Hard Disk Drive Specifications Models: 2R015H1 & 2R010H1
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Hard Disk Drives
37 Hard Disk Drives The last chapter introduced the general concept of an I/O device and showed you how the OS might interact with such a beast. In this chapter, we dive into more detail about one device in particular: the hard disk drive. These drives have been the main form of persistent data storage in computer systems for decades and much of the development of file sys- tem technology (coming soon) is predicated on their behavior. Thus, it is worth understanding the details of a disk’s operation before building the file system software that manages it. Many of these details are avail- able in excellent papers by Ruemmler and Wilkes [RW92] and Anderson, Dykes, and Riedel [ADR03]. CRUX: HOW TO STORE AND ACCESS DATA ON DISK How do modern hard-disk drives store data? What is the interface? How is the data actually laid out and accessed? How does disk schedul- ing improve performance? 37.1 The Interface Let’s start by understanding the interface to a modern disk drive. The basic interface for all modern drives is straightforward. The drive consists of a large number of sectors (512-byte blocks), each of which can be read or written. The sectors are numbered from 0 to n − 1 on a disk with n sectors. Thus, we can view the disk as an array of sectors; 0 to n − 1 is thus the address space of the drive. Multi-sector operations are possible; indeed, many file systems will read or write 4KB at a time (or more). However, when updating the disk, the only guarantee drive manufacturers make is that a single 512-byte write is atomic (i.e., it will either complete in its entirety or it won’t com- plete at all); thus, if an untimely power loss occurs, only a portion of a larger write may complete (sometimes called a torn write). -
Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera STORAGE SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES Jai Menon IBM Academy of Technology, San Jose, CA, USA Clodoaldo Barrera IBM Systems Group, San Jose, CA, USA Keywords: Storage Systems, Hard disk drives, Tape Drives, Optical Drives, RAID, Storage Area Networks, Backup, Archive, Network Attached Storage, Copy Services, Disk Caching, Fiber Channel, Storage Switch, Storage Controllers, Disk subsystems, Information Lifecycle Management, NFS, CIFS, Storage Class Memories, Phase Change Memory, Flash Memory, SCSI, Caching, Non-Volatile Memory, Remote Copy, Storage Virtualization, Data De-duplication, File Systems, Archival Storage, Storage Software, Holographic Storage, Storage Class Memory, Long-Term data preservation Contents 1. Introduction 2. Storage devices 2.1. Storage Device Industry Overview 2.2. Hard Disk Drives 2.3. Digital Tape Drives 2.4. Optical Storage 2.5. Emerging Storage Technologies 2.5.1. Holographic Storage 2.5.2. Flash Storage 2.5.3. Storage Class Memories 3. Block Storage Systems 3.1. Storage System Functions – Current 3.2. Storage System Functions - Emerging 4. File and Archive Storage Systems 4.1. Network Attached Storage 4.2. Archive Storage Systems 5. Storage Networks 5.1. SAN Fabrics 5.2. IP FabricsUNESCO – EOLSS 5.3. Converged Networking 6. Storage SoftwareSAMPLE CHAPTERS 6.1. Data Backup 6.2. Data Archive 6.3. Information Lifecycle Management 6.4. Disaster Protection 7. Concluding Remarks Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketches ©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - Storage Systems and Technologies - Jai Menon and Clodoaldo Barrera Summary Our world is increasingly becoming a data-centric world. -
Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems
Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Disk Attachment Stable-Storage Implementation Tertiary Storage Devices Operating System Issues Performance Issues Objectives Describe the physical structure of secondary and tertiary storage devices and the resulting effects on the uses of the devices Explain the performance characteristics of mass-storage devices Discuss operating-system services provided for mass storage, including RAID and HSM Overview of Mass Storage Structure Magnetic disks provide bulk of secondary storage of modern computers Drives rotate at 60 to 200 times per second Transfer rate is rate at which data flow between drive and computer Positioning time (random-access time) is time to move disk arm to desired cylinder (seek time) and time for desired sector to rotate under the disk head (rotational latency) Head crash results from disk head making contact with the disk surface That’s bad Disks can be removable Drive attached to computer via I/O bus Busses vary, including EIDE, ATA, SATA, USB, Fibre Channel, SCSI Host controller in computer uses bus to talk to disk controller built into drive or storage array Moving-head Disk Mechanism Overview of Mass Storage Structure (Cont.) Magnetic tape Was early secondary-storage medium Relatively permanent and holds large quantities of data Access time slow Random access ~1000 times slower than disk Mainly used for backup, storage of infrequently-used data, transfer medium between systems Kept in spool and wound or rewound past read-write head Once data under head, transfer rates comparable to disk 20-200GB typical storage Common technologies are 4mm, 8mm, 19mm, LTO-2 and SDLT Disk Structure Disk drives are addressed as large 1-dimensional arrays of logical blocks, where the logical block is the smallest unit of transfer. -
Nanotechnology ? Nram (Nano Random Access
International Journal Of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT) IFET-2014 Conference Proceedings INTERFACE ECE T14 INTRACT – INNOVATE - INSPIRE NANOTECHNOLOGY – NRAM (NANO RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) RANJITHA. T, SANDHYA. R GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE 13. containing elements, nanotubes, are so small, NRAM technology will Abstract— NRAM (Nano Random Access Memory), is one of achieve very high memory densities: at least 10-100 times our current the important applications of nanotechnology. This paper has best. NRAM will operate electromechanically rather than just been prepared to cull out answers for the following crucial electrically, setting it apart from other memory technologies as a questions: nonvolatile form of memory, meaning data will be retained even What is NRAM? when the power is turned off. The creators of the technology claim it What is the need of it? has the advantages of all the best memory technologies with none of How can it be made possible? the disadvantages, setting it up to be the universal medium for What is the principle and technology involved in NRAM? memory in the future. What are the advantages and features of NRAM? The world is longing for all the things it can use within its TECHNOLOGY palm. As a result nanotechnology is taking its head in the world. Nantero's technology is based on a well-known effect in carbon Much of the electronic gadgets are reduced in size and increased nanotubes where crossed nanotubes on a flat surface can either be in efficiency by the nanotechnology. The memory storage devices touching or slightly separated in the vertical direction (normal to the are somewhat large in size due to the materials used for their substrate) due to Van der Waal's interactions. -
Quietrock Case Study | Sony Computer Entertainment America
Studios & Entertainment Quiet® Success Story Project: ® Sony Computer Entertainment ‘Sh-h-h-h!’ PlayStation 4 game- America, LLC making in progress! Location: San Mateo, California New sound studios spearhead renovations for Sony Computer General Contractor: Entertainment America, with an acoustical assist from Magnum Drywall Magnum Drywall and PABCO® Gypsum’s QuietRock® Products: QuietRock® FLAME CURB® San Mateo, California The Sound of Silence means a lot to engineers producing video games for Sony PlayStation®4 (PS4™) enthusiasts. At Sony Computer Entertainment America LLC headquarters in San Mateo, California, producers’ tolerance for intrusive noise from beyond studio walls is zero. Only the intense action on-screen matters while creating audio effects that dramatize, punctuate and heighten the deeply immersive experience for video gamers. In these studios Sony Entertainment sound engineers make the most of that capability while keeping the PlayStation® pipeline full for weekly launches of new games. The gaming experience draws players to PS4™ and its predecessor PlayStation® consoles, and PS4™ elevates 3D excitement ever higher. It’s the world’s most powerful games console, with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) able to perform 1,843 teraflops*. “When sound is important, we prefer to submit QuietRock as a good solution for the architect and the owner. There’s nothing else on the market that’s comparable. I even used it in my own home movie theatre.”” – Gary Robinson, Owner Magnum Drywall what the job demands Visit www.QuietRock.com or call Call 1.800.797.8159 for more information On top of its introductory lineup in November 2013, over 180 PS4™ games are in development, including “Be the Batman”, the epic conclusion of the “Batman: Arkham Knight” trilogy, that is due out in June 2015. -
List of Notable Handheld Game Consoles (Source
List of notable handheld game consoles (source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_game_console#List_of_notable_handheld_game_consoles) * Milton Bradley Microvision (1979) * Epoch Game Pocket Computer - (1984) - Japanese only; not a success * Nintendo Game Boy (1989) - First internationally successful handheld game console * Atari Lynx (1989) - First backlit/color screen, first hardware capable of accelerated 3d drawing * NEC TurboExpress (1990, Japan; 1991, North America) - Played huCard (TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine) games, first console/handheld intercompatibility * Sega Game Gear (1991) - Architecturally similar to Sega Master System, notable accessory firsts include a TV tuner * Watara Supervision (1992) - first handheld with TV-OUT support; although the Super Game Boy was only a compatibility layer for the preceding game boy. * Sega Mega Jet (1992) - no screen, made for Japan Air Lines (first handheld without a screen) * Mega Duck/Cougar Boy (1993) - 4 level grayscale 2,7" LCD - Stereo sound - rare, sold in Europe and Brazil * Nintendo Virtual Boy (1994) - Monochromatic (red only) 3D goggle set, only semi-portable; first 3D portable * Sega Nomad (1995) - Played normal Sega Genesis cartridges, albeit at lower resolution * Neo Geo Pocket (1996) - Unrelated to Neo Geo consoles or arcade systems save for name * Game Boy Pocket (1996) - Slimmer redesign of Game Boy * Game Boy Pocket Light (1997) - Japanese only backlit version of the Game Boy Pocket * Tiger game.com (1997) - First touch screen, first Internet support (with use of sold-separately -
AXP Internal 2-Apr-20 1
2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 1 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 2 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 3 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 4 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 5 2-Apr-20 AXP Internal 6 Class 6 Subject: Computer Science Title of the Book: IT Planet Petabyte Chapter 2: Computer Memory GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: • Exercises to be written in the book. • Assignment questions to be done in ruled sheets. • You Tube link is for the explanation of Primary and Secondary Memory. YouTube Link: ➢ https://youtu.be/aOgvgHiazQA INTRODUCTION: ➢ Computer can store a large amount of data safely in their memory for future use. ➢ A computer’s memory is measured either in Bits or Bytes. ➢ The memory of a computer is divided into two categories: Primary Memory, Secondary Memory. ➢ There are two types of Primary Memory: ROM and RAM. ➢ Cache Memory is used to store program and instructions that are frequently used. EXPLANATION: Computer Memory: Memory plays a very important role in a computer. It is the basic unit where data and instructions are stored temporarily. Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the mother board, or you can say it consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data. Memory Units: Computer memory is measured in bits and bytes. A bit is the smallest unit of information that a computer can process and store. A group of 4 bits is known as nibble, and a group of 8 bits is called byte. -
Chapter 16 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage
Chapter 16 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, Hashing, and Modern Storage - Databases are stored as files of records stored on disks - Physical database file structures - Physical levels of three schema architecture 1 - The collection of data in a DB must be stored on some storage medium. The DBMS software can retrieve, update, and process this data as needed - Storage media forms a hierarchy 2 -primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.. - offline storage, archiving databases (larger capacity, less cost, slower access, not directly accessible by CPU) Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices - Cache, static RAM (Prefetch, Pipeline) - Dynamic RAM (main memory( Secondary and Tertiary Storage -mass storage (magnetic disks, CD, DVD (measured in KB, MB, TB, PB - programs are in main memory (DRAM) -permanent databases reside in secondary storage - main memory buffers are used to read and write to secondary storage - Flash memory: non volatile, NAND and NOR flash based - Optical disks: CDs (700MB) and DVDs (4.5 – 15GB), Blue Ray (54GB) - Magnetic Tapes and Juke Boxes Depending upon the intended use and application requirements, data is kept in one or more levels of hierarchy 3 Storage Organization of Database -Large amount of data that must persist for a long period of time (called persistent data) - parts of this data are accessed and processed repeatedly during the storage period - transient data during the period of execution - most DBs are stored on secondary storage (magnetic disks) - DB is too large to fit in main memory - permanent loss on disk is less likely - less cost on disk than primary storage 4 5 6 - A range of cylinders have the same number of sectors per arc. -
Nasdeluxe Z-Series
NASdeluxe Z-Series Benefit from scalable ZFS data storage By partnering with Starline and with Starline Computer’s NASdeluxe Open-E, you receive highly efficient Z-series and Open-E JovianDSS. This and reliable storage solutions that software-defined storage solution is offer: Enhanced Storage Performance well-suited for a wide range of applica- tions. It caters perfectly to the needs • Great adaptability Tiered RAM and SSD cache of enterprises that are looking to de- • Tiered and all-flash storage Data integrity check ploy a flexible storage configuration systems which can be expanded to a high avail- Data compression and in-line • High IOPS through RAM and SSD ability cluster. Starline and Open-E can data deduplication caching look back on a strategic partnership of Thin provisioning and unlimited • Superb expandability with more than 10 years. As the first part- number of snapshots and clones ner with a Gold partnership level, Star- Starline’s high-density JBODs – line has always been working hand in without downtime Simplified management hand with Open-E to develop and de- Flexible scalability liver innovative data storage solutions. Starline’s NASdeluxe Z-Series offers In fact, Starline supports worldwide not only great features, but also great Hardware independence enterprises in managing and pro- flexibility – thanks to its modular archi- tecting their storage, with over 2,800 tecture. Open-E installations to date. www.starline.de Z-Series But even with a standard configuration with nearline HDDs IOPS and SSDs for caching, you will be able to achieve high IOPS 250 000 at a reasonable cost. -
Use External Storage Devices Like Pen Drives, Cds, and Dvds
External Intel® Learn Easy Steps Activity Card Storage Devices Using external storage devices like Pen Drives, CDs, and DVDs loading Videos Since the advent of computers, there has been a need to transfer data between devices and/or store them permanently. You may want to look at a file that you have created or an image that you have taken today one year later. For this it has to be stored somewhere securely. Similarly, you may want to give a document you have created or a digital picture you have taken to someone you know. There are many ways of doing this – online and offline. While online data transfer or storage requires the use of Internet, offline storage can be managed with minimum resources. The only requirement in this case would be a storage device. Earlier data storage devices used to mainly be Floppy drives which had a small storage space. However, with the development of computer technology, we today have pen drives, CD/DVD devices and other removable media to store and transfer data. With these, you store/save/copy files and folders containing data, pictures, videos, audio, etc. from your computer and even transfer them to another computer. They are called secondary storage devices. To access the data stored in these devices, you have to attach them to a computer and access the stored data. Some of the examples of external storage devices are- Pen drives, CDs, and DVDs. Introduction to Pen Drive/CD/DVD A pen drive is a small self-powered drive that connects to a computer directly through a USB port. -
Hp Storageworks Disk System 2405
user’s guide hp StorageWorks disk system 2405 Edition E0902 . Notice Trademark Information © Hewlett-Packard Company, 2002. All rights Red Hat is a registered trademark of Red Hat Co. reserved. C.A. UniCenter TNG is a registered trademark of A6250-96020 Computer Associates International, Inc. Hewlett-Packard Company makes no warranty of Microsoft, Windows NT, and Windows 2000 are any kind with regard to this material, including, but registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation not limited to, the implied warranties of HP, HP-UX are registered trademarks of Hewlett- merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Packard Company. Command View, Secure Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors Manager, Business Copy, Auto Path, Smart Plug- contained herein or for incidental or consequential Ins are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material. Adobe and Acrobat are trademarks of Adobe Systems Inc. This document contains proprietary information, which is protected by copyright. No part of this Java and Java Virtual Machine are trademarks of document may be photocopied, reproduced, or Sun Microsystems Inc. translated into another language without the prior NetWare is a trademark of Novell, Inc. written consent of Hewlett-Packard. The information contained in this document is subject to AIX is a registered trademark of International change without notice. Business Machines, Inc. Tru64 and OpenVMS are registered trademarks of Format Conventions Compaq Corporation. -
14789093.Pdf
iNIS-mf—8658 THE INFLUENCE OF COLLISIONS WITH NOBLE GASES ON SPECTRAL LINES OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPES PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE LEIDEN, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. A.A.H. KASSENAAR, HOOGLERAAR IN DE FACULTEIT DER GENEESKUNDE, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DEKANEN TE VERDEDIGEN OP WOENSDAG 10 NOVEMBER 1982 TE KLOKKE 14.15 UUR DOOR PETER WILLEM HERMANS GEBOREN TE ROTTERDAM IN 1952 1982 DRUKKERIJ J.H. PASMANS B.V., 's-GRAVENHAGE Promotor: Prof. dr. J.J.M. Beenakker Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd mede onder verantwoordelijkheid van wijlen prof. dr. H.F.P. Knaap Aan mijn oudeva Het 1n dit proefschrift beschreven onderzoek werd uitgevoerd als onderdeel van het programma van de werkgemeenschap voor Molecuul fysica van de Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM) en is mogelijk gemaakt door financiële steun van de Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver- WetenschappeHjk Onderzoek (ZWO). CONTENTS PREFACE 9 CHAPTER I THEORY OF THE COLLISIONAL BROADENING AND SHIFT OF SPECTRAL LINES OF HYDROGEN INFINITELY DILUTED IN NOBLE GASES 11 1. Introduction 11 2. General theory 12 a. Rotational Raman 15 b. Depolarized Rayleigh 16 3. Experimental preview 16 a. Rotational Raman lines; broadening and shift 17 b. Depolarized Rayleigh line 17 CHAPTER II EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF LINE BROADENING AND SHIFT CROSS SECTIONS OF HYDROGEN-NOBLE GAS MIXTURES 21 1. Introduction 21 2. Experimental setup 22 2.1 Laser 22 2.2 Scattering cell 24 2.3 Analyzing system 27 2.4 Detection system 28 3. Measuring technique 28 3.1 Width measurement 28 3.2 Shift measurement 32 3.3 Gases 32 4.