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Home , Brunette River, East Vancouver, False Creek, Fraser River, Granville Island, Jericho Beach

MAMMALS OF AND Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

Nick Page, Raincoast Applied Ecology, 2012

Scientific Name Common Name Presence Notes and Comments Historical Current DEER AND ELK Cervus canadensis roosevelti Roosevelt Elk P NP Extirpated from the Vancouver area over 100 years ago; recorded from early Vancouver in swamps and grassy wetlands including , Douglas Park, and flats (Matthews, 2011); elk hunting increased with expanding local population in the 1880s resulting in extirpation; in the middle to late 1800s "Chief Capilano got thirteen in one day at the head of False Creek, and shipped their carcasses to " (Matthews, 2011). Odocoileus hemionus Columbian Black- P NP Extirpated from Vancouver and Point Grey; rare migrants from or North columbianus tailed Deer Vancouver (“residents of East Van’s Cedar Cottage neighbourhood found an adult deer trapped in a fenced-in construction site” (no date: Dunphy, 2009)); an informant recorded by Matthews (2011) in 1931 stated “Father shot deer on Little Mountain [now Queen Elizabeth Park] in 1912”; deer appear to have been extirpated from Point Grey in the 1980s; Newell (1983) noted: “there are anecdotal accounts of deer and deer sign on the endowment lands particularly along 16th Avenue”; “According to longtime Fraserview residents, the last fawn born in Fraserview was attacked and killed by dogs in the mid 1970s (Urbantreefrog Blog, 2011). CARNIVORES Canis latrans Coyote NP? P Present throughout Vancouver and Point Grey; Coyotes have expanded into Vancouver relatively recently from Lower : "Coyotes first arrived in the City of Vancouver in the 1980s although they had been in the surrounding areas since the 1930s" (SPES, 2010); Merilees (1988) stated that “coyotes were originally present [in ], then disappeared, and now have again become resident”, although this is unconfirmed; Cowan (1930) did not record them from Point Grey in the 1920s. Canis lupus Grey Wolf P NP Extirpated from Vancouver before 1900 by hunting: "About 1887, a wolf was shot, behind what is now the bathhouse on " (Matthews, 2011). Vulpes vulpes Red Fox P RV Likely extirpated from Vancouver but may be an infrequent visitor from Burnaby and Fraser Valley; Newell (1983) noted: "no figure for the number of foxes inhabiting the U.E.L. is available” which suggests they were still present in Point Grey in the early 1980s; Cowan (1930) did not record them in Point Grey. Felis catus Domestic Cat NP P* Widespread and abundant in natural and developed areas of Vancouver; some are feral while others are domestic cats hunting in adjacent habitats. Lynx rufus Bobcat P? RV? Extirpated from Vancouver; possible rare visitor from Burnaby () to eastern part of city; was observed in Deer Lake area in 2009 and 2010 (Land Conservancy, 2010); Merilees (1988) states that it was “possibly a former resident, but none noted in recent times”; shy and nocturnal, it is rarely seen even if present.

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Puma concolor Cougar P RV Extirpated from Vancouver; very rare visitors from Burnaby or ; recorded at in Sept 2007; "years previous [no date] concession workers [in the Coliseum] discovered a hungry cougar roaming the mezzanine" (Dunphy, 2009); the last cougar in Vancouver was shot in October 1911 near Beaver Lake after it had killed deer and sheep in the Stanley Park Zoo (Matthews, 2011). Mephitis mephitis Striped Skunk P P Present throughout Vancouver including developed areas, although most common in Stanley Park and West End. Spilogale gracilis Western Spotted P NP No recent sightings or records and is likely extirpated from Vancouver; "western Skunk spotted skunk used to be common in [Stanley] Park but has not been seen for many years" (SPES, 2010); Cowan (1930) remarked that it was “the most abundant representative of the weasel family” and said its tracks were frequently seen near Musqueam Creek; Merilees (1988) stated that it “continues to be a resident” which indicates it was present in the late 1980s; there is a specimen at UBC museum from Marine Drive from 1932. Lontra canadensis North American P P Infrequently observed along marine shorelines and adjacent areas including River shores of Stanley Park (SPES, 2010), , Jericho Park ponds, Spanish Bank Creek, False Creek, and ; Slack (pers. comm.) observed a group of about 12 in the Southlands area in 2011. Martes americana American Marten P RV Likely extirpated from Vancouver but may recolonize infrequently from Burnaby and/or North Shore; SPEC (2010) notes "a lone American marten [was] observed by local naturalists between 2007 and 2009" in Stanley Park; likely visual record from Musqueam Creek area of Pacific Spirit Regional Park in February 2011 (see Elliott, 2001). Mustela erminea Short-tailed P RV Likely extirpated from Vancouver but may still occur in Stanley Park and/or Weasel Pacific Spirit Regional Park; "An adult male weasel [ermine] found dead near the Botanical Garden [in 1943] … constitutes the only known record of this species since 1923. It has been pronounced locally extinct." from Merilees (2005); Cowan (1930) considered it to be rare in Point Grey in the 1920s; Newell (1983) considered it to be “moderately abundant” in the U.E.L. (lists one specimen from Pilsbury, 1950); “Four short-tailed weasels were caught and removed from the area [now Pacific Spirit RP] during the two years [1964-65]” (Britton, 1963); one was captured on Still Creek near Kensington Avenue in Burnaby in January 2004 (Sampson and Watson, 2004); specimens from Point Grey in UBC Museum from 1923, 1955, and 1957. Neovison vison American Mink P P Present along marine shorelines and the Fraser River, as well as nearby streams and wetlands; observed at mouth of Spanish Bank Creek in 2003 feeding on chum carcasses and by tracks in same area in 2012 (N. Page, pers. obs.); SPES (2010) notes: "[mink] have been seen at Beaver Lake, Lost Lagoon and along the Park shorelines. A mink family was spotted near the Prospect Point Café in 2004 and an individual animal was seen at Lost Lagoon in the winter of 2009"; also observed in Burnaby () in August 2011 (N. Page, pers. obs.) and Byrne Creek in September 2006 (Cipywnyk,

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY 2011).

Procyon lotor Northern Raccoon P P Widespread and abundant throughout natural areas and residential areas with gardens for foraging. Ursus americanus American Black P RV Rare visitor from Burnaby and North Vancouver but not established in Bear Vancouver; seen in in 2008: "Provincial conservation officers tranquillized a bear in the 2100 block of Franklin Street, about three blocks west of Nanaimo Street, after a car struck it near the PNE. A few months later, police helped contain a mother and cub for tranquillizing near Hastings and Cassiar streets. " (Dunphy, 2009) Ursus arctos Grizzly Bear P NP Extirpated; likely an infrequent visitor even before early settlement. SEALS AND SEA LIONS Eumetopias jubatus Steller Sea Lion P R Occasional visitor to English Bay and ; "The marine mammals that commonly use the Park are harbour seals and occasionally sea lions" (SPES, 2010). Zalophus californianus California Sea Lion P R Occasional visitor to English Bay and Burrard Inlet; historically rare in (McKechnie and Wigen, 2011). Mirounga angustirostris Northern Elephant P NP Likely an infrequent visitor to Burrard Inlet historically, but rare and never Seal abundant; population expanding in Strait of Georgia. Phoca vitulina Harbour Seal P P Frequently observed along marine shorelines and Fraser River; uses log-booms and docks as a haul-out sites in Metro Vancouver Port and other areas; “individual seals occasionally haul out off Ferguson Point and the the rocks near Siwash Rock” (Robertson and Bekhuys, 1995). WHALES AND DOLPHINS Megaptera novaeangliae Humpback Whale P NP Extirpated from Strait of Georgia around 1908, their population is slowly expanding; there was a possible sighting in in winter 2007/2008 (Birdsall, 2009) but no confirmed sightings from English Bay and Burrard Inlet in over 100 years. Orcinus orca P P Infrequent visitor; both resident and transient groups occasionally visit English Bay and Burrard Inlet; a group of transients was seen in May 2011 near Stanley Park (Wildwhales.org, 2010). Eschrichtius robustus Grey Whale P RV Rare visitor to English Bay and Burrard Inlet; was observed in False Creek in May 2010 and English Bay in September 2010 (Wildwhales.org, 2010). Phocoena phocoena Harbour Porpoise P P Present in Georgia Strait (COSEWIC, 2003) and likely an infrequent visitor to Burrard Inlet. Phocoenoides dalli Dall's Porpoise P NP? Not present in Burrard Inlet despite small population in the Strait of Georgia; most recent records are from southern and Juan de Fuca; likely rare historically. Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Pacific White-sided P RV Extirpated historically, Pacific White-sided Dolphins have recently returned to Dolphin Howe Sound (2010-2011); they may be occasional visitors to Burrard Inlet; likely to be more abundant in future. BATS

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Corynorhinus townsendii Townsend's Big- P RV May be present in Vancouver based on historical records; still present in the eared Bat Lower Fraser Valley (known colony in ) (Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). Eptesicus fuscus Big Brown Bat P P Present in Vancouver; recorded with mist-net sampling in Stanley Park in Aug- Sept 2009 (Rutherford and Sinclair, 2010). Lasionycteris noctivagans Silver-haired Bat P P Present in Vancouver; recorded in Stanley Park in 2009 (Rutherford and Sinclair, 2010); other records from Vancouver described in Nagorsen and Brigham (1993). Lasiurus cinereus Hoary Bat P P Present; specimen found near Stanley Park in October 2011 (SPES, 2011). Myotis californicus Californian Myotis P P? Likely present in Vancouver based on historical records (Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). Myotis evotis Western Long- P P? May be present in Vancouver but no recent or historical records from region eared Myotis (Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). Myotis keenii Keen's Long-eared P RV No recent or historical records from Vancouver; if present, likely very infrequent Myotis in older conifer forest (COSEWIC, 2003; Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). Myotis lucifugus Little Brown Myotis P P Present in Vancouver; recorded with mist-net sampling in Stanley Park in Aug- Sept 2009 (Rutherford and Sinclair, 2010); one of the most abundant bats in BC (Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). Myotis volans Long-legged P P? Likely present in Vancouver based on historical records (Nagorsen and Myotis Brigham, 1993). Myotis yumanensis Yuma Myotis P P Present in Vancouver; recorded with mist-net sampling in Stanley Park in Aug- Sept 2009 (Rutherford and Sinclair, 2010); found throughout coastal BC (Nagorsen and Brigham, 1993). MARSUPIALS Didelphis virginiana North American NP P* Present in City of Vancouver although no recent confirmed records or sightings; Opossum not considered abundant; "BC populations are derived from animals introduced to State in the 1920s. First recorded at Cloverdale in 1946." (Nagorsen, 1996); City of Vancouver recorded to two deceased opossums in 2008 and 2009 (City of Vancouver, 2012); may occur in Renfrew Ravine (Still Moon Arts Society, 2011). RODENTS AND LAGOMORPHS Lepus americanus Snowshoe Hare P P? May be present in Point Grey area based on records of injured animals brought to Wildlife Rescue Association in Burnaby in 2004 and 2006 (P. Zevit, pers. comm.) but confirmation is needed; small population continues to occur near Burnaby Lake (E-Fauna, 2011) and in other urban forests such as Munday Park in (P. Zevit, pers. comm.); museum records from 1923 to 1948 from Point Grey and one from Southlands; Cowan (1930) described it as abundant in Point Grey in the 1920s because the lack of predators; Newell (1983) described it as a “rare inhabitant of the U.E.L.”. Oryctolagus cuniculus European Rabbit NP* P* Established population in blackberry-dominated shrublands of Jericho Beach Park; isolated individuals released in the wild are occasionally seen in other parks; Merilees (1988) noted that many varieties had been released into

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Stanley Park, and their damage to vegetation was obvious; Coyotes appear to have reduced their population in Stanley Park but they are still present (SPES, 2010). Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern Cottontail NP* P*? Not currently present in Vancouver area but occurs south of the Fraser River in Richmond and other areas of the lower Fraser Valley; likely to be introduced in the future. Castor canadensis American Beaver P P Found in ponds, lakes, and watercourses with connections to Burrard Inlet or the Fraser River including Jericho Beach Park; Spanish Bank Creek; Lost Lagoon, Beaver Lake, East Fraserlands (wetland filled in 2010), and golf courses in the Southlands area; Kherag (2010) noted: "arrival of a beaver into Beaver Lake for the first time in nearly 60 years" in 2008; population believed to be expanding in Lower Fraser Valley following reduced trapping. Microtus longicaudus Long-tailed Vole P P Likely present based on historical records (Nagorsen, 2005). Microtus oregoni Creeping Vole P P Likely present; many museum records from 1924 to 1974 in Point Grey; caught occasionally in UBC area while trapping for Peromyscus (Taitt, 1978); 21 found by Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) in lower Fraser Valley; abundant in riparian areas of Still Creek in Burnaby (Bennett and Wenn, 2006). Microtus townsendii Townsend's Vole P P? May be present in Stanley Park and/or Pacific Spirit Regional Park; museum records from 1931 to 1971 Point Grey; Cowan (1930) remarked that it was not common in Point Grey; one captured by Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) in lower Fraser Valley. Myodes gapperi Southern Red- P NP Likely extirpated; museum records from UBC 1946 and Stanley Park 1910; backed Vole Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) noted they “may only remain in PSRP”. Neotoma cinerea Bushy-tailed P P? May still occur in Pacific Spirit Regional Park and/or Stanley Park but not Woodrat recently confirmed; associated with rocky habitats but also adapts to abandoned buildings (Nagorsen, 2005). Ondatra zibethicus Common Muskrat P P Present; found in freshwater lakes and ponds; present in Jericho Park, golf course ponds in Southlands area, and Beaver Lake (SPES, 2010); observed at mouth of Spanish Bank Creek (R. Gruber, pers. comm.); Cowan (1930) considered it abundant everywhere along the lower Fraser River. Peromyscus keeni Keen's Mouse P P Widespread and common in natural and semi-natural areas in Vancouver. Peromyscus maniculatus Deer Mouse P P Widespread and common in natural and semi-natural areas in Vancouver. Zapus trinotatus Pacific Jumping P P? May be present; museum records from 1924 to 1950 in Point Grey; no current Mouse records (only 2 found by Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) in lower Fraser Valley); Cowan (193) noted it was not common in Point Grey. Erethizon dorsatum North American P NP Extirpated; was likely present historically but intolerant of forest loss and Porcupine settlement; still seen occasionally on North Shore. Mus musculus House Mouse NP P* Present throughout city within and near buildings; recorded 1928 but likely introduced during early settlement. Rattus norvegicus Norway Rat NP P* Present throughout city in both developed and semi-natural areas; recorded 1940 but likely introduced during early settlement; found to be abundant in riparian areas of Still Creek in Burnaby by Bennett and Wenn (2006).

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Rattus rattus Black Rat NP P* Present throughout city in both developed and semi-natural areas; recorded 1940 but likely introduced during early settlement; found to be abundant in riparian areas of Still Creek in Burnaby by Bennett and Wenn (2006); Carl and Guiguet (1972) stated that it was introduced after the Norway Rat. Glaucomys sabrinus Northern Flying P P Present in Pacific Spirit Regional Park and Stanley Park; "Forestry workers Squirrel have reported seeing the squirrels exiting tree cavities during routine work and the most recent sighting was in 2008 when a biologist consultant saw one during forest restoration activities… near the Seven Sisters site" (SPES, 2010); museum records from Point Grey from 1944 to 1988. Neotamias amoenus Yellow-Pine P NP Extirpated from Vancouver; "…a lone chipmunk [was encountered] near the Chipmunk junction of Imperial and 29th Avenues. There has been no record of chipmunks in the Point Grey area in the last sixteen years and it is possible that this was an escaped pet" (in Point Grey from 1923 (listed in Merilees, 2005); Newell (1983) listed it as: “a rare inhabitant of the U.E.L.” Sciurus carolinensis Eastern Grey NP P Present throughout Vancouver and Point in natural (except for dense conifer Squirrel forest) and semi-natural areas and developed areas; introduced to Stanley Park in 1909 (Steele, 1985; Gonzales, 2000); populations were observed beyond Stanley Park in the 1970s. Neotamias townsendii Townsend's P NP Extirpated from Vancouver but historically present in Lower Fraser Valley Chipmunk (Nagorsen, 2005); Cowan (1930) stated that it was not very common but it had been observed in the southern part of Point Grey.. Tamiasciurus douglasii Douglas' Squirrel P P Present in conifer forests of Pacific Spirit Regional Park and Stanley Park; also in Central Park in Burnaby; present in Renfrew Ravine (Nature Vancouver, 2009; Bennett and Wenn, 2006) and may occur in forests of Fraserview Golf Course (Page, pers. obs.). Sorex bendirii Pacific Water P P? May be present in riparian or shoreline area of Pacific Spirit Regional Park and Shrew possibly Stanley Park; no recent confirmed records; museum records from 1933 to 1973 records from Point Grey area; may occur in Musqueam Creek; likely sightings on Musqueam Creek and UBC Farm area since 2010 (N. Scapillati, pers. comm.). SHREWS AND MOLES Sorex cinereus Cinereus Shrew P P? Likely present but not recently confirmed; most widely distributed shrew in . Sorex monticolus Dusky Shrew P P? Likely present but not recently confirmed; museum records from 1924 to 1973 records from Point Grey and Stanley Park; abundant throughout lower Fraser Valley (Zuleta and Galindo-Leal, 1994). Sorex trowbridgii Trowbridge's P P? Likely present but not recently confirmed; museum record from Point Grey in Shrew 1951; more common south of the Fraser River (Zuleta and Galindo-Leal, 1994). Sorex vagrans Vagrant Shrew P P Likely present but not recently confirmed; museum records from 1924 to 1973 from Point Grey, , and Stanley Park; Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) found it abundant in lower Fraser Valley.

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Neurotrichus gibbsii Shrew-mole P P Likely present but not recently confirmed; many museum specimens between 1929 and 1979 from Point Grey; Zuleta and Galindo-Leal (1994) found them to widespread in non-riparian coniferous forest in the lower Fraser Valley; SPES (2010) states "no shrew moles have been documented in [Stanley] Park to date"; Cowan (193) considered them to be very common in deciduous forest in Point Grey. Scapanus orarius Coast Mole P P Present; widespread in natural and semi-natural areas but generally confined to large parks (Stanley Park, Jericho, Van Dusen, Queen Elizabeth, New Brighton) and adjacent residential areas; museum specimens from 1923 to 1988 mainly from Point Grey (1 recorded “near Tatlow Park” in 1923 where it is no longer present).

Notes:

P = present P? = likely present but not confirmed NP = not present NP? = likely not present but unconfirmed RV = rare visitor (not an established population) * = introduced (non-native)

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY References (incomplete):

Bennett, C. and L. Wenn. 2006. Relative abundance and diversity of small mammals along Still Creek. BCIT Fish, Wildlife and Recreation Collection Student Report. 32 pp. Birdsall, C. 2009. Humpback comeback in Howe Sound [http://wildwhales.org/2009/10/humpback-comeback-in-howe-sound-continues/]. Wildwhales.org Blog [Accessed 11/20/2012]. Britton, M.M 1966. Reproductive success and survival of the young of Peromyscus. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, University of . Department of Zoology. 84 pp. Carl, G.C. and C.J. Guiguet. 1972. Alien animals in British Columbia. (Handbook No. 14), 2nd ed. rev. by C.J. Guiguet. Victoria: British Columbia Provincial Museum. City of Vancouver. 2012. Deceased Animal Inventory. Online Data Table [Accessed Jan 25, 2012]. http://data.vancouver.ca/datacatalogue/index.htm COSEWIC. 2003a. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena (Pacific Ocean population) in . Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vi + 22 pp. COSEWIC. 2003b. COSEWIC assessment and update status report on Keen’s long-eared bat Myotis keenii in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. vii + 35 pp. Cowan, I.M. 1930. Mammals of Point Grey. Field Naturalist Vol. 44 (6): 133–134. Cowan, I. M., and C. J. Guiguet. 1965. The mammals of British Columbia. Handbook No. 11. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Victoria, BC. 414 pp. Cipywnyk, 2011 http://www.cipywnyk.net/mtblog/archives/000460.html [January 2012]. Paul Cipywnyk's Blog. Elliott, K. 2001. A possible Pine Marten (Martes americana) sighting in Pacific Sprit Regional Park. Vancouver Natural History Society. Need date. Dunphy, M. 2009. Adaptable predators thrive across Vancouver. Georgia Strait, July 2, 2009. [http://www.straight.com/article-237587/adaptable-predators-thrive- across-city]. Vancouver, BC. [Accessed 11/10/2011]. Gonzales, E.K. 2000. Distinguishing between modes of dispersal by introduced eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). M.Sc. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON. Hall, R.E. 1945. Four new ermines of the . Journal of Mammology 26(2): 75-85. Hatler, D. F., D. W. Nagorsen, and A. Beal. 2008. Carnivores of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. 407 pp. Johnson, R. E., and K. M. Cassidy. 1997. Terrestrial mammals of Washington State: Location data and predicted distributions. Vol. 3 in: K. M. Cassidy, C. E. Grue, M. R. Smith, K. M. Dvornich, (eds). Washington Sate Gap Analysis-Final Report Washington Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle. 304 pp. Kheraj, S. 2010. Historical overview of Stanley Park. Unpublished paper for Stanley Park Ecology Society. 7 pp. Land Conservancy, 2010. Bobcat visits Eagles Estate Heritage Garden (March 23, 2010) [http://blog.conservancy.bc.ca]. Burnaby, BC. [Accessed: 12/05/2011]. Matthews, J.S. 2011 [or original date?]. Early Vancouver, Vol. 1. Vancouver: City of Vancouver. McKechnie, I. and R.J. Wigen. 2011. Toward a historical ecology of pinniped and sea otter hunting traditions on the coast of southern British Columbia. In: Human Impacts on Seals, Sea Lions, and Sea Otters: Integrating Archaeology and Ecology in the Northeast Pacific. Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick, eds. Pp. 129-166. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Merilees, B. 2005. Selected excerpts from the Vancouver Natural History Society “Bulletin” (Number 1, September, 1943 to Number 153, December 1971). Unpublished document by Vancouver Natural History Society. 376 pp. Merilees, W. 1988. An Annotated Checklist for the Mammals of Stanley Park, pp. 64-66 in Vancouver Natural History Society, The Natural History of Stanley Park, Discovery Press. Nagorsen museum record data Nagorsen, D.W. 1996. Opossums, shrews and moles of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 168 pp. Nagorsen, D.W. 2005. Rodents and lagomorphs of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. 410 pp. Nagorsen, D.W., and R.M. Brigham. 1993. Bats of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 164 pp. Nature Vancouver. 2009. Parks and nature places around Vancouver. A. Parkinson (ed). Xx pp. Newell, D.M.G. 1983. The Terrestrial Vertebrates of the University Endowment Lands. University Endowment Lands Forest Park Research Technical Paper. 70 pp. Pillsbury, R.W. 1950. Early spring feeding of the Rufous Hummingbird on the coast of southern British Columbia. Murrelet, 31:45. Robertson, I. and T. J. Bekhuys. 1995. Lions Gate Crossing Project: Comparative Environmental Assessment Study: Wildlife Resources. Draft Final. Rpt. to the B.C. Ministry of Transportation and Highways. Rutherford, E. and D. Sinclair. 2010. Bats of Stanley Park. Unpublished report for Diploma of Technology, British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT). 67 pp. Sampson, L. and M. Watson. 2004. Biological inventory of Still Creek, Burnaby. BCIT Fish, Wildlife and Recreation Collection Student Report. 49 pp. Shackelton, D. M. 1999. Hoofed mammals of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, BC. 268 pp. Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES). 2010. State of the Park Report for the Ecological Integrity of Stanley Park. 229 pp. + appendices. Stanley Park Ecology Society (SPES). 2011. Cool wildlife sightings. Winter 2011/12 newsletter. 8 pp. Steele, R.M. 1985. The Stanley Park Explorer. Vancouver. Heritage House. Taitt, M.J. 1978. Population dynamics of Peromyscus maniculatus austerus and Microtus townsendii with supplementary food. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of British Columbia Zoology Department. 192 pp. Still Moon Arts Society. 2011. Blog entry. [http://stillmoon.org/?page_id=905]. Accessed December 7, 2011. Wildwhales.org. 2010. “Grey whale in the city again” (Sept 1, 2010) [http://wildwhales.org/2010/09/grey-whale-in-the-city-again/] and “Grey whale in the city” (May 11, 2011) [http://wildwhales.org/2010/05/grey-whale-in-the-city/]. Wildwhales.org Blog [Accessed 11/20/2012]. Zuleta, G.A. and C. Galindo-Leal. 1994. Distribution and abundance of four species of small mammals at risk in a fragmented landscape. B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, B.C. Wildl. Work. Rep. WR-64.

Personal Communications Ron Gruber (Point Grey resident) Terry Slack (Point Grey resident) Dave Nagorsen (Mammalia Consulting) David Wong (community activist)

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY Andrew Rushmere (UBC Farm) Amy Frye (UBC Farm) Markus Merkens (Metro Vancouver Parks) Pamela Zevit (Adamah Consultants) Pablo Jost (CWS) Karenn Bailey (BCIT student) Nicholas Scapillati (community activist) Dawn Hanna (Jericho Stewardship Group)

Mammals of Vancouver and Point Grey: Summary of Historical and Current Occurrence Records

October 2012 Draft – RAINCOAST APPLIED ECOLOGY