Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(6): 815-828

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Diversity of (: JEZS 2017; 5(6): 815-828 © 2017 JEZS Rhopalocera) of Howrah district, , Received: 22-09-2017 Accepted: 23-10-2017

Saurav Dwari Plant , Biosystematics and Molecular Taxonomy Saurav Dwari, Amal Kumar Mondal and Subhadeep Chowdhury Laboratory, UGC-DRS-SAP, Department of Botany & Abstract Forestry, Vidyasagar University, Butterflies are one of the most attractive in the world which have received a reasonable amount of Midnapore, West Bengal, India attention throughout the world. Our result shows that butterflies of Howrah district, West Bengal, India Amal Kumar Mondal comprises of 106 species including 75 genera and 6 families. Out of these 6 families and Plant Taxonomy, Biosystematics were to found to be the most dominant in nature. During our studies, we found Grass and Molecular Taxonomy Jewel, the smallest in India and The Blue Mormon, the largest butterfly of South West Bengal Laboratory, UGC-DRS-SAP, as well as second largest in India. Common Shot Silverline, Angle Sunbeam, Bengal Plains Blue Royal Department of Botany & and Indian Oak Blue recorded the first time from the district. Rapid urbanization and building of Forestry, Vidyasagar University, industries are the serious threats to butterfly diversity in this district. So, preparation of a list of butterfly Midnapore, West Bengal, India species is necessary for further references to understand the changes of their diversity.

Subhadeep Chowdhury Keywords: Butterflies, Howrah, West Bengal, India, lycaenidae, Urbanization Krishnachak, Dhurkhali, Howrah, West Bengal, India 1. Introduction Butterflies are one of the most attractive in the world and taxonomically well studied groups and have received a reasonable amount of attention throughout the world [1]. They are important pollinators and food chain components of an ecosystem. Being potential pollinating agents of their nectar plants as well as indicators of the health and quality of their host plants

and the ecosystem as a whole, exploration of the butterfly fauna thus becomes important in identifying and preserving potential habitats under threat. Butterflies are potentially useful ecological indicators of urbanization because they can be readily surveyed, and they are sensitive to changes in microclimate, temperature, solar radiation, and the availability of host plants for ovipositing and larval development [2, 3]. Butterflies are recognized as focal species [4] of conservation in several areas of the world . There are several issues regarding declining species richness, diversity and abundance of which hurried development and urbanization are the main [5-7]. The reduction in the amount and the quality of natural habitats associated with the urban development negatively affects the nature of biodiversity [8]. th [9] In India research on butterflies started in the 19 century . Many works have been done by [10-15] different researchers in India. The number of Indian butterflies amount to one fifth of the world’s butterfly species [16]. From India 1501 species of butterflies are recorded [11] and in West Bengal its number is 452 [17]. Similarly, such works have been carried out in Calcutta and its associated areas also [18-21]. But there are no previous records of butterflies of Howrah

district except Diversity of Butterflies in the Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic [22] Garden, Howrah, West Bengal . We are representing here butterfly diversity of Howrah district. Due to important ecosystem services of butterflies and rapid habitat degradation, it is very important to study about the butterflies’ diversity of this district along with their distribution and abundance.

Correspondence Saurav Dwari 2. Material and Methods Plant Taxonomy, Biosystematics 2.1 Study area and Molecular Taxonomy Howrah district lies between 22°48′ N and 22°12′ N latitudes and between 88°23′ E and 87°50′ Laboratory, UGC-DRS-SAP, E longitudes which covers 467 km2, situated in the eastern parts of India within the state of Department of Botany & Forestry, Vidyasagar University, West Bengal (Figure 1). The district bounded by the Rupnarayan River on its West and the Midnapore, West Bengal, India South-West side and east and the south-east side by Bhagirathi-Hooghly River. ~ 815 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

On the north side, the boundary is an artificial one except for c. Measurement of evenness the Bally canal on the north-east and the Damodar River in For calculating the evenness of species, the Pielou’s Evenness the north-west. The annual normal rainfall is 1461 millimeter Index (e) was used [35]. per year. The annual maximum temperature varies between e = H / In S 32-39 °C, whereas the minimum temperature varies between H = Shannon – Wiener diversity index 8-10 °C. We divided the whole district into four different S = total number of species in the sample regions based on their geographical similarities, namely the Upper Damodar River Basin (UDRB), the Lower Damodar d. Dominance and Simpson Index River Basin (LDRB), the Semi Urbanized Zone (SUZ) and D = ∑ (ni/n)2 where ni is number of individuals of taxon i. the Industrial Zone (IZ). The Upper Damodar River Basin Dominance = 1-Simpson index. Ranges from 0 (all taxa are (UDRB) comprises of Udaynarayanpur, Amta I & II and equally present) to 1 (one taxon dominates the community Bagnan I blocks. The Lower Damodar River Basin (LDRB) completely). comprises of Bagnan II, Uluberia I, Shyampur I & II blocks. Simpson index 1-D. Measures 'evenness' of the community The Semi Urbanized Zone (SUZ) comprises of Uluberia II, from 0 to 1. Dominance and Simpson indices are often used Jagatballavpur, Panchla blocks and the Industrial Zone (IZ) interchangeably. includes Domjur, Bally Jagachha, Howrah Sadar and Sankrail blocks. The different natural habitats within the study area are e. Species area hypothesis and Species energy hypothesis also represented (Figure 2). Species area hypothesis suggested that large area supports more species. Species energy hypothesis suggested that 2.2 Sampling techniques and species identification greater productivity permit the existence of more species. Different habitats of this district were surveyed during April This represents current conditions and information on 2013 to February 2017 by using line transect method. ecosystem. Information on butterfly fauna are based on observation from 07:00 to 11:00 hr and 14:00 to 18:00 hr. Butterfly species f. SHE Analysis density was assessed quantitatively across different habitats SHE actually denotes the role of each diversity components in (block wise). Transects were walked once a month in each community and it employed to separate species diversity into block to follow Pollard Walk Method [23, 24] for recording the its richness and evenness components. SHE analysis [36, 37] butterflies. A slow 180 degree visual sweep was performed requires a matrix of integer abundance data (counts), with during walking. Along with that Visual encounter survey and taxa in rows and samples in columns. The program calculates Opportunistic survey methods are also applied during the log species abundance (ln S), Shannon index (H) and log study period. evenness (ln E = H – ln S) for the first sample. Then the Modifications of the line transect count were used to second sample is added to the first, and the process continues. determine butterfly richness and abundance [25]. In this The resulting cumulative SHE profiles can be interpreted method 5 permanent 300m line transects were setup in each ecologically. If the samples are taken not from one (4) group of the blocks. The transect in each group was slowly homogenous population but across a gradient or up a traversed at a uniform pace for 30 min from 8.30 to 11.30 stratigraphic section, breaks in the curve may be used to infer hours during good weather period (no heavy rain or strong discontinuities (e.g. bio zone boundaries). winds). Butterfly species were recorded around a radius of five meter from the observer covering either side, above and g. Species Accumulation Curve front. Species accumulation curve is an approach by plotting the All individuals were identified in the field using standard cumulative number of species collected against the sampling guides and field guide books [17, 26]. Identification and effort (sample unit). From the year 2013 the species classification of butterflies was done using these literatures [27- accumulation curve for the four sites sampled individually, 31]. increased from first to the fourth sampling though the number of new species added slowly. 2.3 Data analysis Data analyses were performed by PAST software Version h. PCA (Principle Component Analysis) and PCO 3.02 [32]. (Principle Coordinates Analysis) Principal components analysis (PCA) finds hypothetical a. Measurement of diversity variables (components) accounting for as much as possible of The type of diversity used here is α- diversity which is the the variance in your multivariate data [38, 39]. Principal diversity of species within a community or habitat. The coordinates analysis (PCO) is another ordination method, also diversity index was calculated by using this index [33]. known as Metric Multidimensional Scaling. Two variables Diversity index = H = – ∑Pi In Pi, where Pi = S / N were chosen based on higher variance and eigen value scale. S = number of individuals of one species Density was plotted as component 1 and frequency was N = total number of all individuals in the sample plotted on component 2. In = logarithm to base e 3. Results b. Measurement of species richness During this study 106 species of butterfly species under six Margalef’s index was used as a simple measure of species families were observed in the study area (Table 1). Our result richness [34]. shows that 53 genera were represented by only one species Margalef’s index = (S – 1) / In N and 22 genera were represented by more than one species. S = total number of species Junonia is the largest genera with 5 species, followed by N = total number of individuals in the sample Papilio (4 species), (3 species), Chilades (3 species), In = natural logarithm Spindiasis (3 species) and (3 species). Lycaenidae

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showed the maximum which number of species of 37 availability of host plants. Cluster analysis also performed (34.9%), followed by Nymphalidae (30 species, 28.3%), which based on density and frequency data that are present in Hesperiidae (21 species, 19.81%), Pieridae (10 species, the four sites of our studied region (Figure 8). According to 9.43%), Papilionidae (7 species, 6.6%) and the least one is SHE analysis there is no break in the curve, it indicates that Riodinidae (1 species, 0.94%) (Figure 3). Based on the mean there is no such discontinuity of different species in the study value of butterfly occurrence in all four sites, 42 species area. So, species evenness and abundance are correlated with (39.62%) were categorized as very common species whereas each other (Figure 9). Observed butterfly species 31 species (29.24%) were common, 16 species (15.09%) were photographed by Canon EOS 550 D are represented in the less common, 11 species (10.37%) were rare, and 6 species figure 10- figure 16. (5.66%) were very rare (Figure 4). Species accumulation The studies reveal that high species richness and evenness and curve is represented in the figure 5. low dominance at study area. The biodiversity (diversity Some of Very Common (VC) species sampled during the index, species richness and evenness) of the butterfly fauna in study were Common Mormon, Lime, Psyche, Common Gull, Howrah district, West Bengal is mainly due to the rich Common Jezebel, Monkey Puzzle, Common Silverline, Zebra vegetation in this area as vegetation plays an important role in Blue, Forget Me Not, Pea Blue, Pale Grass Blue, Plain Tiger, the existence of insect fauna in a community as it provides the Striped Tiger, Common Crow, Common Evening Brown, main source of food and other resources for insects. For Common Bush Brown, Tawny Coster, Grey Pansy, Peacock instance, the occurrence of a rich and diversified fauna in Pansy, Chestnut Bob, Indian Palm Bob, Common Red Eye some parts of UDRB and LDRB regions was largely and Ceylon Swift etc. Few Common(C) species were Blue attributed to the conservation of forests in this region [40]. Mormon, Common Rose, Common Jay, Striped Albatross, Conservation of the natural habitats is very essential for the Indian Sunbeam, Yamfly, Common Cerulean, Pointed Ciliate existence of many species of lepidopterans. The survival of a Blue, Dark Grass Blue, Plains Cupid, Brown King Crow. large number of endemic species in a community or habitat Dark Banded Bush Brown, Common Five Ring, Common warrants frequent monitoring of the ecological processes Four Ring, Common Leopard, Lemon Pansy, Danaid Eggfly, besides the adoption of appropriate conservation strategies in Grass Demon, Tree Flitter and Complete Paint Bush Swift order to safeguard its rich genetic diversity [41]. etc. Some Less Common (LC) species were Yellow Orange Tip, Silver Streak Blue, Common Guava Blue, Indian Red 4. Discussions Flash, Indigo Flash, Dark Cerulean, Double Banded Plum The present study, for the first time ever, aims at evaluating Judy, Bamboo Tree Brown, Common Duffer and Forest butterflies in the district of Howrah, West Bengal, India. The Hopper etc. The Rare (R) species of this district were Three results accumulated so far clearly indicate that the overall Spot Grass Yellow, Broad Tail Royal, Grass Jewel, Gaudy diversity of Butterflies in this district is quite good. According Barron, Chocolate Pansy, Long Banded Silverline, Common to our studies, the diversity of butterflies is richer in both Banded Awl, Common Snow Flat, Moore Ace, Brown Awl Upper and the Lower Damodar Basin (UDRB and LDRB) and Rounded Palm Red eye etc. The Very Rare (VR) species than in the Semi Urbanized and Industrial zones (SUZ and IZ) of this district were Angled Sunbeam, Plains Blue Royal, in the district. Indian Oakblue, Common Shot Silverline and Black Rajah The diversity of butterfly species is integrally correlated to etc. their host plants and adult nectar plants [16]. Our studies The relative differences in the representations of the families indicate that the area rich in butterfly diversity are also rich in can be attributable to the differences in the habitat conditions larval host and nectar plants. The maximum numbers of of study site. The number of species was highest in UDRB species are present in the UDRB since the areas are rich in (96 species), followed by LDRB (90 species), SUZ (75 diverse habitats, vegetation forms and are the least disturbed species) and IZ (69 species). This result also coordinates with in the districts. LDRB areas also bear the characteristics the species area and species energy hypothesis. Measurements conducive for the diversity in species but the large numbers of of diversity related indices are represents in the table 2. brick industries are responsible for habitat destruction and Principal coordinate and Principal component analysis (PCO other disturbances leading to the decrease in the number of and PCA) of butterfly of Howrah district, West Bengal based the species. Agriculture and industries are the main features of on Density and Frequency data (these two variables are taken the SUZ while IZ is occupied mainly with industries, thereby based on higher Variance and Eigen value scale) is presented both being the causes for less presence of butterfly species. in figure 6 & 7. On both the cases, X axis (component 1) i.e. Moreover both the zones are densely populated and the Density and on the Y axis (component 2) i.e. Frequencies are related anthropogenic activities are also the major causal plotted which show similarities between different species. So, factor for the scarcity of the species. Nevertheless, our studies there are 6 different families that are separated by principal have shown that IZ harbors a good number of butterfly component analysis and species are separated on PCO species owing to the presence of the Acharya Jagadish analysis based on this two variables. The families are Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden, Shibpur, Howrah. It is represented by following colors - Papilionidae + cross red, worth mentioning that more than 50 species among all 69 Pieridae square blue, Lycaenidae round Purple, Riodinidae species found in the IZ are found in the garden. tringle yellow, Nymphalidae cross X green, Hesperiidae dot During our studies, we found Grass Jewel (Chilades black in color. The PCA analysis showing family trochylus), the smallest butterfly of India [42] and The Blue Nymphalidae widely distributed and clustered among the Mormon, the largest butterfly of South West Bengal as well middle of the plot represented by cross X green. PCA results as second largest of India from this district. Shot Silverline, clearly indicate that 2 family occupies larger range, family Angle Sunbeam, Bengal Plains Blue Royal and Indian Lycaenidae is forming its range inside the family Oakblue have been recorded for the first time from the Nymphalidae, and family Pieridae ranges between district. Torus is the first record from the State of Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae. This overlapping distribution West Bengal because of no presence of earlier literature in its might be because of the same habitat preferences and support. The presence of Bengal Plains Blue Royal and

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Common Jezebel are indicative of the fact that the District The Double Banded Judy prefers to live in dark shady places contains some hemiparasitic plants, Larval Host Plant and the Bamboo Tree Brown is found of the huge numbers of conducive for the species. dense Bamboo groves in this District. Common Crow, Brown The Stichius and the Romulus forms of Common Mormon are King Crow, Tawny Coster, Plain Tiger is also found in very common in this district. Both Clytia and the Dissimilis agricultural fields [43]. All the species of Junonia genus except forms of Common Mime are also common here. Among the Yellow Pansy, available elsewhere in West Bengal are also Rapala genus, Rapala varuna is uncommon in respect to the found in this District. Blue Pansy is the most uncommon other two species. Among Spindiasis genus Spindasis among all species of pansy butterflies in this District. vulcanus is very common than other two species. Tarucus sp. Between the two species of genus, Euthalia lubentia we found may be a Rounded Pierrot or a Veined Pierrot is more uncommon than Euthalia acanthea. The Common because we could not identify it being unable to catch its Banded Awl and Brown Awl are the common species in the upper wing view whereas in this view the identification keys Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Indian Botanic Garden. are present. Gram Blue, Pea Blue is quite common here Forest Hoppers, uncommon in this District common in because of the huge number of leguminous agricultural fields. Bagnan block of this District.

Fig 1: Study area (Howrah District, West Bengal, India)

A B

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C D

E F

Fig 2: Habitats of Butterflies in Howrah District, W.B, India A) Amta 2 Block B) Bagnan 1 Block C) Udaynarayanpur Block D) Shyampur Block E) Jagatballavpur Block F) Panchla Block

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Fig 10: A) Common Mormon (Form Stichius) B) Common Mormon (Form Romulus) C) Blue Mormon D) Lime E) Common Mime F) Common Rose G) Common Jay H) Tailed Jay I) Psyche J) Common Gull K) Yellow Orange Tip L) Common Jezebel M) Striped Albatross N) Common Wanderer O) Common Emigrant P) Mottled Emigrant.

Fig 11: A) Common Grass Yellow B) Three Spot Grass Yellow C) Indian Sunbeam D) Angled Sunbeam E) Falcate Oakblue F) Indian Oakblue G) Silver Streak Blue H) Yamfly I) Monkey Puzzle J) Plains Blue Royal K) Broad Tail Royal L) Common Guava Blue M) Slate Flash N) Slate Flash O) Indigo Flash P) Common Silverline. ~ 822 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Fig 12: A) Common Short Silverline B) Long Banded Silverline C) Common Pierrot D) Tarucus sp. E) Zebra Blue F) Apefly G) Common Lineblue H) Tailless Lineblue I) Common Cerulean J) Dark Cerulean K) Ciliate Blue L) Pointed Ciliate Blue M) Forget Me not N) Pea Blue O) Dark Grass Blue P) Pale Grass Blue.

Fig 13: A) Lesser Grass Blue B) Tiny Grass Blue C) Quaker D) Gram Blue E) Plains Cupid F) Lime Blue G) Grass Jewel H) Double Banded Plum Judy I) Blue Tiger J) Plain Tiger K) Striped Tiger L) Common Crow M) Brown King Crow N) Black Rajah O) Common Evening Brown P) Bamboo Treebrown.

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Fig 14: A) Common Duffer B) Common Palmfly C) Common Bush Brown D) Dark Branded Bush Brown E) Common Five Ring F) Common Four Ring G) Tawny Coster, H) Common Leopard I) Commander J) Angled Castor K) Common Castor L) Clear Sailor, M) Chestnut Streaked Sailor N) Chestnut Streaked Sailor O) Common Barron P) Gaudy Barron.

Fig 15: A) Blue Pansy B) Chocolate Pansy C) Lemon Pansy D) Grey Pansy E) Peacock Pansy F) Great Eggfly (Underwing) G) Great Eggfly (Upperwing) H) Danaid Eggfly (Underwing) I) Danaid Eggfly (Upperwing) J) Common Banded Awl K) Brown Awl L) Common Snow Flat M) Indian Gizzled Skipper N) Bush Hopper O) Forest Hopper P) Chestnut Bob. ~ 824 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Fig 16: A) Indian Palm Bob B) Grass Demon C) Moore’s Ace D) Rounded Palm Redeye E) Common Red Eye F) Common Dartlet G) Pale Palm Dart H) Tree Flitter I) Complete Paintbush Swift J) Parnara apostata K) Ceylon Swift (Underwing) L) Ceylon Swift (Upperwing) M) Common Straight Swift (Underwing) N) Common Straight Swift (Upperwing) O) Dark Branded Swift (Underwing) P) Dark Branded Swift (Upperwing).

Table 1: List of butterflies recorded from The District Howrah, West Bengal, India

Family Common name Scientific name Status Occurrence 1) Common Mormon Papilio polytes (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 2) Blue Mormon Papilio polymnestor (Cramer, 1775) C All 3) Lime Papilio demoleus (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All Papilionidae 4) Common Mime Papilio clytia (Linnaeus, 1758) C All 5) Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) C All 6) Common Jay Graphium doson (C and R. Felder, 1864) C All 7) Tailed Jay Graphium Agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) C All 8) Psyche Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) VC All 9) Common Gull Cepora nerissa (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 10) Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene (Linnaeus, 1764) LC UDRB and DRB 11) Common Jezebel Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) VC All 12) Striped Albatross Appias libythea (Fabricius, 1775) C All Pieridae 13) Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776) VC All 14) Common Emigrant Catopsilia Pomona (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 15) mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 16) Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 17) Three Spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) R UDRB and LDRB 18) Indian Sunbeam thetis (Hubner, 1819) C All 19) Angled Sunbeam Curetis acuta (Moore, 1877) VR SUZ 20) Falcate Oakblue ameria (Hewitson, 1862) C UDRB and SUZ 21) Indian Oakblue Arthopala atrax (Hewitson, 1862) VR UDRB and LDRB 22) Silver Streak Blue timoleon (Stoll, 1790) LC LDRB and SUZ Lycaenidae 23) Yamfly Loxura atymnus (Cramer, 1782) C UDRB and LDRB 24) Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 25) Plains Blue Royal jehana (Moore, 1883) VR UDRB 26) Broad Tail Royal Creon cleobis (Godart, 1824) R UDRB 27) Common Guava Blue Virachola isocrates (Fabricius, 1793) LC UDRB and LDRB ~ 825 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

28) Indian Red Flash Rapala airbus (Fabricius, 1787) LC UDRB 29) Slate Flash Rapala manea (Hewitson, 1863) C UDRB and LDRB 30) Indigo Flash Rapala varuna (Hewitson, 1863) LC UDRB 31) Common Silverline Spindasis vulcanus (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 32) Common Shot Silverline Spindasis ictis (Hewitson, 1865) VR UDRB 33) Long Banded Silverline Spindasis lohita (Horsfield, 1829) R UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 34) Common Pierrot rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 35) Tarucus sp. (Moore, 1881) VC All 36) Zebra Blue Tarucus plinius (Fabricius, 1793) VC All 37) Apefly Spalgis epeus (Westwood, 1851) LC UDRB and LDRB 38) Common Lineblue Prosotas nora (Felder, 1860) LC UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 39) Tailless Lineblue Prosotas dubiosa (Semper, 1879) VC UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 40) Common Cerulean Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775) C All 41) Dark Cerulean Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) LC LDRB and SUZ 42) Ciliate Blue Anthene emolus (Godart, 1823) LC UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 43) Pointed Ciliate Blue Anthene lycaenina (C. Felder, 1868) C UDRB and LDRB 44) Forget Me Not Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) VC All 45) Pea Blue Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) VC All 46) Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) C All 47) Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha (Kollar, 1848) VC All 48) Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis (Fabricius, 1787) LC UDRB and LDRB 49) Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 54) Grass Jewel Chilades trochylus (Freyer, 1845) R UDRB and SUZ 50) Quaker Neopithecops zalmora (Butler, 1870) VC All 51) Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius, 1798) VC All 52) Plains Cupid Chilades pandava (Horsfield, 1829) C UDRB and IZ 53) Lime Blue Chilades lajus (Cramer, 1782) VC All Riodinidae 55) Double Banded Plum Judy Abisara bifasciata (Moore, 1877) LC SUZ AND IZ 56) Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace (Cramer, 1775) VC All 57) Plain Tiger Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 58) Striped Tiger Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) VC All 59) Common Crow Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) VC All 60) Brown King Crow Euploea klugii (Moore,1858) C All 61) Black Rajah Charaxes solon (Fabricius, 1793) VR LDRB and IZ 62) Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 63) Bamboo Treebrown Lethe Europa (Fabricious, 1787) LC LDRB and IZ 64) Common Duffer Discophora sondaica (Boisduval, 1836) LC UDRB 65) Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra (Linnaeus, 1763) VC All 66) Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) VC All 67) Dark Branded Bushbrown Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) C All 68) Common Five Ring baldus (Fabricius, 1775) C All 69) Common Four Ring Ypthima huebneri (Kirby, 1871) C All 70) Tawny Coster Acraea violae (Fabricius, 1775) VC All Nymphalidae 71) Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773) C All 72) Commander Moduza procris (Cramer, 1777) VC All 73) Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1764) VC All 74) Common Castor Ariadne merione (Cramer, 1777) C UDRB, LDRB and IZ 75) Clear Sailor Neptis nata (Moore, 1857) LC UDRB and LDRB 76) Chestnut Streaked Sailor Neptis jumbah (Moore, 1857) C All 77) Common Barron Euthalia aconthea (Hewitson, 1874) VC All 78) Gaudy Barron Euthalia lubentina (Cramer, 1777) R UDRB, LDRB and IZ 79) Blue Pansy Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758) VR UDRB and SUZ 80) Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphtia (Cramer, 1779) R LDRB and IZ 81) Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) C All 82) Grey Pansy Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) VC All 83) Peacock Pansy Junonia almana (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 84) Great Eggfly Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) VC All 85) Danaid Eggfly Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) C All 86) Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1782) R SUZ and IZ 87) Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) R All 88) Common Snow Flat Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1782) R UDRB 89) Indian Grizzled Skipper Spialia galba (Fabricius, 1793) C UDRB, LDRB and IZ 90) Bush Hopper Ampitta dioscorides (Fabricius, 1793) LC UDRB and LDRB Hesperiidae 91) Forest Hopper Astictopterus jama (C and R. Felder, 1860) LC UDRB and LDRB 92) Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala (Moore, 1865) VC All 93) Indian Palm Bob Suastus gremius (Fabricius, 1798) VC All 94) Grass Demon Udaspes folus (Cramer, 1775) C All 95) Moore’s Ace porus (Mabille, 1876) R UDRB and LDRB 96) Rounded Palm Redeye Erionota torus (Evans, 1941) R LDRB

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97) Common Red Eye Matapa aria (Moore, 1865) VC All 98) Common Dartlet Oriens gola (Moore, 1877) C UDRB and SUZ 99) Pale Palm Dart Telicota colon (Fabricius, 1775) VC UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 100) Tree Flitter Hyarotis adrastus (Cramer, 1780) C UDRB, SUZ and IZ 101) Rice Swift Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) C All 102) Complete Paintbush Swift Baoris farri (Moore, 1878) C LDRB and SUZ 103) Dark Straight Swift Parnara apostata (Snellen, 1880) C UDRB and LDRB 104) Ceylon Swift Parnara bada (Moore, 1878) VC UDRB and LDRB 105) Common Straight Swift (Bremer and Grey, 1852) C UDRB, LDRB and SUZ 106) Dark Branded Swift Pelopidas agna (Moore, 1865) VC All

Table 2

UDRB LDRB SUZ IZ

Taxa_S 96 90 75 69 Simpson_1-D 0.9832 0.9823 0.9797 0.9785 Dominance_D 0.0168 0.01768 0.02031 0.02153 Shannon_H 4.228 4.177 4.038 3.964 Evenness_e^H/S 0.7142 0.7238 0.7564 0.7631 Margalef 9.83 9.558 8.241 7.817

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