ANNA FREUD UrS ABIOGRAPHYBY ELISABETHYOUNG -BRUEHL _\

-! 1*u*t -l

naF ud's reagl inre ntui CopyrightO ElizabethYoung-Bruehl 1988 Fon M. T. Bnrcrrcn rark rgni .\ll rightsresen'ed. No reproduction.copv or transmissionof this publicationmav bernade without written permission. No paragraphof thisptrblication mav be reproduced.copied or Side by side with the exigenciesof raF transmittedsave rvith written permission or in accordancewith Iife,Ioveis the geat educator. theprovisions of the Act l956(as ler, Copvright amended)..\nv ' 'ibur person',vho does anu unauthorised act in relationto this SigmundFreud tms pr.rblicationmav be liable to criminalprosecutionand civilclaims (SE,XIV, 312) tor damages. ;we :ntt( First published in theUnited States o[,\merica 1988 bv Sumnrit 1p]: Books.New York )asl Firstpublishedin the UnitedKingdom 1989 bv \ IAC\I I LLAN LON DON LIIVIITE D mh * Little EssexStreet London WC2R ILF np! andBasingstoke r. rl :SS .\ssociatedcomlunies in Auckland.Delhi, Dublin.Gaborone, Hamburg,Harare, Hong Kong, fohannesburg, Kuala Lumpur, lml Lagos,\lanzini, Melbourne,Mexico Citv, Nairobi,Nerv York, rpe Singaporearrd Tokvo ch tir: ISBN0-13\-+it26-6 .\ CIP cataloguerecord for thisbook is available fiom the British 'lu Librarv. u,l ne Printedin HongKong nq ^\llphotos reprinted bv permissiono[Si4ntrnd Freud rll Copvrights,London, uDless othenvise indicatec. be;

tr?7ni nt \ J/JUllJl.l CONTENTS

Acknowledgmentsand Notes on Sources II Introduction t5

PARTONE: VIENNA

r. Annerl 23 z. Irr'fimesof War and Death 6q 3. BeingAnalyzed ro3 4. Psychoanalysisand Politics r10 5. Mechanismsof Defense r85

PARrrwo: LONDON

6. AnotherLife 233 7. Or losing and BeingLost 276 8. Creativityand Science 315 9. The Director 350 ro. In the Faceof EnemyForces $g r r. Futureand Past 125 Postscript 451 Notes $t Bibliography 495 Index 503 r02 nized them as the kind of peoplewho would help carryout the mis- sion for psvchoanalvsisFreud had articulatedat t the BudapestCon- f gress-that it reach "the ( wider social strata." But before she was t, readv to be more than a listener and a spectatoras the future of psvchoanalysiswas determined,she had to finish her training-her psvchoanalysis. 3 BEINGANAI]1ZED

No "pRocEssNoTEs" for Anna Freud's analvsisexist, and Sigmund Freud did not devotean individualcase histon' to her. The main documentsfor consideringthe courseof her psvchoanalvsisare those shewrote herself : her poems and "Beating Fantasies and Daldreams." Late in her iife, rvhenshe became concerned about the inquinesof prospectivebiographers, Anna Freudseveral times protected her pri- vacybv declaringthat the clinicalmaterial for "BeatingFantasies and Davdreams"came from her orvnanalvtic prachce.l But the paperrvas actuallv written somesix months beforeAnna Freud saw her first patient,and the occasionfor it washer desireto attend the Septem- ber rgzz IntemationalCongress in Berlin as a memberof a psvcho- analyticsocieh,'. She wrote to Max Eitingon,head of the Berlin So- ciety,in April rgzz to askfor his advice.

There is somethingthat I would like to discusswith you in Ber- lin. If it were possible,I would like verv much to becomea memberof a pwchoanalvticassociation before this vear'sCon- gress.This *ould be hard to do in Vienna,and I would fail anv- wav becauseI havenot vet done enoughto give a lecture.Bui, iust recentlv my hanslationof the Varendonckbook has ap peared,and this is a work for psychoanalysis,if onlv a minor one.

ro3 r05

rsisof;;;;"" gratification.{These fantasies appeared before the girl enteredschool, I rvill get the answermvself when I am with vou.z betweenher fifth and sixthvears, and thevcontinued until-between her eighth and tenth vears-thevwere replacedbv rvhat she called Their decisionclearlv was that sheshould prepare a lecturefor "nice stories."The "nice stories"seemed to the girl to have no the Vienna Societv,despite the hvpercriticalnerirt. expectedfrom connectionrvith the beatingfantasies, though she did admit to her her father's sharp-tongued,competitive colleagues. The fact that anaivstthat the beatingfantasies occasionallv rose up to intenupt she did so in six weeks,for delivervin Mry 3r, makesit almost the "nice stories"and that shethen punishedherself bv temporarilv certainthat the patient whosecase is discussedwas herself-the one renouncingthe "nicestories." patient she knew intimately. In the written versionof her lecture, The analvstpointed out to the girl that the beating fantasies she simplv noted that the patient, rvhosestorv is reconstructedto and the nicestories had a similarstructure. The nicestones invariablv the ageof fifteen,had been the subjectof "a rather thoroughgoing openedwith a rveakvoung man committingan infractionand being analvsis,"she did not savbv whom. put at the mercvof a strongolder man. In scenesof increasingten- In SigmundFreud's "'A Child Is Being Beaten,"' the rgtg sion, the voung man is threatenedw'ith punishmentsuntil he is, essaythat was Anna Freud'sstarting point for "Beatinq Fantasies finallv,pardoned in a sceneof reconciliationand harmonr'. and Davdreams,"six casesare mentioned,hvo malesand four fe- males.He gavebrief notesabout five of thesecases: three wereob- In the beating fantasv,too fAnna Freud wrote], the protago- sessionalneurotics of vawing degreesof severih',one was a hvsteric, nistsare strongand weakpersons who, in the clearestdelinea- the fifth "had come to be analvzedmerelv on account of inde- tion, opposeeach other as adults and children.There, too, it is regularlva matterof a misdeed,even though the latter is left as cisivenessin life, [and] would not have been classifiedat all bv indefiniteas the acting figures.There, too, we find a periodof coarseclinical diagnosis,or would havebeen dismissedas 'psvchas- mountingfear and tension.The decisivedifference behveen the thenic."'3This fifth patientsounds very much like Anna Freud,who hvo restsin their solution.rvhich in the fantasvis broughtabout rvastn'ing in r9r9 to decidervhether be to a psvchoanalvhcallyin- b','beating,and in the davdrearnbv forgivenessand ieconcilia- formed teacheror a psvchoanalvst.But the sixth patient is not di- tion.5 rectly describedat all, and this mav signalthat Freud protectedhis daughter'sprivacv with silence. The patient cameto understandthis structuralsimilarih' and, The exactextent to which eitherSigmund Freud or Anna Freud then, to admit that the nice storiescould occasionallv not onlv fail usedAnna Freud'sanalvsis in their essavsis not, finallv, determin- to keep the beatingfantasies out of consciousness,but revertinto able. But it is at least clear from her variouscorrespondences that them. "Beating Fantasiesand Davdreams"was modeled-in general,if not in completedetail-on her own case,and her essav'sdescriptive During difficult periods,i.e., at times of increasedextemal de- frameworkis identical with the one that appiiesto hvo of the female mands or diminishedintemai capabilities,the nice storiesno casesin Freud'sessav. longersucceeded in fulfilling their task.And then it frequentlv In the three parts of her essay,Anna Freud presentedthree happenedthat at the conclusionand climax of a fantasized stagesin the developmentof her subject'sbeating fantasv. The first beaufifulscene the pleasurableand pleasinglove scenewas sud- denlvreplaced bv the old beatingsituation together with the sex- wasthe creationof the beatingfantasv, which rvasitself a substitute ual gratification associatedwith it, which then for an incesfuousfather-daughter iove scenethat "distorted bv re- [masturbation] led to a full dischargeof the accumulatedexcitement. But such pressionand regressionto the anal-sadisticphase 6nds expression as incidentswere quicklv forgotten,excluded from memory,and a beatingscene," the climax of which coincidedwith masturbatow consequentlytreated as though thev had neverhappened.o 1c,6 ANNA FREUD BEINC .{NALYZED r07

Even though the nice storiesdid sometimesgive wav to their The writing activitv that Anna Freud describedtook her young predecessors,thev were a kind of advance-asublimation. patient one step belond trvo of the casesFreud had presentedin " 'A Child Is BeingBeaten."'He had noted that In the beating fantasv,the direct sexualdrives are satisfied, whereasin the nice storiesthe aim-inhibiteddrives, as Freud in two of mv female casesan elaborate superstructureof dar. called them, find gratification.fust as in the developmentof a dreams,rvhich was of greatsignificance for the life of the person child's relationsto his parents,the originallvundivided cunent concerned, had grown up over the masochisticbeating fantasr'. of love becomesseparated into repressedsensual strivings (here The function of this superstructurervas to make possiblea feel- expressedin the beating fantasv) and into a sublimatedaffec- ing of sahsfiedexcitation, even though the masturbatow act was tionatetie (representedbv the nicestories).7 refrained from. In one of thesecases, the content-being beaten bv the father-w'as ailorved to venture again into consciousness" Severalvears after she had producedthe most elaborateand so long as the subject'sown ego rvas made unrecognizablebv a completeof her nice stories,the girl Anna Freud portravedbegan thin disguise. . . In both the casesof davdreaming-one of to rvrite short stories.These had quite a difterent structure: thev which rose to the level of a work of art-the heroes were alwalr were not so episodic,with sceneafter sceneof mounting tension, voung men; indeed, women usednot to come into thesecreations and thevhad no singleclimactic scene of eitherbeating or reconcilia- at all, and onlv rnade their first appearanceafter manv vears,and tion. In Anna Freud'sown life, this rvasprobably the period when then in minor parts.ll she began to rvrite poemsand to envisionher novel. But she also, Freud noted the "masculinitv complex" in these trvo casesand in August r9r9, about five months after her father finishedhis essav concluded that "rvhen thev tum arvav from their incestuouslove for "'A Child Is BeingBeaten,"' told him by letterthat shehad rvritten their father, rvith its genital significance,thev easilv abandon their down for the first Limewhat she called "the greatchildhood story','' feminine role." Freud did not connect the female pahents' assump- rvhich mav have been the medievaltale of Egon referredto in her tion of a mascuiineroie in the fantasiesand dardreamsn'ith mascu- poems.sIn "BeatingFantasies and Davdreams"she remarked on her iinized behavior or homosexualitr'.On the contran', he sarvit as an subject'sartistic activih': "She had soughtto createa kind of inde- escapefrom sexuaiitr': "the girl escapesfrom the demands of the pendentexistence for the protagoniststhat had becomeall too vivid erotic side of her life altogether. She turns herself in fantasv into lin the nice stories],in the hope that thev rvould no longer domi- a man, rvithout herselfbecoming active in a masculinewav, and is nateher life."e no longer anvthing but a spectatorat the event rvhich has the place When she moved from nice-storvdavdreams to short stories, of a sexual act."12This much was also impiied in Anna Freud's pa- Anna Freud'ssubject had finallvachieved "communication addressed per, but she went on to show that the spectatorrvho communicates, to others."She concluded that who rvrites dorvn rvhat she understands,enjoys a form of pleasure- not masturbatorv pleasure,not sexualpleasure, but the social pleasure in the courseof this transformationregard for the ffinal] per- of praise. sonalneeds of the davdreameris replacedbv regardfor the pro- Insofar as it focused on beating fantasiesand davdreaming as spectivereader. The pleasurederived directlv from the content inhibitors of work and career Anna Freud's analvsisof of the story can be dispensedwith, becauseih. pto..ss of writ- decisions, neariv four vears-quite long bv the then current standards-was ing bv satisfuingthe ambiiiousstrivings foriginating in the ego] indirectlv producespleasure in the author. . . . Bv renouncing a successful one. Bv the terms she herself set, it allowed her to her privatepleasure in favorof makingan impressionon others, transform fantasv activitv and davdreaming into the social activi& the author has accomplishedan important developmentalstep: of writing. Anna Freud's paper is both a studv of sublimation and the transformationof an autisticinto a socialactivitv.lo an act of subiimation. rO8 ANNA FREUD BErNG ANALYzED ro9

For her analvstand father, Anna Freud'spaPer was a source of the sexesand is invariablvrepresented as a bov."15Both the writ' of great pride, for he certainlvknew the degreeto which her fan- ing of storiesand the achievementof tender friendshipwith her tasv life was susceptibleto regressionand her intellectual energies father were linked to this abandoningof the difierencesof the sexes to inhibition.But his joy wasalso in proportionto his anxietv.When and the consequentasceticism. For Freud,however, asceticism did he had learnedthat she planned to prepareand deliver a member- not haveto be the final result:"the beatingfantasv and other analo' ship paper,the founder of psvchoanalvsisand the presidentof the gousperverse fixations wouid also be onlv precipitationsof the Odi' hasended, Vienna Societv comparedhimself to Lucius |unius Brutus, the pus compiex,scars, so to sav,left behindafter the process 'sense legendarvfounder of the Roman Republicand the chief iudgein just as the notorious of inferioritv'corresponds to a narcissistic its first tribunals."Anna returned from Coettingen," he wrote to scar of the samesort."16 Anna Freud'spaper, on the other hand, N{ax Eitingon, "with a plan for a test lecturein the Societv.I wrll ended rvithout anv hopeful anticipationof the form her patient's tn' to arrangefor the lecture at tonight's meeting.Then, on Wed- sexuallife might take; there is onlv the sigh of relief that praise- worthvsocial activitv has been achieved. nesdavthe 3rst of this month, I will feel like funius Brutus the elder when he had to judge his own son. Perhapsshe is going to makea decisivestep."rs Born Freud and his daughterlocated the origin of post'Oedipal beatingfantasies in repressionof the "love fantasy"a child has for |unius Brutus'sson-so the legend has it-was executedafter his father had ruled againsthim in the Roman tribunal. Things his or her father: "all the sexualdrives were concentratedon the rvent rather differentlvat Anna Freud's trial. Shespoke from notes, first love object, the father," as Anna Freud rvroteof her female lucidlv and authoritativelv,and was receivedwell, if a little envi- patient.r7Even thoughFreud's "'A Child Is BeingBeaten"' was ouslv.Onlv SiegfriedBernfeld made a truiv constructivecomment- his first step toward revisinghis idea that giris and bovs undergo about horv the ston- rvriter might have chosenher ston material parallel developmentsuntii thev are distinguishedbv their choices for the enlargementof her ego.After Bernfeldspoke, one of Freud's of objects,he did not reflectupon the role of the mother in his colleaguesinduced a momentarvpanic bl' suggestingthat the girl femalepatients' Iives. He did not note that a girl, as he later said, she had written about rvas "a totallv abnormal person rvhosein- changesobjects, switches from motherlove to fatheriove.And the competenceand inferiorih' would absoluteivemerge in real life." mother of the girl Anna Freudstudied is not so much asmentioned. Anna Freud was shockedinto silence,but her father came to her At the time of Anna Freud'sanalvsis, Freud rvas just beginning rescue:"Forfunatelv Papa answeredhim and defended mv little to seethe importanceof the mother,and of the fint yerrs of life, girl."r* The eveningthus tumed into a "nice storv" of redemption later given the name "pre-OediP3l,"in a child's development.He bv the fathereven while it wasa successfor the daughter. had, of course,noted the earlv developmentalstages, oral and anal, Anna Freud and her father both associatedher decisivecareer and he had clearlvstated in r9r4 that "thosePersons who haveto step with her masculinitv,however, so that thev could never be do with the feeding,care and protectionof the child becomehis unambivalentlvpleased. The price of her successas a sublimator earliestsexual ob jects: that is to sav,in the first instancethe mother was her continuedasceticism. In her life, she stood where both or her substitute."l8But, as long as he thought primariiv in terms she and her father had left their female patients at the ends of of male development,the questionof whv and how this 6rst sexual their respectiveessavs-that is, at the point of escapefrom the erotic objectis givenup did not seriouslvarise-for the maledoes not give sideof life, from femininitv.As she put the matter: "The sublima- up his first object.Freud had, however,become aware that, particu- iarly femaie patients who had regressedto that first bond, a tion of lthe girl's] sensuallove [for her father] into tender friend- for ship is of coursegreatly facilitated bv the fact that alreadvin the female anaivst might be needed to remove resistancesstemming earlvstages of the beatingfantasv the girl abandonedthe differences from intense disappointmentin and hostiliry''toward the father. r IO ANNA FREUD

This had been his suggestion,for example,in the rgzo essav"The find somereason to exchangeher attachmentto her old father Psvchogenesisof a Caseof Homosexualitvin a Woman," wherethe for somemore lasting one.2o subjecthad takenher motheras her love objectafter her fatherhad disappointedher love of him. But in this case,the woman'slove of In this nonanalvticremark, Freud did not indicatethat Lou An- her mother wasunderstood entirelv as a denvativeof her disappoint- dreas-Salomdwas invited for analvticpurposes. But whetheror not ment, not asa revivalof her oldestlove lost. this washis intention,it wasthe result. One of the first suggestionsthat Freud had receivedabout the Anna Freud reported her initial responseto Max Eitingon: importanceof the mother in earlv childhood had come from his "Frau Lou Salomehas been our quest for three weeksnow, and I friend Lou Andreas-Salomd,a brilliant Russian-bornwriter, com- have gotten more out of her presencethan I had expected.We panion to Nietzscheand Rilke, who had come to Vienna in rgr2 are discussinga vervinteresting topic in psvchoanalvsis,from which to studv psvchoanalvsisand then starteda practice.In a rgrg let- a paper mav be written sometimein the future. I see again how ter,she had pointedout that neitherFreud's speculative rvork Totem much closerone comesto all thesethings if one discussesthem and Taboo (r9rz) nor his r9r8 return to it in "The Taboo of rather than trving to swallowthem down bv reading."2lDespite the Virginitv" had taken into accountthe possibilih'that patriarchal obliquenessof her report,the "I seeagain" phrasedoes signal that societiesmight have been precededbv matnarchal societies,and Anna Freud acceptedLou Andreas-Salom6as her secondteacher if that male "precautionarvmeasures" to check female power might not exactlvher secondanalvst. And the implication that she was have originatedin a period rvhenfemales had not ','etbeen reduced being fed slowly and well signalsthat the childlessFrau Lou had to the "privatepropertv" of males.leBut this suggestionrvas not enteredinto the line of successionto Anna Freud'sgood mother, translatedinto clinical rvork with the present-davlegatees of the the adoring Kinderfrau, /osefine,for whom she had been arr onlv historv Freud and Lou Andreas-Salomespeculated about. ),lor did child. Freud then connect this train of thought ivith the contemporan' The interesting topic, beating fantasiesand davdreams,was essavon femalesexualitv he most admired,Kari Abraham'srgrg taken up again rvhenAnna Freud spent ten davsin the springof "l\Ianifestationsof the FemaleCastration Complex," though Abra- tgzz at her mentor'shome, Loufried, near Goettingen. The Vienna ham's rvork mav have been percolatingbehind the remarkson fe- Societypaper was emergingat iust that time, and Lou Andreas- male motherlovein Freud'srgzo casestudv of the femalehomo- Salom6plaved midwife to it. When shewas alone, Anna Freud told sexual. her father, she did not know as much as she knew when she was In r92r, Freud invited Lou Andreas-Salomdto make an ex- with Frau Lou, talking, trying to keep up with the sixtv-one-velr- tendedvisit to his home in Vienna. She camefor a brief stav in old's astonishing"thought tempo."32Frau Lou's svmpatheticear and Septemberand then for six rveeksat the end of the vear.Freud told lively examplehelped Anna Freud overcomeher fear of not iust Max Eitingon: public speakingbut public theorizing.Two yerrs after Frau Lou's first Decemberrgzr visit, Anna Freud reminiscedto her: "Before N{v wife and mv sister-in-laware verv affectionatewith her, and vou werehere, it wasstill vervdifficult for me to talk to othersabout enoughis left over of her.to occupvAnna, for rvhom I mainlv theorv-I learnedit first with vou. Norv I find it a great plea- invited her. Anna has an understandablethirst for friendship sure to take part in such talks if thev occur,and I am no longer with womenbecause the EnglishLoe the Hungar- fKannJones], afraid to savsomething."zs ian Kati [L.q'], and vour \'[irra fEitingon]have all departed Neither in Vienna nor in Loufried was the quasi-analvticrela- due to variousinfluences. Otherrvise, I am glad to see fAnna] bloomingand in good spirits,and I onlv rvishshe would soon tionship a matter of on-the-couchanalvsis; it wasa discussionand 172 ANNA FREUD BEINC ANALYZED ,13 consultationrelationship-with, as often asnot, Lou Andreas-Salomd what Daughter-Annasucceeded in realityin doing,i.e., in Sving stretchedout on a divan meditatingaloud and Anna Freud seated the lecturerequired for membership,I shouldnever have achieved at her feet. kter in her life, wheneverthe rumor reachedher that successfully.. . . I thank you from my heart for this breachof L"ouAndreas-Salom6 had been her analvst, Anna Freud always claimed the rules!26 that the idea persistedbecause people were scandalizedbv the one can imaginethat Freud found this reactionamusing, for thought that her father had fiiled that role. But her father, on the his letters to Lou revealthat he had alwaysthought of her as a other hand, registered the significancehe thought Lou Andreas-Sa- womanwho expectedexceptions to be madefor her, who had never lom6's presence had had bv playfullv exchangingepistolarv confi- felt the need to competefor approval.Frau Lou had grown up denceswith "Daughter-Anna." Lou about their shared Frau Lou, idolized bv not just her elderlv father but six older brothen, and exactlvthe sameage as Martha Freud,ivas the mother-analvst.And Freud had admiringlvportraved the resultof this loving abundance later, in the dark davshe sufferedthrough rvith the combinedef- in his l9r4 essavon narcissism.Lou wasof the "fascinating,""pureiv fectsof his fint surgervand the lossof a little grandsonto tubercu- feminine" Vpe, one of thosewomen who "especiallyif thev $ow up losis,Freud told his partner: "Anna is splendidand self-assured,and with goodlooks, develop a certainself-contentment."27 I often think how much sheprobablv owes to vou."2a Frau Lou wasnot the sort of womanto questionAnna Freud's Lou Andreas-Salomibrought to her talks with Anna Freud adorationof (or identificationwith) her father;on the contrarv,she neariva decadeof experienceas an analvstand a long-standingin- promotedAnna Freud'sdesire to stav at home and dedicateherseif terestin the topic of anal eroticism,rvhich was obviouslv important to her father and to ps','choanalvsis.For Lou'ssanction, Anna Freud to Anna Freud'sessav. The secondpaper that Lou had submitted was deeplvgrateful, because, as she toid her in Decemberof rgzq, journal "Anal to Freud's Imagowas called and Sexual"(r9r4), and without it she"would havebeen made insecure bv thoservho feared in responseto his "'A Child Is BeingBeaten,"' she had reiterated for mv future and rvouldhave liked to sendme awavfrom [home1." a central notion of that paper:"The persistenceof anal eroticism Theseunnamed people did not know that "I, wrthout anv iplans within tnature sexualih'hasalrvavs struck me particularlvin the case for the] future, have so much here, more than manv peopleget of the femalesex."35 She had notedthat in womenanal eroticismis, altogether,in a whole life."28Lou understoodthis kind of self-sur- for anatomicalreasons, much more closelvassociated than in men renderingdedication; she had even extolledit as the quintessence with masturbationand with fantasies-likebeating fantasies-that of feminine love in her psvchoanaivhcessav on femininifu,"Zum disguisemasturbatorv pleasure. Typus Weib" (r9t+).On the otherhand, as an exemplawfigure Freud'sappreciation for Lou Andreas-Salomd'scontributions led Lou representedan importantsvnthetic possibilitv: she was a "purelr' him to suggestthat the Vienna Societvhonor her-and itself-bv feminine" tvpe,but alsoan intellectual,a thinker and a wnter with offeringher membership.After her own paperhad been delivered a "masculine"(in her own terms) bent for sweepingsvntheses, boid and approved,Anna Freud helped to secureLou's admissionto the conjectures, poetic leaps. Socieh'.She rvasaccepted rvithout the requiredmembership paper, Anna Freud paid a numberof visitsto Frau Lou in Goettingen a breachof the Socieh"srules, and wasdelighted when she received beforeand after her membershippaper had beensuccessfullv deliv- the nervsthat this exceptionhad beenmade for her. ered,and the two correspondedfrequentlv. Lou alsowrote to Freud Anna'snight letter has just reachedme with the nervsthat I of her continuedpieasure in Anna's companv,and addedher reflec- havereallv and trulv becomea full memberof the Vienna Psv- tionson Anna'sdeveiopment. On one visit,a voungmember of the choanalyticalSocieh': as in a dream,so to speak,and as other- Hamburg Bernavsfamilv, the mathernaticianPaul Bernavs,escorted iviseonlv happensin childhood,when one suddenlvfinds lving Anna Freudback from a partvand then shockedher-and madeher on one'sbed the presentone has wished for in one'sdream. For angry-bv trving to kissher good night.seFrau Lou told Freudwith ANNA FREUD BEINC ^{NALTZED rr5 completelynonjudgmental amusement that Anna's asceticismre- to analvzehis own daughterinvolved a numberof practicalconsid- mained: "AltogetherAnna has stined up quite a storm of passion erations.Arnong them was the fact that Anna Freud wasemplovcd here,as she wiil tell you, but neverthelessretums home totally un- as a teacherin Vienna while the analvstswhom Freud trustedwere sarredbv theseflames. Nor should I be at all surprisedif this se- locatedin either Budapestor Berlin.When his third child, the mid- quenceof eventswere to be constantlyrepeated, so much doesshe dle sonof his threesons, Oliver, wanted to be analvzed,the situation enjoyeverv homecoming."eo was simpler: Oliver was living in Berlin, and could consultone of the youngeranalvsts there of whom Freudthought highlv. Max Eit- Tnrs last remark-quite prophetic-raisesthe question that rvould ingon did not take Oliver becauseof his closenessto the familv,so be obviousto anvonewho consideredthe complexitiesof a father's the anaivsiswas arrangedwith the HungarianFranz Alexander.ss anah'sisof his own daughter.Freud himself counted the analvsisa Oliver, whose6rst wartimemarriage had endedunhappilv, lived in success.In a well-knownletter that he rvrotein ry35 to Edoardo Berlin with his brother Ernst until his analvsisrvas completed; then Weiss,rvho wascontemplating analvzing his son, Freud remarked: he marriedthe daughterof a Berlin phvsician,Henny Fuchs,and set "Concerning the analvsisof vour hopeful son, that is certainlv a up independentlv.Anna Freud went to Oliver'swedding on April ticklish business.With a vounger,promising brother it might be ro, rgzi,, and was,like the rest of the family, vew impressed-and done more easilv.\\/ith fmv] orvn daughterI succeededwell. There relieved-to find him so rvelland hrppy. are specialdifficulties and doubtswith a son."31Having issuedthis Oliver'sanalvsis, which seemsto havestarted in rgzr or rg22, warning,.Freud said that he had no right to forbid Weiss the trial- apparentlvdid not raisedaunting problems of trust with the Freud but Weissdecided against it. famiiv's privacv.Freud did not summonhis son home for an ex- Even in ry)5, the psvchoanah'ticcommunity was not as con- periment with anaivzinga "younger,promising brother." But this cernedas it later becamervith regulatinganaivtic work-with stip- was not a potential training analvsis:it was a therapeuticanahsis ulating, for exampie,that analvstsrefrain from analvzingnot just for an obsessionalneurosis. And Freud was also rvell awareof his famiiv membersbut friends and associates.When the psvchoana- own feelingsof anxretvand hurt overOliver's condition: "It is par- lvtic communih' was verv small, analvsesthat crossedfamilv and ticularlvhard for me to be objectivein this case,"he told Eitingon, friendshiplines rvere common, and the demandsupon analvticdis- "for he was mv pride and mv secrethope for a long time, until cretion were,thus, ven' great.But, evengiven the unreguiatedstate his anal-masochisticorganization appeared clearly. . . . I suffervew of psvchoanalvsis,it is obviousthat Freudand his circleconsistently much with mv feelingsof helpiessness."3{Oliver, on the otherhand, saw lessdifficulw for rvomenthan for men-for daughtersthan for whose relationship with his father was difficult, probablv did not sons-in extra-analvticcloseness. Freud himself, for examples,ana- desirewhat his sisterhad accepted-ordesired. lvzedboth of his friend OscarRie's daughters, Nlargarethe and Mari- The second important practical considerationwas that when anne,his friend SandorFerenczi's future stepdaughter, and his friend Anna Freud startedher analvsisin the fail of r9r8 the Freud fam- Anton von Freund'ssister Katd Le,r.u.Before the first World War, ilv's financial situation was precarious.Anna's salarvfrom the C,ot- both Carl ]ung and Karl Abrahamhad workedanalvticallv with their tage Lvceum was part of the familv budget.Freud's practice uns young daughtersand written essavsbased on their observations.s2 considerablyreduced because of the wartimeconditions-and, though Freud'sassumption at the time of his daughter'sanalvsis was that this meant lessmoney, it also meant more time. Freud startedthe bovsrvould-like "Little Hans"-feel hostileand rivalroustoward a fall with a haining analvsand,Helene Deutsch, Katd Lew, and a few father-anal,vstbut girls,rvho were not in competitionfor the mother, paying therapeutic cases.That fail, he had a regular hour for his wouldnot. daughter six davs a week-while, later, he saw her after his full Apart from the technicalpsvchoanalytic issues, Freud's decision scheduie,at ten o'clockin the evening. 116 ANNA FREUD BEING ANALYZED r17

In Freud'sstatement to EdoardoWeiss, the emphasisis upon day-to-daylives realizing how much he wantedhis daughterto stay the relativeiv his unproblematicnature of a father's analysisof ahvavsat home,as his voungestsister, Dolfi, had with their parents. daughter.He startedoff, at least,in a completelvconfident frame of This wasso eventhough he could,when he focusedhis attentionon "Anna's mind: analvsiswill be veryeiegant," he told Ferencziin the their dilemma,state it clearlvfrom his own point of view: "Anna is fall of r9r8.35But Freud was certainlvaware that his daughter's in excellentshape," he told Eitingon in rgzt, "she is gay,indus- adorationof him rvasnot an unprobiematicaffair. He knew the ex- triousand inspired.I would like just as well to keepher at homeas jest tent of her idealizationof him, and he reveaiedit-sometimes in to know her in a home of her own-if it wouid only be the same and sometimessomberlv-in his letters.In Decemberr9r9, after for her!"38Torvard the end of Anna Freud'sformal analvsis,as she llax Eitingon had sent Freud a sum of monev to tide him over \l,ason her rvavto visit Eitingon in Berlin and then the Halberstadt during the continuingfinancial difficulties, Freud rvrotehim a de- chiidren in Harnburg,Freud made anothervery candid statement scriptionof horvthe Freudfamilv had reactedto the ietterannounc- to Lou: ing this largess:"As I rvasbusv with four analvsesin the morning,I had no time to think about it, and read the letter out loud at I too verv much missDaughter-Anna. She set oft for Berlin and luncheonduring which, apart from mv wife, three sonsand our Hamburgon March the second.I havelong felt sory for her for voungdaughter (rvhom vou know) rverepresent. It had a strange still being at home with us old folks [. . .], but on the other effect:the threebovs seemed satisfied, but the t*'o women wereup hand, if she reallvwere to go away,I shouldfeel mvselfas de- in arms and mv daughterdeclared-evidentlv she can't stand the prived as I do now, and as I shouiddo if I had to give up smok- demolitionof her father complex-that as a punishment(!) she ing! As long as rveare all together,one doesn'trealize it clearlv, or at leastrve do not. And thereforein viewof all theseinsoluble rvouldn'tgo to Berlin for Christmas."36Anna Freud'sfeeling that conflictsit is goodthat life comesto an end sometimeor other.s her fathershould not needmonev from his friendswas hansfened later to Lou ,\ndreas-Salom6,to w'hom Freud sent monev in the In this remark,Freud indicated that the "solution" to their insoiubie r92os.With one of his donations,Freud sent a commenton Anna's conflictsrvouid be, preciselv,his death.He was,in a sense,addicted to "Anna attitude: rvas,it is true, of the opinion that t'ou rvouldnot her stavingat home,to her presence,as he wasto his cigars;and he acceptit, but shedoesn't realize horv sensibie vou are,and believes himself had analvzedvery astutelv the psvchiclevel at which the plea- vou capableof even'thingpossible and impossible,e.9., of living on sureof smokingand the pleasureof femaleadoration coincided-the air and cocoa."3? level at rvhich an adult remains,as it were, at the maternalbreast. It is not clearfrom Freud'sreport about Eitingon'smonev gift Freud had forecastwhat he told Lou Andreas-Salomdvery clearlvin who it rvasthat Anna Freud intended to punish-her father the re- his essavof a decadeearlier on "The Theme of the Three Caskets": ceiver or Eitingon the giver-bv not going to the Eitingons' for "the doomedman is not willing to renouncethe love of women;he Christmas.But there is a fateful formula in her reaction: feeling insistson hearinghow much he is loved. . . . Birt it is in vain that that her father rvasdiminished or made lessthan completelvmag- an old man vearnsfor the love of womanas he had it first from his nificentbv his lack of funds,.shedeclared that she would stav at mother."ao home. Stavingat home and leavinghome had been for vearsthe Soon after the trip to Berlin that occasionedFreud's remark to crucialpossibilities in the father-daughterrelationship, and theybe- Lou Andreas-Salomd,Anna Freud was again in Berlin, discusing cam€bound up rviththe mostproblematic dimensions of the analvtic with Eitingon the possibiiitvthat shemight seekmembership in the reiationship:the nature of resistancein it, and the manner of Berlin PsvchoanalvticSocietv. Apparentlv, the possibilityof a future resolvingthe transference,leaving the analvst. practicein Berlin was also discussed,for a vear later, when Anna Freud was aware,as a father, that he had difficultv in their Freud alreadv had her first two analytic patients, she could write rt8 ANNA FREUD BEINc ANALEED IT9 wistfully to Eitingon: "This is what I have waited for so long, and beliedhis substance:"In reality,he is sucha nice and highly decent now it has finallv come-even if not at the Berlin Policlinic."al personthat I wouldnot wishmv own sonto be any difterent."a3 Eitingon mav havebeen one of the peoplewho promotedthe idea From her own experience,Anna Freud knew how dreadful it that Anna Freud should leavehome; and she seemsto have been could be to survivethe siblingin whoseshadow iealousv had alwavs more receptivethan her lettersto Lou Andreas-salomeindicate. But grownlike a mold. As sheonce said of oneof her voungpatients who onlv a month later, in April 7927,whatever fantasies she mav have lost a sibling,it is not easv"to live in comparisonwith the familv's entertainedabout practicing in Berlin were delivereda definitive little angel." She herselfresponded to her father'sgrief at the loss blow. SigmundFreud had the first of a long seriesof operationson of Sophie'slittle bov bv an angelicsuppression of her annualsumroer his jaw, and the possibiliwthat he had imaginedas a "soiution"to jealousyof Tante Minna, rvho rvasto be her father'scomPanion at their insolubleconflicts-"life comesto an end sometimeor other"- Bad Gastein.Instead, she was glad that \linna, who rvasill henelf wasominouslv evoked. and had not beenin Viennaduring Heinerle's illness, and rvasnot, When her fatherwas shorvn to be vulnerablenot bv a merelack thus, emotionallyexhausted bv the pathosof the situation,would be of funds but bv the far more frighteningspecter of a mortal illness, in Gastein to comfort her father. She also rvent to Hamburgand the "demolition of her father complex,"which Freud had jokinglv behavedangelicallv toward lvlax Halberstadtand little Emst, as she notedas underwav in r9rg, cameto a complicatedpass. Sigmund had the vear before when she told Lou: "I live here bevondmv Freud'sillness reinforced his desireto have his daughterrvith him, meansbeing virtuous and well behaved,even though analvsis teaches and hersto stavat home.Anna Freudand her chief confidanteand I'ou that it will comeout somewhereas hostilitv."{1 counselor,Lou Andreas-Salom6,were completelv in agreementabout Freud'sphysician, Felix Deutsch,was also concemed about the what the illnessmeant for Anna: "You are right," shervrote to Lou, effecton Freud of the deathof Heinerle,coming, as it did, so soon "I wouldnot leavehim now underanv circumstances."{2For a start after Freud'ssurgerv. Wishing to sparehis patient moreanxiety and on her nerv life, she was the one in the familv rvho helped him to allow a plannedtrip to Romervith Anna at the end of the summer through the surgerv,which turned out to be much more dangerous to go forrvardundimmed by the prospectof more surgen,Deutsch than his surgeon,Hajek, an unreliableman, expected. Anna's "splen- decided not to tell Freud that the first surgervhad revealeda did self-assurance"in the adversitvof surgen'made its first appear- malignancv.Anna Freud suspectedDeutsch's deception and con- ancesthat spring of ry4-and then it went on for sixteenoperations fronted him with it by suggestingthat sheand her fathermight stav underanesthesia in as manv vears. longer than thev had plannedin Rome.Deutsch urged her against On fune r9, oniv about two months after Freud's operation, this, and sheknew, then, that he had further treatmentplanned. Stre Sophie Freud Halberstadt'svoungest boy, Heinz Rudoif, called did not guessthat behind Felix Deutsch'ssolicitous motivations lav Heinerle,who had beeninformallv adopted bv Mathilde and Robert a fear that Freud,if he knewhow radicalthe next surgeryneeded to Hoilitscher,died of miliarv tuberculosis.Mathilde was heartbroken be, would prefera Stoicsuicide; nor did sheknow that Deutschhad and Freud'sgrief wasprofound-he had adoredthis charming,good- discussedhis fearwith Freud'sfriends, Ferenczi, Abraham, Eitingon, naturedchild. And Anna Freud too rvasexhausted from a two-rveek fones,Rank, and Sachs.When sheand her fatherdiscovered the true stav with her sisteras thev tried to nurse the child, grievedby the motive of Deutsch'sdeception, thev admonishedhim for makinga loss,and worriedabout what it would mean for the other Halber- decisionthat was not his to make,and he was dismissedas Freud's stadt bov, Ernst. Ernst had been her protdge:as though he werea phvsician-though not as Anna's. That his Committee had collec- versionof herself,she had defendedhim and protectedhim in cir- tivelv collaboratedin Deutsch'sdeception incensed Freud rvhenhe cumstanceswhere his little brother'sbeautv and precocitvhad been learnedof it-fifteen y€rs later.{s threateningto him. She argued that Ernst's quarrelsomemanner Even though neither the analyst friends nor Deutsch spoke 120 ANNA FREUD BEING ANALYZED ,27 truthfully to Freud beforehe and Anna left for Rome,both father householdwas in a stateof suspensionfor two months until Freud and daughter understoodthat an ordeal awaited their return to went back to work with patientsin the beginningof |anuarv1924. Vienna: "we both threw coinsinto the fTrevi] fountainhoping to He wasrveak, but livelv enoughto be writing in the eveningson an return,which, because of his impendingoperation, was a very uncer- apt topic for a man in constantpain-"The EconomicProblem of tain matter."{6"We wanted to see so manv things," Anna Freud Masochism." Iatertold Eitingon,"or, rather,Papa wanted to showme manv things Bv that fanuaw, Anna Freudrvas exhausted from her vigil.par- and I wantedto sharehis seeingthem aqainwith him; and we were ticularlvas she combinedit with her first threeanalvtic patients and not entirely up to the occasions,for there was still a good deal of her translatingand editorialwork rvith the psvchoanalvticpress in anxietvand unrestlabout his illness],feelings of 'not beingsupposed Vienna. A Nerv Year'svisit from her still eagersuitor Hans Lampl to' and 'havingto leave,'a mixture of farewellswith our reunions. left her unmoved:"he hasno luck with me. I can be rvith him in a Depsite this, it would have been hard to have a more wonderful friendlvwav very well, but I am not suitablefor marriage.I am not trip."rr Anna Freud provedherself a delightful companionand an suitableat all for Lampl, but also,for the moment,I am no better excellentnurse as thev dealt with a startlinq episodeof profuse ffor] a table,or a sofa,or evenmv own rockingchair."{e bleedingfrom Freud'smouth. He askedof her that shebe straight- When shervrote that unhappvreport, Anna Freudwas tn'ing to fonvard and unsentimentalwith him, and she obligedhim. Freud fend off a recurrenceof the serial davdreams,the "nice stories," rvroteto Lou Andreas-Salomdfrom Rome: "I reaiizehere fin Rome] rvhichshe had been relievedof for nearlvtu'o vearsbv her analrsis. for the firsttime whatgood companv mv little daughteris."48 Her relapsewas aggravatedby an ironv: her secondpahent wasa Out of the monthsof uncertaintvand griefcame a new levelof voungwom-ln so much iike herselfthat shervas constantlv amazed. closeness.Thev had sufferedtogether and they had gonetogether to Shetold Lou Andreas-Salomi: the citv that representedto Freud his orvn achievements,his im- perial commandin the realm of science,his fulfilled ambitions. Although I am prettv busvright norv . . . in the last rveekmv Th.y faceda very uncertainfuture in partnership:she becamehis "nice stories"ail the suddensurfaced again and rampagedfor liaisonto the psvchoanalvticmovement, his ambassador,his amanu- davsas thev have not for a long rvhile. Norv thev are asleep again,but I rvasimpressed ensis-ashe saidlater, his Antigone. bv horv unchangeabieand forceful and alluring such a davdreamis, even if it has been-like mr' poor one-pulled apart,analvzed, published, and in even' ivai- mishandledand mistreated.I know that it is reallv shameful- especiallvwhen I do it betweenpatients-but it was againven' A beautifuland gaveme greatpleasure.s0 Arr rHRoucHthe fall of 1923,Anna Freud sent almostdaily med- ical builetinsto Freud'scolleagues, particularlv Eihngon, and to The davdreamsseem to havebeen dormant again while Anna their common friend Lou Andreas-Salom6.She chronicled every Freudbegan attending the momingrvard rounds at Wagner-|auregg's phaseof two majoroperations on his iaw, the constructionof a con- Universitvof Vienna psvchiatricclinic. This privilegehad beenex- stantlv painfui prosthesis,his laboriouseffort to recoverhis speech tendedbv Wagner-fauregg'sfirst assistant, Paul Schilder,who \r?san and his abilitvto chew,the manv complicatingbronchial infections associateof the Vienna PsvchoanalvticSocieh' and one of the ferv and coughs-the entire horrendousordeal. Her own feeiingsshe Viennesepsvchiatrists rvho taught Freud'sworks at the univenih'. seldommentioned except to savhorv hard it was for her to seehim Schilder'sinfluence over the secondassistant, Heinz Hartmann,was sufferso. The reactionsof her mother and her Tante \{inna were strong,and Hartmann, too, joinedthe psvchoanalvticranks after an not mentionedat all, thoughit is clearin the lettersthat the entire analysiswith Freud. Anna Freudoften stavedon after the rounds 122 ANNA FREUD BEINC .{NALYZED r23 to havelunch rvith Hartmann and anothermedical colleague, Erwin sheworked "veru- seriouslv and thoroughly,with greatsteps forward Stengel,rvho continued her educationin rvhatshe called "the svmp- and lessresistance than in eariier)'€ars."r0 She rvas-particularlvas tomolog'of pslchiatrv."5l a practicinganalvst herself-much more awareof the complexitvof Yearslater, Anna Freud describedher experienceat the clinic: her analvticsituation. She acknowledged "the absenceof the third "\\'e all listenedspellbound to the reveiationsmade bv the patients, person,the one onto whom the transferenceadvances, and with their dreams,delusions, fantastic svstems, rvhich the anaivticallv whom one acts out and finishesoff the conflicts."Anna Freudand trained among us fitted into a scheme.We also had a chanceto her father werervorking hard, but the analvstrvho rvassupposed to rvitnessthe first resultsof fmalariaserum] fever therapv,initiated be a neutral partv, a "blank screen,"was, in the natureof the case, then bv \\ragner-|auregg"(and later recognized rvith the oniv Nobel missing.And, further,she understood clearlv that what shecalled her Prizeever given to a psvchiatrist).i'2 In trvo lettersw'ritten to a stu- "extra-anah'ticalcloseness" to her father produced"difficulties and dentin 1946and 1948,she gave a morepersonal account: temptationsto untruthfulness"in theanaivsis.s? The problematicalnature of the tranferencewas part of the A first visit to a madhouseis alwavsa shock.. . . When this reneu'edanaivsis, as it doesnot reallvseem to havebeen of the 6rst. in shockis overcome,then even'thingbecomes interesting, and And, at the same time, Anna Freud confrontedin her orvn rvork the end vou forgethorv rvretchedthe conditionof the mentallv rvhatshe called "the managementof the transference,"the part of ill reallv is. . . I rememberwell mv studentvear in the psv- the anaivtic work to rvhich she-like most voung analvsts-hadto chiatricclinic in Vienna. What I sarvthere has remainedrvith give the most me, infuencingenormouslv all of mv later analvticwork, for thought.After her renervedanalvsis had run for about vou understandthe neurosesentirelv differentlv rvhen vou con- nine months, she discussedrvith Lou Andreas-Salomdthe transfer- rid.t them againstthe backgroundof the psvchoses.s3 encemanagement in herpractice: "I alwavsdo it somehorv,but norvI haveto deal rvith the whv and the is-it-right?Above all, I rvantto During the vear when she attendedSchilder's rounds at the handlethe transferencemore freelv, as vou do."i8 clinic, Anna Freud did learn a greatdeal, but initiailv the rounds |udging from Anna Freud'ssun'iving correspondences and from causedher difficulh': thev contributedto anotherresurgence in her thepapers that sheand her fatherrvrote in r9z4and r925,two topics productionof compensaton'"nice stories."She even felt, as shere- in additionto that of transferenceemerged as centralto the renerved ported to Lou Andreas-Salome."stupid" during the times rvhenthe analvsis.One was the "mascuiinitvcomplex" and its precipitate, davdreamswere "rvild" andplagued her.5{ jealousr',and the other was "goodness,"or, as Anna Freud rvould Her fatherdid not feel rvell enoughto attend the International later call it, "altruism." Psvchoanalrtic Congressat Salzburgduring the Easterholidar', but shortlv after the Congresshis rvinter bout rvith bronchitis ended FnEuo'sillness brought about not just a deepeningof the bondsbe- and he suggestedto his daughterthat thev take up their analvtic tweenfather and daughter,but a "reedition"of the old difficulties- rvorkagain. She accepted gratefullv. "The reasonfor continuing,"she the old jeaiousrivaln'-that Anna Freud had had with her mother. explainedto Frau Lou in a formal,self-mocking tone, "was the not Martha Freud feit herselfdisplaced, as, to a lesserextent, did Tante entirelv orderlv behavior of mv honorableinner life: occasional \'linna. With the combinedstress of her husband'sillness and the unseemlvintrusions of the davdreamscombined rvith an increasing deathof her grandson,\{artha Freud sufferedthrough a numberof intolerance-sometimesphvsical as rvell as mental-of the beating stomachprobiems and migraineheadaches; \{inna spent the better fantasiesand of theirconsequences [i.e., masturbation] which I could part of a vear in sanatoriarvith a heart condition.The dar'-todav not do without."55 considerationand civilitv that rvasalwavs characteristic of the house- In this renewedanalvtic rvork, taken up after a two-vearPause, hold wasnot disturbed,but unhappvcurrents ran underit. BEINC .{NALYZED t25 r24 ANNA FREUD

of Anna Freud recognizedthat sheexpected a greatdeal in return sis.Although Freud had made importantremarks on the topic jealousv "The and for her lovalfu and self-sacrificingcare, and she analvzedher needs in EconomicProblem of N{asochism"(rgr4) "The (t9r+), state- quite clearlv-insofaras thev relatedto her father.She told Eitingon, Dissolutionof the OedipusComplex" his main "Some for example,that her fatherhad traveledto Berlin to spendChrist- ment camein a papercalled PsvchicalConsequences of the he earlv mas 19z6rvith the Emst and Oliver Freudfamilies-including three AnatomicalDistinction Betrveen the Sexes,"a piece started grandchildrenrvhom Freud had not yet met-rvhile she stavedat in r9z; and finishedin Augustrvhile his daughterand Lou Andreas- werervith read ver- home rvith an injured foot. "It seemsto me norv that I rvasangry Salome him on vacationto discussit. He also a that Papatraveled rvithout me. For so long now I have undertaken sionto SandorFerenczi, rvho visited later in August,around the time nothing in order not to leavehim behind,and then he suddenlv Freudagreed to let Anna readthe paper.as his representative,at the becameadventurous and rventawav preciselv rvhen I rvasnot ableto BadHomburg Congress in September. Neitherof the Freuds'correspondences gives direct proof to sup- moveabout. That is no fair [asone of mv child patientssavs]. But secondanalvsis becausehe came back in such good condition, evewthing is fine port the claimthat his rgzi paperis to his daughter's x$ain."5e rvhat"'A Child Is BeingBeaten' " wasto her first-that is, a partial in larger evidence the paperitself is She did not mention,however, that this trip, his first in three report.set a frame-but the of ven' In "SomePsvchical the Anatomi- vears,rvas undertaken rvith Martha Freud,rvho cared for her husband compelling. Consequencesof the devel- quite well without help from either the chief nurse,Anna, or her cal Distinction Betrveenthe Sexes,"Freud elaboratedon betrveen bovs that he had first sug- oldest,Mathilde. In fact, the strugglebetween Anna Freud and her opmentaldifferences girls and "'A " he that a mother over how their desiresto care for Freud rvould be satisfied gestedin Child Is BeingBeaten.' But emphasized "masculinitl' penis,dis- had onlv gone undergroundto irrupt iater. For example,in tgzQ, voungw'oman's complex."or envv for the her relationsrvith indirectlv,her siblings. rvhen Freud rvasplanning a two-rveekstav at the Tegel sanatorium turbs her mother and, "Even it continues in Berlin,Anna Freudrvent to greattroubie to arrangeher patient after penis-envvhas abandonedits true obiect, scheduleso that shecould accompanv him: "At first Mama rvanted to exist:bv an easvdisplacement, it persistsin the character-traitof jealousr'." rvas apparentto him to go in mv place,but I did not rvantthat at ail."60Her "place"was This development.Freud notes, not 'A "62 he had not seen hers,and shekept it that rvav,regardless of her mother'sfeelings. n'henhe rvrote" Child Is BeingBeaten.' Then her lack of a Feminine jealousvand rivalrv were recurrenttopics in Freud's that a femalechild hoidsher mother responsiblefor jealous"of ivork in the vearsimmediatelv follorving his major surgen',as thev penis;that shecan feel anotherchild on the groundthat (and werethe topic of the first paperthat Anna Freud deliveredafter her her motheris fonderof it than of her" this child canbe trans- renewedanalvsis in rgz4-25.Her brief communicationto the Vienna formedinto one of the anonvmousbovs beaten in her beatingfan- jealousv Societvmeeting in Decemberr9z5 was called "fealousv and the tasv); and that the motherherself can be an objectof when "penis-child"-bv her Desirefor Masculinitv,"and it wasbased largelv upon hvo analvses the femalechiid comesto hope for a child-a she had conductedsimultaneouslv, one of a girl and one of the father. her woman who resembledherself. The trvo analvses,she told Eitingon, The little giri's transitionto love of her father from love of often ran parallel:"both strugglervith the sameproblems, the mas- motherw'as Freud's focus in the essav. culinitvwish and envvof siblings,so similarlv that often on the same Shegives up her wish for a penisand puts in placeof it a wish dav thev sav the samethings almostverbatim. I teil Papa manv for a child: and with that purposein viewshe takes her fatheras suchthings."ot a love object.Her mother becomesthe obiectof her jealousv. These reportswould have confirmedher Papa'sown recentlv The girl has turnedinto a little woman.If I am to credit a sin- revisedvielv, which he arrivedat during his daughter'ssecond analv- gle analvticinstance, this nervsituation can giverise to phvsical 126 ANNA FREUD BEINC ANALYZED r27

sensationswhich wouldhave to be regardedas a prematureawak- thev enw each other in view of alleged parental preference; th.y eningof her femalegenital apparatus. when the girl's attach- combine forcesoccasionallv to 6ght the parent, etc."s ment to her father comesto grief later on and has to be aban- The American Ruth Mack Brunswickcame to Freud for analv- doned,it mav giveplace to an identificationwith him and the sis in Lgzz,as did the Dutch phvsician|eanne de Groot, who later girl may thusretum her to masculinitycomplex and perhapsre- married Anna Freud'sfriend Hans Lampl, and Riviere,one of main fixatedin it.63 |oan Freud'sfuture English translators.6sAnna Freud felt jealousof each In thesepassages from Freud'sessay, manv of the themesof of thesewomen, but she did "work through" her feelings,and be- Anna Freud's"honorable inner life" (as she lokinglvcalled it) are elme friendswith the two-feanne lamplde Groot and Ruth Mack adumbrated:her envyof her brothersand her father;her angerat Brunswick-who staved close to her father. These two were also, her mother, who was fonder of Sophie;the earlr'-awakenedgenital with HeleneDeutsch and later Marie Bonaparte,the Freud trainees sensationsrelated to masturbation;her jealousvof her mother and who contributedmost importantly in the late l92osand earlv r93os Tante Nlinna as objectsof her father'slove; and her identification to the ps1'choanalvticdiscussions of femalesexualih. Indeed, Anna with her father. Freud'shvpothesis that a jealousgirl wiil retreat Freud wesone of the few femaleanalvsts who did not write essavson into an identificationwith her fatherstates in anotherwav the con- femalesexualitv per se-though, of course,she consideredit in all clusionof " 'A Child Is BeingBeaten,' " whereFreud had notedthat her analvticwritings. She tended, also, to usemale casesfor illustra- the femaletakes a male role in her fantasies,relating to her father tions in her writings, except when she was specificallyconsidering in that wav,and continuesin the role asan asceticor a spectatorat femaieswho were closeto her in psvchicconstitution. After her quasi'sexualscenes. His emphasison jealousvas a consequenceof brief communicationon "fealousvand the Desirefor Nfasculinitv," the "masculinitvcomplex" restatesthe problem that Anna Freud which shenever prepared as a written text, Anna Freud alsoleft the left her subjectwith at the end of "BeatingFantasies and D"y- topic of jealousvto her father and the femaletrainees; in her first dreams."The girl who, through sublimation,became a writer wasa book,published in 1927,she discussed jealousv oniv in malechildren, personwho neededpraise as a rewardfor renouncingthe masturba- and only in relationto the father. It rvasnot until her experience tion shehad taken up in her transitionfrom wishing for a penisto wrth mothers and their infants broadenedduring her early yean in wishingfor a child. But the socialactivitv of writing and the soeial London that Anna Freud's range as a psvchoanalytictheoretician pleasureof praiseare difficult to dissociatefrom the originalmaternal reachedthe dimensionsof female psvchologyshe personallvfound and sibling rivalries.As praiseis notoriousfor not appearingof its most difficult. own accord,when it is desired,needing it inducesrevivals of old competitions. Asour Gutsans (beinggood), the other topic of her renewedanalv- Anna Freudherself admitted to Eitingon,and manv yelrs later sis, Anna Freud eventuallvhad a great deal to sav in publications. to Ernest jones, that she was troubled bv jealousyof her father's But her publishedreflections had their origin in a shift that came femaletraining analvsands-thefemale "siblings" who appearedfor about during her renewedanalvsis. She marked the shift with a r9z4 analvsisin rgzz or soand werepresent when she had her momentof letter to [,ou Andreas-Salomi:"The value of being good is not as renewedrivalrv with her mother and Tante l!{inna. with vearsof great as I thought for a long time. There has to be somethingelse experiencees an analvstand her own secondanalvsis behind her, involved,which alonemakes being good valuablefor other people: Anna Freuddescribed the situationlucidlv: "Candidatesof oneand perhapsit is to be without internalconfict, to be clearabout oneself, the sametraining analvst behave in the transferenceas if thev were but alsoto be ableto enduresomething."uu By this last capacitv,she realsiblings; thev compare themselves with eachother; they compete; meant, she said, "coming to terms with the inevitableharshness" of r28 ANNA FREUD BEING ANALYZED 129 peopleand eventsand not escapinginto saintlvhopefulness that ail hood, the enw wasdisplaced in the form of env,vof her beaulv. would turn out well in the end.67At that time she thought that The patient felt that the fact that she wasa girl preventedher Eitingon wasan "effeminate"denier of harshrealities, and shealso from achievingher ambitions and, at the sametime, that shewas found him lackingin insight about what shecalled his "overgood- not even a prettv enoughgirl reallv to be attractive to men. In ness,"a mechanismfor negating"bad" desiresthat endedup, none- her disappointmentwith herselfshe displacedher wishesonto theiess,negating itself and producingbad actions.August Aichhorn objectsrvho she felt werebetter qualified to fulfill them.6e too seemedto her someoneso committedto his altruismthat he Anna Freud combinedher in- underestimatedhis hostilities.She later revisedher viervsof both In her portrait of the governess, jealousvand sibiingrivalrv with her medita- Aichhom and Eitingon, but not of overgoodness,which she found sightsinto the origrnsof and simple description in herselfand gavethe name"altruistic surrender." tions on overgoodness.Her remarkablvclear her abiliw back reflectivelvand theoreti- One of the mostintriguing chapters of Anna Freud's1936 work shows developed to step callv from the kind she had reachedin 1925. The Ego and the Mechanismsof Defenseis devotedto altruistic of self-understanding had been combineher two analvtic themes,but surrender.By that time, she understoodovergoodness, or altruistic Then she able to not to presentthe combinationtheoreticallv. surrender,as projectionof forbiddenor dangerouswishes onto other For exampie,she had reactedwith a self-portraitto a shortstorv people.Someone who thus disposesof rvishescan takegreat pleasure Andreas-salomdhad r','rittenafter hearing Freud's "Some Psvchi- in promotingand supportingthe fuifillmentof them bv proxies,but Lou cal Consequences AnatomicalDistinction Behveen the Sexes" mav also feel as emptv as that lonelv figureRilke describedin one of the vacationin r9z;. She,her father,and Frau Lou of Anna Freud'sfavorite poems, "Der Dichter" ("The Poet"): on the Semmenng ivere all in searchof the mechanismsof fernaleiealousv torvard Ich habekeine Celiebte, kein Haus, womenand enw of men. keineSteIIe auf der ich lebe. Alle Dinge,an die ich mich gebe, I certainivrecognized the characterof the beloved,but vou had werdenreich und gebenmich aus. changeda greatdeal, and sheis morebeaufiful. Sureiv the storv is no longerthe complementto Papa'slecture for the Congress I haveno belovedor placefor home, about rvhich we taiked then?What I mean is that onlv t'our nctcircle where I am at center. Mathiide is goodas a womanand hasa right to be glad that she The thingsto which I givemyself is. If one c:ln danceas shedoes, then it makessense. But if one growrich-while I'm impowrished. looks like Dina, or like me, one onlv feelsenvv-in two direc- tions: the one that showshow one might be achievinglike a The chief exemplarof altruisticsurrender in The Ego and the man, and the one that showsdancing and being generouslike Nlechanismsof Defenseis a governesswho has lived an uneventful N'Iathiide.One would like to be able to do both, and doesfind life entirelvdedicated to otherpeoples'needs: "She lived in the lives oneselfto be a little of both.but neitherbecomes real. of other people,instead of having anv experiencesof her own."B8 This rvoman,Anna Freudrvrote, Anna Freud continuedwith a statementthat shows horv deeplv she-like her father-associatedpublic or professionalachievement displacedher ambitiousfantasies onto her men friendsand her with masculinitvand how much her consciousdesire lav in the other libidinalwishes onto her womenfnends. The formersucceeded direction,toward what sheassociated with femininitv. to her affectionfor her fatherand her big brother,both of whom had been the object of her penis enw, while the latter repre- I feel like I €rry a doubleload now, and it is especiallvso be- sentedthe sisterupon whom, at a ratherlater periodof child- causeI am requiredto do a man'stasks in the Vienna Societv, 130 ANNA FREUD BErNG .{NALYZED t31

in its training program,in negotiations,in complicatedsitua- supposedlvthe easiestthing to get). In the long run, however, tions,even in makingmonev (for the moment). I am pleased this is a stupidwav to live.?l to be acquiringa degreeof independencein the evesof other people(not beforePapa); but otherwiseI rvouldprefer to give She rvassignaling to the friend she had previouslycharged with and to servethan to acquireand to demand.. . . And oncein overgoodnessthat her own struggleon that front wasnot finished. mv life I would like to be allowedto be like vour Mathiide. trIax Eitingon, who had for yearsbeen Anna Freud'sfavorite Oniv it is most likelv too late for that, as one doesnot become amongher father'scolleagues, who had receivedher often in Berlin like her,one just is like her.7o for talks,sent her chocolates,looked after her literarveducation with There is an indicationin Anna Freud'sabilitv to surpassher gifts of books-beenin almostevery way the perfectuncle-took her jealousiesof siblingspast and presentthat the secondphase of her lastsentence verv seriouslv and wrotea concernedreplv. Fortunatelv, analvsis,in r92,1-z!,rvas verv helpfui to her. But that the topic rvas his repiv came during a period in their friendshipwhen they had still difficult is signaledbv her avoidanceof it, and particularlyof resolvedin conversationsthe distancethat had comebetween them anv direct considerationof female jealousvof the mother,in the in the first vear of Freud'sillness. Eitingon had retreatedfrom the mediumof her sublimations-writingfor othersto read.In The Ego Freuds,for his own reasonof ill health and his wife's desirenot to and the Mechanismsof Defense,Anna Freuddid not savrvhether the sharehim so much with the psvchoanah'ticmovement, and alsobe- altruisticallysurrendering governess's anal','sis allolved her to seekthe causehe had doubtsabout how he and the Committeehad reacted fulfillment of her rvishesin her orvnlife ratherthan throughothers' to Freud'sillness. Anna Freud had chargedthis retreat to the in- lives,but it is clear that Anna Freud'sanalvsis did have such an evitablecollapse of his overgoodness.But Eitingonhad, bv the fall effect.The effectwas, however, siow in coming,and complicated.As of.tgz5, returned, and Anna Freudhad turnedher attentionfrom his it came,she feit both the need to addressfurther her desirefor overgoodnessto her own. approvaland praiseand the need to analvzefurther her altruism. She rvasgrateful to Eitingon for his thoughtfulness:"I thank The occasionfor her needswas specific,and the analvstshe chose vou ven' much for evervthingthat vou wrote as an answerto that wasnot her father. one sentencein mv letter. But that which I complainedabout in myselfis, unfortunateiv,some lavers deeper than vou imagine,and still furtherawav from Papa'ssecure independence. Because how one can live without being able to ludge oneself,criticize what one has

t accomplished,and still enjov what one does,is unimaginableto Arn*^ Fnruo had been practicingas an analvstof childrenand me."?2She rvanted Eitingon to understandthat she wasnot, reallv, adults for nearlvthree vears-the three exhaustingfirst yearsof her referringto the high standardfor self-reflectionthat Freud set and father'sillness-when she reluctantlv slipped into one of her letters that sheaccepted as a matter of course,What shehad in mind was to NlaxEitingon a discouraged,depressed remark: ratherdifferent.

But I think that preciselv'thegreat involvement rvith the chil- . . rvhatI havealwavs wanted for mvself,from the beginning, dren is responsibiefor the fact that much that shouldgive me without much changeover time, is much more primitive]rnd Ii peacedoes not. I couldsav manv thingsabout this, and so it is canbe saidquite honestlv.It is probablvnothing more than the better,once again, that I not get started.But one more thing affectionof the peoplewith whom I am in contact,and aiso anvwav:I run acrossthe fact that I do not succeedin doing their goodopinion of me. It is not just that I mvselfshould say somethingto or for otherswithout alsoimmediatelv rvanting to that somethinglI havedone] is good;there must be othersrvho have somethingfor mvself (and not just money,which is still sav the sameand confirm me. Now in a curiouslyself-evident

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I I 132 ANNA FRE BEINC ANALTZED 133

way I havealways been able not to make such a demand on my servantsfor help with her householdand on her American friends patients;in dealingwith them I have never felt such human the Sweetzersfor companionship.The Freuds,when she met them, needs.Thus workinghas becomeremarkably easv for me in re' offereda contextand comfort as well aspsvchoanalvsis. cent years. Anna Freud told Eitingon that thoughtsof Mabbie and Bob Burlinghamfilled her mind. More thanshe wished, she had "thoughts But, she told Eitingon,with the childrenshe had in analvsisat that which go alongwith my work but do not havea properplace in it."?4 particulartime, shedid feel a verv human need for more than good She put her problem simply, "l think sometimesthat I want not analvticwork. only to makethem healthvbut also,at the sametime, to havethem, Thesechildren were Bob and MabbieBurlingham and theirlittle or at least have something of them, for mvself. Temporarily, of friendsAdelaide and Harold Sweetzer-allAmericans. Dorothv TiF course,this desireis useful for mv work, but sometimeor another it fanv Burlinghamhad brought her asthmaticoldest son, Bob, aged reallywiil disturb them, and so, on the whole,I really cannot call mv ten, to Vienna in the fall of r9zJ, seekinghelp for the psvchological needother than 'stupid."' Having admittedthis much, Anna Freud problems that had accruedto her son's illness.When Anna Freud went on: "Towardsthe motherof the childrenit is not verydifferent agreedto take Bob, Dorothv Burlingham moved to Vienna with with me." Her confessionended with: "Curiouslyenough, though, I her other three children-Mtry (lvlabbie), Katrina (Tinky), and am very much ashamedof all these things, especiallyin front of Michael (Mikev). Th. Sweetzersalso came, and shareda house Papa,and thereforeI tell him nothing about it. This fabout the rvith the Burlinghams,so that their children could be treated. Buriinghams,children and mother] is onlv a small illustration,but Dorothv Burlinghamthen establishedherself in analvsiswith Theo- actuallv I havethis dependencvlfrbhiinggkeitl, this wanting-to-have- dor Reik-having been too shv to seekout Sigmund Freud-and so m eth i n g lE twas -H ab en-:W oll enl

! i 13+ ANNA FREUD r35 news, and there is no mention in them of the topics from Anna youngestdaughter was thirteen. She had beena modelof intelligent, Freud'sanalysis that had beenso important earlier.Anna Freud was liberal-quite feminist-concern,but she had also been depressed fully-more than fullv-occupied with her practiceand her responsi- during Dorothv's childhoodbv the loss of anothergirl, two )'€rs biiities in the Vienna Societv,so she had less time for the corre- Dorothv's senior,to scarletfever. fu a child, Dorothv Burlingham spondence.But the changeseems more a matter of Anna Freud's had felt, as Anna Freud had, like an unwantedhanger-on in her psvchethan her schedule:rvhen she kept from her fatherher feelings household,a little one who was a bore and a nuisanceto the older aboutthe Burlinghams,she also kept themfrom FrauLou. ones. Anna Freud was not in analvsiswith her father in the fall of At the sametime that shewas writing to Eitingon about her new rgz1,,so her silencewas not a breachof the "fundamentalrule" for friend Dorothv Burlingham,Anna Freud adoptedanother voung an analvsand-tospeak what comesto mind without censoring.But mother with a familv. Eva Rosenfeld,rvho wasa nieceof the chan- it did me:lnthat shefelt constrainedby her peculiaranalvtic situa- teuseYvette Guilbert, rvhomFreud adoredand correspondedwith, tion. Under the circumstances,she did the analyticallylogical thing: had also bome four children.But her fortune with them had been she tumed to Eitingon, and createda quasi-analyticsituation in dreadful:two bovshad died in a diphtheriaepidemic, and a teenage which she could try to overcomethe dilemma of having had her daughterhad died in a mountan-walkingaccident. When thev be- father as her analvst.She could deal with someonewho sharedher slme friends, Anna Freud offered Eva Rosenfeldsolace as she difficulties-asher fatherand Lou did not. "With me," shehad tried mournedthe lossof her daughterand shegot in return Eva Rosen- to explainto Frau Lou, "even'thingbecame so problematicbecause feld's warrn svmpathvfor the sufferingher father'sillness and pain of two basic faults: from a discontentor insatiabilitvwith mvself broughther. Eva understoodwhat eachvisit to Tegelsanatorium for that makesme look for affectionfrom others,and then from actuallv surgervon her father'sjaw did to Anna Freud: "I have headaches stickingwith the othersonce I've found them. [Th. first] is just rvhat now very often, almosteverv dav, and I somehownever get overthe vou and Papacannot understand."?5 fear that somethingcould turn out badlv."?7She confidedto Eva Once Eitingon had acceptedher confession-and,tacitlv, the that when her father wasbeing treatedshe wascast back into her roie she had cast him in-she felt free to tell him in detail about adolescentcondition, before her anaivsis:"These two weeksI have Dorothv Burlingham."Being togetherwith Mrs. Burlingham is a lived as I did in the time beforeI becamean analvstand beforevou great joy for me, and I am verv happv that you also have such a and Dorothv knew me, with the poetrvof Rilke and davdreamsand good impressionof her," she wrote to Eitingon after his first meet- weaving.That, too, is an Anna, but rvithoutanv Interpreter."?8Like ing with her friend.?6"I am often verysorry that sheis not in analysis Anna Freud, Eva Rosenfeldneeded children, and Anna Freud con- with you," saidAnna Freud,who might havebeen speakingof her- vincedher to start up a little pensioneor temporaryfoster-care home self."This is not beingverv nice torvardsReik. I think he hashelped for severalchild analvticpatients who neededa periodof separation her a great deal. But still she wouid have receivedsomething with from their parents. 1'ouwhich he probablvcannot give, and which she certainlvseeks." In her reportsabout how shewas helping Dorothy Burlingham Anna Freud knerv that Dorothv Burlingham,a voungestchild set up a new apartmentin the Freuds'building, Berggasse r9, and like herself,had had a vew tense,difficult relationshipwith her consuitingwith Eva Rosenfeldabout her remainingchiid, Victor, father,who wassevere and demandingwith his children.His artistic and her husband,Walter, Anna Freudrevealed to Eitingon how she talent had obviouslyimpressed his children-and Dorothy Burling- wasstruggling rvith the conflictbetween her role as analvstand her ham identified with it, fosteringit in her own children-but his Etwas-Haben-Wollen, her rvanting-to-have-somethin g. "There is not domineeringmanner and his drinkinghad beenmuch more infuen- a lot to savabout me; it is alreadvin what I havetold you, in Eva's tial. Dorothy's mother, Tiffanv's secondwife. had died when her child and Dorothv'shouse. Both of thesethings belong to me, even IJO ANNA FREUD BErNc ANALyZED r37 if sometimesI feel I must go awayfor them insteadof cominghome svmpatheticto Dorothy Burlingham'sdesire to train as a psvcho- to them."?e analyst,and he conductedthe analvsisas a training analvsiswhile Anna Freud'sletters to Eitingon do not indicate whethershe DorothvBurlingham also attended seminars-including Anna Freud's everdid speakforthrightlv with her father about her feelings.But it seminar-at the Vienna Institute.Anna Freud'sand Dorothv Bur- is clearthat Freud acceptedthe path that Anna Freud found out of lingham'sgrowing friendship was revealed in an analvsisto the father- her confict: she did "have" the Burlingham children and their analvst-but not bv his daughter. mother as her familv-and shedid this by mergingthe Burlingham Anna Freud did find her wav to having her own desiresrather vicariouslv;after her and Freud families.Freud noted the resultin a fanuarv rgzgletter: than displacingthem onto othersand living "Our svmbiosiswith an Americanfamily (husbandless),whose chil- fashion,she had a rich and full familv life, though she did not, in dren mv daughteris bringing up analvticallvwith a firm hand, is the rgzos or afterward,have a sexualrelationship, with Dorothv growingcontinuallv stronger, so that we sharewith them our needs Burlinghamor with anvoneelse. She remained a "vestal"-to usethe for the summer."8oThe Buriinghamsmoved into the apartment apt word Marie Bonapartelater choseto signalboth Anna Freud's abovethe Freuds';they had summerhouses next door to the Freuds' virginit,vand her role as the chief keeperof her father'sperson and summerhouses; Dorothy transportedeveryone in her automobile;the his science,psvchoanaivsis. childrenplaved with the Freudgrandchildren, especiallv Emstl Hal- berstadt,who spent much of his adolescencewith the Freudsand Wlrnn he praisedhis daughter'sinteilectual and professionalachieve- becameBob Burlingham'sbest friend. Starting in 1927,Dorothv ments, Sigmund Freud was not untroubledbl' the courseher life Burlingham and Anna Freud took vacationtrips together,leaving took. He had rvntten to Lou Andreas-saiomdin 1935:"she is trulv their familiesto keepeach other company;and in r93o thev bought independentof me; at the most I sen'eas a catalvst.You rvill eniov a cottagein the Semmeringtogether so that anv of the families' readingher most recentwritings. Of coursethere are certainrvorries; memberswho wishedcould join in for countrvweekends. This cot- she takesthings too seriouslr'.\\trat rvill she do when she haslost tage,named Hochroterd(High Red Earth), was the phvsicalplace me?Will shelead a life of asceticausterih-?"82 wherethere was no needto keepa distancein orderto be at home. Anna Freud'slife wasascetic; and her father'sdeath, rvhen it The friendshipwith Eva Rosenfeldalso grew deeper,and Anna came,brought no change.But "the erotic sideof her life"-to use Freud characterizedthe altruisticsurrender in it as a kind of twin- Freud'sphrase from "'A Child Is BeingBeaten"'-was restoredto ship.As shesaid to Eva in a letter: "You are me and I am you and her,in a vervparticular sense: the femininitvshe had deniedhenelf, even'thingof mine that vou could useyou should take,because it is in herself,came to her in the Personsof the two mothers,Dorothv women rightfullv tours."erEva Rosenfeldrealized that Anna Freud'sfriend- Burlinghamand (to a lesserextent) Eva Rosenfeld.These ship with Dorothy Burlinghamwas becoming the most importantof also seemto have compensatedfor her troubledrelations with her her relationshipsand felt somejealousv about it. But shealso formed own mother and Tante Minna and replacedher sisterSophie, the a friendshipwith Dorothv Burlinghamherself, and later offeredher motherwhose son Anna Freudhad cometo think of asher adopted back gardenas the location for a little schoolhousethat Dorothv son; thev could be loved altruisticallv and from them she could equippedand staffedfor the education of her own children,Eva's receivematernal love and sisterlvappreciation. As Dorothv Burling- son,and severalof the childrenwho boardedin Eva'shome. ham becamemore and more important, Anna Freud could oversee After they had known each other for about three vears,Anna and altruisticallvsupport Dorothv's interests in men,as long asthese Freud arrangedfor DorothyBurlingham to begina secondanalvsis- remainedPlatonic and did not threatentheir friendship.But she not with Max Eitingon, who was too far awavfrom the happy new seemsalso to have found in her friend a versionof the voungest life, but with Sigmund Freud. Unlike Theodor Reik, Freud was child in need of a perfect father and angry toward a distracted, overburdenedmother that she knerv in herself.Thev mirroredeach in manv clavdrcamsof havinga trvin is other. that of the imaginarvtwin beinga complementto the davdrcamer.The latter endowshis trvin Anna Freud came to trust that her friendship was for her with all the qualitiesand talentsthat he missesin himselfand de- friend-as Dorothy later told her-"the most precious relationship siresfor himself.The twin thus representsan ideal of hirnself,his fDorothv] everhad."s She did not haveto compete for Dorothv,s super-e9o."85In later lettersthat thev exchanged,Dorothv Burling- love after she had won it. Manv in her psvchoanalvticcircles, who ham and Anna Freud agreedthat thev wereeach other's twins,or knervenough to discountthe persistentrumor that the friends were trvinsfor eachother, in their "ideal friendship.""I had suchplea- lesbians,but who realizedthat Anna Freud'slife partnershipwas surein vour letter about the identicaltwins," Dorothv wrote.,,It chasteand her "family" surrogate,found her situation poignant or makesme happvand proud that rvehave such a bond."8o sad.she, on the other hand, felt she had satisfied 'wollen, her Eiwa-s-Haben- and avoidedthe fate that Rilke had etchedin a stanzaof his "Herbsttag" ("Autumn Dav"), a poem that she knew bv heart for all her life. 'Wer ietzt kein Haushat, baut sichkeines mehr, Wer ietzt allein ist, wird eslange bleiben, wird wachen,Iesen, Iange Brief e schreiben und wird in denNleen hin und her unruhigwandern, venn die Bliittertreiben. 'Who hasno housenow will not haveone. Who is now alone will so remain: sitting, reading,witing long letters; restlesslywandering the dyenues, backand f orth, vhile brownleayes blow.

There is no evidencethat Anna Freud everfelt unfulfilled or regret- ful in her new familv, although maintainingfor the Burlingilam children the dual role of stepparentand pru.hornalystwas always problematic-for her and for them. In one of her mostincisive and importantclinical contributions, Anna Freud noted that sexualitvrepressed or denied can be recov- eredsvmbolicallv or vicariouslvin a ielationshipof complementaritv. She made the point in a lecture on male ho-or.*ualitv, as she describeda male patient'seffort to recoverhis own split-off mascu- linity in his male partner'svinlitv.s4 But this ,n"lutic conceptof complementaritv is certainlv'applicableto relationshipsof manv sorts, rvhetherovertly sexualor not. Dorothy Burling-ham,whose older sisterswere twins, wrote touchinglv a6out ho* siblings of twrns often invent a twin, a complementaryself : "A further elelent