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American Propaganda in Turkey As Economic Military And AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR A Master’s Thesis by AYŞEGÜL AVCI DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2009 To my parents… AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by AYŞEGÜL AVCI In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2009 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Edward P. Kohn Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Paul Latimer Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------- Assist. Prof. Dr. Nur Bilge Criss Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal Erel Director ABSTRACT AMERICAN PROPAGANDA IN TURKEY AS ECONOMIC MILITARY AND CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST GERMANY DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR Avcı, Ayşegül M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Edward P. Kohn September 2009 This thesis analyzes American propaganda in Turkey during the Second World War through the increasing economic, military and cultural relations between the two countries. Germany was very influential in Turkey’s economic, military and cultural development before the war. This kind of affiliation could have an influence in Turkey’s foreign policy. Turkish leaders, on the other hand, attached utmost importance to Turkey’s integrity and independence. They thought that entering the war would damage Turkey’s sovereignty. Therefore they wanted to keep Turkey out of war. When the war started Turkey wanted to limit Germany’s influence. For this reason Turkey turned to Britain and France which could not satisfy Turkey’s needs. iii America began to increase its economic, military and cultural relations with Turkey through Lend-Lease aid, chrome sales, sending military experts to and inviting students from Turkey, etc. The improvement of the relations between Turkey and America in those fields aimed to break Germany’s influence in Turkey, and to prevent Turkey’s entrance to the war on the side of the Axis. In this respect strengthening Turkey in the economic and military fields so that it could fight against the Axis forces was not the main aim. Therefore American efforts during the war should be analyzed as propaganda against German propaganda. Keywords: Propaganda, economic aid, military aid, cultural relations, foreign policy, The United States of America, Republic of Turkey, the Second World War, espionage iv ÖZET İKİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SIRASINDA TÜRKİYE’DE AMERİKAN PROPAGANDASI: EKONOMİK ASKERİ VE KÜLTÜREL ALANLARDA ALMANYA İLE MÜCADELE Avcı, Ayşegül Yüksek lisans, Tarih Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Edward P. Kohn Eylül 2009 Bu tez çalışması Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye arasında artan ekonomik, askeri ve kültürel ilişkiler yoluyla İkinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında Türkiye’de Amerikan propagandasını incelemektedir. Savaş öncesinde Almanya’nın Türkiye’deki ekonomik, askeri ve kültürel gelişmelerde büyük etkisi vardı. Bu tür bir yakınlık Türkiyenin dış politikasında da etkili olabiliyordu. Türk diplomatları ise Türkiye’nin bağımsızlığına ve bütünlüğüne çok önem vermekteydiler. Savaşa girmenin Türkiye’nin egemenliğini zedeleyeceğini düşünmekteydiler. Bu sebeple Türkiye’yi savaş dışı tutmaya çalışıyorlardı. Savaş başladığında Türkiye Almanya’nın bu etkisini azaltmak istedi ve bu amaçla İngiltere ve Fransa’ya yöneldi ancak bu iki ülke Türkiye’nin ihtiyaçlarını karşılayamadı. Onların yerine Amerika Kiralama ve Ödünç Verme (Lend-Lease) v yardımları, krom alımı, Türkiye’ye askeri uzman gönderimi ve Türk öğrencilerini Amerika’ya kabul etme gibi yollarla Türkiye ile olan ekonomik, askeri ve kültürel ilişkilerini geliştirmeye başladı. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye arasında bu alanlarda yakınlaşma Almanya’nın Türkiye üzerindeki etkisini kırmak ve Türkiye’nin Mihver Kuvvetleri yanında savaşa girmesini engellemek amaçlarını taşımaktaydı. Kısacası asıl amaç Türkiye’yi ekonomik ve askeri alanlarda güçlendirerek Mihver Devletleri ile savaşmasını sağlamak değildi. Bu açıdan Amerika’nın Türkiye üzerindeki bu çabaları Almanya’nın propagandasına karşı Amerikan propagandası olarak incelenmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: propaganda, ekonomik yardım, askeri yardım, kültürel ilişkiler, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, İkinci Dünya Savaşı, casusluk vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank a number of great people who helped me to finish this thesis. First of all I owe a lot to Dr. Edward P. Kohn for his invaluable guidance and encouragement. His comments and his suggestions have been of utmost importance in shaping this work. I am also indebted to Dr. Nur Bilge Criss for her advices and kindness. I am thankful to the honorable members of my thesis jury, namely Dr. Edward Kohn, Nur Bilge Criss, and Dr. Paul Latimer who have given me advices and suggestions for the final shape of this thesis. I am also thankful to the department chair Dr. Mehmet Kalpaklı for supporting my visit to Washington D.C. which made it possible for me to have an access to the documents most necessary for writing this thesis. I am also thankful to Dr. Oktay Özel who directed me to find the subject of my thesis, though unknowingly, by his enjoyable assignment of Firuze. I would like to thank all my classmates in Bilkent University, but most important of all I should express my thanks to Gizem Kaşoturacak for her help in every step of this study, and her companionship. Fatma Gül Karagöz and Elvin Otman have also been very helpful in overcoming the stress of the last year. I would like to thank Sevinç Küçükoğlu for helping me with the deep notes and I owe a lot to Muhsin Soyudoğan who dealt with the formatting when I needed most, and thanks for his friendship. vii I am thankful to my roommate Pelin Ayan for her patience and moral support. I have to thank Merve Ustalar who turned my boring days and nights in Ankara and at Bilkent Library into fun. My eternal friends Selcan Bayramoğlu, Sedef Akmehmet, Günay Çimen, Yasemin Demirtaş and Esen Kara, I would like to thank them for being my friends. Finally and most importantly I owe a lot to my family who supported me, and I have to mention my elder sister Elif Avcı who has not spared her support, encouragement and friendship from me. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... iii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1 CHAPTER II: SHIFTS IN TURKEY’S FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE WAR .......................................................................................................................... 14 2.1 Mutual Alliance with Britain and France ......................................................... 15 2.2 Strict Neutrality and Appeasement of Germany .............................................. 24 2.3 Allied Victories at War and Abandonment of the Appeasement Policy .......... 38 CHAPTER III: AMERICAN ECONOMIC WARFARE IN TURKEY AGAINST GERMANY AS PROPAGANDA ........................................................ 49 3.1 America’s Increasing Role in Turkish Economy ............................................. 55 3.2 Chrome ............................................................................................................. 62 3.3 Lend-Lease Aid ................................................................................................ 67 CHAPTER IV: THE MILITARY AND CULTURAL ASPECT OF THE GERMAN-AMERICAN PROPAGANDA WAR IN TURKEY .......................... 82 4.1 Education ......................................................................................................... 83 ix 4.2 Technical and Military Assistance and Turkey’s Attitude towards American Internees ................................................................................................................. 89 4.3 Visits of Military and Civilian Turks to America and Germany ..................... 96 4.4 Media ............................................................................................................. 101 4.5 Espionage ....................................................................................................... 105 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 108 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 113 x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Republic
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