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Biodiversity of Macrofungi of Selected Field Afforestations in the Agroecological Landscape Park Near Turew (Central Wielkopolska)

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Biodiversity of Macrofungi of Selected Field Afforestations in the Agroecological Landscape Park Near Turew (Central Wielkopolska) Polish Botanical Journal 47(2): 167–181, 2002 BIODIVERSITY OF MACROFUNGI OF SELECTED FIELD AFFORESTATIONS IN THE AGROECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE PARK NEAR TUREW (CENTRAL WIELKOPOLSKA) MARIA LISIEWSKA & MAGDALENA STRAKULSKA Abstract: The paper presents the results of mycological observations on the diversity of macrofungi in selected field afforestations in the Agroecological Landscape Park. The occurrence of 139 species, mainly Agaricales, was recorded during studies of three permanent plots between 1998 and 2000. The participation of macrofungi in the field afforestations was analyzed in bioecological groups of mycorrhizal, saprotrophic and parasitic fungi. Key words: Bioecological groups of macrofungi, field afforestations, Agroecological Landscape Park, Central Wielkopolska Maria Lisiewska, Department of Plant Ecology and Environment Protection, Adam Mickiewicz University, Al. Niepodległos´ci14, PL-61-713 Poznan´, Poland Magdalena Strakulska, Łuz˙ycka 6, PL-64-100 Leszno, Poland INTRODUCTION The Dezydery Chłapowski Agroecological Land- sults of studies in a manorial park in Turew be- scape Park has been of interest to scientists for tween 1997 and 1999, on the species composition many years. Most studies have addressed the in- of macromycetes and the role of the park as a re- fluence of field afforestations on the agricultural fuge habitat in the agricultural landscape. landscape, especially the water cycle, plant pro- This paper presents the results of three years’ duction and the microclimate of adjacent fields observations (1998–2000) on the diversity of (e.g., Wilusz & Jaworski 1960; Ryszkowski 1975; macromycetes in selected field afforestations in Karg & Karlik 1993). Several studies assessed the relation to their floristic composition and habitat economic value of the afforestations (e.g., Jas- conditions in the Dezydery Chłapowski Agroeco- trze˛bski 1959; Siwek 1962; Ryszkowski 1996). A logical Landscape Park. relatively small number of studies focused on the biocoenotic role of the afforestations (Ryszkowski et al. 1990; Szwed & Ratyn´ska 1991; Karg 1995; STUDY AREA Ke˛dziora 1996). Floristic and phytosociological research has been conducted by Gołdyn (1977), The Dezydery Chłapowski Agroecological Land- Bałazy and Ratyn´ska-Nowak (1988), Bałazy et al. scape Park, established on 1 Dec. 1992, comprises (1990), Ratyn´ska-Nowak (1990, and unpubl.), 17,200 ha, 65% of which is arable land, 9% green Arczyn´ska-Chudy and Gołdyn (1998) and Gołdyn areas (meadows and pastures), and only 15% and Arczyn´ska-Chudy (1998). forests. Detailed mycological studies of the Agroeco- It is situated in the Nizina Wielkopolska low- logical Landscape Park have not been done yet. land, with the Pagórki Dolskie hills in its eastern Kujawa and Karg (1997) was an exception, but it part and the Równina Kos´cian´ska plain, part of the supplied only preliminary data on the occurrence Wysoczyzna Leszczyn´ska plateau, in its western in the park of macromycete species protected or part (Krygowski 1961). The majority of the park is endangered in the whole of Poland. Bujakiewicz located within the NE part of the Równina Ko- and Kujawa (2000) recently summarized the re- s´cian´ska plain, which was formed as a moraine. It 168 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. is situated ca 80 m above sea level and its relief is share of low moor peats are a distinct charac- flat (Bartoszewicz 1998). teristic of the park. A very high degree of defore- Nearly 90% of the park is covered by forma- station and changes in the plant cover brought tions of direct glacial and aqua-glacial accumula- about by human activity are negative floristic fea- tion. These are loams, boulder sands and glacial tures of the area (Czubin´ski 1947). sands. Boulder clays on which usually a sand layer For many centuries the whole park has been is deposited are the parent rock in the area studied. subjected to the impact of economic activity, and The plastic consistency of loams may become the majority of plant communities developed here hardened during long periods of low rainfall (Bar- are anthropogenic. However, since large parts of toszewicz 1998). communities not used for farming are preserved – The climate of the area is temperate, and mean such as field afforestations, balks, ponds, water- monthly temperatures in winter are relatively high courses, enclaves of meadows and forests or vil- (a few degrees below zero) and in summer rela- lage parks – the area has retained its natural floris- tively low, 17°C–18°C (Ke˛dziora & Palusin´ski tic richness, evidenced by the presence of species 1998). Mean maximum air temperatures are 0.1°C rare or protected in Poland. in January and 23.7°C in July, while mean mini- The Agroecological Landscape Park has a rich mum temperatures range from –5.4°C in January network of field afforestations that act as wind to 12.5°C in July. As the mean annual temperature barriers. The ratio of forested to arable land in the amplitude is 20°C, the park is situated in the tran- vicinity of Turew is 1.19 ha/100 ha. Some of the sition zone between maritime and continental cli- afforestations date to the time of Dezydery Chła- mates. The vegetative period lasts 225 days, from powski, who managed these lands in the 1830’s. the beginning of the third decade of March until Currently all planting zones are protected by law. the end of October (Wos´ 1994). Field afforestations are shrubs developing Winds from the west prevail. Wind velocity spontaneously or deliberately planted, or small is average for Poland and ranges between 1 and areas of communities of arborescent vegetation 4 m/s (mean 2.5 m/s). The highest wind velocities that are not, however, differentiated from forest occur in late autumn and also in winter and spring areas. Due to the anthropogenic origin of these (Ke˛dziora & Palusin´ski 1998; Ke˛dziora 1990). communities, ongoing human activities in ad- Precipitation levels in the park are some of the jacent areas, the absence of preservation efforts, lowest in Poland and in Europe. Annual rainfall and most frequently inappropriate management, reaches 590 mm, seldom exceeds 650 mm and the afforestations show varying degrees of defor- falls below 400 mm in particularly dry years. Thus mation (Bałazy & Ratyn´ska-Nowak 1988; Kas- the study area is characterized by a considerable przak 1993). deficit of precipitation and a poor surface water network covering ca 0.15% of the area. Nearly all the park is in the catchment basin of the Górna METHODS Obra; the section of it in this part is called the Ko- s´cian´ski Kanał channel. Mycological studies were conducted between 28 July Oak-hornbeam forest (Galio sylvatici-Car- 1998 and 17 December 2000. Permanent study plots pinetum) is the potential plant community in the were established within field afforestations in different greater part of the Agroecological Landscape localities whose floristic composition varied (Table 1). Park. Carrs (Ribo nigri-Alnetum) and alluvial Dr. Andrzej Brzeg of Adam Mickiewicz University classified them phytosociologically (nomenclature fol- forests (Circaeo-Alnetum and Ficario-Ulmetum) lows Mirek et al. 1995). can be found in local depressions and near water- Three plots ca 500 m2 each were established on 28 courses. Coniferous habitats occurring on local July 1998. In each plot, 31 mycological observations elevations occupy the smallest area. were made approximately every 14 days within suc- The absence of high moor peats and the small cessive vegetative seasons (Strakulska 2001). M. LISIEWSKA & M. STRAKULSKA: MACROFUNGI IN THE AGROECOLOGICAL PARK 169 Table 1. Floristic-phytocoenological differentiation of permanent plots in the Agroecological Landscape Park. Plot number I II III Date 08.07.2000 08.07.2000 08.07.2000 Density of tree layer a1 [%] – – 55 Density of tree layer a2 [%] – – 15 Density of shrub layer b [%] 60 90 20 Cover of herb layer c [%] 75 60 90 Cover of moss layer d[%]20 + + Plot size [m2] 600 500 500 Number of species 78 48 34 I. Ch. D* Epilobio-Salicetum capreae *Betula pendula b2.2.. Betula pendula c1.2.. *Sorbus aucuparia b/c +/+ .. Salix caprea b+.. *Populus tremula b+.. , II. Ch. Epilobietea angustifolii Chamaenerion angustifolium 1.2 .. Cirsium vulgare fo. +.2 .. Calamagrostis epigejos +.2 +.2 . Rubus gracilis +.2 . +.2 Gnaphalium sylvaticum + .. III. Introduced trees Pinus sylvestris b2.3.. Pinus sylvestris cr.. Populus × canadensis b2.3.. Larix decidua b2.3.. Sorbus intermedia b1.2.. Picea abies b1.2.. Acer pseudoplatanus b+.2.. Ulmus laevis b+.2.. Populus balsamifera b+.. Padus serotina b/c +/+ . /+ IV. Ch. Koelerio-Corynephoretea Ceratodon pupureus d2.2.. Brachythecium albicans d1.2.. Rumex acetosella + .. Hypochoeris radicata + .. Festuca ovina + .. V. Ch. Stellarietea mediae and agricultural relicts Apera spica-venti 2.2 .. Lactuca serriola + .. Viola arvensis + .. Myosotis arvensis + .. (cont.) 170 POLISH BOTANICAL JOURNAL 47(2). 2002. Table 1. Continued. Plot number I II III Myosotis stricta + .. Veronica arvensis + .. Centaurea cyanus + .. Triticum aestivum r .. Conyza canadensis +.2 r . Chenopodium album r+. Stellaria media +1.2 . Fallopia convolvulus ++1.1 Bromus sterilis . 2.3 3.3 Atriplex patula . r . Hordeum vulgare . r . VI. Ch. Artemisietea vulgaris Cynoglossum officinale 1.2 .. Rumex obtusifolius +.2 .. Carduus crispus +.2 .. Epilobium montanum + .. Equisetum arvense + .. Convolvulus arvensis + .. Arctium tomentosum + .. Cirsium arvense 2.3 + . Torilis japonica 2.2 + . Urtica dioica 1.2 1.2 . Geum urbanum ++ . Galium aparine +1.12.2 Rubus caesius +2.2+.2 Agropyron repens 2.3 2.2 2.2 Chaerophyllum temulum . 1.2 . Glechoma hederacea . +.2 . Bromus inermis . +.2 . Alliaria petiolata . + . Artemisia vulgaris . + . Impatiens parviflora . + . Galeopsis pubescens . 1.2 1.2 Fallopia dumetorum . 1.1 1.1 Veronica sublobata . 1.1 + Ballota nigra . 1.2 +.2 Geranium robertianum . 1.2 + Moehringia trinervia . ++ Chelidonium majus ..2.3 Humulus lupulus ..1.2 , VII. Ch. Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Plantago major 1.1 .. Rumex acetosa 1.2 .. Rumex thyrsiflorus + .. M. LISIEWSKA & M. STRAKULSKA: MACROFUNGI IN THE AGROECOLOGICAL PARK 171 Table 1.
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