Title Butterflies Collected in and Around Lambir Hills National Park
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A Compilation and Analysis of Food Plants Utilization of Sri Lankan Butterfly Larvae (Papilionoidea)
MAJOR ARTICLE TAPROBANICA, ISSN 1800–427X. August, 2014. Vol. 06, No. 02: pp. 110–131, pls. 12, 13. © Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia & Taprobanica Private Limited, Homagama, Sri Lanka http://www.sljol.info/index.php/tapro A COMPILATION AND ANALYSIS OF FOOD PLANTS UTILIZATION OF SRI LANKAN BUTTERFLY LARVAE (PAPILIONOIDEA) Section Editors: Jeffrey Miller & James L. Reveal Submitted: 08 Dec. 2013, Accepted: 15 Mar. 2014 H. D. Jayasinghe1,2, S. S. Rajapaksha1, C. de Alwis1 1Butterfly Conservation Society of Sri Lanka, 762/A, Yatihena, Malwana, Sri Lanka 2 E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Larval food plants (LFPs) of Sri Lankan butterflies are poorly documented in the historical literature and there is a great need to identify LFPs in conservation perspectives. Therefore, the current study was designed and carried out during the past decade. A list of LFPs for 207 butterfly species (Super family Papilionoidea) of Sri Lanka is presented based on local studies and includes 785 plant-butterfly combinations and 480 plant species. Many of these combinations are reported for the first time in Sri Lanka. The impact of introducing new plants on the dynamics of abundance and distribution of butterflies, the possibility of butterflies being pests on crops, and observations of LFPs of rare butterfly species, are discussed. This information is crucial for the conservation management of the butterfly fauna in Sri Lanka. Key words: conservation, crops, larval food plants (LFPs), pests, plant-butterfly combination. Introduction Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis 1949). As all herbivorous insects show some and have two stages of food consumtion. -
Observations on Lycaenid Butterflies from Panbari Reserve Forest and Adjoining Areas, Kaziranga, Assam, Northeastern
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 December 2015 | 7(15): 8259–8271 Observations on lycaenid butterflies from Panbari Reserve Forest and adjoining areas, Kaziranga, Assam, northeastern India ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Short Monsoon Jyoti Gogoi OPEN ACCESS Ph.D Student, Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar, Assam 788011, India [email protected] Abstract: A checklist of 116 taxa of Lycaenidae (Blues) along with made to document the Lycaenidae notes on important species in low elevation forest of Panbari Reserve, of Kaziranga-Karbi Hills Kaziranga - West Karbi Hills, upper Assam is reported in this paper based on surveys conducted during 2007–2012 and some recent sightings till date. Important sightings include Blue Gem Poritia Methods erycinoides elsiei, Square-band Brownie Miletis nymphys porus, Plain Plushblue Flos apidanus ahamus, Blue Royal Ancema carmentalis, Study area Elwes Silverline Spindasis elwesi, Artipe skinneri, etc. The Panbari Reserve Forest (26036’N & 93030’E) is protected under the Kaziranga National Park (KNP) Keywords: Butterfly diversity, Kaziranga, Lycaenidae, northeastern India, Panbari Reserve. as its fourth addition (Images 1a,b & 2). The average elevation of the forest is around 90m. The altitude however ranges from 70–300 m. The reserve is very close to National Highway 37 (NH37) on the Guwahati- The Lycaenidae (Blues) butterfly diversity in low Jorhat route. The reserve falls between Golaghat and elevation forests of Panbari Reserve, Kaziranga - West Karb Anglong (KA) districts of Assam. To the north of Karbi Hills, upper Assam is reported in this paper. Karbi the reserve lies Dollamora proposed reserve in Karbi Hills constitue a chain of hill ranges lying in middle Assam Anglong District and on the southern boundary is a in the southern bank of the river Brahmaputra. -
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CATALOGUE ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 20(8): 1955-1960 Fauna of Protected Areas - 23: INSECT FAUNA OF PEECHI-VAZHANI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, KERALA, INDIA George Mathew 1,2, R.S.M. Shamsudeen 1 and Rashmi Chandran 1 1 Division of Forest Protection, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala 680653, India Email: 2 [email protected] ABSTRACT transition zone between moist deciduous and evergreen forests. In a study on the insect fauna of Peechi-Vazhani Wildlife The vegetation of moist deciduous forests is characteristic in Sanctuary, 374 species of insects mostly belonging to that the trees of the upper canopy shed their leaves during the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera were recorded. The fauna was rich and diverse and contained several rare and dry season from February to April. Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia protected species. Among butterflies, of the 74 species bellerica, Terminalia tomentosa, Garuga pinnata, recorded, six species (Chilasa clytia, Appias lyncida, Appias Cinnamomum spp., Bridelia retusa, Grewia tiliaefolia and libythea, Mycalesis anaxias, Hypolimnas misippus and Haldina cordifolia are the common tree species. In the lower Castalius rosimon) are protected under the Indian Wildlife canopy, Ixora spp., Lantana camara and Clerodendrum spp. (Protection) Act. Similarly, four species of butterflies, Papilio buddha, Papilio polymnestor, Troides minos, and Cirrochroa occur as undergrowth. A considerable portion of the forest thais, recorded in this study are rare and restricted in area in this region has been converted to teak and eucalyptus distribution. The moth fauna is rich in arboreal feeding plantations by the Forest Department. A variety of wild animals forms indicating an undisturbed forest patch in the area. -
Biji, Perkecambahan, Dan Potensinya 147‐153 RONY IRAWANTO, DEWI AYU LESTARI, R
Seminar Nasional& International Conference Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon vol. 3 | no. 1 | pp. 1‐167 | Februari 2017 ISSN: 2407‐8050 Tahir Awaluddin foto: , Timur Kalimantan Derawan, di Penyelenggara & Pendukung tenggelam Matahari | vol. 3 | no. 1 | pp. 1-167 | Februari 2017 | ISSN: 2407-8050 | DEWAN PENYUNTING: Ketua, Ahmad Dwi Setyawan, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Anggota, Sugiyarto, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Anggota, Ari Pitoyo, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Anggota, Sutomo, UPT Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya “Eka Karya”, LIPI, Tabanan, Bali Anggota, A. Widiastuti, Balai Besar Pengembangan Pengujian Mutu Benih Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura, Depok Anggota, Gut Windarsih, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor Anggota, Supatmi, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi, LIPI, Cibinong, Bogor PENYUNTING TAMU (PENASEHAT): Artini Pangastuti, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Heru Kuswantoro, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Aneka Kacang dan Umbi, Malang Nurhasanah, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda Solichatun, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta Yosep Seran Mau, Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang PENERBIT: Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia PENERBIT PENDAMPING: Program Biosains, Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta Jurusan Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta PUBLIKASI PERDANA: 2015 ALAMAT: Kantor Jurnal Biodiversitas, Jurusan Biologi, Gd. A, Lt. 1, FMIPA, Universitas Sebelas Maret Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta 57126. Tel. & Fax.: +62-271-663375, Email: [email protected] -
Bugs R Al, No
ISSN 2230 – 7052 Newsletter of the $WIU4#NNInvertebrate Conservation & Information Network of South Asia (ICINSA) No. 22, MAY 2016 C. Sunil Kumar Photo: CONTENTS Pages Authenc report of Ceresium leucosccum White (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Callidiopini) from Pune and Satara in Maharashtra State --- Paripatyadar, S., S. Gaikwad and H.V. Ghate ... 2-3 First sighng of the Apefly Spalgis epeus epeus Westwood, 1851 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Milenae: Spalgini) from the Garhwal Himalaya --- Sanjay Sondhi ... 4-5 On a collecon of Odonata (Insecta) from Lonar (Crater) Lake and its environs, Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India --- Muhamed Jafer Palot ... 6-9 Occurrence of Phyllodes consobrina Westwood 1848 (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) from Southern Western Ghats, India and a review of distribuonal records --- Prajith K.K., Anoop Das K.S., Muhamed Jafer Palot and Longying Wen ... 10-11 First Record of Gerosis bhagava Moore 1866 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Bangladesh --- Ashis Kumar Daa ... 12 Present status on some common buerflies in Rahara area, West Bengal --- Wrick Chakraborty & Partha P. Biswas ... 13-17 Addions to the Buerfly fauna of Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh --- Ashis Kumar Daa ... 18 Study on buerfly (Papilionoidea) diversity of Bilaspur city --- Shubhada Rahalkar ... 19-23 Bio-ecology of Swallowtail (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae) Buerflies in Gautala Wildlife Sanctuary of Maharashtra India -- Shinde S.S. Nimbalkar R.K. and Muley S.P. ... 24-26 New report of midge gall (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Ziziphus xylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. (Rhamnaceae) from Northern Western Ghats. Mandar N. Datar and R.M. Sharma ... 27 Rapid assessment of buerfly diversity in a ecotone adjoining Bannerghaa Naonal Park, South Bengaluru Alexander R. Avinash K. Phalke S. Manidip M. -
Barriers to Dispersal of Rain Forest Butterflies in Tropical Agricultural
BIOTROPICA 49(2): 206–216 2017 10.1111/btp.12397 Barriers to dispersal of rain forest butterflies in tropical agricultural landscapes Sarah A. Scriven1,3, Colin M. Beale1, Suzan Benedick2, and Jane K. Hill1 1 Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK 2 Faculty of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Beg Berkunci No. 3, 90509, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia ABSTRACT Fragmentation of natural habitats can be detrimental for species if individuals fail to cross habitat boundaries to reach new locations, thereby reducing functional connectivity. Connectivity is crucial for species shifting their ranges under climate change, making it impor- tant to understand factors that might prevent movement through human-modified landscapes. In tropical regions, rain forests are being fragmented by agricultural expansion, potentially isolating populations of highly diverse forest-dependent species. The likelihood of crossing habitat boundaries is an important determinant of species dispersal through fragmented landscapes, and so we examined movement across rain forest-oil palm plantation boundaries on Borneo by using relatively mobile nymphalid butterflies as our model study taxon. We marked 1666 individuals from 65 species, and 19 percent (100/527) of recaptured individuals crossed the boundary. Boundary crossing was relatively frequent in some species, and net movement of individuals was from forest into plantation. However, boundary crossing from forest into plantation was detected in less than 50 percent (12/28) of recaptured species and was dominated by small-sized butterfly species whose larval host plants occurred within plantations. Thus, while oil palm plantations may be relatively permeable to some species, they may act as barriers to the movement of forest-dependent species (i.e., species that require rain forest habitat to breed), highlighting the importance of maintaining forest connectivity for conserving rain forest species. -
Diversity Pattern of Butterfly Communities (Lepidoptera
International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Zoology Volume 2011, Article ID 818545, 8 pages doi:10.5402/2011/818545 Research Article DiversityPatternofButterflyCommunities (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidae) in Different Habitat Types in a Tropical Rain Forest of Southern Vietnam Lien Van Vu1 and Con Quang Vu2 1 Department of Biology, Vietnam National Museum of Nature, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam 2 Department of Insect Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Correspondence should be addressed to Lien Van Vu, [email protected] Received 26 January 2011; Accepted 1 March 2011 Academic Editors: M. Griggio and V. Tilgar Copyright © 2011 L. V. Vu and C. Quang Vu. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Diversity of butterfly communities of a tropical rain forest of Bu Gia Map National Park in South Vietnam was studied in four different habitat types (the natural forest, the disturbed forest, the bamboo forest, and the stream sides in the forest) in December 2008 and April 2009. A total of 112 species with 1703 individuals of Papilionoidae (except Lycaenidae) were recorded. The proportion of rare species tends to decrease from the natural forest to the stream sides, while the proportion of common species tends to increase from the natural forest to the stream sides. The stream sides have the greatest individual number, while the disturbed forest contains the greatest species number. The bamboo forest has the least species and individual numbers. -
Butterfly Extirpations
RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 2018 Conservation & Ecology RAFFLES BULLETIN OF ZOOLOGY 66: 217–257 Date of publication: 19 April 2018 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:CFF83D96-5239-4C56-B7CE-8CA1E086EBFD Butterfy extirpations, discoveries and rediscoveries in Singapore over 28 years Anuj Jain1,2*#, Khew Sin Khoon3, Cheong Weei Gan2, and Edward L. Webb1* Abstract. Habitat loss and urbanisation in the tropics have been recognised as major drivers of species extinctions. Concurrently, novel habitats such as urban parks have been shown to be important as habitats and stepping stones in urban ecosystems around the world. However, few studies have assessed long-term patterns of species extinctions and discoveries in response to these drivers in the tropics. We know little about long-term persistence and utility of novel habitats in tropical urban ecosystems. In this study, we produced an updated and exhaustive butterfy checklist of species recorded from Singapore till December 2017 to investigate trends in butterfy extirpations (local extinctions), discoveries (new country records) and rediscoveries and how these relate to land use change in 28 years (1990–2017) in Singapore. Up to 144 butterfy species were identifed to be extirpated in Singapore by 1990. From 1990–2017, an additional nine butterfy extirpations have potentially occurred, which suggests a maximum of 153 butterfy extirpations to date. The rate of extirpations between 1990 to 2017 (< 0.33 extirpations per year) was much lower than the rate of extirpations between 1926 to 1989 (> 1.52 extirpations per year). The majority of potentially extirpated butterfies between 1990 to 2017 were species restricted to mature forests. -
An Assessment of the Role of Sebesi Island As a Stepping-Stone for the Colonisation of the Klakatau Islands by Butterflies
九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository An Assessment of the Role of Sebesi Island as a Stepping-stone for the Colonisation of the Klakatau Islands by Butterflies Yukawa, Junichi Partomihardjo, Tukirin Yata, Osamu Hirowatari, Toshiya http://hdl.handle.net/2324/2638 出版情報:ESAKIA. 40, pp.1-10, 2000-03-31. 九州大学農学部昆虫学教室 バージョン: 権利関係: ESAKIA, (40): 1 - 10. March 31, 2000 AnAssessment of the Role of Sebesi Island as a Stepping-stone for the Colonisation of the Krakatau Islands by Butterflies1) Junichi YUKAWA2) Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8 12-858 1 Japan Tukirin PARTOMIHARDJO Herbarium Bogoriense, Botanical Division, Center for R & D in Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, 16122 Indonesia Osamu Yata Biosystematics Laboratory, Graduate School of Social and Cultural Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 8 10-8560 Japan and Toshiya HlROWATARl Entomological Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka, 599-853 1 Japan Abstract. Thirty-three butterfly species were collected in July 1993 from Sebesi and Sebuku Islands, Indonesia. Most of them were identified at the subspecies level, except several lycaenids. Fourteen species (42.4%) out of the 33 have never been recorded from the Krakataus. This proportion is distinctly higher than 4 to 8 (13.3 to 26.7%) of 30 species recorded from Sebesi in 1989. When these data were taken together, the percentage becomes 32.7 to 40.4% (17 to 21 of 52 species recorded from Sebesi-Sebuku). Comparison between Javanese and Sumatran subspecies in the rate of commonspecies on Sebesi-Sebuku and the Krakataus indicates that the butterfly fauna of the Krakataus have been chiefly derived from Java rather than from Sumatra even though the 2 stepping-stone islands exist between the Krakataus and Sumatra. -
Life History Notes on the Yellow Albatross, Appias Paulina Ega (Cramer, [1777]) Lepidoptera: Pieridae - Wesley Jenkinson
Life history notes on the Yellow Albatross, Appias paulina ega (Cramer, [1777]) Lepidoptera: Pieridae - Wesley Jenkinson This butterfly species, previously known as the Common Albatross, appears to have limited detail published about its biology and migratory habits. It is encountered along much of coastal and sub-coastal eastern Queensland and other states. Migratory adults can be located well outside the breeding areas, particularly after widespread rainfall has occurred. In Southeast Queensland it is seasonally common and the adults can be found in a varied range of habitats including suburban gardens. In this region the breeding habitat is chiefly dry rainforest and vine scrub where the host trees Yellow Tulipwood (Drypetes deplanchei) are growing. This is the main host species utilised for breeding with several other possible host species requiring confirmation (Moss 2010). Adults often fly with two other similar looking Pieridae species, the Caper White (Belenois java) and the Caper Gull (Cepora perimale) and they can be confused with them. The male could also be easily confused with the well-known exotic Cabbage White butterfly (Pieris rapae), which is much smaller in size, has different wing markings and slower flight behaviour. Adult flight is rapid and strong especially if they have been disturbed. They are typically observed flying around forest canopies and margins during sunny periods. The males also frequently visit hilltops from late morning until mid afternoon. I have observed that, while feeding at flowers, their wings can be partially open at various angles (between approx 20 to 45 degrees). Both sexes can also be observed imbibing moisture from puddles (‘mud puddling’) during extremely hot conditions. -
Erionota Thrax (Linnaeus, 1767), E
國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文 蕉弄蝶屬之分子親緣關係探討 與屬內兩種入侵農業害蟲之來源檢測 Molecular phylogeny of the genus Erionota (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), with inferring the origins of two notorious banana pest species 研究生: 顏嘉瑩 Chia-Ying Yen 指導教授: 徐堉峰博士、千葉秀幸博士 Yu-Feng Hsu, Hideyuki Chiba 中華民國 102 年 6 月 致謝 回首在師大的兩年碩士求學歷程,我受到諸位師長、同學、朋 友與家人的協助與鼓勵,實在有著說不盡的感謝話語。 首先,我想感謝我的指導教授徐堉峰教授的費心指導。扎實地 授予豐富的知識、不吝嗇地分享自身經驗、耐心地指導每一個研究 的小細節、適時地協助我渡過研究和寫作的瓶頸,並且帶領著研究 室一同創造歡樂、充滿笑聲的研究環境。每天最期待的事情之一, 就是和老師及實驗室夥伴們中午一起吃午飯 (特別是在大太陽天才 有的牛肉麵),然後天南地北的大聊特聊,分享生活中的各種瑣事。 此外,老師對於研究與探求新知的熱情與熱忱更是我們後輩的好榜 樣。在這兩年間,老師還給了我充分的機會去學習更多的學術技能, 更鼓勵我勇敢譜出對於未來的願景,讓我在學術上與生活上都留下 了許多深刻且精彩的美好回憶與成長,能當您的學生真的是一件很 幸運而且很幸福的事情。接著,我想感謝林思民教授的慷慨指導, 願意接納我參與貴實驗室的 meeting 一同學習。老師風趣親切的個 性和對學生們亦師亦友的相處之道,總是能給予學生最大的溫暖和 關懷,在這短短兩年中更是從老師身上學到了許多研究、生活等做 人處事的智慧。也感謝師大和東海大學教授們的教導與勉勵,帶領 著我學習做研究的許多工夫或針對我的論文提出許多寶貴的建議。 我想特別感謝卓逸民教授,您嚴謹的指導與要求學術研究時的態度 和精準度,使我能在迥異的學習環境與截然不同的領域中方能時常 警惕自己,並站穩腳步繼續向前邁進。您永遠是我學術的燈塔,即 使霧再濃,夜再黑,甚至迷失了方位,您總是都能為我指引方向。 在碩士班的日子裡,研究室是我最重要的地方,在這裡所結識 的夥伴都是這一路幫助我成長的重要人物。感謝實驗室學長姐們在 我匍匐學步階段的細心指導,感謝夥伴和學弟妹的幫忙與鼓勵。感 謝草魚研究室的全體夥伴,除了大方的出借電腦以及在分析軟體上 的指導之外,仍給予我許多溫暖歡樂的回憶。感謝李壽先研究室學 長姐們提供舒適的實驗環境與設備,並總是不吝的給予親切的叮嚀 和照應。感謝師大研究所一同打拼的好同學好朋友們,特別是我的 實驗室夥伴兼戰友的莊懷淳同學這一路上的互相扶持,感謝你們陪 伴我度過每一個五味雜陳的日子,一起苦中作樂,一起加油打氣, 一起互相砥礪。能夠認識你們,是我碩士生涯中最重要的收穫。 另外,我要感謝台灣香蕉研究所大方地提供台灣早期香蕉耕種 以及害蟲防治等相關資料。也要感謝印度國家生物科學中心的 Dr. Krushnamegh Kunte 和日本千葉博士所提供的珍貴外國樣本。並且感 謝所有曾經提供樣本、指導分析以及給予論文指導和建議的人們, 亦感謝一路上曾經給予鼓勵或關心的朋友們,謝謝你們。 最後,我想感謝我最親愛的家人們和我最重要的人-信賓,謝 謝你們一直相信我並支持我的決定,讓我可以無後顧之憂、全心全 意地專注在自己最喜歡的事物上。並且總是在我難過時陪伴我鼓勵 我,給予我最強大的力量,使我又有勇氣面對一切挑戰,沒有你們 我無法走到這步。 往這個目標邁進,我從未後悔過,雖然在這條道路上有著始料 未及的困難與磨難,甚至曾經覺得舉步維艱,無法再往前走,但對 -
Rapid Biological Assessment Survey of Southern Lau, Fiji
R BAPID IOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF SOUTHERN LAU, FIJI BI ODIVERSITY C ONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES 22 © 2013 Cnes/Spot Image BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL SERIES Rapid Biological Assessment Survey of Southern 22 Lau, Fiji Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series is published by: Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) and Conservation International Pacific Islands Program (CI-Pacific) PO Box 2035, Apia, Samoa T: + 685 21593 E: [email protected] W: www.conservation.org The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund is a joint initiative of l’Agence Française de Développement, Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Government of Japan, the MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. A fundamental goal is to ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. Conservation International Pacific Islands Program. 2013. Biodiversity Conservation Lessons Learned Technical Series 22: Rapid Biological Assessment Survey of Southern Lau, Fiji. Conservation International, Apia, Samoa Authors: Marika Tuiwawa & Prof. William Aalbersberg, Institute of Applied Sciences, University of the South Pacific, Private Mail Bag, Suva, Fiji. Design/Production: Joanne Aitken, The Little Design Company, www.thelittledesigncompany.com Cover Photograph: Fiji and the Lau Island group. Source: Google Earth. Series Editor: Leilani Duffy, Conservation International Pacific Islands Program Conservation International is a private, non-profit organization exempt from federal income tax under section 501c(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. OUR MISSION Building upon a strong foundation of science, partnership and field demonstration, Conservation International empowers societies to responsibly and sustainably care for nature for the well-being of humanity. ISBN 978-982-9130-22-8 © 2013 Conservation International All rights reserved.