Digital Storage Devices Examples
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Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems
Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Disk Attachment Stable-Storage Implementation Tertiary Storage Devices Operating System Issues Performance Issues Objectives Describe the physical structure of secondary and tertiary storage devices and the resulting effects on the uses of the devices Explain the performance characteristics of mass-storage devices Discuss operating-system services provided for mass storage, including RAID and HSM Overview of Mass Storage Structure Magnetic disks provide bulk of secondary storage of modern computers Drives rotate at 60 to 200 times per second Transfer rate is rate at which data flow between drive and computer Positioning time (random-access time) is time to move disk arm to desired cylinder (seek time) and time for desired sector to rotate under the disk head (rotational latency) Head crash results from disk head making contact with the disk surface That’s bad Disks can be removable Drive attached to computer via I/O bus Busses vary, including EIDE, ATA, SATA, USB, Fibre Channel, SCSI Host controller in computer uses bus to talk to disk controller built into drive or storage array Moving-head Disk Mechanism Overview of Mass Storage Structure (Cont.) Magnetic tape Was early secondary-storage medium Relatively permanent and holds large quantities of data Access time slow Random access ~1000 times slower than disk Mainly used for backup, storage of infrequently-used data, transfer medium between systems Kept in spool and wound or rewound past read-write head Once data under head, transfer rates comparable to disk 20-200GB typical storage Common technologies are 4mm, 8mm, 19mm, LTO-2 and SDLT Disk Structure Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional arrays of logical blocks, where the logical block is the smallest unit of transfer. -
Secondary Memory
Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For example : Hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc. Electronic data is a sequence of bits. This data can either reside in : • Primary storage - main memory (RAM), relatively small, fast access, expensive (cost per MB), volatile (go away when power goes off) • Secondary storage - disks, tape, large amounts of data, slower access, cheap (cost per MB), persistent (remain even when power is off) Data storage has expanded from text and numeric files to include digital music files, photographic files, video files, and much more. These new types of files require secondary storage devices with much greater capacity than floppy disks. 1 Primary storage ( or main memory or internal memory) , often referred to simply as memory , is the only directly accessible to the CPU. Primary memory can be divided into volatile and nonvolatile memories. Primary storage (Main Memory ) has three main functions: 1-It stored all or part of the program that being executed. 2-It also holds data that are being used by the program. 3-It also stored the operating system programs that manage the operation of the computer. Limitation of Primary storage 1. Limited capacity- because the cost per bit of storage is high. 2. Volatile – data stored in it is lost when the electric power is turned off Or interrupted. -
Computer Organization and Architecture Designing for Performance Ninth Edition
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE NINTH EDITION William Stallings Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montréal Toronto Delhi Mexico City São Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Marcia Horton Designer: Bruce Kenselaar Executive Editor: Tracy Dunkelberger Manager, Visual Research: Karen Sanatar Associate Editor: Carole Snyder Manager, Rights and Permissions: Mike Joyce Director of Marketing: Patrice Jones Text Permission Coordinator: Jen Roach Marketing Manager: Yez Alayan Cover Art: Charles Bowman/Robert Harding Marketing Coordinator: Kathryn Ferranti Lead Media Project Manager: Daniel Sandin Marketing Assistant: Emma Snider Full-Service Project Management: Shiny Rajesh/ Director of Production: Vince O’Brien Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Managing Editor: Jeff Holcomb Composition: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Production Project Manager: Kayla Smith-Tarbox Printer/Binder: Edward Brothers Production Editor: Pat Brown Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Manufacturing Buyer: Pat Brown Text Font: Times Ten-Roman Creative Director: Jayne Conte Credits: Figure 2.14: reprinted with permission from The Computer Language Company, Inc. Figure 17.10: Buyya, Rajkumar, High-Performance Cluster Computing: Architectures and Systems, Vol I, 1st edition, ©1999. Reprinted and Electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Figure 17.11: Reprinted with permission from Ethernet Alliance. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. -
Chapter 16 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage
Chapter 16 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage - Databases are stored as files of records stored on disks - Physical database file structures - Physical levels of three schema architecture 1 - The collection of data in a DB must be stored on some storage medium. The DBMS software can retrieve, update, and process this data as needed - Storage media forms a hierarchy 2 -primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.. - offline storage, archiving databases (larger capacity, less cost, slower access, not directly accessible by CPU) Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices - Cache, static RAM (Prefetch, Pipeline) - Dynamic RAM (main memory( Secondary and Tertiary Storage -mass storage (magnetic disks, CD, DVD (measured in KB, MB, TB, PB - programs are in main memory (DRAM) -permanent databases reside in secondary storage - main memory buffers are used to read and write to secondary storage - Flash memory: non volatile, NAND and NOR flash based - Optical disks: CDs (700MB) and DVDs (4.5 – 15GB), Blue Ray (54GB) - Magnetic Tapes and Juke Boxes Depending upon the intended use and application requirements, data is kept in one or more levels of hierarchy 3 Storage Organization of Database -Large amount of data that must persist for a long period of time (called persistent data) - parts of this data are accessed and processed repeatedly during the storage period - transient data during the period of execution - most DBs are stored on secondary storage (magnetic disks) - DB is too large to fit in main memory - permanent loss on disk is less likely - less cost on disk than primary storage 4 5 6 - A range of cylinders have the same number of sectors per arc. -
Olympus Optical Disc Archiving Systems & Discstor 900 Optical
Olympus Optical Disc Archiving Systems & DiscStor 900 Optical Disc Storage System Solution Overview All Pro Solutions, Inc. | 1351 E. Black Street, Rock Hill, SC 29730 USA | Tel: +1.803.980.4141 | Web: www.allprosolutions.com | Email: [email protected] The Company – All Pro Solutions, Inc. – Leading manufacturer of automated disc duplicating, printing & publishing systems. – Started in 1996 manufacturing floppy disk duplication systems. – Family-owned and operated. – In South Carolina since 2009. – Provides services like document scanning, imaging, converting. – Expanded into data storage and archiving industry. – Whatever the problem, we find a solution. All Pro Solutions, Inc. | 1351 E. Black Street, Rock Hill, SC 29730 USA | Tel: +1.803.980.4141 | Web: www.allprosolutions.com | Email: [email protected] The Challenge Worldwide Corporate Data Growth Unstructured text Structured data Source: IDC The Digital Universe 2010 80% of Corporate Data is Unstructured File Data Active Less Active Inactive Hot Cold 10% Warm 20% 70% All Pro Solutions, Inc. | 1351 E. Black Street, Rock Hill, SC 29730 USA | Tel: +1.803.980.4141 | Web: www.allprosolutions.com | Email: [email protected] The Solution Blu-Ray Disc – The ideal media for long-term archival • Longevity • Capacity - Extendable • Security • Removability • Data Migration • Accessibility • Compliance • Compatibility • Green Technology • Power Consumption Networked Client Workstations LAN Primary Network Servers All Pro Solutions, Inc. | 1351 E. Black Street, Rock Hill, SC 29730 USA | Tel: +1.803.980.4141 | Web: www.allprosolutions.com | Email: [email protected] The Solution Blu-Ray Disc – The ideal media for long-term archival • Longevity • Capacity - Extendable • Security • Removability • Data Migration • Accessibility • Compliance • Compatibility • Green Technology • Power Consumption Networked Client Workstations Olympus Archiving System LAN DiscStor 900 Storage System Primary Network Servers All Pro Solutions, Inc. -
CSCI 120 Introduction to Computation Bits... and Pieces (Draft)
CSCI 120 Introduction to Computation Bits... and pieces (draft) Saad Mneimneh Visiting Professor Hunter College of CUNY 1 Yes No Yes No... I am a Bit You may recall from the previous lecture that the use of electro mechanical relays, and in subsequent years, diodes and transistor, made it possible to con- struct more advanced computers, e.g. ENIAC. This is accredited to the fact that these devices could function as on/off switches. On one hand, they create the ability to encode logic into the circuits of the computer. This means that the computer can perform different tasks under different conditions, i.e. the notion of a program. For instance, one could encode the logic if A OR B then C. On the other hand, these devices allow the engineers to worry less about the values that could possibly arise in the system: the switch is either on or off. It cannot be anything in between. Therefore, this means that any errors due to fluctuation in voltage levels are greatly reduced. It would be enough to simply distinguish between high voltage and low voltage. This brings us to the question of Analog versus Digital. In simple terms, a digital system encodes information using a number of de- vices that have discrete states (e.g. on/off switches). An analog system encodes information using a device that have continuous states (e.g. measurement in an electric circuit). To build an intuition for digital versus analog, consider the problem of en- coding a number using buckets of water. One possibility is to use two kinds of buckets, full and empty. -
Secure Data Storage – White Paper Storage Technologies 2008
1 Secure Data Storage – White Paper Storage Technologies 2008 Secure Data Storage - An overview of storage technology - Long time archiving from extensive data supplies requires more then only big storage capacity to be economical. Different requirements need different solutions! A technology comparison repays. Author: Dr. Klaus Engelhardt Dr. K. Engelhardt 2 Secure Data Storage – White Paper Storage Technologies 2008 Secure Data Storage - An overview of storage technology - Author: Dr. Klaus Engelhardt Audit-compliant storage of large amounts of data is a key task in the modern business world. It is a mistake to see this task merely as a matter of storage technology. Instead, companies must take account of essential strategic and economic parameters as well as legal regulations. Often one single technology alone is not sufficient to cover all needs. Thus storage management is seldom a question of one solution verses another, but a combination of solutions to achieve the best possible result. This can frequently be seen in the overly narrow emphasis in many projects on hard disk-based solutions, an approach that is heavily promoted in advertising, and one that imprudently neglects the considerable application benefits of optical storage media (as well as those of tape-based solutions). This overly simplistic perspective has caused many professional users, particularly in the field of long-term archiving, to encounter unnecessary technical difficulties and economic consequences. Even a simple energy efficiency analysis would provide many users with helpful insights. Within the ongoing energy debate there is a simple truth: it is one thing to talk about ‘green IT’, but finding and implementing a solution is a completely different matter. -
Chapter 6 : Memory System
Computer Organization and Architecture Chapter 6 : Memory System Chapter – 6 Memory System 6.1 Microcomputer Memory Memory is an essential component of the microcomputer system. It stores binary instructions and datum for the microcomputer. The memory is the place where the computer holds current programs and data that are in use. None technology is optimal in satisfying the memory requirements for a computer system. Computer memory exhibits perhaps the widest range of type, technology, organization, performance and cost of any feature of a computer system. The memory unit that communicates directly with the CPU is called main memory. Devices that provide backup storage are called auxiliary memory or secondary memory. 6.2 Characteristics of memory systems The memory system can be characterised with their Location, Capacity, Unit of transfer, Access method, Performance, Physical type, Physical characteristics, Organisation. Location • Processor memory: The memory like registers is included within the processor and termed as processor memory. • Internal memory: It is often termed as main memory and resides within the CPU. • External memory: It consists of peripheral storage devices such as disk and magnetic tape that are accessible to processor via i/o controllers. Capacity • Word size: Capacity is expressed in terms of words or bytes. — The natural unit of organisation • Number of words: Common word lengths are 8, 16, 32 bits etc. — or Bytes Unit of Transfer • Internal: For internal memory, the unit of transfer is equal to the number of data lines into and out of the memory module. • External: For external memory, they are transferred in block which is larger than a word. -
Archiving Online Data to Optical Disk
ARCHIVING ONLINE DATA TO OPTICAL DISK By J. L. Porter, J. L. Kiesler, and D. A. Stedfast U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Open-File Report 90-575 Reston, Virginia 1990 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, JR., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information Copies of this report can be write to: purchased from: Chief, Distributed Information System U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Books and Open-File Reports Section Mail Stop 445 Federal Center, Bldg. 810 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Box 25425 Reston, Virginia 22092 Denver, Colorado 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract ............................................................. 1 Introduction ......................................................... 2 Types of optical storage ............................................... 2 Storage media costs and alternative media used for data archival. ......... 3 Comparisons of storage media ......................................... 3 Magnetic compared to optical media ............................... 3 Compact disk read-only memory compared to write-once/read many media ................................... 6 Erasable compared to write-once/read many media ................. 7 Paper and microfiche compared to optical media .................... 8 Advantages of write-once/read-many optical storage ..................... 8 Archival procedure and results ........................................ 9 Summary ........................................................... 13 References .......................................................... -
Computer Hardware and Interfacing KSR
16EC764/ Computer Hardware and Interfacing K.S.R. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Autonomous) SEMESTER – VII L T P C COURSE / LESSON PLAN SCHEDULE 3 0 0 3 NAME : K.KARUPPANASAMY CLASS : IV-B.E ECE - A&B SUBJECT : 16EC764 / COMPUTER HARDWARE AND INTERFACING a) TEXT BOOKS : 1. Stephen J.Bigelow, “Troubleshooting, Maintaining & Repairing of PCs”, Tata McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, 2008. 2. B.Govindarajulu, “IBM PC and Clones hardware trouble shooting and maintenance”, Tata McGraw Hill, 12th Edition, 2008. b)REFERENCES: 1. Mike Meyers,“Introduction to PC Hardware and Troubleshooting”, Tata McGraw Hill,1st Edition,2005. 2. Craig Zacker& John Rourke, “The complete reference: PC hardware”, Tata McGraw Hill, 1st Edition, 2007. 3. D.V.Hall, “Microprocessorsand InterfacingProgrammingand Hardware”, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2006. 4. Mueller.S, “Upgrading and repairing PCS”, Pearson Education, 21th Edition, 2013. C)LEGEND: L - Lecture PPT - Power Point T - Tutorial BB - Black Board OHP - Over Head Projector pp - Pages Rx - Reference Ex - Extra Teaching Lecture S. No Aid Book No./Page No Hour Topics to be covered Required UNIT-I CPU AND MEMORY L1 CPU essentials - processor modes , T /pp429-431 1 OHP X1 modern CPU concepts TX1/pp 431-436 2 L2 Architectural performance features BB TX1/pp436-439 CPU over clocking , TX1/pp481-483, 3 L3 over clocking the system ,over clocking the Intel BB TX1/pp 483-486, processors TX1/pp 487-490 Essential memory concepts -memory 4 L4 BB T /pp 856-857 organizations X1 5 L5 memory packages & modules BB TX1/pp 857-872 6 L6 logical memory -
The Future of Data Storage Technologies
International Technology Research Institute World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC Panel Report on The Future of Data Storage Technologies Sadik C. Esener (Panel Co-Chair) Mark H. Kryder (Panel Co-Chair) William D. Doyle Marvin Keshner Masud Mansuripur David A. Thompson June 1999 International Technology Research Institute R.D. Shelton, Director Geoffrey M. Holdridge, WTEC Division Director and ITRI Series Editor 4501 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21210-2699 WTEC Panel on the Future of Data Storage Technologies Sponsored by the National Science Foundation, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States government. Dr. Sadik C. Esener (Co-Chair) Dr. Marvin Keshner Dr. David A. Thompson Prof. of Electrical and Computer Director, Information Storage IBM Fellow Engineering & Material Sciences Laboratory Research Division Dept. of Electrical & Computer Hewlett-Packard Laboratories International Business Machines Engineering 1501 Page Mill Road Corporation University of California, San Diego Palo Alto, CA 94304-1126 Almaden Research Center 9500 Gilman Drive Mail Stop K01/802 La Jolla, CA 92093-0407 Dr. Masud Mansuripur 650 Harry Road Optical Science Center San Jose, CA 95120-6099 Dr. Mark H. Kryder (Co-Chair) University of Arizona Director, Data Storage Systems Center Tucson, AZ 85721 Carnegie Mellon University Roberts Engineering Hall, Rm. 348 Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890 Dr. William D. Doyle Director, MINT Center University of Alabama Box 870209 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0209 INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE World Technology (WTEC) Division WTEC at Loyola College (previously known as the Japanese Technology Evaluation Center, JTEC) provides assessments of foreign research and development in selected technologies under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF). -
Digital Preservation Guide: 3.5-Inch Floppy Disks Caralie Heinrichs And
DIGITAL PRESERVATION GUIDE: 3.5-Inch Floppy Disks Digital Preservation Guide: 3.5-Inch Floppy Disks Caralie Heinrichs and Emilie Vandal ISI 6354 University of Ottawa Jada Watson Friday, December 13, 2019 DIGITAL PRESERVATION GUIDE 2 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 3 History of the Floppy Disk ......................................................................................................................... 3 Where, when, and by whom was it developed? 3 Why was it developed? 4 How Does a 3.5-inch Floppy Disk Work? ................................................................................................. 5 Major parts of a floppy disk 5 Writing data on a floppy disk 7 Preservation and Digitization Challenges ................................................................................................. 8 Physical damage and degradation 8 Hardware and software obsolescence 9 Best Practices ............................................................................................................................................. 10 Storage conditions 10 Description and documentation 10 Creating a disk image 11 Ensuring authenticity: Write blockers 11 Ensuring reliability: Sustainability of the disk image file format 12 Metadata 12 Virus scanning 13 Ensuring integrity: checksums 13 Identifying personal or sensitive information 13 Best practices: Use of hardware and software 14 Hardware