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Homosexuals After the Holocaust: Sexual Citizenship and the Politics of Memory in Germany and the United States, 1945 – 2008

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Homosexuals After the Holocaust: Sexual Citizenship and the Politics of Memory in Germany and the United States, 1945 – 2008 HOMOSEXUALS AFTER THE HOLOCAUST: SEXUAL CITIZENSHIP AND THE POLITICS OF MEMORY IN GERMANY AND THE UNITED STATES, 1945 – 2008 by W. Jake Newsome May 6, 2016 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University at Buffalo, State University of New York in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History ProQuest Number: 10127745 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. ProQuest 10127745 Published by ProQuest LLC (2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106 - 1346 DEDICATION For my husband, Dennis. This project is finished, but ours is not. We are the authors of our own stories, and I know the best chapters of our history together have yet to be written. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS “It takes a village to raise a child.” We’ve all heard the old adage several times before, but now I know that it also takes a village to write a dissertation. As I’ve come to complete this work, the acknowledgments section is the one I’ve been most looking forward to writing. I hope the following words can fully express my deepest gratitude to all of the people who have helped me write this history over the past six years. Several individuals and organizations provided me with research funding, without which this dissertation would not have been possible. First, I want to thank Mrs. Anne Tirone. She is a kind and philanthropic human being. The Anne Reilly Tirone Research Fellowship gave me the luxury of focusing solely on my research and writing. In short, her continued support afforded me the most precious resource of all: time. In the summer of 2013, the German Historical Institute in Washington D.C. awarded me one of ten spots for their annual Archival Summer Seminar in Germany. While there, I not only got to do some preliminary research, but also meet some great colleagues, many of whom have provided feedback and camaraderie during the process of writing this dissertation. The History Department of the State University of New York at Buffalo provided generous funding for my research in Germany through the John Naylor Dissertation Research Fellowship. I received a Mark Diamond Research Fund Dissertation Grant from the SUNY Buffalo Graduate Student Association that allowed me to extend my stay in the German archives. The German Historical Institute also awarded me a Doctoral Research Fellowship to fund the American portion of my research on the transatlantic ties between the German and American gay rights movements. And SUNY Buffalo’s College of Arts and Sciences awarded me a Dean’s Innovation Fund, which provided funding as I sorted through my archival findings and then put pen to paper. Over the past six years, I also learned that historians simply could not do our work without the great work done by all of the archivists and librarians out there. Along the way, I have met some terrific people who are committed to preserving America and Germany’s LGBT history. Most of them are volunteers who dedicate their time and efforts to small, grassroots archives, and I’d like to thank them here: Rainer Hoffschildt, who founded the SARCH Archives in Hanover, has done meticulous and painstaking work by digging through material and personally identifying over 20,000 homosexual victims of Nazi persecution. Rainer was a iii gracious host during my time in Hanover, and many times encouraged me to answer questions that I hadn’t even asked myself yet. Albert Knoll made my time in the archives of the Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site as pleasant as such an experience can be. And when, at the last minute I had to cut short my stay in Munich, Albert and the volunteer team at the Forum Homosexualität München scrambled their schedules, coming in before and after work so that I could continue to do my research. The same can be said for Friedrich Schregel at Cologne’s Centrum Schwule Geschichte. There were many evenings when he came straight from work to let me in the archives. And of course, Jens Dobler and the faculty at Berlin’s wonderful Schwules Museum were fantastic at helping me locate a plethora of material for my dissertation. In the United States, my gratitude goes to Andrew Elder and Libby Bouvier, who helped me during my time in the archives of Boston’s The History Project. Paul Fasana and the team at the Stonewall National Museum and Archives in Ft. Lauderdale were also very helpful. I’d also like to thank Marjorie Bryer at the GLBT Historical Society archives in San Fransico, as well as the librarians and team at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. And lastly, I want to extend a warm thank you to John Offerdahl and the rest of the staff at the East Roswell Public Library, who always greeted me with a smile and kept a quiet study room ready for me after I moved to Atlanta to finish my dissertation. There were several people with whom I either conducted formal interviews, or simply shared a coffee and traded ideas. Annette Timm let me bounce ideas off of her when I was first conceptualizing the connections between sexual citizenship and the politics of memory in my project. Others that deserve credit are: Peter Hedenström, Ted Phillips, James Steakley, Richard Wetzell, Angelika von Wahl, Jok Church, Jörg Lenk, Patrick Carney, Gerard Koskovich, Avram Finkelstein, Thomas Rahe, and Roland Müller. There are many others, and I’m deeply grateful for all of these conversations. My dissertation committee members deserve more thanks than I can offer. Dr. Andreas Daum was a fantastic advisor, willing to give me all the space I needed in trying to figure out which direction my project would take. He always pushed me to think of the greater significance of my work, to think about the “so what?!” question with every draft I wrote. I always knew I could rely on his frank feedback, and I’m grateful to count Andy as a colleague and friend. Dr. Susan Cahn offered my first introduction to the history of gender and sexuality. She was patient with me as I tried to wrap my mind around this complicated, yet exciting way of approaching iv history and understanding the human experience. Her insightful comments forced me to articulate myself more clearly, and on more than one occasion, it was evident that she understood what I was saying better than I did. Moreover, Susan is one of the kindest and most generous souls I’ve ever met, and I’m thankful I got to know her. Dr. Sasha Pack was always quick to provide keen feedback that encouraged me to push into the finer detail and be more concise about what I was trying to argue. And I’m certainly grateful for the advice offered by Dr. Geoffrey Giles. Since we met at a German Studies Association conference, Geoffrey has been a friend and, as a leading expert on the Nazi persecution of homosexuals, his feedback has made this dissertation all the better. I also want to thank the professors at Valdosta State University who so greatly influenced me as a student, a scholar, and as a person. Dr. Charles Johnson was my undergraduate advisor, and he taught me the discipline it takes to write history. I will never forget the day that Charles simply asked me to leave his office because he could tell I had written my paper at the last minute; he told me to only come back when I had put some real effort into it! So, Charles taught me to be disciplined, but more importantly, he also taught me to look up from the books and learn from the world around me. In many ways, I owe my outlook on life as a scholar and as a person to Dr. Matthew Richard. His cultural anthropology courses taught me to think critically and approach questions with an interdisciplinary mindset. At the conclusion of my first semester with Matthew, I remember feeling as if I had discovered an extra sense that allowed me to see the world more clearly. Most importantly, though, Matthew instilled in me a deep conviction that education should be a form of activism, a force for positive and meaningful social change in the world. I also learned a lot from Dr. Ofelia Nikolova, who was the director of VSU’s Honors Program. She’s a larger than life character with a keen intellect and a heart as good as gold. She encouraged all of her students to get out of the classroom, engage in their own research, and then present it at conferences. I’ll always be thankful for Ofelia’s encouragement, which made this boy from rural southwest Georgia feel confident enough to stand before crowds of scholars and present his ideas. I would also be remiss if I did not thank Dr. Susan Eischeid. She continues to be a great friend, and one of the things I’m grateful for was how she never made me feel like I was just a student.
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