Coquitlam River, Which Extends Into the Coast Mountains And, As a Result, Except in Its Lower Few Kilometres, Has a Very Different Climate and Terrain
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Scientific Excellence • Resource Protection & Conservation • Benefits for Canadians Excellence scientifique • Protection et conservation des ressources • Benefices aux Canadiens Hydrology and Water Use for Salmon Streams i the Fraser Delta Habitat anagement Area, British Columbia Kenneth M. Rood and Roy E. Hamilton Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries and Oceans 555 West Hastings Street Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 5G3 1994 Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences o. 2038 Canada Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2038 1994 HYDROLOGY AND WATER USE FOR SALMON STREAMS IN THE FRASER DELTA HABITAT MANAGEMENT AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA by Kenneth M. Rood' and Roy E. Hamilton2 Fraser River Action Plan Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hasting Street 1 Northwest Hydraulic Consultants Ltd. #2 - 40 Gostick Place North Vancouver, B.C. V7M 3G2 2 Consultant 1138 Handsworth Road CANADA'S GREEN PLAN North Vancouver, B.C. V7R 2A8 LE PLAN VERT DU CANADA Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1994 Cat. No. Fs 97-4/2038E ISSN 0706-6473 Rood, K.M. and R.E. Hamilton. 1994. Hydrology and water use for salmon streams in the Fraser Delta Habitat Management Area, British Columbia. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2038: 187 p. II TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables. .................................................. .. v List of Figures vi List of Appendices , vi Abstract ..................................................... .. vii Resume viii Foreword ix 1 . INTRODUCTION ............................................ .. 1 1.1 Purpose of the Study 1 1.2 Scope of the Study 1 1.3 Organization of the Report. ............................... .. 8 1.4 Acknowledgements...................................... 8 2. THE FRASER DELTA HABITAT MANAGEMENT AREA 9 2.1 Physiography. ........................................ .. 9 2.2 Surficial Geology 10 2.3 Climate... ......................................... .. 14 2.3.1 Temporal Variation in Climate 16 2.3.2 Global Warming and Climate Change 16 2.4 Streamflow................................... ...... .. 18 2.4.1 Surface Drainage Patterns , 18 2.4.2 Hydrology of the Lowland Streams. ................... .. 19 2.4.3 Hydrology and Surficial Materials ..................... .. 21 2.4.4 Losses to Groundwater from Streamflow 23 2.5 Groundwater Resources 23 2.6 Stream Stability ...................................... .. 25 3. CALCULATING FLOW CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE SALMON STREAMS .... 28 3.1 Reference Point for Flow Characteristics ..................... .. 30 3.2 Period of Record for Calculating Flow Characteristics 30 3.3 Hydrometric Data in the Fraser Delta HMA 31 3.4 Other Sources of Hydrometric Data 31 3.5 Gauged Salmon Streams ................................ .. 33 3.5.1 Water Extractions and Flow Characteristics .............. .. 33 5.2 Storage and Flow Characteristics 37 .5 . 3.6 Gauging Records on the Stream Summary Sheets 38 3.7 Ungauged Salmon Streams .............................. .. 39 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS continued 4. LAND USE 40 4.1 Measurement of Effective Impervious Area (EIA) 40 4.2 The Effect of Urbanization on Hydrology ..................... .. 41 4.2.1 . Urbanization and StreamfloW Quantities 44 4.2.2 Urbanization and Flood Flows 45 4.2.3 Urbanization and Sedimentation ...................... .. 46 4.3 Agricultural Land Use ........... .. 46 4.4 Physiography.......................................... 46 5. WATER LICENSES 47 5.1 Classification of Water Licenses 47 5.1.1 Consumptive Licenses 47 5.1.2 Non-Consumptive Licenses 47 5.2 Licensed Versus Actual Water Use. ........................ .. 49 5.2.1 Domestic, Waterworks and Industrial Licenses 49 5.2.2 Irrigation Licenses 51 5.3 Calculation of Licensed Demand. .......................... .. 52 6. SENSITIVITY INDICES FOR THE SALMON STREAMS ................. .. 54 6.1 Summer Water Demand 55 6.2 Summer and Winter 7 day Low Flows 57 6.3 Peak Flows 58 6.4 Urbanization.......................................... 58 7. DISCUSSION OF THE SALMON STREAMS 60 7.1 Sensitive Streams 60 7.2 Discussion by Stream .................................. .. 62 8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS 71 8.1 Effects of Development on Hydrology ....................... .. 71 8.2 Technical and Management Recommendations 76 8.2.1 Estimation of Flows and Demands in the Salmon Streams 76 8.2.2 Water Licensing and Water Use , , 77 8.2.3 Groundwater Extractions. .......................... .. 79 8.2 Urbanization.. ..... .. .. 9. REFERENCES. ............................................ .. 82 iv LIST OF TABLES 1. Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA 6 2. Quaternary Deposits in the Fraser Lowland (Armstrong 1984) ........... .. 11 3. Surficial Geology of the Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA ........ .. 14 4. Regional Climate in the Fraser Delta HMA ......................... .. 15 5. Stability of Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA ................. .. 26 6. Definitions of Flow Characteristics .............................. .. 29 7. Hydrology of the Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA ............. .. 34 8. Calculation of Effective Impervious Area (from Dinicola 1990) 42 9. Effective Impervious Area in the Watersheds of the Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA 43 10. Storage in the Salmon Streams of the Fraser Delta HMA 50 11. Sensitivity Indices -- Fraser Delta HMA ........................... .. 56 12. Most Sensitive Streams -- Fraser Delta HMA " 61 v LIST OF FIGURES 1. Fraser River Habitat Management Areas '" ........................ .. 2 2. Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA 3 3. Distribution of Quaternary Deposits in the Fraser Lowland (Armstrong 1984) .. 12 4. Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Trends at Agassiz ............ .. 18 5. 1971 and 1972 Hydrographs: Anderson Creek and Mahood Creek 21 6. WSC Gauging Stations on the Salmon Streams in the Fraser Delta HMA 32 7. Calculation of Natural and "Naturalized" Flows for the Salmon Streams 36 8. Classification of British Columbia Water Licences. ................... .. 48 LIST OF APPENDICES A. Regional Hydrology of the Fraser Delta HMA B. Strea,m Summary Sheets C. WMB Licence Application Tracking System D. WMB Reserve/Restriction Notices -- Lower Mainland VI ABSTRACT Indices of hydrologic sensitivities were developed for streams within the Fraser River Action Plan's Fraser Delta Habitat Management Area (HMA), where sensitivity refers to the state of those aspects of the hydrologic regime that affect habitat and are altered by human activities. The indices were used to rank 33 presently utilized salmon streams in the HMA according to water withdrawals, high flows, low flows and urbanization regarding impact from human activities and their ability to resist human impact. This study described those aspects of the climate, physiography, surficial geology and soils that affect the hydrology of the salmon streams. The local hydrologic regimes were described, and estimates of mean annual flows, mean annual floods, mean monthly flows, and seasonal 7-day flows were prepared for each of the salmon streams. Potential licensed demand on surface waters were calculated. The impact of urbanization on hydrology was reviewed, and areas of various land uses in the study stream watersheds were calculated. The main issues occurring on the salmon streams were summarized on a stream-by-stream basis. Watersheds of many of the salmon streams in the HMA have moderately impervious surficial geology with naturally occurring low flow problems during extended dry periods. Other watersheds underlain by deep glaciofluvial gravels (Nathan, Anderson, Murray and Fishtrap creeks and upper Salmon River) maintain greater base flows through groundwater discharge. In either case, urbanization may have only a small effect on low flows relative to effects of water extraction, and particularly groundwater extraction in the latter. The major surface water extractions were for irrigation from Nicomekl, Serpentine and Salmon rivers, and Matsqui and Gifford sloughs. Water storage requirements, except for the Coquitlam Reservoir, only represent a small portion of the water requirements for irrigation. Urbanization, and particularly effective impermeable areas from development, was found to be the main human activity affecting peak flows, particularly in areas that were developed prior to new municipal regulations restricting 2-year post development floods to pre-development levels. There is no local evidence that these flows constitute a channel-forming discharge in the HMA. There is no systematic record that examines bank erosion or channel downcutting as they relate to land-use activities in the HMA. Technical recommendations and management alternatives were discussed, including a variety of monitoring projects, water management plans, opposition to further water withdrawals in some streams, water storage opportunities, shallow well inventories, examination of effectiveness of current stormwater management, examination of sediment budgets, development of GIS map layers on channel changes and bank status, and detailed hydraulic modelling in contentious watersheds. VII RESUME Dans Ie cadre du Plan d'action du Fraser, des indices de vulnerabilite hydrologique ont ete etablis pour certains cours d'eau du secteur de gestion de I'habitat (SGH) du delta du Fraser. On entend par «indice de vulnerabilite», I'etat des elements du regime hydrologique qui ont un effet sur I'habitat et qui sont modifies par les activites humaines. Ces indices ont servi a c1asser 33 rivieres asaumons du SGH sur lesquelles s'exercent a I'heure