Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project: Supplementary Report Supporting Environmental Evidence for Metro Vancouver
2015 Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project: Supplementary Report Supporting Environmental Evidence for Metro Vancouver
Enhanced Section of Brunette River, Near Proposed TMX Pipeline Route.
Photo Credit: Lauren Klose, Metro Vancouver
V.1
Zoetica Environmental Research Services 8/27/2015
Prepared for:
Suggested Citation:
Zoetica Environmental Research Services (Zoetica). 2015. Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion Project: Supplementary Report Supporting Environmental Evidence for Metro Vancouver. Prepared by H. Bears, H. Lin and R. Spicker. 125 pages. (Aug 27 Version)
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 2 V.1 Table of Contents
Acronym List ...... 6
1. Executive Summary ...... 7
2. Introduction ...... 8 2.1 Overview ...... 8 2.2 Objectives ...... 9 2.3 Information Sources ...... 9 2.4 Spatial Scale ...... 10
PART 1: SENSITIVE AREAS AND SPECIES THAT COULD BE IMPACTED ...... 11
3. Sensitive Areas and Species ...... 11 3.1 Parks and Sensitive Areas ...... 11 3.1.1 Pitt Polder Ecological Reserve & Pinecone Burke Provincial Park, Ridge Meadows ...... 25 3.1.2 Nathan (a.k.a. Beaver) Creek, Langley ...... 25 3.1.3 Palmateer Creek, Langley ...... 25 3.1.4 Anderson Creek, Langley ...... 26 3.1.5 West Creek and West Creek Wetland, Langley ...... 26 3.1.6 Salmon River, Langley ...... 26 3.1.7 Munday Creek, Langley ...... 26 3.1.8 Yorkson and Latimer Creeks, Langley ...... 27 3.1.9 Surrey Bend Regional Park (SBRP), Surrey ...... 27 3.1.10 Douglas Island/Fraser Islands Regional Park Reserve, Metro Vancouver ...... 28 3.1.11 Centre Creek, Surrey ...... 28 3.1.12 Fraser River, Metro Vancouver ...... 28 3.1.13 Burnaby Fraser River Estuary, Burnaby ...... 29 3.1.14 Colony Farm Regional Park (CFRP), Coquitlam ...... 29 3.1.15 Coquitlam River, Coquitlam ...... 30 3.1.16 Como Creek, Coquitlam ...... 31 3.1.17 Brunette River & Brunette Conservation Area (BCA), New Westminster, Coquitlam, Port Moody, Burnaby & Vancouver ...... 31 3.1.18 Brunette-Fraser Regional Greenway (BFRG), Multiple Cities ...... 31 3.1.19 Stoney Creek, Burnaby ...... 32 3.1.20 Burnaby Lake Regional Park, Burnaby ...... 32 3.1.21 Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area, Burnaby ...... 32 3.1.22 Burrard Inlet/Burrard Inlet IBA, 7 Municipalities ...... 33 3.1.23 Belcarra Regional Park, Port Moody ...... 34 3.1.24 Indian Arm & Indian Arm Provincial Park, North Vancouver ...... 34 3.1.25 Salish Sea-Georgia Strait ...... 34 3.1.26 Experience the Fraser (ETF) Regional Corridor, Multiple Cities ...... 35 3.1.27 Burrard Inlet Marine Estuary, Burnaby ...... 35 3.1.28 Eastern Burrard Inlet Rockfish Conservation Area, Burnaby ...... 36 3.1.29 Maplewood Conservation Area, North Vancouver ...... 36 3.1.30 Reifel Bird Sanctuary (RAMSAR site) and Alaksen National Wildlife Area, Delta ...... 36 3.1.31 The Boundary Bay - Roberts Bank - Sturgeon Bank site IBA, Tsawwassen ...... 37
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 3 V.1 3.1.32 Deas Island Regional Park, Delta ...... 37 3.1.33 Cates Park/Whey-Ah-Wichen, North Vancouver ...... 38 3.1.34 Hadden Park, Vancouver...... 38 3.1.35 Sunset Beach Park, Vancouver ...... 38 3.1.36 English Bay Park, Vancouver ...... 39 3.1.37 Ambleside Park, North Vancouver ...... 39 3.1.38 Stanley Park, Vancouver ...... 40 3.1.39 Greenbelt Along Coal Harbour, Vancouver ...... 40 3.1.40 Kitsilano Beach Park, Vancouver ...... 41 3.1.41 Point Grey Park, Vancouver...... 41 3.1.42 Spanish Banks, Locarno Beach, and Jericho Beach Parks , Vancouver ...... 41 3.1.43 Pacific Spirit Regional Park, Vancouver ...... 42 3.1.44 South Arm Marshes Wildlife Management Area, Ladner ...... 42 3.1.45 Mt. Seymour Provincial Park (Waterfront), North Vancouver ...... 42 3.1.46 Montrose Park, Vancouver ...... 43 3.1.47 New Brighton Park, Vancouver ...... 43 3.1.48 Crab Park, Vancouver ...... 43 3.1.49 Harbour Green Park, Vancouver ...... 44 3.1.50 Devonian Harbour Park, Vancouver ...... 44 3.1.51 Port Moody Waterfront Park, Port Moody ...... 44 3.1.52 Iona Beach Regional Park, Richmond ...... 45 3.1.53 Seymour River, North Vancouver ...... 45 3.1.54 Lynn Creek, North Vancouver ...... 45 3.1.55 Capilano River, North Vancouver ...... 46 3.1.56 Bowen Island, Metro Vancouver ...... 46 3.1.57 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 47 3.2 Species of Conservation Concern ...... 48 3.2.1 Birds ...... 48 3.2.2 Mammals ...... 50 3.2.3 Amphibian and Reptiles ...... 51 3.2.4 Fishes...... 52 3.2.5 Invertebrates ...... 53 3.2.6 Plants ...... 54 3.2.7 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 57
PART 2: HOW SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEMS AND SPECIES MIGHT BE IMPACTED ...... 58
4. Construction & Operation- Related Impacts ...... 58 4.1 Construction Within or Adjacent to Riparian Habitat ...... 58 4.1.1 Importance of Riparian Habitat ...... 59 4.1.2 Impacts to Water Quality, Hydrology and Microclimate ...... 60 4.1.3 Impacts to Temperature and Microclimate ...... 61 4.1.4 Fragmentation ...... 62 4.1.5 Disturbance and Release of Historical Contaminants ...... 62 4.1.6 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 63 4.2 Noise, Visual, and Mechanical Disturbance to Wildlife ...... 63 4.2.1 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 65 4.3 Impacts to Plant Communities ...... 66
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 4 V.1 4.3.1 Habitat Loss Estimates: Methods ...... 66 4.3.2 Limitations: Habitat Loss Calculations ...... 67 4.3.3 Habitat Loss per BEC Zone ...... 67 4.3.4 Habitat Lost within Metro Vancouver's SEI Categories ...... 68 4.3.5 Spread and Management of Invasive Species ...... 76 4.3.6 Vegetation Creating Increased Access by People and Dogs ...... 77 4.4 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 78
5. Spill-Related Impacts ...... 78 5.1 Overview ...... 78 5.2 Effects of Dilbit Spills on the Environment ...... 80 5.2.1 Dilbit ...... 80 5.2.2 Spilled Dilbit on Land ...... 81 5.2.3 Spilled Dilbit in Water ...... 82 5.3 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 92
6. Implications of Seismic Concerns ...... 93 6.1 Earthquake Risk in Vancouver ...... 93 6.2 Seismic Vulnerability of Pipeline ...... 94 6.3 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 95
7. Cumulative Impacts to Marine environment ...... 96 7.1 Underwater Noise Associated with Shipping ...... 96 7.2 Kinesthetic and Visual Stimuli from Shipping Traffic ...... 97 7.3 Cumulative Contaminant Interactions ...... 98 7.4 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 99
8. Monitoring Duration and Power ...... 100 8.1 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 101
9. Large-Scale Issues with EIA Methodology and Interpretation ...... 101 9.1 Definition of 'Significant' ...... 102 9.2 Project Not Defined ...... 103 9.3 Full EMP Information not Supplied ...... 104 9.4 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 105
10. Conclusions ...... 105
11. APPENDIX I: Dilbit Toxicity to Salmon and a Critical Analysis of Assumptions and Interpretations of TM's ERA for Spill Effects on Salmon ...... 106 11.1 Environmental Fate and Behaviour of Dilbit in Fraser River ...... 106 11.2 Toxicity of Dilbit to Fish ...... 107 11.3 Concerns Regarding TM's ERA and Interpretation for Impacts to Fish ...... 109 11.3.1 Additive and Synergistic Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in A Mixture ...... 109 11.3.2 Pollutants Interactions and Toxic Cumulative Effects ...... 110
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 5 V.1 11.3.3 Pipeline Spill into Low Flow and Narrow Freshwater Channels ...... 111 11.3.4 Bottom-Up Impacts ...... 112 11.3.5 Toxicity of Chemical Dispersants ...... 112 11.3.6 Assumptions About Spill Volumes, Response Times, and Clean-Up Times ...... 112 11.3.7 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation ...... 113 11.4 References ...... 115
Acronym List
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone AWB Access Western Blend ART Aboriginal Rights and Title BSD Blue Sac Disease BTEX Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene CA Conservation Area CLB Cold Lake Blend CWC Credible Worse Case COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada Dilbit Diluted Bitumen EHAP Ecological Health Action Plan ETF Experience the Fraser Project ERA Environmental Risk Assessment HCA High Consequence Area IBA International Bird Area NWA National Wildlife Area PAH Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon RAMSAR Wetlands of international importance designated under the Ramsar Convention SCC Species of Conservation Concern SAR Species at Risk SARA Species at Risk Act TICORP Transportation Investment Corporation TPAH Total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon WMA Wildlife Management Area WMT Westridge Marine Terminal TMX Trans Mountain Expansion Project TM Trans Mountain ULC
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 6 V.1
1. Executive Summary
Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC (TM hereafter) filed an application with the National Energy Board (NEB) on December 16, 2013 for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (TMX), which is a proposal to twin the existing petroleum products pipeline between Edmonton, Alberta and the Westridge Marine Terminal (WMT) in Burnaby, B.C.. TM proposes to transport diluted bitumen via tankers from the WMT in Burnaby, B.C. to international locations. Metro Vancouver was granted intervener status in the NEB process and has participated fully in the review process.
The TMX and associated shipping route has the potential to affect 34 fish-bearing waterways and water bodies; 40 City or Regional Parks; 14 Ecological Reserves, Important Bird Areas (IBAs), Conservation Areas (CAs), RAMSAR sites, or Wildlife Management Areas (WMA); 3 Provincial Parks; 1 National Wildlife Area (NWA); and 2 Regional Landscape Plans within the Metro Vancouver region. As many as 135 species of conservation concern, may occur in areas associated with the TMX route, many of which are protected under the Species at Risk Act and are not found elsewhere in Canada or in B.C.
Zoetica Environmental Research Services reviewed the project for environmental impacts to aid Metro Vancouver in their preparation of evidence. In this review, we highlight sensitive areas, species, and habitats that are vulnerable to potential effects of the TMX pipeline and shipping route within Metro Vancouver. We also provide a review of the main environmental effects that could occur due to the TMX. We highlight several shortfalls in the application regarding: the sufficiency of information provided, optimistic assumptions and model interpretations that fail to ensure protection against higher magnitude events, lack of considerations of scientific complexities related to dilbit toxicity, and self-referential logical fallacies in conclusions about environmental impacts.
Overall, the application likely underestimates several impacts that are currently rated as non- significant due to poorly validated or overly optimistic assumptions. We have concerns that the TMX has the potential to cause serious environmental harm via several modes of impact, some of which have not been considered, evaluated, or identified by TM. A significant level of additional information would be required, regarding project design, spill scenarios considered, and determination of mitigation feasibility, prior to being able to objectively determine that the TMX can be constructed and operated safely and without significant risks or impacts to the environment.
Keywords: Trans Mountain Pipeline Expansion, Diluted Bitumin, Environmental Impact, Metro Vancouver.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 7 V.1 2. Introduction
2.1 Overview Trans Mountain Pipeline ULC (TM hereafter) filed an application with the National Energy Board (NEB) on December 16, 2013 for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project (TMX), which is a proposal to twin the existing petroleum products pipeline between Edmonton, Alberta and the Westridge Marine Terminal (WMT) at Burnaby, B.C.. TM proposes to transport diluted bitumen by tankers from the WMT in Burnaby, B.C. to international locations.
Metro Vancouver was granted intervener status in the NEB process and has submitted Information Requests and Correspondence as published on the NEB website in the following files: A60239, A61532, A61824, A63376, A65411, and A66980. These information requests have solicited responses from TM, which were analyzed for adequacy. As part of the hearing process, the NEB now seeks to receive written evidence from the proponent and interveners, which will be used to support written arguments on the Project Application and forms the basis of what the NEB considers in developing its recommendations regarding Project approval.
The proposed TMX enters Metro Vancouver in Langley, on the south side of the Fraser River, and continues in a general northwesterly direction to the WMT in Burnaby (Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6). At the terminal, tankers are loaded with diluted bitumin (referred to as 'dilbit' hereafter) from a tank farm storage area, and they continue through Burrard Inlet and Georgia Strait (Maps 3.1-7 to 3.1-12). The three project components of greatest interest to Metro Vancouver, in terms of their environmental consequences, include:
the construction and maintenance of the pipeline, involving a permanent right of way (ca. 10 m) and temporary workspace as wide as 31-45 m, which passes through Parks, Conservation Areas, fish- and Species at Risk- bearing waterways. The construction of the Westridge Marine Terminal (WMT) will also cause the permanent destruction or alteration of 19,577 m2 of marine fish habitat, requiring offset;
the spill risks associated with the pipeline route chosen, and the impacts that a pipeline rupture would have on the local environment; and
the shipping route, which will move considerably higher volumes of dilbit through Burrard Inlet and the Georgia Strait (34 versus the current 5 trips/month), increasing the risk of at- sea spill events and cumulative impacts of shipping.
Zoetica Environmental Research Services (Zoetica) was retained by Metro Vancouver to produce a report highlighting the main impacts of the project on the environment within its municipal boundaries, including a portion of the marine environment. The main goal of this review is to provide an overview, at a regional and broad scale, of the ecological issues that could occur, through primary pathways of environmental impact. Due the geographic scale of the review, we focus on large-scale, primary effect pathways of the proposed project that are likely to impact
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 8 V.1 ecosystem functions. We analyse effects independent of conclusions made by TM (Provided in Table 9.1-1). 2.2 Objectives The primary objectives of this report are:
1. To summarize what is known about the environment within Metro Vancouver and the surrounding marine areas, which could be impacted by the TMX project; and
2. To address potential environmental effect pathways for areas and resources identified in 1. Preliminary issues identified by Metro Vancouver included1:
The impacts of the proposed TMX ROW on sensitive ecosystems; Impacts on Species at Risk (SAR); Impacts on fisheries and fish habitat; Construction-related impacts on parks and greenways; Impacts on plant communities/permanent vegetation loss (including the spread of invasive species); Impacts on the environment due to increased access for people and dogs; Environmental consequences of a pipeline rupture, including implications of seismic concerns; Emergency response implications for the environment; and Cumulative impacts on the marine environment.
3. Suggest mitigation that may help to reduce impacts, or to characterize presently uncharacterized or poorly characterized risks.
1This report does not comment on issues related to air quality, as those are dealt with in a separate report. 2.3 Information Sources Available peer-reviewed and grey literature about Metro Vancouver and its associated wildlife, vegetation, sensitive ecosystems, and invertebrates, along with information about the TMX and its potential effects, were obtained from sources listed below:
Facilities Application Documents for the TMX [http://application.transmountain.com/facilities-application]; Information Requests from Interveners and Answers provided by TM [https://docs.neb- one.gc.ca/ll-eng/llisapi.dll?func=ll&objId=2451003&objAction=browse&viewType=1]; The Web of Science Online Database for Peer-Reviewed Journals; The B.C. and Ecosystem Explorer Search Tool for potentially occurring species and identified wildlife [http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/]; Grey literature (information gathering, consulting reports, inventories) provided by the Metro Vancouver and partners, consulting agencies, and other agencies, organizations, and individuals;
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 9 V.1 The Ministry of Environment Ecological Reports (EcoCat) database [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/ecocat/]; The Province of B.C.s website for B.C.-led and federally-led Species at Risk recovery strategies, recovery plans, and management plans [www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/recoveryplans]; Status reports of the Canadian Endangered Species Conservation Council (CESCC); Assessment and status reports of COSEWIC; Species at Risk Recovery Plans that are Federally-led or jointly-led by the Province and a Federal agency [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wld/recoveryplans/recovery_doc_table.html]; The ebird database for Metro Vancouver and the surrounding area [ebird.org/ebird/hotspot/]; Environment Canada Web Sites and associated documents; Official web sites provided for Parks, IBAs, and Conservation Areas; The Province of B.C.'s Fish Information Summary System [www.env.gov.bc.ca/fish/fiss/] Habitat Wizard for Fish and Fish Habitat Information [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/habwiz/] Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory data provided by Metro Vancouver; and Sensitive Marine Ecosystem spatial information gathered by Island Trust [http://www.islandstrust.bc.ca/maps/mapit.aspx] 2.4 Spatial Scale This review focuses on potential environmental effects within Metro Vancouver, or effects from the TMX that could have indirect effects on the environment of Metro Vancouver (e.g., Spills from tankers at a distance that could impact Metro Vancouver). Because Metro Vancouver envelops Burrard Inlet, and abuts the Georgia Straight, cumulative effects on the marine environment are also examined. Therefore, the spatial scale of this report includes Metro Vancouver, Burrard Inlet, and a portion of the Salish Sea/Georgia Strait.
In this report, we focused more heavily on areas that deviate from the existing pipeline, and which have the potential to create new impacts not considered in the previous alignment. As shown in Map 2.4-1, the new TMX pipeline route deviates considerably from the existing route as it passes through Metro Vancouver. In many cases, the pipeline route deviates from the former route that it is purported to "twin" such that the TMX pipeline is closer to, or passes through, additional sensitive ecological areas than were not previously impacted. Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12 also show the full spatial extent considered in this report, at a finer and more detailed spatial scale.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 10 V.1 510000 530000 K NORTH VAN (DISTRICT) ANMORE BELCARRA
COQUITLAM Dollarton Waterfront Title Path Greenbelt PORT MOODY 5460000 5460000
Comparison of Existing MAPLE RIDGE versus PITT MEADOWS New Pipeline Route MISSION PORT COQUITLAM
BURNABY
NEW WESTMINSTER
Existing TM Pipeline Route RICHMOND Proposed Pipeline Corridor
SURREY DELTA 5440000 5440000 LANGLEY (CITY) LANGLEY (DISTRICT) 1:150,000 0 5 10 ABBOTSFORD Kilometres Coordinate System: NAD 1983 UTM Zone 10N
Service Layer Credits: © OpenStreetMap (and) contributors, CC-BY-SA, National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, HERE, UNEP-WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, increment P Corp. Map ID: ZW-TM-005 Date: May 08, 2015 Map produced by Spicker GIS Services (www.spickergis.com) 510000 530000 Map 2.4-1 PART 1: SENSITIVE AREAS AND SPECIES THAT COULD BE IMPACTED
3. Sensitive Areas and Species
3.1 Parks and Sensitive Areas Based on the proposed TMX alignment through Metro Vancouver, the pipeline has the potential to directly impact (i.e., through construction, operation, and decommissioning):
20 Fish-bearing Watercourses; 11 City or Regional Parks; and 5 Designated Conservation Areas (CAs).
Across the full length of the proposed TMX project, 202 fish-bearing watercourses will be crossed, and 10 % of these (26) occur within Metro Vancouver. These sensitive areas are summarized by municipality in Table 3.1-1.
Table 3.1-1. Fish-bearing Waterways, Parks, and CAs within or beside proposed TMX ROW. City Fish-bearing Waterway City & Regional Parks Conservation Areas Langley Nathan Creek Ponder Park (Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-3) West Creek Hope Redwoods Natural Tributary to Anderson Creek Area (Davidson Creek) Redwoods Park Salmon River Unnamed Creek East and West Tributaries to Munday Creek Yorkson Creek Surrey Unnamed Creek Surrey Bend Regional Park (Maps 3.1-4, 3.1-5) Centre Creek Fraser View Park Fraser River North Slope Buffer
Coquitlam Booth Creek Hume Park Brunette River (Map 3.1-5) Como Creek Colony Farm Regional Park Conservation Area Coquitlam River Maquabeak Park Coquitlam River Nelson Creek Fraser River Greenway Wildlife Management Brunette River Nelson Creek Ravine and Area Natural Area New Westminster Brunette River Mainstem Brunette River (Map 3.1-5 to 3.1-6) Conservation Area Burnaby Brunette River Stoney Creek Park Burnaby Mountain (Map 3.1-5 to 3.1-6) Austin Creek Conservation Area Stoney Creek Eastern Rockfish Keswick Creek Conservation Area Burrard Inlet Burrard Inlet IBA
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 11 V.1
The TMX also overlaps with two landscape-level projects and regional initiatives for improving ecosystem services and greenway connectivity in the lower mainland and along the Fraser River, as articulated in Metro Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan (EHAP) (2011), and the Experience the Fraser (ETF) Project (2012).
Table 3.1-2 lists the environmentally important areas that could be affected by the TMX project, when the TMX ROW and potential spills from the pipeline, WMT, or tankers are considered. Table 3.1-2 includes a brief description of each area, with key information about features that could be impacted by the project. When available, Species of Conservation Concern (SCC) and Species at Risk (SAR) documented at each site, as recorded in Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12 are noted. This table does not include descriptions of smaller city parks already included in Table 3.1-1. However, those parks are included in calculations of the total number of parks potentially impacted by the TMX below.
When the TMX ROW and potential zone of influence of spills are considered in solidarity (Tables 3.1-1 & 3.1-2), the project has the potential to impact 94 areas of environmental importance, including: 34 Fish-bearing waterways and water bodies; 40 City or Regional Parks; 14 Ecological Reserves, Important Bird Areas, Conservation Areas, Ramsar sites, or Wildlife Management Areas; 3 Provincial Parks; 1 National Wildlife Area (NWA); and 2 Regional Landscape Plans (Experience the Fraser and Metro Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan)
We do not discuss potential impacts on ecologically sensitive areas associated with Aboriginal Rights and Title (ART) in this report for two reasons. First, impacts to ART are most appropriately articulated by the affected Nations. Second, TM did not consider ART in their determination of High Consequence Areas (HCA's) for modeling spills and conducting risk assessments; thus it is not possible to independently predict impacts of spills on ART.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 12 V.1 535000 538000
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Area of Ecological Significance Most Likely Mode of Impact Area Highlights
Spill from pipeline into Fraser River Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.1 Pitt Polder (upstream effects on migratory fish & Connected to the Fraser River. fish-dependent wildlife ). Associated with Pitt Lake, which is the second largest lake in the Lower Mainland. Ecological Reserve & Unique ecosystem created by one of the world's few tidal lakes. Pinecone Burke Provincial Hosts numerous fish species, including federally- and provincially- listed species that migrate between Pitt Lake and the Pacific Ocean along the Fraser River. Park, Ridge Meadows Hosts SCC that rely on healthy fish populations, such as the SARA-listed Great Blue Heron (fannini subspp). (Not Shown on Maps) Popular lake for fishing, boating, bird watching; campsites provided at several locations around the lake. Trails & viewing platform provided along extensive dike network.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.2 Nathan (a.k.a. Spill from pipeline. Was designated a sensitive stream under the B.C. Fish Protection Act. Mixed farmland in the area surrounding Nathan Creek attracts SARA-listed Barn Owls. Beaver) Creek, Langley Map 3.1-1 shows the location in relation to the TMX & includes aquatic species and wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.3 Palmateer Creek, Spill from pipeline. Rich in natural & human heritage. Mixed farmland in this area attract SARA-listed Barn Owls. Langley Runs along adjacent forested habitat, some of which is > 80 years old & which sits on top of a highly sensitive aquifer. Map 3.1-1 shows the location in relation to TMX route & includes associated aquatic species and wildlife/plant
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 25 V.1 observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Salmon River. 3.1.4 Anderson Creek, Spill from the pipeline. Contains an intricate network of small waterways that host Suckers, Pink Salmon, & an extensive population of Steelhead Salmon. Langley Hosts provincially blue-listed Brassy Minnow, & Coastal Cutthroat Trout
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.5 West Creek and Spill from pipeline. Designated a sensitive stream under the B.C. Fish Protection Act. Mixed farmland in this area attract SARA-listed Barn Owls. West Creek Wetland, Sustains populations of Rainbow Trout and Pink Salmon. Langley Associated SCC include federally-designated Coho Salmon & SARA-listed Cutthroat Trout, Nooksack Dace, & Salish Sucker. Other SCC include the provincially blue-listed Trowbridge's Shrew, the federally-designated plant species, Roell's brotherella, & SARA-listed Northern Red-legged Frog & Oregon Forestsnail. Native runs of Chum Salmon still exist but have been supplemented for years by hatchery stock. Map 3.1-1 shows the location in relation to the TMX route & includes associated aquatic species and wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.6 Salmon River, Spill from pipeline. Selected in the early 1980s for special study on Salmonid enhancement. Steelhead & >12 other fish species also occupy this river. Langley One of the most productive streams in the Lower Fraser Valley for federally-designated Coho Salmon, provincially blue-listed Cutthroat Trout & Brassy Minnow, SARA-listed Salish Sucker & Northern Red-Legged Frog. The lower Salmon River & associated Fort Langley floodplains is an important migratory wetland area for waterfowl. TM's Seismic Hazard Update (filing A4K072; March 31, 2015) showed that pipeline near this river would be susceptible to damage in the case of an earthquake. Map 3.1-2 shows the location relative to TMX route & associated aquatic species and wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.7 Munday Creek, Spill from pipeline. Existing channel provides salmon spawning habitat. A backwater channel was created for salmon enhancement in 2010, which includes large woody debris & stream‐side plantings, which provides natural cover for shade and refuge from predators.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 26 V.1 Langley The new channel provides winter habitat for young Coho Salmon, which prefer smaller streams with less flow. Culvert replacements under Lougheed Highway to enhance fish passage between the upper & lower portions of this creek. Associated SCC include Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Coho & Green Sturgeon. Map 3.1-3 shows the location in relation to the TMX route & includes associated aquatic species and wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.8 Yorkson and Spill from pipeline. Provides habitat for Chum Salmon, Rainbow Trout & federally-designated Coho Salmon, Green Sturgeon (recorded at confluence of Yorkson Creek and Munday Creek) & Cutthroat Trout. Latimer Creeks, Langley Underwent an invertebrate sampling program in 2004; results suggested the Township of Langley should focus on reducing imperviousness and maintaining or restoring forested riparian buffers to > 30 (RAE, 2005). Creek winds through Katzie First Nation reserve land near the Fraser River. Map 3.1-3 shows the location in relation to the TMX route & includes associated aquatic species and wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. SBRP hosts the region's highest diversity of wetland types, the third largest, relatively undisturbed bog, the largest 3.1.9 Surrey Bend Spill from pipeline. grass-dominated marsh & floodplain swamp (Kistritz et al. 1992). Associated Engineering (2015) indicated that building the TMX through this area would alter the hydrology sufficiently enough that it could not be restored to its Regional Park (SBRP), original state. Surrey Contains an undiked mosaic of wetlands & riparian forests that are uncommon in the lower Fraser River basin. Unique peat bog & wetland complex is of high ecological significance, particularly due to its large size & relatively unfragmented condition. Provides habitat for a high diversity of wildlife species & serves as a valuable genetic reservoir & shelter for unique plants & wildlife. At least eight verified provincially- or federally- listed rare & endangered species including SARA-listed Pacific Water Shrew, beaverpond baskettail, slender-spiked mannagrass, federally-designated White Sturgeon (in adjacent Fraser R) & Coho Salmon, & provincially-designated Coastal Cuttroat Trout. Chum and Pink Salmon are also found in Centre Creek within the Park, along with a large variety of fish species at the confluence of Centre Creek and the Fraser River. The SBRP management plan concluded that the park should be preserved in an undisturbed state & that only a small
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 27 V.1 trail network & parking lot should be developed (Metro Vancouver & City of Surrey, 2010). Management plan recognizes that SBRP offers a tremendous opportunity to preserve a unique ecosystem & to allow citizens to experience & learn about the historic landscape of the Fraser River floodplain. The park is scheduled to open in 2015. Map 3.1-4 shows the location in relation to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Uninhabited island within the Fraser River, where the Fraser River meets Pitt River. 3.1.10 Douglas Spill into Fraser River. Important foreshore marsh & river habitat. Rich habitat & the relative inaccessibility of the island make it valuable waterfowl habitat. Island/Fraser Islands Ducks Unlimited involved between 1974 & 1990 to help improve habitat as a place to support wildlife. Regional Park Reserve, Province of B.C. bought Island in 1995. The island is now protected from development & hunting as part of the Fraser Island's Regional Parks Reserve, which Metro Vancouver is a park reserve administered by Metro Vancouver. Map 3.1-4 shows the location in relation to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.11 Centre Creek, Spill from pipeline. Located in SBRP & encompasses a catchment area of ca. 3.2 km2. Creek has been negatively impacted by development in its catchment area over past 20 years. Surrey Over the past three + years, The Land Conservancy, in partnership with Canada Lands Corporation (CLC), Fisheries & Oceans Canada, & PKI Northmark Construction Ltd, have worked at restoring & protecting the southernmost degraded portion of Centre Creek. 20 acres of TLC-owned land adjacent to the creek have been protected under a conservation covenant held by CLC. High diversity of fish & aquatic invertebrates in north part of Centre Creek. Chum fry, federally-designated Coho fry & smolt, & Sockeye fry are found in this creek & ditch system. 14 other non-salmonid species also found in north end of Centre Creek. Provincially-listed Keen's Myotis, Townsend's Big Eared Bat, & Trowbridge Shrew have been noted here by naturalists, as well as other SARA-listed species likely en-route to their breeding areas (e.g., Lewis's Woodpecker). Map 3.1-4 shows the location in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route, & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts. Longest river in B.C. & the bottleneck through which fish migrate into the Fraser Basin. 3.1.12 Fraser River, Metro Spill from pipeline. The Fraser River watershed produces the most salmon in B.C. (Labelle, 2009), & has more salmon runs than any other river in the world, providing rearing & spawning habitat to 1.5 to 8 million salmon from all six salmon species Vancouver endemic to the Pacific drainage (PFCC, 2009). There are ca. 151 spawning sockeye populations (or stocks) in the Fraser River basin, which migrate upstream at different times (Schubert, 1998). Many local as well as upstream and downstream Aboriginal communities depend on
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 28 V.1 sockeye for their food, social & ceremonial purposes, recreational pursuits, & livelihood (English et al., 2011). The Fraser River & its estuary support 116 fish species & more than 300 species of migratory & resident birds. Other segments of the river, in the Interior Grasslands & Rocky Mountain Trench provide critical habitat for a variety of mammals, birds, amphibians, insects, SAR, & species of importance in Aboriginal harvest & culture. Considered a sensitive river due to its importance to B.C.'s ecology and economy & its vulnerability to impacts. Central to B.C. commercial, recreational & Aboriginal fisheries & to upstream and downstream species that rely on salmon for food (e.g., Grizzly Bear, the SARA-listed Killer Whale). Salmon returns are declining from historic levels. High water discharge levels & warmer water temperatures are affecting early & late runs. Late-run sockeye tend to be entering the Fraser earlier than normal & are spending longer periods in fresh water before spawning (Hinch & Martins, 2011), which may increase mortality (Labelle, 2009). While it support many fish SAR, the Fraser River is particularly important for migratory Eulachon (also spelled Oolichan), which is federally-designated as endangered/ threatened and is of very high importance to Aboriginal harvest, culture, & history (Harvey, 1994). The wetlands of the Fraser River delta are the largest in B.C. & are an important staging area along the Pacific Flyway. The Fraser River carries high sediment loads of 8 - 26 million tonnes per year, which is the third highest of rivers in Canada (Stewart & Tassone, 1989). Dilbit is more likely to sink if spilled into water with high sediment loads. The TMX proposes to run adjacent to this river in sections within Metro Vancouver, and to cross the river near the Port Mann Bridge using HDD. Map 3.1-1 to 3.1-6 shows the Fraser River in relation to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Spill from TMX, WMT, or Burnaby’s southern boundary on the Fraser River creates a complex ecosystem, where marshlands, bogs, & 3.1.13 Burnaby Fraser River tanker. forests meet. Was formed by prior Fraser River flooding of the area’s bog lands that were fed by many upland streams. Estuary, Burnaby Salmon and other wildlife now coexist with agricultural and urban development in this estuary. Burnaby has developed the Fraser Foreshore Park along the western and central riverbank, with miles of urban trails that connect with Burnaby’s larger trail system. The Park and Conservation system includes Boundary Creek Ravine Park, Kaymar Creek Ravine Park, Gray Creek Ravine Park, Byrne Creek Ravine Park, Byrne Woods, Jerry Rogers Creek Ravine Park, Willard Park, Marshland Bog Forest, New Haven Parkland, Fraser Foreshore Parks and Trails. Map 3.1-7 shows the location in relation to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts Protects ecologically diverse land. Contains a mosaic of ecosystem & habitat types in close proximity, including 3.1.14 Colony Farm Regional (laydown area). cultivated areas, old-fields & hedgerows, riparian shrub, forest, ditches, wetlands, & disturbed habitat. Park (CFRP), Coquitlam Spill from TMX. The variety & juxtaposition of landscape types provide for a unique assemblage of wildlife species. Contains critical or potentially critical habitat for SARA-listed Barn Owl & Oregon Forestsnail & SARA-listed species like the Coastal Pacific Western Painted Turtle, Short-eared Owl, Great-Blue Heron, and provincially- listed plant species like the Northern water-meal, & Nuttal's waterweed.. Red-legged frogs were recently confirmed in a First Nation wetland just to the north of Colony Farms. Protects the largest old-field habitat in the Northeast section of Metro Vancouver, which is preferred habitat of the Townsend’s Vole, the main prey for many wintering & resident birds including the SARA-listed Short-eared Owl & Barn Owl. Many other species, including locally rare species, use the park; Lazuli Bunting, Western Kingbird & Eastern Kingbird nest in hedgerows & field margins & forage in open fields. Northern Shrikes use old-fields in winter to feed on birds, insects, & small mammals.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 29 V.1 The Vancouver Avian Research Centre (VARC) conducts bird monitoring & banding programs at CFRP, where they provide research, public demonstrations, & educational visitor programs about birds at this site. Natural resource management programs at CFRP have sought to increase biodiversity & structural complexity in the Park by providing habitat for fish, especially over-wintering salmonids, amphibians, & waterfowl through wetland & channel creation, by planting shrubs & trees for birds & other wildlife, & by managing fields to enhance habitat for small mammals & birds of prey. Since acquiring CFRP, Metro Vancouver Parks has planted over 5,000 trees & shrubs to increase the diversity of vegetation, & to improve habitat for a wide range of birds, insects, amphibians & mammals. This site has also had major enhancements due to a Transportation Investment Corporation (TICORP) enhancement plan. SARA-listed Great Blue Herons that nest in the Coquitlam River Wildlife Management Area at the mouth of the Coquitlam River depend on the park as a hunting ground & for pre-nesting congregation. Raptors may perch or nest in trees outside of the park, but use the fields for hunting. The Coquitlam River, the Fraser River, & some parts of Riverview are important in that they connect CFRP to areas outside the Park. Small freshwater fish are found in CFRP ditches, such as Sticklebacks & Sculpins. Salmonids are present in the sheep paddock channels which have been specifically enlarged & enhanced to accommodate federally-designated Coho & Chinook fry that over-winter in this location. The Mundy Creek Floodgate allows fish entry. Soils in CFRP are generally derived from Fraser or Coquitlam River deposits, which have a higher silt & sand component providing better drainage. There are also large areas of peat, which are poorly drained. There is planned construction of a new multi-use pedestrian & cycling trails linking the Traboulay PoCo Trail at Pitt River Road with Colony Farm’s Home Farm Dyke & Mundy Creek Trails, which have been approved. The trail will follow the Coquitlam River along its southern portion & the northwestern park boundary along its northern portion, & construction is planned in 2015/2016. CFRP users have varied between 442,566 and 225,362 per year between 2003 and 2014, with peak visitation occurring from June to August, when between 20, 000 to 40, 000 visitors use the park each month; Metro Vancouver Visitor Use Monitoring Program Data, 2003-2014.). Map 3.1-5 shows the location relative to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River 3.1.15 Coquitlam River, Spill from pipeline. Important spawning ground for hundreds of Pink, Chum and federally-designated Coho Salmon. Originates at Disappointment Lake in the Coast Mountains near Indian Arm. Coquitlam Flows south into Coquitlam Lake, a reservoir behind Coquitlam Dam, which provides a large portion of Vancouver's drinking water. Below the dam, it continues to flow south, reaching the Fraser River between the cities of Coquitlam & Port Coquitlam, suburban municipalities located in Metro Vancouver. The 2014 Lower Coquitlam River Fish Habitat Assessment (Level 1) was recently released (InStream Fisheries Research Inc., 2015).The river currently hosts Coho, Pink, & Chum Salmon, & Steelhead Trout, with low but increasing numbers of Chinook Salmon. Other smaller species of fish inhabit the Coquitlam River, downstream of the dam (Instream Fisheries Research Inc., 2015). Associated SCC include Coastal Cutthroat Trout, Brassy Minnow, & Coho. The downstream reach is located south of Pitt River Road, & is highly influenced by tidal waters from the Fraser River, making that area susceptible to a dilbit spill that affects the water quality of the Fraser River. There is a fish hatchery on this river. Map 3.1-5 shows the location relative to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 30 V.1 Construction-related impacts. Connected to the Fraser River. 3.1.16 Como Creek, Spill from the pipeline. Hosts high numbers of Cutthroat Trout, Chinook Salmon, Pink Salmon, Coho Salmon, & a variety of other non- salmonid fish species. Coquitlam Hosts SARA-listed Pacific Coast Painted Turtle. Provincially-listed green-fruited sedge has been identified between Como and Nelson Creeks. Map 3.1-5 shows the location relative to the TMX, & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. The BCA surrounds the Brunette River, which flows out of Burnaby Lake & connects to the Fraser River, passing 3.1.17 Brunette River & Spill from pipeline. through five municipalities: New Westminster, Coquitlam, Port Moody, Burnaby & Vancouver. Subject to flash flood conditions in heavy rainfall (Gaboury & Lawrie, 2012). Brunette Conservation Area May be unidentified contaminated soils from past industrial activity in this area. Testing has not been done for soil (BCA), New Westminster, contaminants along the TMX ROW, but likely contaminants include steel corrosives, which could affect the long-term viability of the pipeline (Section 4.2.1). Coquitlam, Port Moody, The Brunette River drainage system, including Stoney Creek, is part of a fish enhancement program being carried out Burnaby & Vancouver by federal, provincial & municipal governments, with the assistance of private organizations, to restore salmon spawning to the area. Efforts have been successful; the Brunette River & Stoney Creek have collectively hosted approximately 8,520 spawning Chum, 1,433 spawning federally-designated Coho & 55 spawning Pink salmon since 2008 (Sapperton Fish & Game Club & Stoney Creek Ecological Society, 2008- 2014 returns). Brunette River adjacent to the pipeline route contains potential critical habitat for the second largest of the remaining populations of the SARA-listed Nooksack Dace and provincially-designated Cutthroat Trout. Additional SARA-listed species associated with the Brunette River system include the Northern Red-Legged Frog, Vancouver Island beggarticks, the Pacific Coastal Painted Turtle & Oregon Forestsnail (at the confluence of Brunette River & Stoney Creek). Provincially-designated Green Heron observed here in 2015. Provincially-listed bearded sedge & false-pipernel also found in this system. Invasive vegetation species in pockets within this riparian zone and area, which are prone to spreading following disturbance. This waterway is susceptible to changes due to riparian habitat removal. Riparian widening of some sections currently < 30 m in width may be needed to protect fish habitat through shading as temperatures increase with climate change. Two of 12 key projects within Metro Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan involve the Brunette River: Project 2, Enhancing the Lower Brunette River, which involves increasing base water flow levels to improve stream rearing conditions, to remove navigational barriers & to provide public education on the value of restoring salmon; and Project 3, which involves similar goals for the Upper Brunette, but does not include navigational barrier removal. Map 3.1-6 shows the location relative to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts. The BFRG constitutes the first link in the regional greenway network, which is part of the Central Valley Greenway 3.1.18 Brunette-Fraser Spill from pipeline. connecting Vancouver to New Westminster. The trail developed for this area will extend 16 km from Burnaby Mountain to the Fraser River & will follows the
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 31 V.1 Regional Greenway (BFRG), Burnaby Mountain Urban Trail, drainage corridors along Stoney Creek, the Brunette River & Hume Park, to Sapperton Landing & New Westminster Quay. Multiple Cities Some sections include sewer & storm water services. This corridor is part of Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan & the Experience the Fraser Lower Fraser River Corridor Project (Metro Vancouver, 2012). As part of the EHAP, Metro Vancouver and TICORP invested in enhancements, such as installing a fish ladder into Burnaby Lake, which made it possible for fish to travel into Still Creek and other previously inaccessible or poorly accessed waterways. Users of the Brunette-Fraser Greenway have varied between 18,733 to 196,676 users per year between 2005 & 2014, with peak usage generally occurring between May to October. Map 3.1-5 shows the location relative the TMX, WMT & shipping route & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Construction-related impacts. Connects Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area to Burnaby Lake & the Brunette River & ultimately the Fraser 3.1.19 Stoney Creek, Spill from pipeline. River. Stoney Creek Ecological Society has restored this creek as salmon spawning habitat, & the Brunette River & Stoney Burnaby Creek systems combined have hosted approximately 8,520 spawning Chum, 1,433 spawning federally-listed Coho, & 55 spawning Pink Salmon since 2008 (Sapperton Fish & Game Club & Stoney Creek Ecological Society, 2008- 2014 returns). Contains SARA-listed Nooksack Dace & Oregon Forestsnail, Vancouver Island beggarticks, and is likely use by Northern Red-Legged Frog (Map 3.1-6). Hosts the provincially-listed bearded sedge, false-pipernel, and Coastal Cutthroat Trout. Contains the Stoney Creek recreational Trail System. Map 3.1-6 shows the location relative to the TMX & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Spill into Stoney Creek or overland High diversity of bird, small mammal, amphibian, & reptile species use this regional park throughout the year. 3.1.20 Burnaby Lake spill from TMX Provides habitat for SCC, including the SARA-listed Great-blue Heron fannini subspp., Northern Red-legged Frog, the blue-listed Green Heron, & the federally-designated Barn Swallow. Regional Park, Burnaby Fish species include Stickleback, Carp, Northern Squafish, Brown Bullhead. Nesting waterfowl, Western Garter Snake, Vagrant Shrew, and Pied Billed Grebe use this lake. Invasive American Bullfrog population established here. Purple Loosestrife, an invasive plant, is prone to spread in this area. Burnaby Lake has a large number of recreational opportunities, including canoeing programs, birding programs, and it hosts a wildlife rescue facility. Map 3.1-6 shows only the most northerly part of the park relative to the TMX. Construction-related impacts. Watercourses found within the conservation area are concentrated on the southern & northern slopes of the mountain. 3.1.21 Burnaby Mountain Spill from TMX, WMT, tank farm, or The western & eastern slopes are generally devoid of major watercourses. tanker. Stoney Creek (Section 3.1.19), Eagle Creek & Silver Creek on the south slope support fish populations. Conservation Area, The Management Plan identified 88 potential or confirmed bird species based on consultant research & information Burnaby from the Vancouver Natural History Society (Burnaby Mountain Conservation Management Plan, 2000). An important island of wildlife habitat in a predominantly urban area. Hosts at least eleven species of provincially
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 32 V.1 Blue- & Red-listed wildlife (Burnaby Mountain Conservation Management Plan, 2000). Population of SARA-listed Northern Red-legged Frogs found within indicated tank farm footprint. Black-tailed deer, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, & black bears have been observed on the mountain slopes. Bats, squirrels, rabbits, moles, voles, shrews & mice are more common mammals. A network of ~ 30 km of trails provides recreational access to much of the mountain except for portions of the steep north-facing slope. Trail uses include recreational or commuter cycling, walking or jogging as well as nature & educational observation, & horseback riding. Early studies indicate the presence of fault lines running east to west along the north side of Burnaby Mountain (Roddick) & later studies suggest that fault lines run both north-south & east-west (under further investigation). Issues were raised in the IR phase about the potential impacts of a mega-earthquake &/or Tsunami, or fire on this facility and WMT. Map 3.1-6 shows the location relative to the TMX, & associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts (WMT Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.22 Burrard Marine Construction). Fraser River feeds into Burrard Inlet. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. 11,300 ha marine-tidal water body with 190 km of shoreline divided into five harbours. Inlet/Burrard Inlet IBA, 7 A significant ecological contributor to the Pacific Marine Ecozone , which extends from the shores of B.C. to Alaska Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to (BIEAP, 2011). Municipalities tanker movement, pollution, & Comprised of a high density of ecologically sensitive areas & home to a large urbanized population in eight underwater noise. municipalities. Burrard Inlet Environmental Improvements Action Program was created in 1991 as a consolidated plan for Burrard Inlet, emphasizing shared goals around water quality, historically contaminated lands & sediments, healthy ecosystems & biodiversity. Contains high-value public assets for outdoor recreation, tourism, fisheries, & sensitive marine habitats. Hosts over 1200 verified species, including mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, tunicates, arthropods, molluscs, vascular plants, non-vascular plans, marine algae & sea grasses, fungi, plankton, species at risk, & introduced of invasive species (Burrard Inlet Environmental Improvements Action Plan (BIEAP),2002). Central Burrard Inlet is surrounded by three parks & three habitat conservation areas: o Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area & Barnet Marine Park, east of the WMT on the south shore; o Eastern Burrard Inlet Rockfish Conservation Area located west of WMT on the south shore; o Cates Park & Belcarra Regional Park flanking the entrance to Indian Arm directly across from WMT to the north, & the Maplewood Flats Conservation Area is located across from WMT on the north shore of Burrard Inlet. Globally significant Important Bird Area (IBA), originally established for Western Grebe, Barrow's Goldeneye, & Surf Scoter, & for one species at the national level: the Great Blue Heron. The IBA regularly supports ≥ 1% of the global (and provincially-listed) Surf Scoter population, which feed on clams in the IBA's mud- & sandy-bottomed bays. In 2001, the SARA-listed Great Blue Heron (faninni subspecies) established a nesting colony in Stanley Park. Since then, the number of breeding pairs has increased to well over 100 annually, with a peak count of 183 in 2007. Other species supported by the IBA include coastal & marine bird species characteristic of the Pacific Northwest. The Purple Martin nests within the IBA at Maplewood Flats & Rocky Point Park. There is a large colony of Pelagic & Double-crested Cormorants nesting on the Second Narrows, Burrard Street, & Granville Street bridges & high tension power lines. Osprey & Bald Eagles also nest along the shore. Attracts tens of thousands of migratory birds along the Pacific Flyway each year. Provides habitat for federally-listed harbour porpoise & two populations of killer whale during annual and seasonal movements and hunting. Contains numerous eelgrass beds, which are crucial for maintaining sea urchin & otter populations.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 33 V.1 Herring spawn in shallow water. Large pink sea star (Pisaster brevispinus) discovered at Reed Point in 2006. Threats to Burrard Inlet & IBA include: pollution risk from shipping; industry & urban areas; & disturbance/development. The amount of oil shipped through the IBA by tankers departing from a terminal in Burnaby has increased several orders of magnitude, from 8,000 metric tonnes in 2000 to nearly 4 million metric tonnes in 2010. This raises concern about the risk of a spill & about the cumulative underwater acoustic disturbances to fish & sensitive whale species that need to vocalize & hear one another above tanker noise for group cohesion, hunting, etc. Direct disturbance of birds on the water is also an increasing concern as the amount of commercial & recreational boating has increased within the IBA. The effect of pollutants from urban & industrial activities (fecal coliforms, toxic microorganisms & heavy metals) on water quality & food sources for waterfowl (such as fish & mussels) are also concerning (e.g., Elliot et al. 2007). Fig. 3.1-6 and 3.1-12 shows the extent of Burrard Inlet in relation to the TMX , WMT, & shipping route. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. 1,100 ha regional park on the Northeast of Burrard Inlet where it meets Indian Arm. 3.1.23 Belcarra Regional Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to People use the ocean waterfront portion of this park for fishing, crabbing, hiking, & swimming. tanker movement, pollution, & Perch, Herring, Sole, Flounder, Greenling & Toncod all caught from the pier of nearby beaches. Park, Port Moody underwater. Provincially red-listed Washington springbeauty occurs on southwestern tip of Park. Park includes a First Nation archaeological site which is managed by Metro Vancouver Parks. The mouth of Indian Arm near this location was likely to experience relatively high amounts of oil in the case of a spill from WMT according to the quantitative ecological risk assessment provided by TM. Across the Burrard Inlet from Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area, north of area shown in Map 3.1-7.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or Tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.24 Indian Arm & Indian Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to A salt-water fjord that extends about 20 km north from Burrard Inlet through steep mountains on all sides. tanker movement, pollution, & Little to no development of this area. Road access is limited to communities on the southern portion of the Arm. Arm Provincial Park, North underwater. Hosts a large Pink Salmon run in odd-numbered years between July & October. Salmon & bears congregate around Vancouver rivers during this period. Leads to Indian Arm Provincial Park, within Tsleil Waututh Nation Traditional Territory. This park is popular with boaters & kayakers, & is visited by several charter boat tours. Across the Burrard Inlet from Burnaby Mountain Conservation Area; north of Map 3.1-7.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. The Southern Strait of Georgia is home to > 3,000 species. These include the world’s largest octopus, 100-year-old 3.1.25 Salish Sea-Georgia Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to rockfish, large schools of herring & salmon, millions of birds, as well as seals & sea lions, dolphins & whales.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 34 V.1 Strait tanker movement, pollution, & In 2003, Parks Canada & the provincial government began exploring the establishment of a Southern Strait of Georgia underwater. National Marine Conservation Area. However, these protections are not yet in place. Activities such as commercial & recreational fishing, shipping, transportation, tourism, & recreation are still allowed in the region. Traditional food, social & ceremonial harvesting by First Nation are also allowed. The Southern Strait of Georgia is the most heavily utilized & impacted of all the marine regions on the west coast of Canada. At least 22 species in the region are either federally-designated as Endangered, Threatened, Special Concern, or are considered a high conservation priority by the government of B.C. Increased shipping traffic, shoreline development, noise pollution, cruise tanker travel, fishing & the effects of climate change are all stressors on the marine ecosystem. New industrial uses are still being proposed. Cumulatively, these uses threaten many wildlife & the availability of important habitat features. Proposed shipping route overlaps with critical habitat for SARA-listed, Endangered population of Killer Whales. Fig. 3.1-7 shows the location in relation to the TMX, WMT and shipping route & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations. Construction-related impacts. Experience the Fraser (ETF) is a recreational, cultural & heritage project that extends along the Lower Fraser River 3.1.26 Experience the Spill from pipeline. corridor, which seeks to connect Hope to the Salish Sea. Over 550 km of trails (43% of which are in place) & blueways will connect communities along the Fraser River. Fraser (ETF) Regional ETF is designed to help strengthen tourism & economic development initiatives. Corridor, Multiple Cities With the aid of $2.5 million in funding from the Province of B.C., the Fraser Valley Regional District & Metro Vancouver jointly developed a Concept Plan & an Implementation Plan for the project that identifies trails & blueways, implementation strategies, & actions to achieve the ultimate goal of creating a world class destination. The Implementation Strategy contains four main goals (Metro Vancouver, 2012): o Connect Hope to the Salish Sea through the Coast Canyon Trail & a recreational blueway; o Link & inspire experiences along the Fraser River, by improving recreational & cultural infrastructure along the Lower Fraser & to Brand & Market the Experience the Fraser & Canyon to Coast Trail; o Develop enduring & committed partnerships; & o Build & deepen connections to the River. Includes several initiatives that are also part of Metro Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan, such as bank restoration & instream works along the Brunette River. When all initiatives are considered, the partnerships for this program are extensive, with over 22 participating groups, including: Metro Vancouver, Fraser Valley Regional District, District of Kent, Township of Langley, City of Maple Ridge, City of Surrey, Province of B.C., the Sts-ailes (formerly Chehalis Indian Band) & Hancock Wildlife Foundation, Village of Harrison Springs, Corporation of Delta, City of Richmond, New Westminster, the Vancouver Foundation, Suncor Energy Foundation, Mission Harbour Authority, Trail B.C., multiple First Nations, the City of Pitt Meadows, Port Coquitlam, the Delta Heritage Commission, & Burnaby. Sites are mentioned for planned actions & improvements in the ETF Implementation Plan (2012) that fall within Metro Vancouver. These include over 18 locations & connections: Brunette River, Brunette-Fraser Greenway, Derby Reach Regional Park, Ft Langley National Historic Site, Pitt River Greenway, Fraser River waterfront in Surrey, dyke system trails, Trail system along Pattullo Bridge replacement, pedestrian & cycling access through George Massey Tunnel, multi-use ETF trail across new Port Mann Bridge, Surrey Bend Memorial Park, Colony Farm Regional Park, Kanaka Creek Regional Park, Ladner waterfront, Steveston waterfront, Trans Canada Trail, & the Britannia Heritage Shipyards. Many of these overlap with the potential zone of influence of the proposed TMX. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Barnet Marine Park has acquired ownership of significant lands that extends into the marine area of Burrard Inlet, 3.1.27 Burrard Inlet Marine Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to which have been dedicated as park to protect the marine ecosystem. The upland park and conservation areas next to Burrard Inlet encompass over 67 hectares (165 acres) of land that Estuary, Burnaby tanker movement, pollution, & underwater. protect & enhance the watershed and ecosystem of this unique and valuable marine environment, & provide
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 35 V.1 Consists of 3 Parks and 2 CA: waterfront access opportunities, including a continuous urban trail and greenway. Second Narrows Park; These park areas also provide an important buffer between the railway and industrial activities and adjacent residential Confederation Park; neighbourhoods. Industrial activity is limited to the CP Railway corridor with port access and development contained Barnet Marine Park; within the designated petroleum and refinery facilities. The remainder of the foreshore area has been designated in the Capitol Hill Conservation Area; and OCP and the Metro Vancouver Port Plan to be conserved for its ecological values. Burrard Inlet Conservation Area. 16 hectare (40 acre) habitat area has been designed to re-establish rearing habitats for salmon and other wildlife. The river is fed by ten creeks that drain through Burnaby’s South Slope through seven major ravine parks that are significant components of the parks and open space system. Collectively these lands comprise ca. 558 ha.. Fig. 3.1-6 and 3.1-7 shows the location in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Construction-related Impacts (WMT Adjacent & west of the WMT. 3.1.28 Eastern Burrard Marine Construction). One of 164 RCAs developed, through the Fisheries Act, as harvest refugia in B.C. in response to conservation Spill from TMX, WMT, or Tanker. concerns for inshore rockfish. Inlet Rockfish Conservation Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Proposed site for habitat compensation by TM to offset construction-related habitat destruction in the marine Area, Burnaby tanker movement, pollution, & environment associated with the construction of the extended WMT. underwater. Recreational fishing allowed includes trapping crabs & shrimp or prawn, or gillnetting smelt. Commercial fishing includes trapping crabs & prawns, trawling for scallops, & fishing or seine netting salmon, herring, sardine, smelt, & opal squid. Krill & groundfish are also fished by trawling (RCA: Area 28). Fig. 3.1-6 shows the location in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important area for bird-watching tourism. 3.1.29 Maplewood Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Known for diversity & abundance of wildlife. tanker movement, pollution, & Over 3 km of well-maintained trails. Conservation Area, North underwater. Figure 3.1-7 shows the location of this Conservation Area in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Vancouver
Spill from tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. and a prime destination for bird-watchers & tourists in Metro Vancouver. 3.1.30 Reifel Bird Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to 300 ha of managed wetlands, natural marshes & low dykes in the Fraser River Estuary. tanker movement, pollution, & Part of Alaksen National Wildlife Area (NWA) RAMSAR site.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 36 V.1 Sanctuary (RAMSAR site) underwater. Ecological site of international importance to birds, fish & other wildlife. Attracts a high density and diversity (>280 species) of birds. and Alaksen National Several species of conservation importance are observed in offshore marine areas, such as SARA-listed Marbled Wildlife Area, Delta Murrelet & federally-designated Western Grebe. Map 3.1-7 shows the location of this bird sanctuary and NWA in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route, & includes associated aquatic species & wildlife/plant observations.
Spill from tanker. Designated Important Bird Area (IBA). Boundary Bay is also designated as a Ramsar wetland site. 3.1.31 The Boundary Bay - Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Large complex of interconnected marine, estuarine, freshwater, & agricultural habitats. tanker movement, pollution, & Supports globally or continentally significant populations of fifteen species, including: including American Wigeon, Roberts Bank - Sturgeon underwater. Northern Pintail, Mallard, Brant, Snow Goose, Trumpeter Swan, Western Sandpiper, Black-bellied Plover, Dunlin, Bank site IBA, Tsawwassen SARA-listed Great Blue Heron, Western Grebe, Red-necked Grebe, Glaucous-winged Gull, Thayer's Gull, & Mew Gull. Globally significant numbers of Western Sandpiper stop in this area to feed on biofilm during fall migration; recent estimates range from 120,000-180,000 individuals during one-day counts, which is a substantial proportion of the global population. Supports nationally significant numbers of SARA-listed Barn Owl & Peregrine Falcon, anatum subspp.. Supports significant populations of three federally-listed species: Great Blue Heron (fannini subspecies), Barn Owl, & Peregrine Falcon. Important spring stopover for large population of Western sandpiper, which stop here to feed on biofilm (Kuwae et al. 2008). Federally-designated Western Grebe and White Sturgeon, provincially-listed American Bittern, American Avocet, Green Heron, Double-crested Cormorant, Audoulin's Night-stalking Tiger Beetle, Needle-leaved Navarretia, & SARA- listed Coastal Painted Turtle, Oregon Forestsnail, & Vancouver Island Beggarticks are found in the WMAs comprising this IBA. Contains an oceanfront walking trail along Brunswick Point, Delta, which is a popular place for bird watchers. Map 3.1-10 , 3.1-11 & 3.1-12 show the location of this area relative to the shipping route. Spill from pipeline . Popular location for wintering birds of prey. 3.1.32 Deas Island Offers a trail network & recreational opportunities like boating, fishing, hiking, horseback riding, birding, & camping. Associated with the Massey Tunnel, which oil reached in the spill model from the Port Mann bridge location. Regional Park, Delta
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 37 V.1
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Largest waterfront park in North Vancouver; ancestral Tsleil-Waututh name means `faces the wind'. 3.1.33 Cates Park/Whey- Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to 6 km waterfront walking trail past sandy beaches & coastal rainforest. tanker movement, pollution, & Outdoor concerts held here, various recreational facilities. Ah-Wichen, North underwater. District of North Vancouver & Tsleil-Waututh have been working in partnership over past 5 years to create a Master Vancouver Plan & Cultural Resources Interpretive Management Plan (CRIMP). Map 3.1-7 show the location of this park in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.34 Hadden Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Oceanfront recreational park located near the Maritime Museum sea taxi ferry dock. tanker movement, pollution, & Contains waterfront promenade, benches along waterfront, & stunning views; high outdoor recreation value. Vancouver underwater. Marine wildlife viewing opportunities. H.R. McMillan Space Centre is a local attraction. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this beach in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.35 Sunset Beach Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Popular city beach in the West End near Burrard Street Bridge. tanker movement, pollution, & One of few city beaches in the world with acceptable water quality for swimming. Vancouver underwater. Wildlife viewing opportunities. Boasts spectacular views. Popular among locals. Public washrooms, restaurant, and concession.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 38 V.1 Used for many outdoor city events. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this beach in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.36 English Bay Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Popular city beach in the West End. tanker movement, pollution, & One of few major city beaches in the world with acceptable water quality for swimming. Vancouver underwater. Wildlife viewing opportunities. Boasts spectacular views. Public washrooms and concession Used for many outdoor city events. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this beach in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.37 Ambleside Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Popular oceanfront beach in West Vancouver. tanker movement, pollution, & Accessible & used by residents & visitors. Boasts spectacular view of Stanley Park & downtown Vancouver. North Vancouver underwater. One of few major city beaches in the world with acceptable water quality for swimming. Supports provincially-listed Green Heron. Seawalk trail, dog park, play beach, volleyball area & a large outdoor 13,000 seat concert series area located in this park. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this Park in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 39 V.1 Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.38 Stanley Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Named top park in the world in 2013 & 2014 by TripAdvisor. tanker movement, pollution, & 1,001 acre public penninsula park, sounded on 3 sides by ocean & bordering downtown Vancouver. Vancouver underwater. Home to a wide diversity of species: 30 mammal, 236 birds, 10 amphibians & reptiles, 72 freshwater & marine fish, & 192 genera of invertebrates (SPES, 2010). Consists of primarily second & third growth tall coniferous forest. Contains the largest urban SARA-listed Great Blue Heron (fannini subspp) colony in North America (Stephan, 2006). Land originally used by Aboriginal people dating back at least 3,000 years. Significant effort put into constructing the Vancouver Seawall, which encircles the park and draws many residents & tourists. Park features forest trails, swimming beaches, an outdoor Olympic-sized swimming pool, children`s play areas, Lost Lagoon, Beaver Lake, outdoor music and live theatre venue (Malkin Bowl, Theatre Under the Sky), & the Vancouver aquarium. Designated a National Historic Site of Canada by the federal government in 1988. Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES), a not for profit group, has collected baseline information on ecosystem integrity & SAR for 25 years. SPES educators conduct school & public programs. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this park in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.39 Greenbelt Along Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Extensive investments in waterfront seawall walking & biking paths. tanker movement, pollution, & Widespread network of green spaces, including public art and large public viewing decks and recreational areas. Coal Harbour, Vancouver underwater. Some water quality parameters were exceeded in 2002 & 2009 (MoE 2013) (See Section 9.0). Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this greenbelt in relation to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 40 V.1 Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.40 Kitsilano Beach Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Popular oceanfront beach in Kitsilano. tanker movement, pollution, & One of few major city beaches in the world with acceptable water quality for swimming. Park, Vancouver underwater. Accessible & used by residents & visitors. Boasts spectacular views. Popular among locals and tourists. Seawalk trail, volleyball area & large outdoor seaside pool. Oceanfront restaurant available. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this beach in relation to the WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Popular oceanfront viewing area in Point Grey. 3.1.41 Point Grey Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Boasts spectacular views and wildlife viewing opportunities. tanker movement, pollution, & Vancouver Map 3.1-8 shows this location in relation to the WMT & shipping route. underwater.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.42 Spanish Banks, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Popular oceanfront beaches between Kitsilano & UBC. tanker movement, pollution, & Beaches used for swimming, outdoor sports, BBQs. Adjacent trails for bike riding, running, rollerblading or walking. Locarno Beach, and Jericho underwater. Boasts spectacular views. Beach Parks , Vancouver Seawalk trail, volleyball area, basketball courts. Tennis courts nearby. Concession & washrooms available. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this beach & wildlife observations in relation to the shipping route.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 41 V.1 Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Popular forested & oceanfront park near UBC campus. 3.1.43 Pacific Spirit Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Well-used urban trail network for hiking and biking. tanker movement, pollution, & Known populations of SARA-listed Pacific Water Shrew and Provincially-listed Trowbridge's Shrew Regional Park, Vancouver underwater. Documented SARA-listed Horned Lark Strigata Subspp. Maps 3.1-8, 3.1-9 & 3.1-10 show the location of this park and wildlife observations in relation to the shipping route
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. In the south arm of the Fraser River 3.1.44 South Arm Marshes Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Contains 886 ha of islands, freshwater marsh, & interfacial marsh tanker movement, pollution, & Historically, more than 70% of the natural habitat in the Fraser River estuary has been lost to dyking. The islands & Wildlife Management Area, underwater. marshes of SAMWMA contain an estimated 25% of the remaining Fraser River estuary marsh habitat. Ladner As these habitats continue to be lost to urban development, SAMWMA becomes increasingly more important as wildlife & fish habitat. Supports rare plant species, including provincially-listed flowering quillwort, Henderson's checker-mallow, Joe-pye Weed, and SARA-listed Vancouver Island Beggarticks. SAMWMA provides wintering, migration & breeding habitats for waterfowl, shorebirds, raptors & many small songbird species. Intertidal marshes provide critical rearing areas for juvenile salmon. Boardwalk & viewing tower is available at Ladner Marsh. Map 3.1-10 shows this location relative to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Important site for tourism in B.C. 3.1.45 Mt. Seymour Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to 3,508 ha provincial park offering views overlooking the Indian Arm and Burrard Inlet. tanker movement, pollution, & Popular for bird and wildlife viewing, hiking, mountain biking, and for skiing and snowshoeing in the summer. Provincial Park underwater. Mt. Seymour is on the northwest side of Indian Arm, to the North of Map 3.1-7. (Waterfront), North Vancouver
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 42 V.1
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. On steep escarpment overlooking Burrard inlet in Northwest Burnaby. Bounded by the CP Railway corridor. 3.1.46 Montrose Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Classified as a ravine park due to the steepness of its terrain. tanker movement, pollution, & Includes the Trans Canada Trail. Vancouver underwater. Part of the Second Narrow Water Tunnel Project, which is a water distribution system to maintain the quality of the region's drinking water and to reach increased need by 2025. Map 3.1-7 shows the location relative to the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Park on Burrard Inlet with view, outdoor recreation space, and an outdoor pool and beach area. 3.1.47 New Brighton Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Industrial facilities nearby. tanker movement, pollution, & Map 3.1-7 shows the location relative to the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Vancouver underwater.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Large park along the south shore of Burrard Inlet. 3.1.48 Crab Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Name comes from acronym " Create a Real Available Park" to provide a place for downtown residents to enjoy views. tanker movement, pollution, & Large grass field and dog off-leash area. Vancouver underwater. Important area to Aboriginal, as it was once a natural portage to False Creek when it was previously lined with swampy marshland prior to contact with settlers. Wildlife viewing opportunities. Map 3.1-7 shows the location relative to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 43 V.1
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Downtown on Burrard Inlet. Contains rolling lawns and views of the water of Coal Harbour. 3.1.49 Harbour Green Park, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Opened in 2002; cost $14.2 million to construct, and was funded through the Marathon Development Inc's tanker movement, pollution, & recreational amenity contribution to the City of Vancouver and the Vancouver Park Board. Vancouver underwater Free short-term moorage (up to 3 hours), which is used by many leisure craft boaters. Large grass field and dog off-leash area. Important area to Aboriginals, as it was once a natural portage to False Creek when it was previously lined with swampy marshland prior to contact with settlers. Wildlife viewing opportunities. Map 3.1-8 shows the location relative to the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Located at the entrance to Stanley Park between Lost Lagoon and Burrard Inlet. 3.1.50 Devonian Harbour Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Opened in 1984 due to work of the Save Our Parkland Association, along with the Park Board and funding from the tanker movement, pollution, & Devonian Foundation in Alberta. Park, Vancouver underwater Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this park relative o the TMX, WMT & shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Located in the heart of Port Moody on the eastern arm of the Burrard Inlet. 3.1.51 Port Moody Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Offers waterfront recreation, views, and wildlife viewing opportunities. tanker movement, pollution, & Map 3.1-7 shows the location of this park relative of the TMX, WMT & shipping route. Waterfront Park, Port underwater
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 44 V.1 Moody
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. A peninsula connected to Sea Island via a causeway and Ferguson Road. 3.1.52 Iona Beach Regional Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Home to a sewage treatment plant (near the middle of the island), and animal refuge and a park (Iona Beach tanker movement, pollution, & Regional Park). Park, Richmond underwater Iona Beach Regional Park also features a beach adjacent to wildlife from the nearby animal refuge. The park is managed by Metro Vancouver & is a popular location for bird watching. Map 3.1-10 shows the location of this beach in relation to the shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Originates in protected Seymour headwater area on crown land, leased to Greater Vancouver Water District. 3.1.53 Seymour River, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Has > 50 tributaries below dam. tanker movement, pollution, & Provides > 40% of the domestic water supply for municipalities in Metro Vancouver. North Vancouver underwater. Wildlife that use the river include the SARA-listed Coastal Tailed frog, and Northern Painted Turtle. Supports runs of federally-designated Coho, as well as Pink, Chum, and Chinook Salmon, Cutthroat Trout, Rainbow Trout, Dolly Varden, & winter and summer runs of Steelhead. Lower Seymour threatened by water diversion, urbanization, and other development-related impacts. Upper Seymour River and estuary have had a large number of habitat enhancements done. This river is the site of one of the projects associated with the EHAP (Project 5, Enhancing the Lower Seymour). Some of the initial studies and enhancements of this river associated with Project 5 of the EHAP have been undertaken. Map 3.1-7 shows this location in relation to the shipping route.
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Supports runs of salmon, including federally-designated Coho. 3.1.54 Lynn Creek, North Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to River otters use this creek. tanker movement, pollution, & Map 3.1-7 shows this location in relation to the shipping route. Vancouver underwater.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 45 V.1
Spill from TMX, WMT, or tanker. Productive salmon river, includes an upstream salmon hatchery facility. 3.1.55 Capilano River, Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to Controlled upstream by Cleveland dam. tanker movement, pollution, & Provides for a large portion of Vancouver's drinking water. North Vancouver underwater. Popular for fishing, kayaking, walking, & camping along trails. Map 3.1-8 shows the location of this river in relation to the shipping route.
Spill from tanker Bowen Island Fish & Wildlife Club volunteers, with funding from the Pacific Salmon Foundation & support from 3.1.56 Bowen Island, Metro Cumulative impacts to wildlife due to partners completed two salmon habitat restoration projects. tanker movement, pollution & Several creeks join the marine environment on the southeast side. Vancouver underwater noise. Species of conservation concern include the SARA-listed Great-blue Heron (fannini subspp.), Band-tailed pigeon, Red-legged Frog & Surf Scoter. Island Trust study found 11.6% of Bowen Island's coastline had sensitive eelgrass habitat. Map 3.1-9 shows this location in relation to the shipping route.
2. We note that additional islands and areas along the shipping route may be impacted, and spill modelling results show that dilbit could extend southward to Galiano, Valdes, and Gabriola Islands. These areas were outside of the spatial scope considered in this review, but it should be noted that these, and other Gulf Islands have important Parks and Conservation areas that could be impacted by a spill.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 46 V.1 3.1.57 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation Key issues highlighted in Section 3.1:
The preferred TMX does not "twin" the existing pipeline for most of the proposed route through Metro Vancouver. In many of the areas where the proposed TMX pipeline fails to follow the existing pipeline ROW, it is routed closer to, or through, sensitive ecosystems.
The preferred TMX and shipping route crosses or runs close to a 94 sensitive ecosystems, designated conservation areas, parks, fish-bearing waterways, and habitat supporting SAR, public recreation, tourism, and fisheries in Metro Vancouver.
Risks due to mitigation failing to eliminate residual impacts, human error in construction and monitoring, large seismic events, and mechanical failures in the line integrity systems (e.g., 'smart pigs') all have the potential to cause large-scale impacts through spills.
These impacts may be substantial, as the alignment is dangerously close to environmentally sensitive areas. The currently preferred route through Metro Vancouver does not maximize pipeline setbacks from sensitive ecosystems.
Mitigation suggestions include:
Re-route the pipeline to further reduce the number of sensitive ecosystems potentially affected is strongly recommended. Iterations of previous routes would have impacted fewer sensitive ecosystems and portions of this route should be reconsidered, along with new options. These options should be evaluated in collaboration with Environment Canada, CWS, local municipalities, and Aboriginal groups.
See mitigation suggestion #1 in Section 4.1.
V.1
3.2 Species of Conservation Concern Areas along the potential zone of impact of the proposed TMX project provide habitat that could support at least 135 species or subspecies at risk or of conservation concern (federally-designated for SARA listing &/or provincially listed), including: 21 birds, 16 mammals, 7 reptiles and amphibians, 11 fish, 24 invertebrates, and 56 plants (vascular and non-vascular). Tables 3.2-1 to 3.2-6 show the potentially occurring Species at Risk (SAR), separated by class. Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12 show the aquatic SAR associated with sites that are intercepted by or are near to the TMX or shipping alignment. However, not all SAR are shown on these maps (some data on SAR are confidential and observations are ongoing). Therefore, we used geographic location, habitat preference and availability, and species' ranges to determine which species had the potential to occur in Metro Vancouver. It is noted that species observations are related to survey efforts across various areas, and therefore there may be species in other locations that have not been formally recorded, because they have either not been surveyed, or have only been documented in 'grey literature' or volunteer surveys. We note that bird SCC along the pipeline are not included on maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6.
In Tables 3.2-1 to 3.2-2, we present species listed under the Species at Risk Act (SARA), those that have been federally-designated by COSEWIC (e.g., deemed as endangered, threatened, or of special concern, but are not yet added to the official SAR list), and species listed by the Province of B.C. as of special concern (Blue list) or as threatened/endangered (Red list). Species with these conservation ratings are referred to collectively as species of conservation concern (SCC) in sections that follow.
3.2.1 Birds There are at least 21 bird SCC that can be supported by habitat within the TMX ROW in Metro Vancouver and the associated shipping route (Table 3.2-1). Twelve of these species are federally protected under the SARA. The Burrard Inlet and Roberts Bank-Sturgeon Bank Sites are Important Bird Areas (IBAs) providing seasonal habitat for globally significant populations of various bird species, and the Fraser Estuary offers important stopover habitat along the Pacific Flyway. Many SCC, or migratory birds protected under the international Migratory Birds Convention Act, are likely to pass through the area during migration and could be significantly impacted by a large spill event.
Table 3.2-1. Bird SCC Potentially Occurring within Habitats Associated with
the Proposed TMX Project and Shipping Route.
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Northern Goshawk, laingi Accipiter gentalis laingi 1-T(20013) T(2013) Red, S2B(2010) 1 subspecies
Great Blue Heron, fannini Ardea herodias fannini 1-SC(2010) SC(2008) Blue, S2S3B, S4N(2009) 1 subspecies
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 48 V.1 Green Heron Butorides virescens Blue, S3S4B(2009) 4
Black-crowned Night-heron Nycticorax nycticorax Red, S1(2013) 3
Short-eared Owl Aseo flammeus 1-SC(2012) SC(2008) Blue, S3BS2N(2009) 2
American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Blue, S3B(2010) 2
Horned Lark, Strigata Subspp. Ermophila alpestris 1-E(2005) E(2003) Red, SXB(2010) 1 strigata
Marbled murrelet Brachyramphus 1-T(2003) T(2012) Blue, S3B, S3N(2010) 1 marmoratus
Olive-sided Flycatcher Contopus cooperi 1-T(2010) T(2007) Blue, S3S4B (2009) 2
Peregrine Falcon, anatum Falco peregrinus anatum 1-SC(2012) SC(2007) Red, S2?B (2010) 2 subspecies
Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica T(2011) Blue, S3S4B(2009) 2
Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia Blue, S3B(2009) 2
Surf Scoter Melanitta perpecillata Blue, S3B,S4N(2005) 4
Western Screech-Owl Megascopus kennicottii 1-SC(2005) T(2012) Blue, S3(2009) 1 kennicottii
Double-crested Cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus Blue, S3S4B(2013) 2
Band-tailed Pigeon Patagionenas fasciata 1-SC(2011) SC(2008) Blue, S3S4B(2009) 2
Spotted Owl Strix occidentalis 1-E(2003) E(2008) Red, S1(2009) 2
Barn Owl Tyto alba 1-SC(2003) T(2010) Blue, S3(2010) 2
Western Grebe Aechmophorus SC(2014) Red, S1B,S2N(2009) 1 occidentalis
American Avocet Recurvirostra americana Blue, S2S3B(2012) 2
Purple Martin Progne subis Blue, S2S3B(2005) 3
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 49 V.1
1.SARA Codes: 1 (Schedule 1): E=ENDANGERED: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction. T=THREATENED: A species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed. SC = SPECIAL CONCERN: A species of special concern because of characteristics that make it is particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Year of listing in brackets.
2.COSEWIC Codes: Same as SARA Codes, but not necessarily officially added to Schedule 1 of SARA.
3.B.C. List, Provincial Status: B.C. Codes: Red= indigenous species or subspecies that have, or are candidates for, Extirpated, Endangered, or Threatened status in British Columbia. Blue= indigenous species or subspecies considered to be of Special Concern (formerly Vulnerable) in British Columbia. Provincial Status Codes= For a full discussion of codes & rankings, visit [http://explorer.natureserve.org/nsranks.htm].
4. The conservation priority assigned to each species or ecological community under the Conservation Framework. A species or ecological community receives a conservation priority of 1 (highest) through 6 (lowest) for each of the three Conservation Framework Goals. The value shown here represents the highest priority across the three Goals. For more information go to: [http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/conservationframework].
3.2.2 Mammals There are at least 16 mammalian SCC that are supported by habitat found within the TMX ROW in Metro Vancouver and the associated shipping route (Table 3.2-2). Ten of these species are federally protected under the SARA. Key habitat for at least one of these, the Pacific Water Shrew, has been confirmed as overlapping with the proposed TMX ROW (e.g., Maps 3.1-4). The majority of the species in Table 3.2-2 are small mammals that may be difficult to detect (e.g., in tall grasses or small inconspicuous burrows) during and prior to construction. TMX's shipping route RSA also overlaps with designated critical habitat for the endangered Northern Pacific southern resident population of Killer Whale.
Table 3.2-2. Mammalian SCC Potentially Occurring within Habitats Associated with the Proposed TMX Project and Shipping Route.
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Pacific Water Shrew Sorex bendirii 1-E (2003) E(2006) Red, S1S2(2010) 1
Olympic shrew Sorex rohweri Red, S1S2(2010) 1
Keen's Myotis Myotis keenii 3(2005) Blue, S2S3(2013) 1
Townsend's Mole Scapanus townsendii 1-E(2005) E(2014) Red, S1(2010) 1
Little Brown Myotis Myotis lucifugus 1-E(2014) E(2013) Yellow, S4(2013) 5
Townsend's Big-eared Bat Corynorhincus Blue, S3(2013) 2
Trowbridge's Shrew Sorex towbrigii Blue, S3(2010) 2
Southern Red-backed Vole, Myodes gapperi Red, S1(2006) 1 occidentalis subspp. occidentalis
Long-tailed weasel, altifrontalis Mustela frenata Blue, SH(2011) subspp. altifrontalis
Snowshoe Hare, washingtonii Lepus americanus Red, S1(2011) 1 subspp. washingtonii
Stellar Sea Lion (rare visitor to Eumetopis jubatus 1-SC(2005) SC(2013) Blue, S3B,S4N(2013) 2 Burrard Inlet)
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 50 V.1 Killer Whale (West Coast Orcinus orca pop. 3 1-T(2003) T(2008) Red, S2(2011) 1 transient population) (occassional)
Killer Whale (Northeast Pacific Orcinus orca pop. 5 1-E(2003) E(2008) Red, S1(2011) 1 southern resident population)
Killer Whale (Northeast Pacific Orcinus orca pop. 6 1-T(2003) T(2008) Red, S1(2011) 1 northern resident population) (occassional)
Grey Whale (rare visitor to Eshichtius robustus 1-SC(2005) SC(2004) Blue,S3(2006) 4 Burrard Inlet)
Harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena 1-SC(2005) SC(2003) Blue, S3(2006) 4
3.2.3 Amphibian and Reptiles There are at least seven amphibian and reptile SCC that can be supported by habitat within the TMX ROW in Metro Vancouver (Table 3.2-3). Many of these species, and their eggs, would require skilled specialists to locate them prior to construction. Seven of these species are federally protected under the SARA, and one is considered likely to be extirpated. At least two of these species occur within the alignment of the proposed TMX route (Northern Red-legged Frog and Pacific Coast Painted Turtle; Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6). Breeding populations of Northern Red-Legged frog are located within the Tank Farm expansion area the Brunette River, and the southern portion of West Creek. . They are also found close to the Salmon River portions of the TMX ROW (Figures 3.1-1 to 3.1-6). Pacific Coast Painted Turtles are also found within the Trans Canada Highway Corridor to the east of the Brunette River, and Como Creek within or beside the proposed TMX ROW (Figures 3.1-1 to 3.1-6).
Table 3.2-3. Reptile and Amphibian SCC Potentially Occurring within Habitats Associated with the TMX Project
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Western Toad Anaxyrus 1-SC(2005) SC(2012) Blue, S3S4(2010) 2 boreas
Rubber Boa Charina bottae 1-SC(2003) SC(2003) Yellow, S4(2012) 1
Painted Turtle- Pacific Coast Chrysemys 1-E(2007) E(2006) Red, S2(2012) 2 Population picta pop. 1
Coastal Giant Salamander Dicamptodon 1-T(2003) T(2014) Red, S2(2010) 1 tenebrosus
Northern Red-legged Frog Rana aurora 1-SC(2005) SC(2004) Blue, S3S4(2010) 1
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 51 V.1 Coastal Tailed Frog1 Ascaphus truei 1-SC(2003) SC(2011) Blue, S3S4(2010) 1
Oregon Spotted Frog Rana pretiosa 1-E(2003) E(2011) Red, S1(2010) 1
1. Likely above the elevation of the pipeline, but included in case of migrants and dispersers. 3.2.4 Fishes There are at least 11 fish SCC that can be supported by habitat within the TMX ROW in Metro Vancouver (Table 3.2-4). Ten have been confirmed in waterways overlapping the proposed TMX ROW (Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6). Of these, three are protected under the SARA and five are federally-designated by COSEWIC. Most other species warrant consideration under the Fisheries Act. For some of the species in Table 3.1-6, Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley provides some of the only productive habitat remaining in the province and country (e.g, Nooksack Dace). For other species, such as Coho Salmon, this area offers productive spawning habitat, despite strong declines elsewhere. Other species like Eulachon, migrate up the Fraser River and are of extreme importance to Aboriginal history, culture, and harvest. Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6 show the prevalence and spatial extend of fish SCC within the waterways crossed by the TMX.
Table 3.2-4. Fish SCC Potentially Occurring within Habitats Associated with the Proposed TMX Project.
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Green Sturgeon Acipenser 1-SC(2006) SC(2013) Red, S1N(2004) 2 medirostris
White Sturgeon Acipenser T(2012) Red, S2(2010) 1 transmontanus pop. 4
Nooksack Dace Rhinichthys 1-E(2003) E(2007) Red, S1(2010) 1 cataractae- Chehalis lineage
Eulachon Thaleichthys E/T(2011) Blue 2 pacificus
Brassy Minnow- Pacific Group Hybognathus Blue, S2S3(2011) hankinsoni
Salish Sucker Catostomus sp. cf. T(2012) Red, S1 catostomus.
Cutthroat Trout clarkii subspp Oncorhynchus Blue, S3S4(2004) 2 clarkii clarkii
Cutthroat Trout lewisi subspp. Oncorhynchus 1-SC(2010) Blue, S3(2004) 2 clarkii lewisi
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 52 V.1 Bull Trout Salvelinus SC(2012) Blue, S3S4(2011) 2 confluetus
Pygmy Longfin Smelt Spirinchus sp. 1 Red, S1S2(2013) 1
Coho Salmon (Fraser River ) Oncorhynchus E(2002) Yellow, S3(2000) 2 kisutch
3.2.5 Invertebrates There are at least 24 invertebrate SCC that can be supported by habitat associated with the TMX ROW in Metro Vancouver (Table 3.2-5). Of these, five are protected under the SARA. Critical habitat for the Oregon Forestsnail occurs at Colony Farms Regional Park, overlapping the TMX ROW, and at various other locations within the TMX ROW (Maps 3.1-5 and 3.1-6). Many of these potentially occurring species are difficult to detect during pre-construction surveys, which do not usually include searches for pupae and snails (and such surveys have a very low detection success if performed). Some destruction of these SAR is therefore expected during construction.
Table 3.2-5. Potentially Occurring Invertebrate Species at Risk or of Conservation Concern to the Province within Habitats Associated with the Proposed Project.
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Oregon Forestsnail Allogona 1-E(2005) E(2013) Red, S1S2(2008) 1 townsendiana
Johnson's Hairstreak Callophrys Red, S1S2(2013) 2 Johnsoni
Monarch Danaus plexippus 1-SC(2003) SC(2010) Blue, S3B(2013) 2
Emma's Dancer Argia emma Blue, S3S4(2004) 4
Western Pine Elfin, sheltonensis Callophrys Blue, S3(2013) 4 subspecies eryphon sheltonensis
Olympia Oyster Ostrea 1-SC(2003) SC(2011) Blue, S3(2003) conchaphila
Dun Skipper Euphyes vestris 1-T(2003) T(2013) Red, S2(2013) 2
Silver-spotted Skipper Epargyreus clarus Blue, S3(2013) 4
Silver-spotted Skipper, Epargyreus clarus Red, SH(2013) californicus subspp. californicus subspp.
Physcomitrium Red, S1(2011) 2 immersum
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 53 V.1 Physcomitrium Blue, S3(2011) 2 pyriforme
Platyhypnidium Blue, S3?(2011) 2 ripariodes
Nodding semaphoregrass Pleuropogon Blue, S3(2011) 2 refractus
Pohlia cardotii Red, S2(2011) 1
Scarletback Traildropper Prophysaon Blue, S3S4(2008) 4 vanattae
Zerene Fritillary, bremnerii Speyeria zerene Red, S2(2013) 2 subspp. bremnerii
Rocky Mountain Fingernail clam Sphaerium patella Red, SH(2008) 2
Autumn Meadowhawk Sympetrum Blue, S3S4(2004) 4 vicinum
Black Petaltail Tanypteryx hageni Blue, S3(2004) 4
Beaverpond Basketail Epitheca canis Blue, S3(2004) 4
Auduin's Night-stalking Tiger Omus audouini Red, S1(2008) 1 Beetle
Pacific Sideband Monadenia fidelis Blue, S3S4(2008) 2
Black Gloss Zonitoides nitidus Blue, S3S4(2008) 2
Northern Albalone Haliotis 1-T(2003) T(2000) Red, S2(2002) 2 kamtschatkana
3.2.6 Plants There are at least 56 plant SCC supported by habitat associated with the TMX (Table 3.2-6). At least nine have been confirmed as overlapping or being very close to the proposed TMX ROW (Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-6). Five are protected under the SARA and one species is federally-designated as Endangered by COSEWIC. Many of the plant species listed, such as those found within Surrey Bend Regional Park (Map 3.1-4), require specific hydrological conditions for growth. Many others are threatened by the encroachment of invasive species, which can occur when habitat is fragmented and the pre-existing shading and soil conditions are disturbed.
Table 3.2-6. Plant SCC within Habitats Associated with the Proposed TMX Project.
Common Name Latin Name SARA Status1 COSEWIC2 B.C. Status, Provincial3 CF Priority4
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 54 V.1 Vancouver Island Bidens amplissima 1-SC(2003) SC(2001) Blue, S3(2008) 1 Beggarticks
Phantom Orchid Cephalanthera 1-T(2003) E(2014) Red, S2(2000) 2 austiniae
Streambank Lupine Lupinus rivularis 1-E(2005) E(2002) Red, S1(2009) 1
American Sweet-flag Acorus americanus Blue, S2S3(2000) 3
Carolina Meadow- Alopecurus Red, S2(2000) 3 Foxtail carolinianus
California moss Alsia californica Blue, S3(2011) 3
Willow Feather- Amblystegium varium Blue, S2S4(2011) 2 Moss
Chaffweed Anagallis minima Blue, S2(2008) 2
Schofield's Black Andreaea Blue, S2S3(2011) 2 Moss schofieldiana
Andreaea sinuosa Red, S1S2(2011) 1
Holzinger's Brachythecium Blue,S2S3(2011) 2 Brachythecium Moss holzingeri
Roell's Brotherella Brotherella roellii E(2010) Red, S1S2(2011) 2
Schleicher's Bryum schleicheri Blue, S2S3(2011) 3 Birnmoss
Callicladium Blue, S3?(2011) 3 haldaniuanum
Two-edged Water- Callitriche Blue, S2S3(2000) 3 Starwort heterophylla var. heterophylla
Yellow Marsh- Caltha palustris var. Blue, S3S3(2012) Marigold radicans
Green-fruited Sedge Carex interrupta Red, S2(2004) 2
Fox Sedge Carex vulpinoidea Blue, S2S3(2000) 2
Bearded Sedge Carex comosa Red, S2(2005) 3
Henderson's Sidalcea hendersonii Blue, S3(2001) 2 Checker-Mallow
Washington Claytonia Red, S2(2000) 3
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 55 V.1 Springbeauty washingtoniana
Diphyscium foliosum Blue, S2S3(2014) 3
Discelium nudum Red, S1(2014) 1
Three Flowered Elatine rubella Blue, S2S3(2000) 2 Waterwort
Small Spike-rush Eleocharis parvula Blue, S2S3(2000) 3
Beaked Spike rush Eleocharis rostellata Blue, S2S3(2000) 3
Nuttall's Waterweed Elodea nuttallii Blue, S3(2010) 4
Salt marsh Erigeron Red, S1(2013) Philadelphia philadelphicus var fleabane glaber
Joe-pye Weed Eutrochium Red, S1(2008) 1 maculatum var. bruneri
Poor Pocket Moss Fissidens pauperculus 1-E(2011) E(2011) Red, S1(2011) 2
Fissidens ventricosus Blue, S2S3(2011) 2
Slender-Spiked Glyceria leptostachya Blue, S2S3(2000) 2 Mannagrass
Mountain Helenium autumnale Blue, S2S3(2000) 2 Sneezeweed var. grandiflorum
Nutall's Sunflower Helianthus nuttallii Red, S1(2000) 2 ssp. rydbergii
Hygroamblystegium Blue, S3(2011) 3 fluviatile
Hygrohypnum Blue, S3(2011) 3 alpinum
Western St. John's Hypericum scouleri Blue, S2S3(200) 3 Wort ssp. nortoniae
Nuttall's Quillwort Isoetes nuttallii Blue, S3(2001) 2
Short-tailed Rush Juncus brevicaudates Red, S1(2013) 6
Pointed Rush Juncus oxymeris Blue, S2S3(2000) 3
Flowering Quillwort Lilaea scilloides Blue, S2S3(2000) 3
False-Pimpernel Lindernia dubia var. Blue, S2S3(2011) 2 dubia
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 56 V.1 Yellow False Lindernia dubia var. Red, S1(2008) 1 Pimpernel dubia
Western Water- Myriophyllum Blue, S3(2001) 4 milfoil hippuroides
Green Parrot's Myriophyllum Red, S1(2000) 2 Feather pinnatum
Ussurian Water- Myriophyllum Blue, S3(2002) 4 milfoil hippuroides
Needle-leaved Navarretia intertexta Red, S2(2000) 2 Nevarretia
Orthotrichum Blue, S2S3(2011) 2 cupulatum
Pseudephemerum Red, S1(2011) 2 nitidum
Ptychomitrium Blue, S3(2011) 2 gardeneri
Snow Bramble Rubus nivalis Blue, S3?(2008) 2
California-tea Rupertia physodes Blue, S3(2001) 2
Sphagnum contortum Blue, S3(2011) 3
Blue Vervain Verbena hastata var. Blue, S2S3(2012) 2 scabra
Warnstorfia Blue, S3(2011) 3 pseudostraminea
Northern Watermeal Wolffia borealis Red, S2(2000) 3
3.2.7 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation Key issues highlighted in Section 3.2:
Up to 135 SCC may occur in association with the TMX project. Many of these species are not found elsewhere in Canada or in B.C.
The current TMX alignment does little to avoid known areas hosting documented breeding populations of SCC. For example, the TMX is shown to encroach on known important habitat for Nooksack Dace, Barn Owl, Pacific Water Shrew, Coastal Painted Turtle, Great Blue Heron fannini subspp., Green Heron, Oregon Forestsnail, Coho Salmon, Coastal Cutthoat Trout, White Sturgeon, Green Sturgeon, Salish Sucker, Brassy Minnow, Northern Red-legged Frog, and numerous rare plants and invertebrates; the shipping route RSA also overlaps critical habitat of the Northern Pacific Southern Resident Killer Whale population
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 57 V.1 (Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12).
Proposed mitigation methods in the EPP are largely ineffective for preventing incidental losses and mortalities of SCC and a large spill in these areas could have significant impacts to several SAR.
Mitigation suggestions include:
Apply mitigation suggestion #1 in Section 4.1, as many SAR are associated with riparian habitat and waterways.
Collect more data on species-specific occurrences, like those shown in Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12, to demonstrate a strong understanding of the already known spatial occurrences of SCC, and show the consideration of such data in construction timeline and alignment planning.
Commit to using HDD with entrance and exit points outside of important habitats for SCC. Demonstrate that HDD sections can be repaired, when needed, with no disturbance to overlying habitat. Or, re-route the pipeline to avoid impacting critical habitat, potentially critical habitat, or areas of high importance to SAR.
PART 2: HOW SENSITIVE ECOSYSTEMS AND SPECIES MIGHT BE IMPACTED
4. Construction & Operation- Related Impacts
In the sections that follow, we outline key concerns related to potential impacts due to construction of the TMX on the environment. The facilities application outlines a number of construction-related activities related to ROW development that will be undertaken according to TM`s pipeline construction specifications, and in accordance with their Environmental Protection Plans (EPP). Construction activities for building the TMX pipeline will include grading, soil movement, and handling, which will be done to support access construction, pipe stringing, field movement of the pipe, and equipment and personnel along the ROW. Soil will be stock-piled along the edge of the ROW and replaced following construction. Any blasting will be done in accordance to TM`s Blasting Specifications, and temporary workspaces will be re-vegetated as appropriate. Several environmental impacts related to construction have been identified that require more consideration. 4.1 Construction Within or Adjacent to Riparian Habitat Various municipalities comprising Metro Vancouver have asked TM about their proposed construction methods for areas where the TMX crosses or follows waterways. For example, the City of New Westminster, during the second round of information requests, asked TM several questions related to the potential clearing of riparian habitat surrounding the Brunette River. TM answered by stating that they would have a very low impact on riparian habitat, as they intend to use trenchless construction methods
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 58 V.1 (HDD), which tunnel under sensitive habitat. However, TM's answer to IR2 A.2 ii, in paragraph 2, also indicated that the use of HDD is not guaranteed, as they state:
"In the event that HDD is not feasible, the pipeline will be installed using a trenched method, which may result in some disturbance of the riparian area....".
TM also failed to commit to adhering to local bylaws related to protection of riparian buffer zone setbacks in a subsequent IR. Open cut construction also remains as an alternate option for other sites as well in existing documents, including those for Burnaby Mountain. The language used throughout TM's responses, and within their documents, indicate that they may wish to keep open cut methods as an option going forward, rather than commit to trenchless construction methods. Therefore, we anticipate the potential for some loss of riparian habitat to achieve the proposed route. Even where HDD is used, section of HDD requires two ca. 60 x 60 m staging areas as entry and exit points, the locations of which were not available for review. These entrance and exit points could cause temporary loss of riparian habitat and could be subject to repeated disturbances due to pipeline repairs.
This section deals with the impacts of removal and fragmentation of riparian habitat on the quality of various aspects of the environment.
4.1.1 Importance of Riparian Habitat The protection and restoration of riparian corridors is central to landscape-level planning. Metro Vancouver has been involved in plans to protect, restore, and connect riparian habitat through multiple initiatives. Metro Vancouver's Ecological Health Action Plan (Metro Vancouver, 2011) highlights a regional green infrastructure network plan that works to support salmon in the cities, and focuses on local improvements to waterways. Nine of 12 goals in this plan (75%) directly or indirectly require the preservation or enhancement of riparian areas. Metro Vancouver is also a partner and supporter of the Experience the Fraser project, which emphasizes connectivity, preservation, and/or enhancement of riparian corridors along the Fraser River and associated waterways. The Experience the Fraser Implementation Plan (2012) was developed with input and partnership of over 22 local governments, private sponsors, NGOs, and First Nations. Therefore, the potential loss of riparian habitat along the proposed pipeline ROW would directly contradict the landscape-level vision and initiatives developed with locally-informed, multi-stakeholder inputs for the Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley regions.
Riparian areas, though relatively narrow compared to the larger landscapes in which they are found, provide magnified ecological services. They intercept sediments and nutrients, prevent downstream eutrofication, intercept pesticides that can be harmful to organisms, and stabilize banks to protect waterways against sedimentation that occurs with bank erosion. Riparian buffer zones also provide unique vegetation, host diverse wildlife communities, and are some of the last remaining unfragmented corridors supporting seasonal movements and migrations of amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. Riparian habitats also provide climatically-buffered microclimates required by many species, particularly amphibians. Degraded riparian buffers have been shown to reduce water quality, wildlife, and fish populations, and lead to increased water temperatures and decreased dissolved oxygen content. Loss of shade also exposes soils to drying and may exacerbate streambank erosion. Due to their protective value, riparian buffers are often designed or maintained based on the resources they protect and the threat of the surrounding land-use. Hence, the more sensitive the natural resource being “buffered”, and the more
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 59 V.1 intense the surrounding land-use, the more protection the buffer should provide (Castelle et al., 1994; McMillan, 2000; Thom et al., 2001).
Several potential impacts are likely to occur if riparian clearing is allowed within the protected riparian setback, even if it is temporary (reversible), periodic, small in scale, and accompanied by the proposed mitigation suggested by TM. These impacts are discussed in sections that follow.
4.1.2 Impacts to Water Quality, Hydrology and Microclimate Watersheds that contain human land-use activities tend to experience higher rates of erosion compared to natural landscapes. Construction within and nearby riparian zones is known to contribute to sediment and water quality changes in adjacent waterways. Well-controlled studies have shown that even properly installed and functioning silt fences and erosion control devices may only improve sedimentation due to construction by about 50% compared to with no mitigation when construction sites near waterways experience heavy rains (e.g., Angus et al., 2002). During such events, water quality monitoring may not be conducted if construction is delayed. The loss of riparian habitat, even if through the creation of small gaps, can exacerbate erosion and siltation into waterways that continue long after construction of the project is complete.
Construction and development within and near riparian zones can also significantly alter the hydrology of the system, due to increases in impervious surface area, loss of natural forest infiltration capacity, and modification of the stream drainage network (Booth, 1990; Booth and Reinelt, 1993; Booth and Jackson, 1997; Horner and May, 1999; Horner and May, 2001; Booth et al., 2002). The negative impacts of increased sedimentation and water quality on spawning salmon are well documented (Chapman, 1988; May et al., 1997; Naiman and Bilby, 1998). Salmonids are also sensitive to changes in streamflow, as they key their life cycles and seasonal movements, in part, to cues in local discharge regimes (Stouder et al., 1997). Increases in peak discharge magnitudes and frequencies can therefore have serious negative impacts on salmonids and other fish species, as well as on instream habitat characteristics (May et al., 1997).
A recent literature review and meta-analysis by Sweeney and Newbold (2014) looked at available research on buffer strip width and water quality changes to establish how wide streamside buffers should be to protect water quality, habitat, and biota. Their review concluded that buffers that are at least 30 m wide are needed for effective removal of subsurface nitrates, sediments, and other pollutants, which is of paramount importance for maintaining healthy aquatic ecosystems, fish populations, and other wildlife. This relatively recent meta-analysis should be considered by municipalities deliberating riparian widening to facilitate aquatic and fish habitat restoration, where buffer zones are currently < 30 m.
Another consideration with regards to the placement of the TMX route close to the shores of the Brunette River, Fraser River, and other tributaries and streams, is the potential for pipeline engineering mitigation required in such areas that could affect the riffle structure in these waterways. When pipelines run close to areas that could cause river scour, engineered protection can be installed between the watercourse and pipeline. Examples of such engineered protection includes rip-rap (large rocks placed on the river bank(s)), or tethered concrete matts and/or large interlocking boulders placed on the river bed. These types of structures are designed to act like armor against scour and erosion and to stay in place and protect the buried pipeline from exposure during the larger magnitude floods. Some structures are placed in the river to deflect river flow away from the pipeline and/or encourage sedimentation over
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 60 V.1 the pipeline. These in-stream, river-training structures are designed to minimize negative impacts on, or improve the flow and aquatic life in the watercourse, but they will also alter the sediment and riffle characteristics of a waterway. Several SAR found in waterways within Metro Vancouver, such as Nooksack Dace and Salish Sucker, are sensitive to changes in these parameters, as are spawning salmon.
4.1.3 Impacts to Temperature and Microclimate Riparian vegetation is important in the regulation of in-stream water temperature and temperatures in the surrounding terrestrial habitat. Riparian vegetation moderates the amount of light reaching the stream channel by blocking or filtering out solar radiation. This, in turn, helps to maintain cooler water temperatures (Moore et al., 2005). The effectiveness of riparian vegetation in producing shade depends on the composition, height, and density of the riparian vegetation, the width of the stream channel, and its aspect (Gregory et al., 1991; Naiman et al., 1992; Spence et al., 1996; Palone & Todd, 1997; Kauffman et al., 2001). Sufficient riparian vegetation helps to maintain surface water temperatures as well as shallow groundwater in headwater streams that feeds the main stem. Riparian vegetation is also important along the banks of wider rivers for creating shaded, cooler micro-habitats for fish and aquatic organisms that reside along river edges and banks (Palone & Todd, 1997).
Sweeney & Newbold (2014) addressed how streamside forested buffer zones protect water quality from changes in water temperature. This review and meta-analysis showed that full protection against water temperature fluctuations outside of a 2oC range requires a riparian buffer width of at least 30 m. Streams are particularly susceptible to a narrowing of riparian zones; decreased riparian widths around smaller waterways have been shown to cause higher summer maxima water temperatures and greater thermal variation (Sweeney & Newbold, 2014). In some cases, water temperature increases following a reduction in riparian zone width are enough to surpass temperature thresholds for some species; this reduces the habitat available to them (Barton et al., 1985; Jones et al. 2006; Witledge et al., 2006), alters their metabolic rates (Bott et al., 1985; Sinsabaugh 1997; Uelinger et al., 2000), or impacts the life history and reproductive success of aquatic insects on which fish rely (Vannote & Sweeney, 1980; Sweeney, 1993).
Fraser River sockeye salmon in Metro Vancouver are near the southern boundary of their postglacial distribution (Burgner, 1991), and they are particularly susceptible to increases in river temperatures (Beamish et al., 1997; Schindler 2001; Rand et al., 2006). Migratory salmon use water temperature to accurately time migration, and sockeye salmon are already being challenged by climate change, which is altering their water temperature cues used during migration as well as metabolic demands they face during migration. Anomalously high river temperatures have likely already contributed to the mortality of millions of migrating salmon in recent years (Fraser, 1995; Williams, 2005), threatening the sustainability of Canada’s largest salmon-producing river system (Cooke et al., 2004).
Riparian vegetation also creates terrestrial streamside microclimates that differ from the surrounding landscape (Naiman et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1995; Pollock & Kennard, 1998; Naiman et al., 2000; Kauffman et al., 2001). These microclimates often combine higher soil moisture, lower temperatures, and higher relative humidity compared to the surrounding landscape (Thomas et al., 1979; Swanson et al., 1982; Naiman et al., 1992; Pollock & Kennard, 1998; Kauffman et al., 2001). Riparian microclimates are generally more climatically buffered (cooler in summer and warmer in winter) than surrounding areas (Knutson & Naef, 1997). This buffering creates habitat characteristics desirable and necessary for many species, particularly amphibians (including SAR; Section 3.2.3) that reside in
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 61 V.1 riparian habitats year-round, and for mammals and birds during hot, dry summers, and severe winters (Knutson & Naef, 1997).
4.1.4 Fragmentation If the TMX ROW and temporary work space areas require clearing of riparian habitat, it will create gaps in the relatively continuous riparian buffer zone. Riparian corridors should be nearly continuous, and creation of gaps should be avoided whenever possible (May et al., 1997; Naiman & Bilby, 1998; Wenger, 1999). Fischer et al. (2000) found that continuous buffers are more effective at moderating stream temperatures, reducing gaps in protection from non point-source pollution, and provide better habitat and movement corridors for wildlife. Road crossings, utility-line gaps, pipeline clearings and crossings, and other causes of breaks in this riparian corridor fragment the ecosystem and allow surface runoff and pollutants to enter waterways through gaps (Schueler, 1995; May et al., 1997; Weller et al., 1998). Near-continuous riparian corridors are particularly important along smaller headwater and tributary streams, which make up the majority of stream length in any watershed, and are areas where a large portion of organic matter, large woody debris, and sediments are likely to enter the system (Osborne & Kovavic, 1993; May et al., 1997). Habitat fragmentation also affects wildlife dynamics, hindering the movement of certain species and affecting dispersal and immigration rates (Hinkle et al., 2002). Breaks in the riparian corridor should therefore be kept to a minimum to reduce effects of fragmentation. Similar fragmentation concerns may also occur where the pipeline ROW bisects any sensitive habitat, not just in the riparian zone; however, the potential effects are considered much larger in spatial scale when they occur within a riparian zone.
4.1.5 Disturbance and Release of Historical Contaminants Several locations along the proposed TM pipeline route have long histories of industrial activity, such as those along the shores of the Brunette and Fraser Rivers. An information request (IR2, A.5, City of New West) raised concerns about construction of the pipeline through areas with suspected, but untested contaminated soils. TM clarified in their response to this IR that they had not analyzed soil samples for contaminants and did not intend to prior to construction. Instead, they referred to their contaminant discovery program in Volume 6B, Appendix B, Section 1.0 (Page B-3). This monitoring program relies on someone being present during construction and noting hydrocarbon odours, visual sheens, products, or stains. This discovery program will likely be insufficient to detect many important chemicals, like certain metals and other contaminants, that may not be seen or smelled. These contaminants, once disturbed, can enter the environment and waterways, increasing the exposure of biota to toxins.
The paucity of information on soil contamination along the TMX ROW can also increase the risk of a pipeline failure. Many of the suspected contaminants within the TMX ROW are steel corrosive agents. For example, the historical uses of the Brunette and Fraser River shorelines included plywood and forestry operations, along with municipal incineration (including of wood products). This makes it likely that large amounts of wood preservatives such as chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper arsenate (ACA), and alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) could be found in pockets in these areas. These wood preservatives have been found to corrode steel (e.g., Zelinka, 2010). While anti-corrosive coatings may be used on pipelines to protect against external corrosion, they may be subject to cracking or chipping, and corrosion may continue at small crack and pit sites. These may not be detected using technologies proposed by TM, such as smart-pigging. The combination of pipeline burial in an
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 62 V.1 unidentified corroding environment, and placement along a watercourse known for flashy conditions where there may be a greater risk of scour, increases the risk and consequences of a spill in the future.
4.1.6 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation Key issues highlighted in Section 4.1:
Construction and development within riparian zones leads to impacts on water quality, including increased sediment load, increased runoff, increased water temperatures, and changes to the buffering microclimates that riparian zones provide. Mitigation, such as the typical erosion control fencing and re-vegetation, may not fully eliminate these impacts and aquatic ecosystems and associated biota could be impacted.
Creation of gaps, and fragmentation of riparian habitat should be avoided to prevent areas where point source pollution and runoff can enter the waterway, and to provide relatively continuous migratory corridors for wildlife and thermal protection for fish.
Other studies have shown that construction within 30 m of waterways should be avoided, as at least 30 m of riparian vegetation is needed to protect aquatic conditions and aquatic life.
Mitigation suggestions include:
Re-route the pipeline such that it is not within 30 m of fish-bearing watercourses to protect aquatic resources now and in the future.
Commit to using HDD techniques under waterways and to placing the entrance and exit points of the HDD more than 30 m from shorelines to retain riparian buffer vegetation and to allow for future widening.
Conduct contaminated sites investigations prior to construction, especially for corrosive pollutants that may be present in areas that hosted historic industrial activities along the TMX ROW. Remove and remediate such soils if found.
Use thicker pipeline and pipeline casings in sections near or under waterways to protect them from unanticipated scour.
Place automatic shut-off valves on either side of fish-bearing waterways.
4.2 Noise, Visual, and Mechanical Disturbance to Wildlife Wildlife may alter their behaviours due to the construction activities described in this project. Stimuli, both auditory and visual, can elicit stress or startle responses in wildlife, which can affect species' energy budgets and physiologies (Kavaler, 1975; Krause, 1993). Construction of this project, both on land and within the marine environment (for construction of the WMT), can impact wildlife, including fish; however, responses will vary by species. Some species may become quickly acclimated, some may react physiologically to each disturbance but remain in the area (with higher cortisol levels and metabolic
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 63 V.1 demands), while others will avoid the area or may abandon it permanently. At the local population level, construction-related noise, human presence, and mechanical activities involved in construction of the TMX and WMT may create four primary issues for species:
1. Avoidance or abandonment (temporary or permanent) of habitats within or adjacent to construction-related disturbances, due to noise, human presence, and mechanical disturbance (e.g., vibrations);
2. Creation of a barrier that wildlife refuse to cross or cannot cross;
3. Mechanical disturbances causing accidental death, such as if a snake hibernacula or a small mammal burrowing network is punctured during excavation, or migrating toads or frogs are crushed by machinery; and
4. Failure to breed, or failed reproductive attempts by breeding individuals.
The potential for disturbance due to construction and ROW management during operations (e.g., mowing, management of invasive species along the ROW) would depend on the timing of activities relative to sensitive life-history periods of species that potentially occur in each area. Some examples of context-specific construction periods that can impact wildlife include:
disturbance to bird species just prior to, or following egg-laying, which can cause stress-induced abandonment of territories, with insufficient time to compensate for the missed breeding opportunity. This issue is not effectively mitigated by pre-clearing nest surveys in dense vegetation; observers can rarely identify bird nests above the lowest level of branches in tall coniferous forest, and are unlikely to be able to find nests in ground vegetation or dense shrubs due to impaired visibility;
mechanical disturbance of bat roosts, or bat or snake hibernacula, where large portions of a population may gather, and localized impacts can have larger-scale implications to the population. This issue is not effectively mitigated by pre-clearing surveys for bat hibernacula, as an observer on the ground can rarely identify such sites quickly;
construction near frog and toad breeding ponds during the fall, or in the path of their fall migration route, when large numbers of froglets and toadlets can migrate from the pond to their wintering habitat over a short period of time. These effects are difficult to effectively mitigate, as species like SARA-listed Northern Red-legged Frogs and Western Toads can migrate for many kilometers between breeding and wintering sites, sometimes over very short periods of time in the case of Western Toad, and migration corridors are not fixed.
Expansion of the WMT will also cause temporary underwater noise and mechanical disturbance effects to marine wildlife. Construction of the WMT will require underwater dredging and in-water construction methods. The construction of the WMT is estimated to result in the permanent alteration or destruction of 19,577 m2 of marine fish habitat, which will require offsetting. We predict that a larger area will be temporarily lost to wildlife and fish due to the underwater noise during construction, which will create a temporary zone of avoidance (See Section 9.1 for more details on impacts of underwater noise on marine wildlife). As the WMT is already identified as a potential contaminated site, the risks of significant
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 64 V.1 contaminant release during construction can be mitigated by proper disposal practices at an appropriate facility.
As almost all construction will, by necessity, have to occur within the critical life-history periods of certain SCCs (See Maps 3.1-1 to 3.1-12 and Tables 3.2-1 to 3.2-6), site-specific construction schedules must be provided to accurately determine the impacts. TM has not provided seasonal information on sensitive life-history periods for SCC, nor have they provided a high-level seasonal construction schedules, or life-history information on which they could be based. Without this information, and knowing that mitigation strategies described in TM's EPP cannot eliminate impacts, it is not possible for TM's consultants to have objectively predicted the effects of the TMX on wildlife SCC. More importantly, gathering information on species-specific occurrences and location-specific life-history schedules, and effectively incorporating those data into construction planning, takes a great deal of time, effort, data collection, and/or consultation with local experts. It is extremely unlikely that enough information can be collected and effectively integrated into a construction schedule prior to the proposed start of construction, given that so little information is presently provided in this regard.
4.2.1 Key Issues and Suggested Mitigation Key issues highlighted in Section 4.2:
Construction will unavoidably create noise and other noxious stimuli that can impact fish and wildlife. The impacts of these stimuli will depend on which species are in the area and what life-history stage they are in when encountering the disturbances.
Mitigation proposed is not effective at eliminating these effects. Hence, it is important to ascertain where SCC and species of importance are, when they are there, and what they will be doing when there, so that a seasonal construction plan can be made that minimizes impacts.
This requires more data than presented, and it would be unlikely that such information could be collected and meaningfully integrated into the construction plan by the intended 2016 start of construction.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 65 V.1 Mitigation suggestions include:
Implement mitigation methods described in the previous section (#1 preferred). As many of the SARA-listed species are associated with waterways and riparian areas. Increasing the setback of the pipeline from waterways will be protective to many SCC.
Collect information on the presence of SCC at each site, along with location-specific life- history schedules (e.g., timing of breeding) for each. Use this information to design a pipeline construction schedule that minimizes the number of SCC potentially impacted and to accurately predict which SCC would be most impacted.
Commit to using HDD techniques in areas with high SCC concentrations, as well as to placing the cleared entrance and exit points of the HDD sections in locations that do not encroach on important habitat to SCC.
4.3 Impacts to Plant Communities
4.3.1 Habitat Loss Estimates: Methods The TMX will cause vegetation loss due to surface clearing for the open cut segments of the pipeline ROW, for laydown and access areas needed during construction and maintenance activities, and for entrance and exit points associated with trenchless pipeline installation techniques, such as horizontal directional drilling (HDD). We conducted a quantitative analysis of the amount and types of green space that will be potentially lost (i.e., over the ROW), or functionally degraded or altered (due to areas cleared for temporary ancillary construction and laydown space) within Metro Vancouver as a result of the TMX.
Using ArcMap 10.2, we superimposed the digitized alignment and buffered areas onto maps to derive estimates of area permanently and temporarily lost. We estimated vegetation lost to the TMX within various Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC) zones, subzones, and variants (where available) in Metro Vancouver. In addition, we estimated the amount of sensitive habitat that would be lost or functionally degraded according to Metro Vancouver's Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory (SEI) spatial data. For calculations of vegetation loss, we used conservative assumptions derived from the facilities application and from answers provided during the IR phases. We assumed that TM will use a 10 m wide permanent ROW. For our calculation of functional habitat loss, we assume a footprint for temporary workspace that resembles PT-9001 filed in Volume 4B, Appendix B-4 (Filing ID A3S1K7), which was indicated as a likely ROW configuration by TM; this configuration is approximately 31 m wide.
Briefly, we created a centre line through the proposed pipeline corridor and buffered that by 5m each side for the permanent loss area. In addition, we buffered the permanent loss areas by 10.5 m on either side to come up with the total temporary loss areas. We considered any tank farm expansion as a permanent loss area, and the laydown area west of colony farm as a temporary habitat loss area. We utilized imagery provided on ArcGIS online to perform an estimate of the green space and agricultural areas within each BEC subzone in Metro Vancouver. Satellite imagery ranged in date from 2009 to 2012, based on availability. In our calculations, we do not subtract surface land over sections where TM has indicated the potential for use of horizontal directional drilling (HDD), in cases where HDD has not
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 66 V.1 been formally committed to, or where its feasibility requires further investigation (See Section 4.1 for rationale). We did not include any vegetation loss from sections of the TMX that already overlap existing infrastructure.
4.3.2 Limitations: Habitat Loss Calculations The analyses conducted herein are necessarily estimates, as TM has continually changed and adjusted their TMX project in parallel with the third party review period. Satellite images utilized in calculations were also captured between 6 and 2 years before present, meaning that available green space may be slightly lower than depicted. This is most likely a concern that would impact the agricultural green space category. Further, if HDD is committed to over considerably large areas, our calculations may over- estimate permanent vegetation lost.
However, if HDD sections are not of substantial length (i.e., go under water bodies), then the calculations within this section may still estimate losses reasonably well, particularly as we have not included habitat loss due to the ca. 60 x 60 m entrance and exit points needed on each end of HDD sections, which would be functionally lost or altered. These entrance/exit parcels of land could not be included in our calculations due to a lack of information on their locations within the TMX facilities application. These areas could, however, be as significant in area as ROW vegetation protected by small segments of HDD.
While TM refers to vegetated areas that will be disturbed or cleared for construction and then re- vegetated as temporary habitat loss, such areas could be functionally altered for up to 50 to 80 years, based on succession time and the likelihood of invasive species encroachment (and the subsequent need to manage for invasive species) (Section 8.1). Further, pipeline repairs could necessitate re-disturbance of entrance and exit points of HDD sections, or of temporary disturbance zones along pipeline sections installed using trench methods prior to a climax vegetation community appropriate for the BEC subzone being reached. Therefore, there is a chance that temporarily disturbed areas may not be restored to their previous conditions.
4.3.3 Habitat Loss per BEC Zone The Biogeoclimatic Ecosystem Classification (BEC) system in B.C. divides areas into 'BEC' zones, based on the unique combination of vegetation, soils, and topography among locations. The BEC system combines four schemes of classification: vegetation, climatic (zonal), site, and seral, and it is useful for predicting the suitability of habitat for performing various ecological functions. We superimposed the digitized TMX route map and applied assumptions noted in Section 4.3.1 to determine the amount of habitat that would be lost, permanently or temporarily, from each BEC subzone. Table 4.4-1 shows the amounts of both permanent and functional/temporary habitat loss and loss of green space within each BEC subzone that is predicted due to the TMX in Metro Vancouver.
We estimated that the TMX project will cause the permanent and temporary loss of 1,075,524 m2 of green space (107.6 ha), with 468,548 m2 (46.9 ha) considered permanent loss and 606,976 m2 (60.7 ha) considered temporary (Table 4.3-1). Agricultural areas and golf courses are included in this estimate, as these also serve ecological or environmental functions (e.g., agricultural land is hunting territory for a variety of raptors; golf courses contribute to impervious green space, which moderates stormwater runoff). When losses to agricultural and golf course land are excluded, an estimated 889,284 m2 (88.9
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 67 V.1 ha) is predicted to be lost or altered (Table 4.3-1). Slightly less than half of this loss is expected to be permanent (408,080 m2 or 40.8 ha) (Table 4.3-1). Most of the losses will be incurred within treed habitat, as 674,074 m2 (67.4 ha) will be lost or altered from this habitat type; 362,519 m2 (36.3 ha) permanently, and 311,555 m2 (31.2 ha) temporarily (Table 4.3-1).
This habitat loss and alteration will occur in two BEC subzones in Metro Vancouver: CWHdm and CWHxm1. The CWHdm subzone is generally less dry than the CWHxm1 subzone, which is considered very dry for the CWH zone. In its natural, unmodified state, the CWHdm is dominated by Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), Mountain Hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata), in similar proportions. The CWHxm1 subzone is dominated by Douglas Fir, followed by Mountain Hemlock, and Western Red Cedar. Both subzones have rich understory vegetation.
The loss or alteration of close to one million square metres of green space also has secondary implications on habitat fragmentation and the creation of edge habitat; both factors have negative impacts on wildlife that extend beyond the footprint (Section 4.1.4), are associated with a greater spread of invasive plant species, increase the size of areas over which herbicides like glyphosates may be required (Section 4.3.4), and increase potential human access to areas previously poorly accessible to humans (Section 4.3.5). These factors, combined, have the potential to degrade habitat beyond the widths considered in these calculations. Further, an overland spill would increase the area of habitat impacted or lost in proportion to the area covered in bitumin.
Table. 4.3-1. Permanent and Temporary Habitat Loss from each BEC Subzone Estimated for the Trans Mountain Expansion Project in Metro Vancouver. Area values are in square metres.
BEC Habitat Type Permanent Loss Temporary Loss Total Area Subzone (m2)
CWHdm Treed 240,081 56,983 297,064
CMHxm1 Treed 122,438 254,572 377,010
CWHxm1 Park/Conservation Area 18,272 51,239 69,511
CWHxm1 River/Stream Area 9,040 18,857 27,897
CWHxm1 Green (Grass/Shrub) 18,249 99,553 117,802
CWHxm1 Agricultural 40,370 83,260 123,630
CWHxm1 Golf Course 20,098 42,512 62,610
Total All Green Space 468,548 606,976 1,075,524
4.3.4 Habitat Lost within Metro Vancouver's SEI Categories
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 68 V.1 Sensitive Ecosystem Inventory (SEI) data were collected for green space within the Metro Vancouver area between 2010 to 2012, and a GIS database was produced following provincial inventory standards. SEI spatial data were used to produce maps of ecosystems that are: at risk, rare, ecologically fragile, or ecologically important because of the diversity of species they support. SEI inventory data included both sensitive ecosystems, such as wetlands and old forests, and modified ecosystems, such as areas that humans have modified, but which have significant ecological or biological value (e.g., sites within CFRP). More information for the SEI mapping data collection and methods can be found in Meidinger et al. (2014).
We estimated the loss or alteration of: 367,104 m2 (36.7 ha) of sensitive habitat, 192,302 m2 (19.2 ha) of modified habitat and 63,255 m2 (6.3 ha) of young forest, as designated in this dataset (Table 4.3-2). There are approximately 1,505,000,000 m2 (150,500 ha) and 302,000,000 m2 (30,200 ha) of sensitive and modified habitat, respectively, in Metro Vancouver (Meidginger et al. 2013; Table 1); hence, these values represent approximately <1% of the total available habitat in these categories. We do not know the total availability of young forest habitat within Metro Vancouver, but if this percentage were included, the total losses may approach 0.1% of available habitat. These numbers and proportions would be increased by considering adjacent degradation effects (e.g., Sections 4.1.4, 4.3.4, and 4.3.5) and by an overland spill (Section 5.1.2).
Maps 4.3-1 to 4.3-6 show the distribution of various sensitive, modified, and young stand habitats as designated by the SEI data, and their locations relative to the proposed TMX project;
Map 4.3-1 shows the TMX intersecting with a wide section of riparian habitat associated with West Creek, along with riparian habitat surrounding branches of Nathan Creek. It also shows it intersecting with wetland habitat to the immediate east of Ponder Park, and with areas characterized by young forest;
Map 4.3-2 shows the TMX intersecting with riparian habitat surrounding Anderson Creek, Salmon River, and creeks that feed the Salmon River within the Hope Redwoods Natural Area. This map also shows the intersection of the TMX with one wetland, a mature forest area within the Hope Redwoods Natural Area. It also intersects several small stands of young forest.
Map 4.3-3 shows the TMX intersecting with an expansive wetland area associated with Yorkson Creek and Derby Hills Conservation Area, along with a portion of riparian habitat on the immediate south shore of the Fraser River;
Map 4.3-4 shows the TMX intersecting a substantial wetland area associated with Surrey Bend Regional Park, as well as a wetland, mature broadleaf forest, and young forest area that runs along the southern shore of the Fraser River;
Map 4.3-5 shows the TMX crossing the Fraser River, where the a temporarily laydown area will encroach on old forest within Colony Farms Regional Park. As it progresses westward, the TMX will avoid most sensitive areas, until it meets the Brunette River and intersects with riparian habitat on the north side of the river; and
Map 4.3-6 shows the end of the line, between the Brunette River and WMT, where the TMX intersects with riparian habitat associated with Stoney Creek, and with mature coniferous forest.
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 69 V.1 The tank farm overlaps a wetland, containing the SARA-listed Northern Red-legged Frog, and small stands of young forest. Along the western side of Burnaby Mountain the TMX crosses young and mature mixed forest. The WMT overlaps young forest buffering Burrard Inlet.
Table 4.3-2. Area of habitat that would be permanently or temporarily lost/altered from each SEI category due to the TMX within Metro Vancouver.
Loss Type (Area, m2)
SEI Habitat Category Permanent Temporary Total Area % Available in Metro Loss Loss Vancouver
Sensitive Ecosystem 137,677 229,427 367,104 0.024%
Modified Ecosystem 38,730 153,572 192,302 0.06%
Young Stand (< 5 ha) 47,522 15,733 63,255 unknown
Total 223,929 398,733 622,661 <1%
Aug 2015 TM Project Environmental Impacts Metro Vancouver Zoetica Environmental Research Services 70 V.1 Map 4.3-1 Date: April10, 2015 Date: 1,000 1 2 3 500 Metres 1:20,000 4 5 0 Overlap Overlap of TMEP With ProposedPipeline Corridor Park/ ConservationArea Freshwater,pond Freshwater,lake Mature Forest,coniferous Mature Forest,mixed Riparian Wetland Intertidal Freshwater,reservoir Mature Forest,broadleaf Mature Forest,coniferous Mature Forest, mixed Forest Young Old Field Seasonally AgriculturalFlooded Field Forest (small) Young non SE or ME 6 Vancouver SEI Units Map - 1 SensitiveEcosystems (SE) Modified Ecosystems(ME) OtherEcosystems Ecosystem Class: FW - Freshwater RI - Riparian WN- Wetland - IntertidalIT Forest YFYoung - YS– Small patchesof young forest (<5 ha) MF Mature- Forest OF - OldField FS- Seasonally AgriculturalFlooded Field XX– NonSE or ME Number inbrackets is the percentage of the polygonmade up by that ecosystem class. Eachpolygon is colour-coded by themost prominantclass.
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