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Abiography by Elisabeth Young -Bruehl ANNA FREUD UrS ABIOGRAPHYBY ELISABETHYOUNG -BRUEHL _\ -! 1*u*t -l naF ud's reagl inre ntui CopyrightO ElizabethYoung-Bruehl 1988 Fon M. T. Bnrcrrcn rark rgni .\ll rightsresen'ed. No reproduction.copv or transmissionof this publicationmav bernade without written permission. No paragraphof thisptrblication mav be reproduced.copied or Side by side with the exigenciesof raF transmittedsave rvith written permission or in accordancewith Iife,Ioveis the geat educator. theprovisions of the Act l956(as ler, Copvright amended)..\nv ' 'ibur person',vho does anu unauthorised act in relationto this SigmundFreud tms pr.rblicationmav be liable to criminalprosecutionand civilclaims (SE,XIV, 312) tor damages. ;we :ntt( First published in theUnited States o[,\merica 1988 bv Sumnrit 1p]: Books.New York )asl Firstpublishedin the UnitedKingdom 1989 bv \ IAC\I I LLAN LON DON LIIVIITE D mh * Little EssexStreet London WC2R ILF np! andBasingstoke r. rl :SS .\ssociatedcomlunies in Auckland.Delhi, Dublin.Gaborone, Hamburg,Harare, Hong Kong, fohannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, lml Lagos,\lanzini, Melbourne,Mexico Citv, Nairobi,Nerv York, rpe Singaporearrd Tokvo ch tir: ISBN0-13\-+it26-6 .\ CIP cataloguerecord for thisbook is available fiom the British 'lu Librarv. u,l ne Printedin HongKong nq ^\llphotos reprinted bv permissiono[Si4ntrnd Freud rll Copvrights,London, uDless othenvise indicatec. be; tr?7ni nt \ J/JUllJl.l CONTENTS Acknowledgmentsand Notes on Sources II Introduction t5 PARTONE: VIENNA r. Annerl 23 z. Irr'fimesof War and Death 6q 3. BeingAnalyzed ro3 4. Psychoanalysisand Politics r10 5. Mechanismsof Defense r85 PARrrwo: LONDON 6. AnotherLife 233 7. Or losing and BeingLost 276 8. Creativityand Science 315 9. The Director 350 ro. In the Faceof EnemyForces $g r r. Futureand Past 125 Postscript 451 Notes $t Bibliography 495 Index 503 r02 nized them as the kind of peoplewho would help carryout the mis- sion for psvchoanalvsisFreud had articulatedat t the BudapestCon- f gress-that it reach "the ( wider social strata." But before she was t, readv to be more than a listener and a spectatoras the future of psvchoanalysiswas determined,she had to finish her training-her psvchoanalysis. 3 BEINGANAI]1ZED No "pRocEssNoTEs" for Anna Freud's analvsisexist, and Sigmund Freud did not devotean individualcase histon' to her. The main documentsfor consideringthe courseof her psvchoanalvsisare those shewrote herself : her poems and "Beating Fantasies and Daldreams." Late in her iife, rvhenshe became concerned about the inquinesof prospectivebiographers, Anna Freudseveral times protected her pri- vacybv declaringthat the clinicalmaterial for "BeatingFantasies and Davdreams"came from her orvnanalvtic prachce.l But the paperrvas actuallv written somesix months beforeAnna Freud saw her first patient,and the occasionfor it washer desireto attend the Septem- ber rgzz IntemationalCongress in Berlin as a memberof a psvcho- analyticsocieh,'. She wrote to Max Eitingon,head of the Berlin So- ciety,in April rgzz to askfor his advice. There is somethingthat I would like to discusswith you in Ber- lin. If it were possible,I would like verv much to becomea memberof a pwchoanalvticassociation before this vear'sCon- gress.This *ould be hard to do in Vienna,and I would fail anv- wav becauseI havenot vet done enoughto give a lecture.Bui, iust recentlv my hanslationof the Varendonckbook has ap peared,and this is a work for psychoanalysis,if onlv a minor one. ro3 r05 rsisof;;;;"" gratification.{These fantasies appeared before the girl enteredschool, I rvill get the answermvself when I am with vou.z betweenher fifth and sixthvears, and thev continueduntil-between her eighth and tenth vears-thevwere replacedbv rvhat she called Their decisionclearlv was that sheshould prepare a lecturefor "nice stories."The "nice stories"seemed to the girl to have no the Vienna Societv,despite the hvpercriticalnerirt. expectedfrom connectionrvith the beatingfantasies, though she did admit to her her father's sharp-tongued,competitive colleagues. The fact that anaivstthat the beatingfantasies occasionallv rose up to intenupt she did so in six weeks,for delivervin Mry 3r, makesit almost the "nice stories"and that shethen punishedherself bv temporarilv certainthat the patient whosecase is discussedwas herself-the one renouncingthe "nicestories." patient she knew intimately. In the written versionof her lecture, The analvstpointed out to the girl that the beating fantasies she simplv noted that the patient, rvhosestorv is reconstructedto and the nicestories had a similarstructure. The nicestones invariablv the ageof fifteen,had been the subjectof "a rather thoroughgoing openedwith a rveakvoung man committingan infractionand being analvsis,"she did not savbv whom. put at the mercvof a strongolder man. In scenesof increasingten- In SigmundFreud's "'A Child Is Being Beaten,"' the rgtg sion, the voung man is threatenedw'ith punishmentsuntil he is, essaythat was Anna Freud'sstarting point for "Beatinq Fantasies finallv,pardoned in a sceneof reconciliationand harmonr'. and Davdreams,"six casesare mentioned,hvo malesand four fe- males.He gavebrief notesabout five of thesecases: three wereob- In the beating fantasv,too fAnna Freud wrote], the protago- sessionalneurotics of vawing degreesof severih',one was a hvsteric, nistsare strongand weakpersons who, in the clearestdelinea- the fifth "had come to be analvzedmerelv on account of inde- tion, opposeeach other as adults and children.There, too, it is regularlva matterof a misdeed,even though the latter is left as cisivenessin life, [and] would not have been classifiedat all bv indefiniteas the acting figures.There, too, we find a periodof coarseclinical diagnosis,or would havebeen dismissedas 'psvchas- mountingfear and tension.The decisivedifference behveen the thenic."'3This fifth patientsounds very much like Anna Freud,who hvo restsin their solution.rvhich in the fantasvis broughtabout rvastn'ing in r9r9 to decidervhether be to a psvchoanalvhcallyin- b','beating,and in the davdrearnbv forgivenessand ieconcilia- formed teacheror a psvchoanalvst.But the sixth patient is not di- tion.5 rectly describedat all, and this mav signalthat Freud protectedhis daughter'sprivacv with silence. The patient cameto understandthis structuralsimilarih' and, The exactextent to which eitherSigmund Freud or Anna Freud then, to admit that the nice storiescould occasionallv not onlv fail usedAnna Freud'sanalvsis in their essavsis not, finallv, determin- to keep the beatingfantasies out of consciousness,but revertinto able. But it is at least clear from her variouscorrespondences that them. "Beating Fantasiesand Davdreams"was modeled-in general,if not in completedetail-on her own case,and her essav'sdescriptive During difficult periods,i.e., at times of increasedextemal de- frameworkis identical with the one that appiiesto hvo of the female mands or diminishedintemai capabilities,the nice storiesno casesin Freud'sessav. longersucceeded in fulfilling their task.And then it frequentlv In the three parts of her essay,Anna Freud presentedthree happenedthat at the conclusionand climax of a fantasized stagesin the developmentof her subject'sbeating fantasv. The first beaufifulscene the pleasurableand pleasinglove scenewas sud- denlvreplaced bv the old beatingsituation together with the sex- wasthe creationof the beatingfantasv, which rvasitself a substitute ual gratification associatedwith it, which then for an incesfuousfather-daughter iove scenethat "distorted bv re- [masturbation] led to a full dischargeof the accumulatedexcitement. But such pressionand regressionto the anal-sadisticphase 6nds expression as incidentswere quicklv forgotten,excluded from memory,and a beatingscene," the climax of which coincidedwith masturbatow consequentlytreated as though thev had neverhappened.o 1c,6 ANNA FREUD BEINC .{NALYZED r07 Even though the nice storiesdid sometimesgive wav to their The writing activitv that Anna Freud describedtook her young predecessors,thev were a kind of advance-asublimation. patient one step belond trvo of the casesFreud had presentedin " 'A Child Is BeingBeaten."'He had noted that In the beating fantasv,the direct sexualdrives are satisfied, whereasin the nice storiesthe aim-inhibiteddrives, as Freud in two of mv female casesan elaborate superstructureof dar. called them, find gratification.fust as in the developmentof a dreams,rvhich was of greatsignificance for the life of the person child's relationsto his parents,the originallvundivided cunent concerned, had grown up over the masochisticbeating fantasr'. of love becomesseparated into repressedsensual strivings (here The function of this superstructurervas to make possiblea feel- expressedin the beating fantasv) and into a sublimatedaffec- ing of sahsfiedexcitation, even though the masturbatow act was tionatetie (representedbv the nicestories).7 refrained from. In one of thesecases, the content-being beaten bv the father-w'as ailorved to venture again into consciousness" Severalvears after she had producedthe most elaborateand so long as the subject'sown ego rvas made unrecognizablebv a completeof her nice stories,the girl Anna Freud portravedbegan thin disguise. In both the casesof davdreaming-one of to rvrite short stories.These had quite a difterent structure: thev which rose to the level of a work of art-the heroes were alwalr were not so episodic,with sceneafter sceneof mounting tension, voung men; indeed, women usednot to come into thesecreations and thev had no singleclimactic scene of eitherbeating or reconcilia- at
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