, Jane Hathaway, Klaus Kreiser, Hans Georg Majer, Ahmet Yaşar Ocak, Abdeljelil Temimi, Gilles Veinstein VOLUME 40 Studies in Atatürk’s Turkey Th e American Dimension Edited by George S. Harris and Nur Bilge Criss LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 Cover illustration: Ghazi Mustafa Kemal, Chairman of Turkey’s National Assembly, 24 April 1923. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Studies in Atatürk’s Turkey : the American dimension / edited by George S. Harris and Nur Bilge Criss. p. cm. — (Th e Ottoman Empire and its heritage, ISSN 1380-6076 ; v. 40) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17434-4 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. United States—Foreign relations— Turkey. 2. Turkey—Foreign relations—United States. 3. Diplomats—United States— History—20th century. 4. Diplomats—Turkey—History—20th century. 5. United States—Foreign relations—1923–1929. 6. United States—Foreign relations—1929–1933. 7. United States—Foreign relations—1933–1945. 8. Atatürk, Kemal, 1881–1938. 9. Turkey—Foreign relations—1918–1960. I. Harris, George S. (George Sellers), 1931– II. Criss, Bilge. III. Title. IV. Series. E183.8.T8S78 2009 327.730561—dc22 2009012417 ISSN 1380-6076 ISBN 978 90 04 17434 4 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. -
“A Correct and Progressive Road”: Us-Turkish Relations, 1945-1964
“A CORRECT AND PROGRESSIVE ROAD”: U.S.-TURKISH RELATIONS, 1945-1964 Michael M. Carver A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2011 Committee: Dr. Douglas J. Forsyth, Advisor Dr. Gary R. Hess Dr. Marc V. Simon, Graduate Faculty Representative Dr. Tiffany Trimmer 1 2011 Michael M. Carver All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT 2 Dr. Douglas Forsyth, Advisor This historical investigation of U.S.-Turkish relations from the end of World War II to 1964 provides a greater understanding of the challenges inherent in the formation and implementation of U.S. policy in Turkey at a time when the Turks embarked on multiparty politics and a determined campaign to become a modern and distinctly European nation through ambitious economic development programs. Washington proved instrumental in this endeavor, providing financial support through the Marshall Plan and subsequent aid programs, and political sponsorship of Turkey’s membership in international organizations such as NATO and the EEC. U.S. policymakers encountered various quandaries as they forged bilateral relations with the Turks, specifically reconciling democratization with Turkey’s development and participation in the containment of communism. The Turkish government under Adnan Menderes demonstrated its reliability as a U.S. ally, providing troops to fight in the Korean War and cooperating in the construction of NATO bases and the modernization of its military, but it came under increasing pressure from the political opposition when its economic policies failed to secure long-term economic growth and stability. Starting in the mid-1950s the Menderes government adopted increasingly authoritarian measures to control dissent, a problematic situation for Washington, as it desired greater Turkish democracy while at them same time did not wish to compromise the growing American military presence in Turkey. -
TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS from 1964 to 1980: the PERIOD of CRISIS
TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS FROM 1964 to 1980: THE PERIOD OF CRISIS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY YASEMİN ECE KALENDER IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATION SEPTEMBER 2019 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Sadettin Kirazcı Director (Acting) I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Oktay F. Tanrısever Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Oktay F. Tanrısever (METU,IR) Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı (METU, IR) Assist. Prof. Dr. Merve Seren Yeşiltaş (YBU, IR) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Signature : iii ABSTRACT TURKISH-AMERICAN RELATIONS FROM 1964 to 1980: THE PERIOD OF CRISIS Kalender, Yasemin Ece M. Sc., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Bağcı September 2019, 135 Pages Turkey and the USA, allies under the umbrella of NATO since 1952, witnessed certain disagreements from 1964 to 1980, unlike the period from 1947 to 1964 which was the “golden age” or full convergence of Turkish-American relations. -
An Analysis of Turkish-Chinese (Military) Relations
AN ANALYSIS OF TURKISH-CHINESE (MILITARY) RELATIONS A Master’s Thesis by EYÜP ERSOY Department of International Relations Bilkent University Ankara July 2008 1 to Osman Peker 2 AN ANALYSIS OF TURKISH-CHINESE (MILITARY) RELATIONS The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by EYÜP ERSOY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA July 2008 3 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assist. Prof. Mustafa K İBARO ĞLU Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Assist. Prof. H. Tarık O ĞUZLU Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in International Relations. --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Mustafa AYDIN Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal EREL Director 4 ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF TURKISH-CHINESE (MILITARY) RELATIONS Ersoy, Eyüp MA, Department of International Relations Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Mustafa Kibaro ğlu July 2008 This study has two intertwined objectives. First, this study propounds an analytical framework for the analysis of a state’s military relations as an alternative to the analytical framework traditionally employed. -
American Propaganda in Turkey As Economic Military And
AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR A Master’s Thesis by AYŞEGÜL AVCI DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2009 To my parents… AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by AYŞEGÜL AVCI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2009 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Edward P. Kohn Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Paul Latimer Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR Avcı, Ayşegül M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Edward P. Kohn September 2009 This thesis analyzes American propaganda in Turkey during the Second World War through the increasing economic, military and cultural relations between the two countries. -
Turco-American Relations, 1927-1939 a Thesis Submitted
AN ERA OF NON-STRATEGIC ALLIANCE: TURCO-AMERICAN RELATIONS, 1927-1939 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY YASEMİN MEMİOĞLU IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF LATIN AND NORTH AMERICAN STUDIES APRIL 2021 Approval of the thesis: AN ERA OF NON-STRATEGIC ALLIANCE: TURCO-AMERICAN RELATIONS, 1927-1939 submitted by YASEMİN MEMİOĞLU in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Latin and North American Studies, the Graduate School of Social Sciences of Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Yaşar KONDAKÇI Dean Graduate School of Social Sciences Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar GÜRSEL Head of Department Department of Latin and North American Studies Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar GÜRSEL Supervisor Department of History Examining Committee Members: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aylin TOPAL (Head of the Examining Committee) Middle East Technical University Department of Political Science and Public Administration Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bahar GÜRSEL (Supervisor) Middle East Technical University Department of History Assist. Prof. Dr. Kenneth WEISBRODE Bilkent University Department of History PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last Name: Yasemin MEMİOĞLU Signature: iii ABSTRACT AN ERA OF NON-STRATEGIC ALLIANCE: TURCO-AMERICAN RELATIONS, 1927-1939 MEMİOĞLU, Yasemin M.S., Latin and North American Studies Supervisor: Assoc. -
Rutgers History Department and Livingston Honors Program
Rutgers History Department and Livingston Honors Program Undergraduate Honors Thesis The Impact of the Korean War on Turkey A study by Ata A. Akiner Faculty Advisor: Dr. Michael Adas Akiner 2 Go to; suppose thou sacrifice the child; what prayer wilt thou utter, when 'tis done? What will the blessing be that thou wilt invoke upon thyself as thou art slaying our daughter? -Line from Iphigenia At Aulis by Euripides “It will be [the] greatest crime in Turkish history if we fail to take advantage of this opportunity” -Informal memorandum from Maj. Gen. Yusuf A. Egeli to Gen. Nuri Yamut1 1 U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States: 1950. Volume V. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1978. 1282. Akiner 3 INTRODUCTION In the early morning hours of May 27, 1960, the rumbling of tanks and sound of gunshots echoing across the capital awakened most citizens of Ankara. Those who possessed radios, upon switching them on to find out what was going on, were greeted by the Turkish National Anthem, followed by the stern voice of Colonel Alparslan Turkes. It would be the first time the Turkish public would hear his voice, with which they would become so familiar in following years; he would have the privilege of making the announcement that would declare the end of one period in Turkish history, and usher in a new one: The Great Turkish Nation: Starting at 3:00 am on the 27th of May, the Turkish armed forces have taken over administration throughout the entire country. This operation, thanks to the close cooperation of all our citizens and security forces, has succeeded without loss of life. -
Erdogan Strikes Defiant Posture but Crisis Looms with US Over Russian
UK £2 Issue 214, Year 5 July 14, 2019 EU €2.50 www.thearabweekly.com US-Iran Europe’s Mediating showdown inadequate Sudan’s refugee policies transition Pages 4-6 Page 6 Page 11 Erdogan strikes defiant posture but crisis looms with US over Russian missile system ► If Turkey was to cancel the deal with Russia, Putin would ask Turkey to leave Syria, potentially allowing the creation of a “statelet” run by the Kurdish People’s Protection Units. Thomas Seibert cancel the purchase by July 31 or be dropped from the F-35 programme. Soner Cagaptay, of the Washing- Istanbul ton Institute for Near East Policy, said the S-400 “is about to cause urkey is facing the big- what could be the greatest crisis gest crisis in its relations in US-Turkish relationship in more with the United States in than four decades.” T decades over an arms deal “My fear is that — if the US-Turk- with Russia but is determined to go ish relationship were to crash to- ahead with it, analysts said. day — it would take an even longer Implementing a $2.5 billion time for the relationship to be reset agreement, Moscow began deliv- and perhaps that reset could never ery July 12 of two batteries of its come,” Cagaptay said by e-mail. S-400 air defence system to Tur- The S-400 agreement fanned key. Antonov cargo planes from concerns in the West that Turkey Russia landed at Murted Air Base was moving closer to Russia. Ca- near Ankara, a video published by gaptay and other analysts said Turkey’s Defence Ministry on Twit- Moscow is looking for opportuni- ter showed.