PART 426: Minimum Standards for Firefighting Personnel
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The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making
The Art of Reading Smoke for Rapid Decision Making Dave Dodson teaches the art of reading smoke. This is an important skill since fighting fires in the year 2006 and beyond will be unlike the fires we fought in the 1900’s. Composites, lightweight construction, engineered structures, and unusual fuels will cause hostile fires to burn hotter, faster, and less predictable. Concept #1: “Smoke” is FUEL! Firefighters use the term “smoke” when addressing the solids, aerosols, and gases being produced by the hostile fire. Soot, dust, and fibers make up the solids. Aerosols are suspended liquids such as water, trace acids, and hydrocarbons (oil). Gases are numerous in smoke – mass quantities of Carbon Monoxide lead the list. Concept #2: The Fuels have changed: The contents and structural elements being burned are of LOWER MASS than previous decades. These materials are also more synthetic than ever. Concept #3: The Fuels have triggers There are “Triggers” for Hostile Fire Events. Flash point triggers a smoke explosion. Fire Point triggers rapid fire spread, ignition temperature triggers auto ignition, Backdraft, and Flashover. Hostile fire events (know the warning signs): Flashover: The classic American Version of a Flashover is the simultaneous ignition of fuels within a compartment due to reflective radiant heat – the “box” is heat saturated and can’t absorb any more. The British use the term Flashover to describe any ignition of the smoke cloud within a structure. Signs: Turbulent smoke, rollover, and auto-ignition outside the box. Backdraft: A “true” backdraft occurs when oxygen is introduced into an O2 deficient environment that is charged with gases (pressurized) at or above their ignition temperature. -
Respirator Usage by Wildland Firefighters
United States Department of Agriculture Fire Forest Service Management National Technology & Development Program March 2007 Tech Tips 5200 0751 1301—SDTDC Respirator Usage by Wildland Firefighters David V. Haston, P.E., Mechanical Engineer Tech Tip Highlights ß Based on a 7-year comprehensive study by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG), a 1997 consensus conference concluded that routine use of air purifying respirators (APRs) should not be required. ß APRs provide protection against some, but not all harmful components of wood smoke, and may expose firefighters to higher levels of unfiltered contaminants, such as carbon monoxide. In addition, APRs do not protect firefighters against superheated gases and do not supply oxygen. ß Firefighters may use APRs on a voluntary basis if certain conditions are met. Introduction All firefighters, fire management officers, and safety personnel should understand the issues related to using air purifying respirators (APRs) in the wildland firefighting environment. This Tech Tip is intended to provide information regarding the regulatory requirements for using APRs, how APRs function, and the benefits and risks associated with their use. Respirator Types and Approvals Respirators are tested and approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in accordance with 42 CFR Part 84 (Approval of Respiratory Protection Devices). Respirators fall into two broad classifications: APRs that filter ambient air, and atmosphere-supplying respirators that supply clean air from another source, such as self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). APRs include dust masks, mouthpiece respirators (used for escape only), half- and full-facepiece respirators, gas masks, and powered APRs. They use filters or cartridges that remove harmful contaminants when air is passed through the air-purifying element. -
Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide
A publication of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide PMS 210 April 2013 Wildland Fire Incident Management Field Guide April 2013 PMS 210 Sponsored for NWCG publication by the NWCG Operations and Workforce Development Committee. Comments regarding the content of this product should be directed to the Operations and Workforce Development Committee, contact and other information about this committee is located on the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Questions and comments may also be emailed to [email protected]. This product is available electronically from the NWCG Web site at http://www.nwcg.gov. Previous editions: this product replaces PMS 410-1, Fireline Handbook, NWCG Handbook 3, March 2004. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has approved the contents of this product for the guidance of its member agencies and is not responsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone else. NWCG’s intent is to specifically identify all copyrighted content used in NWCG products. All other NWCG information is in the public domain. Use of public domain information, including copying, is permitted. Use of NWCG information within another document is permitted, if NWCG information is accurately credited to the NWCG. The NWCG logo may not be used except on NWCG-authorized information. “National Wildfire Coordinating Group,” “NWCG,” and the NWCG logo are trademarks of the National Wildfire Coordinating Group. The use of trade, firm, or corporation names or trademarks in this product is for the information and convenience of the reader and does not constitute an endorsement by the National Wildfire Coordinating Group or its member agencies of any product or service to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. -
Engine Riding Positions Officer Heo Nozzle Ff
MILWAUKEE FIRE DEPARTMENT Operational Guidelines Approved by: Chief Mark Rohlfing 2012 FORWARD The purpose of these operational guidelines is to make clear expectations for company performance, safety, and efficiency, eliminating the potential for confusion and duplication of effort at the emergency scene. It is understood that extraordinary situations may dictate a deviation from these guidelines. Deviation can only be authorized by the officer/acting officer of an apparatus or the incident commander. Any deviation must be communicated over the incident talk group. The following guidelines are meant to clarify best operational practices for the MFD. They are not intended to be all-inclusive and are designed to be updated as necessary. They are guidelines for you to use. However, there will be no compromise on issues of safety, chain of command, correct gear usage, or turnout times (per NFPA 1710). These operating guidelines will outline tool and task responsibilities for the specific riding positions on responding units. While the title of each riding position and the assignments that follow may not always seem to be a perfect pairing, the tactical advantage of knowing where each member is supposed to be operating at a given assignment will provide for increased accountability and increased effectiveness while performing our response duties. Within the guidelines, you will see run-type specific (and in some cases, arrival order specific) tool and task assignments. On those responses listing a ‘T (or R)’ as the response unit, the Company will be uniformly listed as ‘Truck’ for continuity. The riding positions are as follows: ENGINE RIDING POSITIONS OFFICER HEO NOZZLE FF BACKUP FF TRUCK RIDING POSITIONS OFFICER HEO VENT FF FORCE FF SAFETY If you see something that you believe impacts our safety, it is your duty to report it to your superior Officer immediately. -
Examination Information Information
8/16/19 MIDDLETOWN CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION Invites ALL Applicants for FIREFIGHTER/EMT APPLICATION INFORMATION Application Opening Date: August 16, 2019 Application Deadline: August 30, 2019 at 5:00 p.m. No application will be accepted after deadline. Application Fee: No fee is required to take the exam. How to Apply: Application packets may be obtained from the Human Resources Office located on the second floor of City Building, One Donham Plaza, Middletown, Ohio or may be downloaded from the website at http://www.cityofmiddletown.org/jobs. Please return completed application to Human Resources, City of Middletown, One Donham Plaza, Middletown, Ohio 45042, fax to 513-425-7929, or email to [email protected]. ADA Accommodation Requests: It is the policy of the City of Middletown to make all public examinations accessible to all persons, in accordance with state and/or federal laws. If you have a disability which requires accommodation in order for you to attend and/or participate in this examination, please contact us at 425-7706 or 425-7934 at least forty-eight hours prior to the time of the examination to advise us of the need for accommodation, and reasonable efforts shall be made to provide the same. EXAMINATIONEXAMINATION INFORMATION INFORMATION Examination Date and Time: ALL applicants will take a written examination on Saturday, September 7 at 9:00 a.m. Applicant check in time is between 8:15 a.m. and 8:45 a.m. No candidate will be admitted after the check in time. I.D. Requirements: Picture I.D. required at check-in. -
ENOP Position Task Book
United States BLM FIRE AND AVIATION MANAGEMENT Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management National Park Service TASK BOOK FOR THE POSITION OF U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Indian Affairs ENGINE OPERATOR (ENOP) United States Department of Agriculture U.S. Forest Service MAY 2019 Task Book Assigned To: Trainee’s Name: Home Unit/Agency: Home Unit Phone Number: Task Book Initiated By: Official’s Name: Home Unit Title: Home Unit/Agency: Home Unit Phone Number: Home Unit Address: Date Initiated: The material contained in this book accurately defines the performance expected of the position for which it was developed. This task book is approved for use as a position qualification document in accordance with the instructions contained herein. Verification/Certification of Completed Task Book for the Position of: ENGINE OPERATOR Final Evaluator’s Verification To be completed ONLY when you are recommending the trainee for certification. I verify that (trainee name) has successfully performed as a trainee by demonstrating all tasks for the position listed above and should be considered for certification in this position. All tasks are documented with appropriate initials. Final Evaluator’s Signature: Final Evaluator’s Printed Name: Home Unit Title: Home Unit/Agency: Home Unit Phone Number: Date: Agency Certification I certify that (trainee name) has met all requirements for qualification in the above position and that such qualification has been issued. Certifying Official’s Signature: Certifying Official’s Printed Name: Title: Home Unit/Agency: Home Unit Phone Number: Date: This document is posted on the NWCG website: https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/agency-taskbooks 2 BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT (BLM) POSITION TASK BOOK This BLM position task book (PTBs) has been developed for the Engine Operator position. -
Anomalous Effects of Water in Firefighting: Increased Fire Intensities by Azeotropic Distillation Effects
ANOMALOUS EFFECTS OF WATER IN FIREFIGHTING: INCREASED FIRE INTENSITIES BY AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION EFFECTS William W. Bannister, Chien-Chung Chen, and Nukul Euaphantasate University of Massachuset~s/Lowell INTRODUCTION The greatest single effect of water in fire extinguishing applications is its great cooling capacity, particu- larly when used in fog or mist form. There are several well-known situations, however, in which appli- cation of water actually serves to intensify a fire: 1. When applied to very hot oil or grease tires, water will flash into steam, with possible spattering effects that can spread the area of a fire. 2. Direction of a vigorous jet of water from a fire hose into burning liquid fuel can also increase the area of a fire by mechanical “digging” effects. 3. Air entrained in water jets, sprays, or mists can feed oxygen to a fire. 4. Water reacts explosively with active metals such as sodium, or with other water sensitive energetic materials such as strong acids or bases. 5. Previous work by this group [l] and confirmed by others [2] has shown that high humidity facilitates autoignition by lowering hot surface ignition temperatures. 6. “Boilover” can result from formation of a heat wave progressing downward through burning fuel floating on water, finally reaching the water and causing it to come to a rapid boil with forcible ejection of burning fnel upward from the surface. This occurs only for burning fuel mixtures made up of both high and low density components (as the lighter components volatilize, the heavier species tend to sink). Thus, this effect is not observed for pure liquids; the fuel mixture must be floating on water, and the effect requires several hours of build-up time before it is observed [3,4]. -
Fuelbreak Guidelines for Forested Subdivisions & Communities
Fuelbreak Guidelines for Forested Subdivisions & Communities By Frank C. Dennis Knowledge to Go Places This publication was developed for use by foresters, Fuelbreak vs Firebreak planners, developers, homeowners’ associations and Although the term fuelbreak is widely used in others. Implementation of these measures cannot Colorado, it is o�en confused with firebreak. The guarantee safety from all wildfires, but will greatly two are entirely separate, and aesthetically different, increase the probability of containing them at more forms of forest fuel modification and treatment. manageable levels. • A firebreak is strip of land, 20 to 30 feet wide (or more), in which all vegetation is removed down to bare, mineral soil each year prior to fire season. Above, cross section of mixed conifer stand before fuelbreak modification. Below, a�er modification. Inadequate fire planning can result in loss of life or property and costly suppression activities. Colorado’s forested lands are experiencing severe impacts from continuing population increases and peoples’ desire to escape urban pressures. Subdivisions and developments are • A fuelbreak (or shaded fuelbreak) is an easily opening new areas for accessible strip of land of varying width (depending homesite construction on fuel and terrain), in which fuel density is reduced, at an alarming rate, thus improving fire control opportunities. The especially along the stand is thinned, and remaining trees are pruned Front Range and around to remove ladder fuels. Brush, heavy ground fuels, recreational areas such snags, and dead trees are disposed of and an open, as Dillon, Vail, and park-like appearance is established. Steamboat Springs. The following is a discussion of the uses, limitations, But with development inevitably comes a higher risk and specifications of fuelbreaks in wildfire control of wildfire as well as an ever-increasing potential for and fuels management. -
Fire Extinguisher Training
EXTINGUISHER Fire Safety & Fire Extinguisher Use Fire Safety & Fire Extinguisher Use Objectives • Understand the combustion process and different fire classes • Understand fire extinguisher types, operating procedures • Understand basic firefighting concepts: • R.A.C.E. • P.A.S.S. Fire Safety & Fire Extinguisher Use The Combustion Process • Three components • Need all three components to start a fire • Fire extinguishers remove one or more of the components. Fire Classes A Trash Wood Paper B Liquids Grease • wood • gasoline • paper • oil • cloth • grease • etc. • other solvents C Electrical Equipment • magnesium COMBUSTIBLE • sodium • computers • potassium • fax machine • titanium • other energized D • other electrical equip. flammable METALS metals Fire Classes (cont.) CLASS K FIRES • Recently recognized by NFPA 10 • Fires involving combustible oils, lards and fats in commercial cooking. K Cooking Media Fire Extinguisher Anatomy PRESSURE GAUGE DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2 extinguishers) DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING AND SEAL HANDLE DISCHARGE HOSE DATA PLATE DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY DISCHARGE ORIFICE Fire Extinguisher Types A Trash Wood Paper PRESSURIZED WATER A Trash Wood Paper • Class “A” fires only • 2.5 gal. water (up to 1 minute discharge time) B Liquids Grease B Liquids Grease • Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check • 30-40 ft. maximum effective range • Can be started and stopped as necessary C Electrical Equipment C Electrical Equipment • Extinguishes by cooling burning material below the ignition point. Fire Extinguisher Types (cont.) CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) A Trash Wood Paper A Trash Wood Paper • Class “B” or “C” fires • 2.5-100 lb. of CO2 (8-30 seconds discharge time) B Liquids Grease • Has NO pressure gauge--capacity B Liquids Grease verified by weight • 3-8 ft. -
The Next Generation in Firefighting
INDUSTRIES IN WHICH TECHNICAL DATA: COLD FIRE®’S COOLING EFFECT COLD FIRE® IS USED: Underwriters Laboratories Listing: COLD FIRE®’s cooling effect makes • Federal, State, City and it an advantageous fire fighting product. Local Fire, EMS, and UL Classified for Class A & B Fires. Not only does this unique characteristic Police Departments UL Classified #: 2N75 assist in extinguishing the fire faster, but it works to enhance safety and safeguard the • Military/Governmental Tested in accordance with NFPA 18, Standard Entities for Wetting Agents; UL 162, Applicable lives of fire fighters and victims. When ® is applied to a fire, it quickly Port Authorities portions of the Standard for Foam Equipment COLD FIRE • penetrates the hot surface and extracts the and Liquid Concentrate; and UL 711 • Transportation Agencies heat from a fire without steam conversion. for Class B fires. (Water and foam do not have the same • Marine Industry Cold Fire can be used to extinguish aircraft fires and to cool down the fuselage for added safety Underwriters Laboratories of Canada Listing: penetration capability of Cold Fire). • Aviation ® ULC Classified under file #: Cex 1225. COOLING TEST • Manufacturing Facilities ULC Subj. C175. DATA CONDUCTED • Construction, BY INTERTEK TESTING Plumbing, Welding EPA SNAP (Significantly New SERVICES: The Next Generation Alternative Policy) Program Listing & Roofing Industries Procedure: Materials were heated to • Automobile in Firefighting COLD FIRE® has been listed by the United 500ºF using a hand torch. Using a thermal Manufacturing couple, the surface temperature of each of States Environmental Protection Program on the following "Hot" materials was recorded • Motorized their SNAP Program Vendor List. -
Fire Fighting Controlled Burn-Offs
This Best Practice Guide is being reviewed. The future of Best Practice Guides will be decided during 2015. Best practice guidelines for Fire Fighting Controlled Burn-Offs V ision, knowledge, performance competenz.org.nz He Mihi Nga pakiaka ki te Rawhiti. Roots to the East. Nga pakiaka ki te Raki. Roots to the North. Nga pakiaka ki te Uru. Roots to the West. Nga pakiaka ki te Tonga. Roots to the South. Nau mai, Haere mai We greet you and welcome you. ki te Waonui~ o Tane To the forest world of Tane. Whaia te huarahi, Pursue the path, o te Aka Matua, of the climbing vine, i runga, I te poutama on the stairway, o te matauranga.~ of learning. Kia rongo ai koe So that you will feel, te mahana o te rangimarie.~ the inner warmth of peace. Ka kaha ai koe, Then you will be able, ki te tu~ whakaiti, to stand humbler, ki te tu~ whakahi.~ Yet stand proud. Kia Kaha, kia manawanui~ Be strong, be steadfast. Tena koutou katoa. First edition December 2000 Revised edition January 2005 These Best Practice Guidelines are to be used as a guide to certain fire-fighting and controlled burnoff procedures and techniques. They do not supersede legislation in any jurisdiction or the recommendations of equipment manufacturers. FITEC believes that the information in the guidelines is accurate and reliable; however, FITEC notes that conditions vary greatly from one geographical area to another; that a greater variety of equipment and techniques are currently in use; and other (or additional) measures may be appropriate in a given situation. -
Commonly Used Fire Terminology.Pdf
- Commonly Used Fire Department Terminology - Air Attack: Fixed-wing aircraft that directs air tanker drops on a wildland fire. The air attack orbits above all air tankers and copters and serves as an “eye in the sky” over the incident. The air attack includes the pilot and the air attack supervisor and communicates directly with the ground Incident Commander and other aircraft assigned to the incident; including media helicopters. Air Tanker: Fire retardant-dropping, fixed-wing aircraft. Air tankers are “typed” similar to engines, based upon the needs of the incident and capability. Backfire: A fire set along the inner edge of a fire line to consume the fuel in the path of a wildfire or change the direction of force of the fire's convection column Battalion: A geographic area consisting of one or more stations supervised by a Battalion Chief. Brush Engine: A mobile piece of fire equipment which carries hose, water and a pump, and is specially designed for off road wildland firefighting. CAD: Computer Aided Dispatch System. Used by Public Safety Communications Officers in the Emergency Command Center. This automated system verifies address information, recommends units to respond based upon the “closest resource concept”, time-stamps all activities tied to the incident (report time, response and on-scene time and other timekeeping functions). Contained: The status of a wildfire suppression action signifying that a control line has been completed around the fire, and any associated spot fires, which can reasonably be expected to stop the fire’s spread. Controlled: The completion of control line around a fire, any spot fires therefrom, and any interior islands to be saved; burned out any unburned area adjacent to the fire side of the control lines; and cool down all hot spots that are immediate threats to the control line, until the lines can reasonably be expected to hold under the foreseeable conditions.