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International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research

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International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research Volume 4, issue 1, 2017 ISSN 2154-3216 August 2017 International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research A Journal for Research and Investigation of Poisonous Plants ISSN 2154-3216 Sonny Perdue, Secretary U.S. Department of Agriculture Chavonda Jacobs-Young, Acting Deputy Under Secretary Research, Education, and Economics Chavonda Jacobs-Young, Administrator Agricultural Research Service Editors-in-Chief Kip E. Panter Kevin D. Welch USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Lab Logan, UT Editorial Board Christo Botha Dale Gardner Anthony Knight South Africa USA USA Peter Cheeke Silvana Lima Gorniak Franklin Riet- USA Brazil Correa Brazil Steven Colegate Jeff Hall Bryan Stegelmeier USA USA USA John Edgar Australia Editorial Advisory Board Chemistry Pathology Range Science/Botany Stephen Lee Claudio SL Barros Michael Ralphs USA Brazil USA Immunology Pharmacology Toxicology Isis Hueza Benedict Green Eduardo J Gimeno Brazil USA Argentina Molecular Biology/Biochemistry Plant Physiology Veterinary Science Zane Davis Daniel Cook Jeremy Allen USA USA Australia Mycotoxins Rangeland Management Gonzalo Diaz Jim Pfister Colombia USA Assistant Editor Terrie Wierenga USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Lab Logan, UT Aim and Scope The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research publishes original papers on all aspects of poisonous plants including identification, analyses of toxins, case reports, control methods, and ecology. Access and Subscription The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research is published twice a year (spring and fall) by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. All journal contents are available online without access fee or password control. The Journal can be accessed at https://www.ars.usda.gov/oc/np/poisonousplants/poisonousplantresearchjournalintro/ Submission Information To obtain submission instructions and contributor information, contact Editor-in-Chief Kevin D. Welch ([email protected]). The International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research is published by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and thus is not subject to copyright protection. All contents of the Journal except where otherwise noted are in the public domain and may be freely reprinted or redistributed. However, proper citations are recommended. The Journal may report research involving pesticides. It does not imply that uses discussed herein have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State, territorial, and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. Mention of trade names or commercial products in the Journal is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Research Service Web: www.ars.usda.gov Twitter: www.twitter.com/USDA_ARS In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877-8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD- 3027, found online at How to File a Program Discrimination Complaint and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632-9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250-9410; (2) fax: (202) 690-7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender. Preface We are pleased to publish this 4th issue of the International Journal of Poisonous Plant Research (IJPPR). The objectives of the IJPPR include providing a forum for publishing original research, case reports, and scientific reviews of poisonous-plant-related investigations or research. Additionally, we want this journal to provide a central outlet to share new information and technology from around the world on analytical techniques, tools to enhance diagnosis, and methods to reduce or prevent animal poisonings from plants. There is currently no journal, electronic or printed, that specifically focuses on poisonous plant research, and IJPPR aims to fill this critical role for scientists, veterinarians, educators, and the general public with an interest in toxic plants and their associated impact on animals and people throughout the world. We have employed an electronic publication system to make the papers as widely accessible as possible on the ARS website at no charge. It is our intent for IJPPR to be an interdisciplinary source bringing together all disciplines with a common interest in poisonous plants. This issue contains manuscripts that provide diverse research information and photographs of plant poisonings from the United States and other parts of the world. The cover and first three articles represent pyrrolizidine and dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids and their toxicity to livestock, structural implications on carcinogenicity, and a proposed taxonomic revision for one genus, Amsinckia. Also in this issue are reports on lupine toxicity, monofluoroacetate poisoning in sheep, white snakeroot, and rayless goldenrod toxins, and an evaluation of ELISA methods for management and control of annual ryegrass toxicity. The Editors-in-Chief thank those who have assisted in the production of the 4th IJPPR issue, particularly Terrie Wierenga, Editorial Assistant, ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, UT; Rosalind James, National Program Leader, ARS Office of National Programs; the staff at the ARS Office of Communications, Beltsville, MD; and others responsible for publishing this online journal. We also thank the IJPPR Editorial and Advisory boards for their peer review and recommendations for publication. Contents 1 Hydroxylic Solvent-Induced Ring Opening of the Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids Riddelliine and Seneciphylline: Implications for Toxicity and Analytical Studies Steven M. Colegate, Dale R. Gardner, William Resager, Nathan Bollar, Joseph M. Betz, and Kip E. Panter 16 Fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Lehmann Boraginaceae): Toxicity in Cattle Potentiated by Burrow Weed (Isocoma acradenia) Kip E. Panter, Steven M. Colegate, T. Zane Davis, Bryan Stegelmeier, Stanley L. Welsh, Dale Gardner, Stephen T. Lee, Peder S. Cuneo, and Clinton A. Stonecipher 25 Amsinckia Lehmann (Boraginaceae): A Summary Taxonomic Review Stanley L. Welsh, Kip E. Panter, Steven M. Colegate, Dale R. Gardner, Peder S. Cuneo, T. Zane Davis, Bryan L. Stegelmeier, and Clinton A. Stonecipher 36 Evaluation of the Stability of Benzofuran Ketones in Rayless Goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora) and White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) Under Different Storage Conditions Stephen T. Lee, T. Zane Davis, and Daniel Cook 43 An Evaluation of the Toxicity of White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima) and Rayless Goldenrod (Isocoma pluriflora) in a Lactating Mouse Model Kevin D. Welch, Stephen T. Lee, and T. Zane Davis 53 ELISA-Based Correlation of Rathayibacter toxicus Antigen with Corynetoxins in Pasture and Hay A.M. Masters, S. Colegate, D. Galvin, A.R. Gregory, A. Van Burgel, A.C. McKay, and V. Stevens 68 Gastrolobium spp. Poisoning in Sheep—A Case Report Roy Butler, Samantha Tai, Jeremy G. Allen, Daniel Cook, and Stephen T. Lee 72 Poisoning by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in Sheep in Northwestern Argentina J.F. Micheloud, R. Marin, A. Martinez, O.G. Martinez, D.R. Gardner, and E.J. Gimeno 79 Lupine Poisoning in Sheep on the USDA-ARS U.S. Sheep Experiment Station (USSES), Dubois, Idaho Kip E. Panter, J. Bret Taylor, Stephen T. Lee, Nicole K. Strong, Terrie Wierenga, Daniel Cook, and Stanley L. Welsh Hydroxylic Solvent-Induced Ring Opening of the Dehydropyrrolizidine Alkaloids Riddelliine and Seneciphylline: Implications for Toxicity and Analytical Studies Steven M. Colegate1*, Dale R. Gardner1, William Resager1, Nathan Bollar1, Joseph M. Betz2, and Kip E. Panter1 1USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Logan, Utah, USA 2Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA *Corresponding author: Steven M. Colegate, [email protected] Abstract Dehydropyrrolizidine alkaloids are potentially hepato-, pneumo-, and geno-toxic plant secondary metabolites that can also cause various cancers in animal models.
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