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Nuclear Science, an Introductory Course. By- Sulcoskii John W

Nuclear Science, an Introductory Course. By- Sulcoskii John W

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ED 018 401 SE 004 590 NUCLEAR SCIENCE, AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE. BY- SULCOSKII JOHN W. WILKES...BARRE CITY SCHOOLS, PA. PUB DATE $7 GRANT OEG.4...7.40349747413 EDRS PRICE MF -$0.50 HC -$3.31 SIP.

DESCRIPTORS- *ATOMIC THEORY, *CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT, *CHEMISTRY' *CURRICULUM GUIDES, *LABORATORYSAFETY, *NUCLEAR PHYSICS, *PHYSICAL SCIENCES, *PHYSICS, *TEACHING GUIDES, AUDIOVISUAL AIDS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, BIOLOGY, CURRICULUM,FILMS, SCIENCE EQUIPMENT, SCIENCE MATERIALS, SCIENCE ACTIVITIES, SCIENCE FACILITIES, WILKES...BARRE CITY SCHOOLS,

THIS CURRICULUM GUIDE DESCRIBES A TWELFTH -GRADE INTERDISCIPLINARY' INTRODUCTORY NUCLEAR SCIENCE COURSE. ITIS BELIEVED TO FILL THE NEED FOR AN ADVANCED COURSE THATIS TIMELY, CHALLENGING, AND APPROPRIATE AS ASEQUENTIAL ADDITION TO THE BIOLOGYCHEMISTRY.PHYSICS SEQUENCE. PRELIMINARY INFORMATION COVERS SUCH MATTERS AS (I) RADIOISOTOPE WORK AREAS,(2) NUCLEAR SCIENCE LABORATORY,(3) PURCHASING EQUIPMENT, (4) CONSTRUCTION AND MODIFICATION OF EQUIPMENT, (5) LICENSING AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS, (B) STANDARDSFOR PROTECTION AGAINST , AND (7) THE SAFEUSE OF RADIOISOTOPES. THE SECOND PART OF THE DOCUMENT PRESENTSA SUGGESTED SYLLABUS FOR A ONE- SEMESTER COURSE IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE, AND INCLUDES (1.) CONTENT OUTLINE, (2) LEARNING EXPERIENCES AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS, (3) TEXTPTFERENCES, AND (4) AUDIOVISUAL AIDS (ANNOTATED FILM LISTS). SUPPLEMENTARY SECTIONS INCLUDE (I) NUCLEAR SCIENCEREFERENCE MATERIALS, (I) ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION (AEC)PUBLICATIONS, (3) FILMSTRIPS PREPARED BY THE RADIATION SCIENCESEMINAR STAFF, (4) AEC FILM SERIES, (5) SIMPLE EXPERIMENTS FORHIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS USING THE CIVIL DEFENSE V -TOO GEIGER COUNTER, (B) AUTORADIOGRAPHY PROCESSING FORMULAS, (7) NUCLEAR EDUCATION EQUIPMENT, AND (S) NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT SUPPLIES. (OH) THIS DOCUMENT HAS IfEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM THE NUCLEA SCIENCE an introductory course POSITIONSTATEDPERSON DOOR ON ORGANIZATIONr. POLICYidECESSARILY ORIGINATING REPRESENT IT OITICIAl OFFICE Of EDUCATION POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS Radiation Science PREPARED BY THE STAFF Seminar VO .N9 Wilkes-Barre City Schools, Title III ESEA Project Grantee V)*1 I. 111.1=1. 1 $

I IP IsS a I s NUCLEAR SCIENCE an introductory course Radiation Science SeminarJOHN W. SULCOSKI,PREPARED Director BY THE STAFF TheWelfare.Grant work from presentedGrant the U. No. S. or OEGOffice reported of Education, herein was Dept. performed pursuant 3-7-703497-3783 Project No. 67-03497-0 of Health, Education and to a /WILKES-BARRE CITY SCHOOLS,WALTER Grantee C. WOOD, Superintendent ROBERT FRENCH, Coordinator of Federal Programs 1 RADIATION CONSULTANTS Dr. Ralph T. Overman SCIENCE Dr. Grafton D. ChaseChairman,Former Director, Department Oak Ridgeof Radiochemistry Institute of Nuclear Studies SEMINAR Mr.Staff John Sulcoski, DirectorScience Coordinator, CoughlinHigh School Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Dr. Mitchell BorkePhiladelphiaDuquesneChairman, University Department College of of Pharmacy Bionucleonics & Science Mr. Stephen Rituper, SeniorScience Lecturer Supervisor, BethlehemSchool District Area Bethlehem, Pa. LABORATORY INSTRUCTORSMr. Joseph Moran Coughlin High School, WilkesBarre, Pa. Mr. H. Bruce Geiger, LecturerScience SupervisorTamaqua Area School District,Tamaqua, Pa. Mr.Sister Thomas M. G.Cletus, Murray S.C.C.St. Nicholas High School, WilkesBarre, Pa. Mr. Frank Wempa, Laboratory(Phys. Sciences) Director Science Coordiriaitor,Meyers High School,Wilkes-Barre, Pa. Mr. Frank J. Rash MeyersScranton High Public School, Schools, WilkesBarre, Scranton, Pa. Pa. Mr. William Murray, Lab.(Bio. DirectorSciences) Chairman of Science DepartmentScranton Preparatory School,Scranton, Pa. 2 Dr. William Sharkan,Evaluation And WritingAdministrative Coordinator AssistantWm. Allen High School,Allentown, Pa. TABLE OF CONTENTS NUCLEARPREFACE SCIENCE AND THE CURRICULUM ------5 =01111MNIMINDIMMIMMIN=14N~INN.M.INIMMIMNIONPIMI=1111N. 4 RADIATION SAFETY 1. Laboratory techniques 15 NUCLEAR SCIENCE IN THE LABORATORY --- 1. Radioisotope work areas 6 2.3. Decontamination Waste disposal 2.3. AdaptingDesigning existingnuclear laboratories NUCLEARSUGGESTED SCIENCE NUCLEAR TEXTS SCIENCE AND LABORATORY SYLLABUS MANUALS ------6719 5.4. PurchasingConstruction equipment and modification of equipment AUDIO-VISUALREFERENCE TEXTS AIDS ------=WINMIN01m1MOMMINNNMNINIMM=N41100.N.OM 6967 LICENSING AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 11 AUTORADIOGRAPHYSIMPLE EXPERIMENTS PROCESSING FOR HIGH FORMULAS SCHOOL ------7671 2.1. Specific-LicenseGeneral-License quantitiesquantities NUCLEAR EQUIPMENTEDUCATION SUPPLIERSEQUIPMENT ------7978 3 PREFACEthe New Mexico desert in 1945,Since the atomthe firsthas never atomic been explosion more shattered the stillness over in the madepubliccations life eye. easierthan the for unfortunates the world populace who lost through their livesits peaceful in its Since then, the radioisotope has saved more lives and military appli- applications. In those twenty years, the applications of radioactivity now From the electricaltouchtests, our few daily power phenomena lives to the inhave radiation-gaugedan yieldedunheralded man soyet newsprintmuch. massive manner.to the thyroid Yet the term "radio- soundotheractive" term.of stillthe word. strikes terror in the minds of men as probably no The misinformed and uninformed almost quake at the The most appalling and disappointing fact of program,Duringall is thethat the instructional thetemerity majority in handlingphaseof science of the teachers "Radiation fall Science into this category. radioactive materials was far Seminar" greatercurriculum among guide the teacherswill help than eraseThe the thisstaff student fearful of "Radiation attitude Science and promote Seminar" hopes that this participants. 4 the educational use of radioisotopes in our schools. Nuclear Science and the Curriculum Within the past decade, a noticeable trend metthatcourses when the he needsrather is exposed of than the atostudent a wide will variety be far greater specialized track, especially of survey Thischemistryschoolscoursein the sequence sequencenations'schoolsbiology at the leaves isdown10th, taught aone andscienceis grade, atthatphysics the elective of so9th movingatthat gradethe openin the11th. level,some inusual the havesoinception. early pursued in his this educational policy successfully career. sins' their The colleges hasasChemistry,12th beenBiology grade filled II, forAdvanced withChemistry the anscience-prone Chemistry, assortment II, Physics Science ofstudent. II,courses, Seminar, such Organic This gap ently do three basic tasks: Science courses on the high school(a) level appar- Teach basic concepts amenabilityothersGreat Ideasdependent ofin theScience, solely local onAstronomy,administration. teacher interestPhysiology, and andthe (c)(b) MotivateTeach basic skills quence:for the college-preparatory student shows this se- A closer look at the typical science7th grade track - Introduction to Science studiesalmostfar less everyshow successful thattext thein introductorythanfirst the two third factors education factor. are inand reality otherEducational psychology studies quoted in A recent 8th grade - Earth Science (General Science) bearingoutshowedstudyfared a high-schoolquoted onthatabout success success inequally the inpreparation. "Journalin collegein high college schoolchemistry;of Chemicalchemistry chemistry studentEducation" with had or littlewith- The approach of the 11th10th grade9th - PhysicsChemistrygrade - Biology nationalhighthe extremeschool alphabet scienceimportance programs courses. of alsothe motivationserves to pointfactor up in 12th grade - Elective (Biology II, Chem- istry II, Physics II) veysequence.threethe and 12th factorsinter-disciplinary. grade without as an elective,repeating itany would parts fulfill of the allIf a course in nuclear science were offered in The nuclear science course would be sur- There is no more study aanfour somewhatspecialized inter-disciplinary courses based areoffering. uponsurvey ordersurvey courses, of course importance while the and first level is Note that of the six steps in the sequence, The course sequence is and the last is fundamental than the study of the nucleus. of difficulty -- one builds upon the other. We hold 5 RADIOISOTOPEAdapting Existing WORK AREAS Laboratories mindbeconcernfledgling used fear sometimes probablyof workers the radioisotope are hasin thisofits extreme basisfield. by inworkersconcern the justto The work areas in which radioisotopes will This extreme back-of-the asenteringout the theschool portals year ofand nuclear in tracer 1131,experiments. quantities, Gaa, P32) areIf used shoyt intermittently half-life radioactive through- materials (such then withspecial(suchthe microcurieprecautions as workH2SO4, area quantities KNO3,given or cautionetc.)to common-place will signs be willsufficient. chemicals be necessary of the above radioisotopes. No Thisthoughtisotopes extra should are thought used be givenconstantlyis solely to the becauseover choice the of ofschool possible the workyear,When con- area. more short half-life and long half-life radio- mentationspilledordinarytaminationlocalize all ratherchemist and affectingover minimize than thedoes anylab,the notcontamination. radiation backgroundsoindiscriminately a radioisotope hazard. count of leaveworker the instru-mercury should If the count rate Just as an Thiswith student uranyl isnitrate. preparing a sample isin 200an experimentcpm, good datais only should 300 notcpm beand expected. the backgroundIdeally, count the counting area and sample preparation THEshouldtion IDEAL roomconsist NUCLEAR and ofthe SCIENCE two counting rooms: LABORATORY room. The ideal nuclear science laboratory suite the sample prepara- mentsusuallysolutioncontamination.area areshould noavailableis problemeconomicallybe in two andto placenot impractical. used the sample preparation area In the situation where only a different rooms to minimize possible constantly, such an ideal However, it is few instru- andordinary containing lab tables, the usual covered utilities with absorbentsuch as gas, paper,The sample preparation room may consist of onareasnot an possible,opposite are delineated sidethe same When space is so scarce that this of the room byfrom some the type counting of divider. arealab tableA wooden can be used if the two divorcement is water,Asnumberoflarge in six andall of amountfeet electricity.laboratories,electrical and of more110-V appliances ideally, ACthere receptacles should eightwhich be feet willfor a betweenthebe Both rooms should have a minimum large used. twotobooth-type6 suppressareas. background will partition with ordinary house bricks effect a good separation of the forlab eachtables, worker and orfive group to sixof twolineal workers. feet of work space forthe microextremely pipettes, small A multi-drawer miscellaneouspipettecabinet controls,is needed items, syringes,for and storage also of arepublic appropriated or the schoolvadministration Because of any possible by the curious or unstable misunderstanding by the if radioisotopes student, etc.is a necessity. A large hood for work with radioactive gases This hood should be fully equipped. underitpotentially-dangerousschools is goodlock keep practiceand chemicalskey. toThis keep potassium likepractice expensivethe radioactive silver materialsnitrate, undercyanide lock and andarsenic key is not unusual, as many oratoriesA ordinaryliningsmall glovethe employside three box table hoods issides alsowill for with adoradioisotope useful forlead this purpose. house bricks will cut bricks, but an item. Many lab- storage by Eventotrioxide, thepreventthe curious.simplest andacquisition similar type compounds byof unauthorized lock is a great personnel. deterrent A bricksdownfewfthese r layersradiationeach arebricks lead aboutof willordinaryemanatingbrick. 20C also apiece cutfrom comparedcosts, the storage as to masonry area; the $8.00 For maximum decontamination ease in the eventcovering 1 mayutilized.completeoffor spills be the retained withflooron the upsweep covering, floor, cove seamless spilled molding floor should If ordinary vinyl or asphalt tile is in the cracks or seams. radioactive material be used placedof supply scalers rooms in into balance counting rooms; areas; Resourceful teachers have converted corners others have others have appropriatedlicense-exemptinto perfectly janitors' quantitiesacceptable closets of and used, the ordinary general chem- counting areas. radioactive materials converted them If 11.1111. withistryare littlethe laboratory only if typeany mayconversion. be used In the cases above, small quantities of radio- for sample preparation a with5-lb.activejanitorialthey ordinary chemical maywaste be staff labmaywrapped bottles. refuse.be should kept in ainbe plastic old,informed bag that no When the bottles are filled,The refuse collection or clean large - mouth and discarded danger onaffixedaexists largetheir in willbottlepart. handling most likely this waste.result Surprisingin some uneasiness with an eye-catching caution label them with A typical nuclear science counting room. 7 Purchasing Equipment The appearance of the transistor has affected 3. Ahigh solvingIsfive-decade theschool equipmenttime, students? scaler preset design with count, suitable7 u andsec other re-for probablysciencethe Geigerdesign asinstrumentation muchtube.of nuclear impact scienceas is the now appearance equipmentin range ofwithof almost Transistorized, quality nuclear A high school that can betterquantitiesregisterfeatures than scalerwill ofa two-decade-mechanicalradioactive not with count 200 license-freematerialusec resolv- any balanceaaffordevery evenscaler; high modest acan two-pan a schoolaffordhigh budgets schoolanalytical budget.two can scalers. that be balancegreatlycan can afford Withafford NDEA a funds,Mettler extended. willsultsingthe sufficetime formerfor and educational at andh" 1.1 G-Myield to tube.1/3 purposes.satisfactory the cost re- The latter of ousSchools savings with in shopnuclear facilities accessories. can realize tremend-In a later section a suggested list of Civilscalerindefinite Defense systems plans, V-700 may one beratemeters oradequately two low-cost borrowedFor those schools with modest augmentedbudgets with or with educational from the beequipmentutilization found. for atthe lowest nuclear cost. science course willIn purchasing nuclear equipment, the follow- The list has been chosen for maximum V-700Defenselocalthem countyunitsto organizations use. toCivil qualified Defense are teachers quiteorganization. happy who to The CD V-700 unit may be adapted will put lend Civil ing thoughts should be kept in mind: 1. SomeIs the suppliers supplier ofreliable? equipment offer afor tube educational stand for purposes by simply improved geometry. constructing bematerialsof existpoor. poorer only at quality. attractivea year or twoprices, before but bank- Worse yet, many companies Service may also CONSTRUCTIONexperiments ANDis setMODIFICATION back at first OF EQUIPMENT glance The teacher interested in utilizing needed for by the nuclear 2. CanIsruptcy. the the equipment scaler of versatile? maker A be used with balanceanseeminglysystem.such analytical work. can high afford balancecost two of canorthe three equipment G-M counting A school which can afford a Actually, a school which can afford afford a G -M counting Mettler-type systems. changeabilitythe G-M tube ofis makerhighly B? desirable. Such inter- A itemsscalersciencefunds which canand equipment. alsoitshave associated bea longused expectedfor the purchaseuse accessories are capital life. of nuclear IDEA 8 ofgreatlyschools the accessory extend now have modest items shop budgets infacilities the schoolby for constructionNevertheless, the resourceful instructor may constructing many shops. Larger theaccessoriesof devicescommercial frommay product beplastic, constructed in andappearance, with which these will durability, facilities rival wasby giventhe Office a set ofof Civilradiological Defense monitoringMobilization, includingAround 1958, every public school in the country instruments andthe ease following: of usage. Accessory items easily duplicated may include manymeters.yellowGeigerdosimeters, cases counters.boxes their chargers,languish presence inG-M unknowncorners counters, toand instructors andclosets, gamma-survey in The most useful items are the two CD V-700 In most schools in the U.S. these who 4.2.1.3. ResolvingSide-windowCalibratedEnd-window time G-MabsorberG-M sources tubetube standssetsstands haveto aentered tube stand science originally teaching designed after 1958. for end-windowBy merely adding two inexpensive broom clamps 8.7.6.5. CollimatedCalibratedStorage cabinets sourcesexperiment boards Geigeradaptationexperiments.G41 counterTubes, enables itinto will an effectivelyexperiments instrument converttocapable be performed tht,of many suchexciting The constant geometry resulting from this CD V-700 11.10.9.12. BackscatterElectrophoresis Chromatography kits apparatus CardSample mounts trays andas:time, many absorptionmore normally of radiationperformed byonly sample, with scalers.side-scattering,half-life determination, backscattering, resolving Shop teachers and talented easily if they are students can mentionedLuciteconstructsuppliedsheet and and above. thesewithPlexiglass lr arodsitems sample areplasticquite fromnecessary which toto More detailed information may in 3/4", make the work.items3/4", 1/16" expensivebe secured Nuclear from the Accessories." RSS In some cases, enough money saved by home- filmstrip,"Securing In- items, such as constructionItemsenabletuberequisitions, standslike the timersinstructorofand the sincecalibrated maymost mostto expensive students actually be deleted from pUrchase another scaler.absorber sets, may have watches with sweep-second hands. 1/4"Simple plastic tube and stand broom for clamps. side-window tubes made from 9 maynuclearavailablesolutions be performedexperimental at mixed most with fromcamera procedure chemicals shops in and foundbiology, processing in the Autoradiography, probably the most useful optical sheet films ordinaryroomorationissive alsofor autoradiography chem of processingtreated America) lab. in ofhasan kitthe RSSdeveloped whichfilmstrip, an inexpen- One company (Atomic Corp- films. needs no dark This process "Autoradiography."

.111 A artemadt ass Or mosalais IMON.11.11. Autoradiogramof P-32. of tomato plant showing distribution marketedShownthis abovekit, by noAtomic darkroom Corporation is needed of for America. is the inexpensive autoradiography autoradiography With kit 10 experiments. LICENSING AND LEGAL REQUIREMENTS Many individuals also have the mistaken notion peopleteatany special inand order teachers, to handle Contrary to much popular license or to take any qualifying it is not necessary to possesscertain classes of radio- belief among lay withoutthatforthat minorsoccupational receivingminors cannot must an workers.followunduehandle the 5 (N-18) ageof ruleAEC Rules,radioactiveset minors Actually,radiationmaterial hazard,according or to activelicensefall intomaterials. materials two broad and licensing general categories: Radioactive byproduct materials license materials. specific mayof25ofcalendar not1.25FR the 10914, remRadiation quarter or Sec. 1250 20.101forScience mrem, minors. Seminar, receive more than 10% which is 125 mrem per ofThe the staff adult members dose in all the personthanlicense those or for listed that cannotradioisotope. Radioactive materials in quantities greater organization possesses a specific be handled unless the For example, if years'oranderal . license)experimentation quantities, radiation dose measurable upon a Thus no significant with license-exempt (gen- have never received radiation film badge Applicationsofa soP-32school states it will to need a specific wishes to possesswhich have5 millicuries assumed control the AEC (or to the half-dozen or license to do so. license will under agree- (5mc) hazardandrespectIf radioisotopes KCL3, exists any with radiation arelicense-exempt accorded to chemicals such as H2SO4 treated with the care hazard will be minimal. radioisotopes. and mentbeing basedwith of theupon applicant. many the AEC) for a specific factors including the train- wordingbeenCertain reproduced of pertinent the regulations. here parts for of the AEC Rulesthose havedesiring the exact RADIOISOTOPES However, 99% of all educational nuclear be performed satisfactorily - LICENSE EXEMPT QUANTITIES OF - withscience generally-licensed experiments may quantities called license-free or of radioactive 111MMMIMMM Title 10 Part 31.4'Mom MomAECmem midRegulationsMil aMmmumImIma-mOWMAIAles lams vat inagi - at Villm*mid OWNmaila 2am materialslicense-exempt (commonly in the trade). Every personand in may possess mbeMim 1 egint 10 32 SIONIPINWINI era* 1110 5.1 misie is 1 upthein to U.S.the table.is generally-licensed, 10 of the scheduled quantities as For example, a school may shown have At1140 Mawr.0 Da eiso-1407776 kraerficMask Lanammen/ =u7s-11111 law 10n 1 1010n15 210All120 ratolusa ModkunMosiwaA abeam = nis111 n10111 45 WOWS = P.A32,in its orpossession 5 at one bottles of 10 uc P-32 and 5 time 10 bottles of 10 uc bottles Ut7144fteamammiamWm 011111ND411736AdAm Canal adorn 900 1 n10AA 195155us Mostssiest--lameism =11.26 Itatilmm 1116 Medium isA 1 upais ofCr-51,1 10bottle uc and1-131, of 6 50 oruc T1-204,1 bottles of 10 uc P-32, as each bottle of 50 uc C-14, 2 bottles of 50 uc of 1154 72S0SI 71 OwningCAA awounkon4 awomiem Osaupsramine avm 90An 1 nAss la 111Mbar mow46aAat alwaint Ibleamt lidirmNam aA16 11 anAIs15 1 tiesthe combinationsfor liquid radioisotopes. equals the 10 scheduled quanti- (They may not be 114195H 1141 Man a 3 admen (Tram) OM AO n1019 1 1110 10N15141 MIUMam10963699 TedisearnToasiawn ass Saw 00 Vahan nnLI11 a10n10 mixed together to achieve a great activity.) Note 191131 MaoNam96 bog 1mA 0141 1 10A 294129127 TaarfuntTINA= Th114 all hot is 1 isupis that this is a possession radioactive materials by experienced limit. The AEC recommends 140 Lamilaws911M99 I nse le 1 MnMI141 All113 Tosepi sm90A andartValue an 1 ISis16n supervisionpersonnel. of A year's work with P-32 or 1-131, outlined in the RSS filmstrips, anM OM NiMliPEL sSises nA10 1 AM aft antierA91 abloomanlama evalkaWINININot warld ust at. 111 A shouldials.aryusing experience enabletechniques most for safe handling of teachers to gain the necess- these mater- 0 105109 hamilum halluas-108N liteasot N nA edam 1 A 11 UNITEDRULES STATES and REGULATIONS ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION TITLE 10 - ATOMIC ENERGY PART 20 STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST RADIATION 20.1(a) The regulations in this part estab- Purpose. GINIRAL Powwows WASTE DiNeosas. lishEnergyunderradiation standards licenses Commission hazards for issued arising protection and by outare the ofissued against activitiesAtomic pur- 20.320.2Sec. Mealtimes.Scope.Purpose. Oestsam. Psovidows 20.30220.201120.331 Method Omura' forrequirement. obtaining approval of Disposal by release intoproposed sanitary disposalsew- procedure& suantother(5$ Stat.to sources the 919). Atomic of radiaLion Energy(b) Act Thenot of licenseduse 1954 of radioactive material or 20.720130.120.4 PansussamsUnitsCommunications.Interpretations.Units Doses.of ofradiation radioactivity. Lama, doss. AND 20.3111120.11011 ecoses. Reroute. any NOTWICATI011iTreatmentDisposal by orburial disposal in soil.tion.erage by incinera- systems. transferparttheregulationsby the purpose to Commissioncontrol of licensed in of thisthe the possession. part. isregulationsmaterial not However, subject by use, anyin to thisit andthe li- is 20.10120.10320.102 DeterminationIxposure ofof individuals individualsof accumulatedin tionsrestricted to to concentra- radiation of dose. radioactl areas. ie material in re- Concur:e:tom 10.40120.40430.403MASI Repeats of theft or lam of licensed NotiacationsRecordsReport of to surveys. former of incidents. radiationemployeesmaterial.toring. andmoni- of disposal. ex- censeetosuch otherunlicensedsuch material,in materialunlicensedsuch a radioactivewhen manner and sources added to thatradiation materialto ofexposure exposures radiation from and 20.101120.10620.104 PermissibleIxposure of minors.levels ofstricted radiationrestricted areas. in areas. un- 30.40120.406 RatiosReports to of esaployess overexposuressivepostwe ofradiation. levelseapanue and to radiation.mom- and to concentrations. standardsradiationin the p9ssession therefrom. of radiation of thedoes protectionlicensee, not exceed and pre- the to 20.101120.107 OrdersMedicalConcentrations requiring diagnosis furnishing in and restricteddiluentsassay therapy. ofservices. toareas.bio- un- 20101MAO Applications Addition'Sacurrsows requirements. teras= eunptiess.AININIIIOMAL lisersiseseswre 12/10110ESCENT "an!5 allsescribed §persons 20.2 in the who regulations receive, possess, in this part.use or The regulations in this part apply to Scope. 20.20420.2011303022.301 11sceptionsCautionPersonnelSurveys. dins. monitoring.Pascavnowawr left's. from and posting 11111110311- Pam:mons require- Appendix20.001Appendix A---1 BPermissible C. Reserved airI Concentrationsand water above innatural background. Violations. aterial,transfer generalinCommission Part or byproduct 30,specialor specific 40, pursuant or nuclear 70material, license of to thismaterial theissued sourcechapter. regulations byunder ma- the 2010730101 StorageInstruction of licensed of personnel; materials. posting of mentsnotices to employees. Appendix D--UnitedCommission States Mosaic Operations atergy oleos. *Added 25 Fit 11452 amendmentsAct of 1954 (U thereto; Stat.20.3 919)(1)(a)(2) As "Act"including "Airborne used means in anythis radioactivethe part: Atomic material"Energy Definitions. clearradioactivemists,inmeansdioactive the material) vapors,airany in radioactive materialby the or exposure yielded gases;form (except materialof(3) in dusts,to "Byproductor thespecial madedispersed radiationfumes, nu-ra- material" means any 12 ofperiodutilisingincident the following determined specialto the process subdivisions:nuclear according (4)of material; producing "Calendar to either or quarter" means any quantityof mass, of by radiation the body20.4 absorbed, or(a) by "Dose,"any perportion unitas used of in this part, is Units of esilado dose. th41 .followingtotwos one per rem the table:ware mayincident centimeter be estimated equivalent NIVISCII Ywi Doss lematams number of 311111. from the (b) of this section,20.101(a) no Except licensee as provideddiation in paragraphin restricted areas. Exposure of individuals to ra- shall mannertransfer as licensed to cause 20.104material any(a) No licensee shall possess. use Exposure of Joiners. is underIndividual 1$ years within in such a or ofthetime,part radiation body. specify the When dose absorbed, a dosemeansthe regulations duringper the unit total a of period quantityin mass, this of Neutral rawly MeV) mimessquireNumber per sea- et Umeter Milkendam WO laAmass40 bearsfluz I. rialpossess,frominindividual inany suchradioactive use,period ainor manner a ofrestricted one material as calendar to area cause to quarter any. transfer licensed mate- and other receive a reetrictedofthe age, licensee's to areareceive possessionwho in any perioda nrd =d:quarter from radioactiveother sources nta- of radiation dose in excess of one in Definitionsdifferentbodyby the during body units suchof or ofunits byperioddose any as are ofused portion intime currentin this use.part Severalof the Widowequirskot of tmealinresi1 (use- 270)(101 g essi per me.)(seutrearl sessionsources ofa doseradiation in excess in the of the Unlit: Rams per calendar quarter licensee's pos- theoftransfer 10 table percent in licensed paragraph of the material limits (a)(b) of No 1 in licensee shall possess, use or specified in 20.101. such a aremeasureof set this forth section. of inthe paragraphs dose of any(b) (b) ionising The , radi- as used in this part, is a and (C) 030101nexia400)X001710X101XXXI43X101 ig'n(6- 2. Hands and . Whole body; headblood-forming andeyes; trunk; or gonadsactive forearms; organs; fast and lens of Yearswithinmannerradioactive ofa restrictedageas tomaterial cause area, possessed anywho is by be exposed to airborne individual midair 1$ the ingtissue.energyation to theto One absorbed bodyabsorption red tisaneis perthe of unitdose 100in terms massenscorrespond- per of gram the (One millirad (arid) =0.001 of the 14X105MSS114X10120X14)(10 les S. Skindose of whole body ( b ) A licenseeankles may permit an in a restricted than that a B,excesslicenseebeof Table thisaveraged of inparagraph. theII an oflimits average thisover specified part. concentrationsperiods concentration not greater may For purposesin Appendix in ; ofm tissue.rad.) doseestimatedradiationa measure of one tobiological of body the dosetissue effect(r)(C) of of in anyTheX-rays. relativeterms ionisingrem, of (One to asits a used in this part, is "airmayspecifiedMUM dose".be raysassumed in 11For up 20.101 tothe purpose to (d)20.104, For of determining exposures to be equivalent3 Mev, to the the dose limits inclusive,this part to X or section,permittedinmaterialdose the to licensee'sprovided: the underand whole other paragraphpossession body sources(1) from During any calendar shall notof ex- radiationquarter(a)radioactive the of this thanjectof #a 20.103,toweek. paragraph shall apply (b) of to(c) exposures The20.204 provisions of paragraph Exceptions from posting re- this section. JI sub- (c) considerationpendsmilliremingulationsirradiation.tion is ofupon considered (mrem)the in the this remandFor biological =0.001 part,upontothe toother purpose anybethe rem.) equivalent doseconditionsofeffect the Theof units thefollow-under rela- reg-oftode- a ured"airfaceinstrument dose"by in a the properly means regionin air thatcalibratedat of (a)or highest20.5the nearRadioactivity theappropriate dosage body sur-is commonly, Units of radioactivity. dose is meas- and for rate. 5doseaddedceed dividual's(N-13) to3 torems; the reinsthe whole age andaccumulated where in body, years(2) The dose to the whole body, "N" equals the in-at hisshall last birth-not exceed occupational when thebethe posted presence radiation with of aa led cautionsealed twelve(a) sourcesign A room or area isquirements. not thstanding th inches fromrequiredbecause to of provided of radiation;doseor betaof one radiation; rem: (2)(1)(3) A Adose dose of of1 radr0.1 due duerad to duetoX X,or to gammaME M, tionsshallpurposesmultipleminuteond(c) be,per (dps) =3.7 measured unit(dpen)of of =2.2 the xl()"time the regulations. x ordisintegrationsin10'1 interms curies. disintegrationsis theof disintegra- Onemicrocurie percurie persec- A commonly used sub- in this part day: and r4 housingthe surfacebecausegulled does of tonot the of be exceed the sourceposted presence with(d) ofa A caution radioactiveroomhour. orsign other area is not re- fivecontainer millirem or heavierortermineneutronIfenergy high it is energythan more to flux, the reach convenient neutronprotons;or theequivalent, and lens (4)dose with toof A measurethe dose insufficientthan eye;rads, of to 0.05 de-the as read due to particles 3.2thisI(14). x20.7 104 part,One dpm. gc=0.000001allIExcept communications where c=3.7 otherwise X 104 and dFs= re-specified Communications. in "-fft".- Aviation materials Agency, packaged or Coaststatecordance Guard. Commerce with regulations Commission, of the Federal Inter- and labeled in ac- may,paragraph,providedtothis 14 forpart, million purposes in onebe subparagraph assumedremneutrons of of theneutron perto be square(3) equivalentradiation of centi-this regulations in & igmission, iPart, andRegulation,shouldportsnnmications, applications concerning be addressed U.S. filedreports Atomicthe regulationsto andthe Energy Directorapplications Coen- Washington, D.C., 20545. under them, in this Corn- of proximatematetheremeter existswith incident reasonabledistributionsufficient upon information accuracy thein energy body; theto ofor, esti-- ap-the if r.L. Md.;nue,Washington,mission'smay beBethesda, delivered offices D.C.; Md.; atin at 1717 personor4915 H St. Street Ehno NW.,Ave- at Germantown, at the Com- 13 20.207 Storage of licensed Excreta from individuals undergoing storage.authorisedstricted area removal shall be Licensed securedfrom the against materials stored in an u re- WASTE Dis of section.anyactivemedical* 20.304 material diagnosis shall or therapy be exempt with radio- from limitations Disposal by burial in soil. contained in this materialPartcipient§ 20.301 30, except as 40, provided or : 70 of inNothis the (a) licenseechapter, regula By transfer shallw dispose to an ofauthorised 11 re- General requirement. oneothermaterial location radioactive by burialand time materials inNo soildoes(a) licensee Theunless: not buried exceed.total shill at quantity any dispose of oflicensed licensed and at S disposal of licensedever material1 20.304, may be by applicableapplicable; re20.302; (b)respectiffely or (c)or As As authorized provided to pursuantin to 120.303 or specifiedthedistancesfour time feet; of in burial. ofandAppendix at least 1,000 six C times (b) offeet(c) thisBurial Successiveandthe part; amountnot is and moreat aburials minimum are separated depth of by Le in soil, or in 1 20.106intoEffluents *(Concentrations ',Waxy to sewerage Unrestricted systems Areas). or bu spatial by release into sank than 12rI 20.305 burials are made in any year. Treatment or disposal by incise- unless:materialin water; into and a sanitaryNo sewerage (a)licensee It is readily systemshall discharge solubletarn or licensed seweragedispersible systems. licensedsionas specifically pursuant material to approved by1130.101(b) incinerationNo by licensee the and Commis- except 30.303. shall treat orstation. dispose of paragraphsdaytheotherthe systemdoes averageradioactive not (1)by dailyexceed orthe material(2) licenseequantity ofthe (1)(b)this larger released The The ofinparagraph: sewageany quantityofquantity sub-intoone re- which, of any if licensed diluted byor equalmaterialB,willleased Table toresult the into specifiedI, limits inColumn the an sewer specifiedaverage in 2Appendix of by(2) this concentration inthe Ten Appendix part; licensee, C times of or this the quantity of such a concentration exceedingmonthlyanypart;the one licensee,and the month, quantity limitsther will if radioactivespec- diluted ofnot water result(c) by Thereleased thematerialin an averagequantity average by released of any in licensed or eaan- ifiedLe of in this Appendix part; and B,Aber Table radioactive I, Column material 2(d) Tice released gross intoquantity of licensed and 14notthe exceed sewerage one systemcurie per by year.the licensee does forstates prescribe salts. limits It is wise to where the AEC does not, check with the nearest state especially The Safe Use healthWickarelived usually department materials,Areas the and same e.g.,toSeams see asPss if andsuch Pal, are the federal. agreements exist. If short- used, the state limits of Radioisotopes J. M. Coughlin High School Jahn W. Suiceeki* by shouldwithexperimentalbackground seine be care.divorced count, results.If at from allwhichThe possible, the selectionmay counting introducethe of aarea radioisotope to work area should be madesample preparation area serious errors in the avoid a high Wilkes-Barre, Pa. rate room from the countingIdeally, area. the sample preparation area In most laboratories this should be in a sepa- servedRadioactivemetaled: when are working materials, care and withTHE commonwhen TWO mum GUIDELINES to radioactive treated be ob- ergyoutterialsindividual a Commission specific available to license. possess to the high up toschool ten radioac- allows a laboratory or The Atomic En- quantities. with- ofsible,keepis notinch-thick them andpossible. the on wood twoopposite If areasthe or twoordinary sides areBecause areas on of the the must the same room. actual mass of a license-free house bricks between them. be in the same room,table. place a shieldIf this is not poi-radiochemical is withastheandchlorate, part respect, chemicalssometimes of forour not example,we even fear, have safer are maycome justthan be toas somemore accept lab routine. Potassium dan-safe of terialsCommercialtivethe sources, quantities publish suppliers called brochures available. exempt of radioactive whichThose radioisotopes ma- popular in explain edu- suppliedsotion-wouldspecificTen smallon microcodes in activity, aqueousthe be microgram of ofwhilelow solution Ps' specific thein 0.5 same in ml activity.high amountof or in levelradiochemicals are usually solution would be of high but microlow specificapparatus activity.5 or 10 ml of solu- topescense-exemptgerousdioactivity such if handled as phosphorus-32.among quantities students ofYet there and someexists an inherent fear improperly than li- radioiso- of ra- cationaltiespossessshownample, at one workin up that Table time.to the onten the1.laboratoryThis A tracer laboratorymeans, levelmay possess aremay such exempt quanti- for ex- mustwithpipettescontrol be the used Clayof may the for Adams be Lang-Levy dispensing easily micropipetteHigh manipulated type specific are control. activitieswith are useful, these small volumes. Micro- popular in conjunction easilythe right controlled hand; the byThe micropipette bermaterialterrifieddioisotopesteachers. quite is Manyofvividly under forthe peoplethefact theirone first thatboy control. working time awho radioactive seen Iwas withremem- to pre- ra- be isotopestenisotopetenthat separate separate the shown at laboratory the bottles bottles insame the of table.time. may ofany TheItpossess also ten means up to the same radio- of the radio- bottles merelyvolumeremote-controldispenseddex finger. twistingof liquid easilySee the admittedFig. device with screw 1. an called oratLow ordinary theexpelled specific thetop "Propipettor." withlaboratory is activity the pipette solutions, in the 5-mi range, are thumb and in- The "Pro- and a Theparingmanipulatedtime. result a His radioactive was hands theinevitablespillage. actuallymicropipette source forNoshook damage control. as was done because the first the he mixed,restrictionofscheduled the though, same limits quantities radioisotopesince the this number usedisNote illegal. may in that ofthe not a course possession limit exists; no such be ordinarytosetpipettecontrol a of pipette. ball is medicine- apparatus,merely valves If only athat dropperhollow approximatesuch regulate as pipetterubber tongs, sphere the amount of air admittedwillpipette's, suffice.volumes Fancyand slave are remote- needed, units an with an ingenious workanotherhadlinedcare wasthought with and laboratorybeing absorbentrespect, of performedthe radioisotopechemical paper. over If requiring thisa as tray just. the spill would never boy ereofinto a presentyear, agreements as atlong any aswith one a marlesues theMore AEC inand of ten more states are entering Hose. which areordinarybe totally piecedOpened unnecessary kboratery is by She mar& mon& chensiosk. NorUnder Of couree, no cirounosienoes should any with license - exempt quantities. should any rarlioactioeeating, meseriel drinking, and applying this also holds for all redisective liquids potentiallydentally,havedifficulty occurred. handles whatsoever.dangerous Thestrong samereagents acids boy, and with inci-other no state.theprescribelowso AECalready, Aboutsuit. relinquishes Inlaser anda some dozen morequantities cases, statesare control the of statescertain to the may ra- expected to fol- have done tories,cosmeticsHandling just areas Radioisotopes they absolutely are in Itmost Sealedgoes without radioactive saying sources, that as forbidden in radioisotope labora- other laboratories. supplied by all mumble- considersUnjustified the Apprehension amounts ofSuch radioactive fears are ma- unjustified when one dioisotopesuranium,Naturally,teialmaterial ,for radioactive license-free produced and materialsThe radium use.in AEC a reactor.salts such licenses are as "byproducts' ma- turers,however,verybenchpaper stringentare (seein quiteshould case Fig. for safe of be a handledto'pal. It is over a good a tray 2) to minimisesealed sources. contamination Al open radioactive handle since AEC regulations are idea to line the work area lined with absorbent of the week- liquids, 15 tabletopofpaper spills. also. A layer of newspaper taped to a layer underneath makes an effective absorbent lining in case with absorbent paper of waxed productcautionelse use shouldisunder expected. abe hood taken in whenevergoodBefore working leavinga radioactive order. the This laboratory gaseous latter pre-by- after radioactive materials Theblotterradioactive (wearwet paper, paper rubber wasteand should newspapersgloves). disposal. be Spillsplaced MostTissue, are should inworkers excellent the paper containerbe wipedprefer towels, absorbent immediatelyspecifiedto wear papers. thin rubber surgeon's gloves photographic for beshouldhavewithoutWith moved been bethe monitored slowly actuallyused,instrument theover touching forwork theset contamination suspectedon area, its it. lowesttheIf the areahands, with instrumentscale, as aandclose Geiger the the asprobe has clothingpossiblecounter. ashould time adermaycontaminatewhile few has feel minuteshandling been aadded ofrubber radioactive wear, to glovethe inside liquids.than to a preventhuman It is much perspiring. easier to uncomfortable at first, especially if no talcum pow- manual dexterity usually returns. hand. The gloves After de- evidencecountconstant above ofswitch, contamination. normal set backgroundit atThe "SHORT" detector should usedfor monitoring.be for interpreted monitoring Any as should mat& the radia- contaminationare rarely used of when counting countingRubberThe equipment. gloves glovessamples should are worn be monitored only for preparativeby another person work. forThey con- in order to prevent countersationfensestrumentoftion certain given becausewill will supplied energies.not offnot thedetect bydetect tube tothe For alphamost allthicknesssuspected example, types particlespublic ofis the highcontaminant.radiation,so or common great softschools (weak)the nor CD particlesby All V-700Civilbeta Geiger radi- can-De- in- radiation taminationthethemselveswash reaction whilethe hands they ifsystem radioactive with are to stillthe a smallglovesQuiteen liquids the shallowoften stillhands. are on samplesaccidentally cupItrather is calledsimpler thanare preparedspilled.a the planchet.to gloves for counting by adding bebynot1.4-3.0 detected carbon-14penetrate mg/cm2 easily the (0.154 tube densitywith Mev)wall. a thin thickness, Theand end-window sulfur-35weak butbeta not(0.167 Geiger with Mev) the tube thicker can of radiation emitted thickness, as Planchetstoryplanchetstheing, liquid forceps it withis can systemsometimes or concentric be with handled can special bea After raised goodsafely kept planchet a idearings inplanchetwith the to forceps.areordinary center spray popularhas easily.itbeen because dried, These and is ready for count- withsmall a trans- labora- labelsberadioactivefoundside-window used shouldon to the identifymaterials. GeigerV-700be affixed such apparatus.tube A smallIttoglassware. of isglassware 30 good dab mg/csn2 ofpractice AEC-approved paint containing density or to nail segregate radioactivepolish warning glasswaremay being used with parentlacquerscompound,planchet.chased plastic. such inIt whichconvenientalso Thisas preventsKrylon mayprevents occurspray serve volatilization cans.upon very occasion.Dowell not ofand usethe mayTransparent such a spray metal from fialcing off the radioactive be pur- material.inside, theThe amount label should of radioactivity contain the in kind microcuries of radioisotope or counts TABLE 1. POPULAR RADIOISOTOPES onmals,cannot an alpha-emitter such penetrate as mice, the because rats,coating.If and radioisotopesthe rabbits, short-range the areanimals alpha being used in experiments with ani- should beparticles animal TYPES Carbon-14RADIOISOTOPE (p) AND OF RADIATION UQUID 50UCENSE-EXEMPT QUANTITY MICROCURIES SEALED 50 5700HALF-LIFE yrs nation.resistingadequatelymentioned Animals injection anesthetized earlier. should can Disposable sometimes be at injected the time syringes cause over of injection.widespread the are paper-lined best used,An as tray they contami- Cesium-137Cobalt-60Chromium-51Iodine-131 (p,(fi, (p,7)(y) 7) 5010 11 501010 8.15.2 days yrs2730 daysyrs hasmaterial,may been be must lined be with kept absorbent inThe a securely animals paper locked,themselves, to catch labelled theonce cageexcreta, injected that or fed radioactivediscarded with the other waste. 'Lead -210,Phosphorus-32 RaDEF (p) (a, p, 10 10 1 14.3 days 22 yrs whichborneNevertheless,receptacle.should may radioactivitybe be discarded radioactive. two rachniit4ope with hazard All Mostother suchif radioisotopes wasteaddedsolutions paper in to liningsthe acids.may designated are present and Iodine-131,supplied excreta an waste air-in stable chemical forms. 'UraniumThallium-204Sodium-22Polonium-210 nitrate U -238 (iI) (a) (a, P, 01+, 0.1 5010 5010 4.5 x 109 yrs 1382.6 days yrs 4 yrs 16 isifformcommonly acidsimplekeep radioactive is added suppliedsupplied all to vapor acids the as as solution. sodium andsodiumaway radiocarbon from or Theradioiodide, barium 131 soluti dioxide radiocsrbonate, and respectively carbon-14, will and C:4 tosolutions this problem or Also'Natural natural product, product, no but Halation state laws of consequencevary. Available unless from state 0.1 pclaw to to 5 contrary.pc depending upon TEACHER'Sscience ReprintedEDITION Withand Permission math From JournalVolume for Students 5, Issue and 30, Teachers May 5, 1965 Section 1 of Two Sections woad)? quiteareper notminute, low. adequate. and the After glassware has been used with The cost of approved labels,date of preparation. Homemade labels radioactive material, however, is quantitiesavailable,remove contaminationalongthe radioactive with ordinary Repeatedfrom waste lab may refuse.scrubbings be discarded with ina strongsmall cleanser will usually workbenches, floors, and other man'soesise-exeniptinn forfly mostbox, quantities.or sources. a smallThick If tinA lead small can shielding shields will plastic provide are suchbox, adequateas lead is also unnecessary desired for storage, such as a fisher- with li-shield., taminationit mustrecommendedwash,ful laboratory be or decontaminatedmayeven bedetergent commonduring accomplished decontamination suchhousehold as by Tide. before being used again. Decon- Sparkleen, Alconox, Radiac- scrubbing with a power- procedures, Rubberbut re- gloves are wastesbesurfaces.all designated laboratory and rinsing:. assinks. a This"hot TheOne preventssink" sink laboratory infor needlessthe disposal teacher's sink, contamination ofpreferably one seldom used, should demonstration radioactive of labtheylicense-exemptBadges of can a local be and purchased hospital. quantities, or securedPersons and gratis forwho longer fromhandle the periods larger quantitiesof time, of radioisotopes than radioisotope memberinshowsGeiger most toacounter laboratories)count use plenty noto seehigher of ifit running anyis Whenthan radioactivity background water dry, theas a remains.glassware rinse. should be considered decontaminated. monitored(about 30-40with a cpm If the item hoodofdownlife,sewers longer is such idealthe may laboratoryhalf-lifeas for I131be this used andpurposethan sinkfor P9,Waste II= disposalwith if-the sinceand disposalplenty Pas itradioactive ofis should seldom of water.presents be usedliquid heldRadioisotopes byno isfor pupils. peatflushed decay problem. The public materials of short half- doesofdeterminemusteter. radiation notcarry In necessitate fact,their aemitted files the cumulative badgedosimeters theby license-exemptwearing and dose pocket provided andof a dailyfilmdosimeter quantities, by badgedose. Civil Theinor however, a amount Defense and order to dosim- radioactivity.conc.reliabledecontaminate H2SO4 chromic in If with600 acidthe detergent.item bathOccasionally, is(100 still Ag few a piece of glassware may prove ml water) should remove any remaining contaminatedof K2Cr202 andafter 400 a few ml of days soak in the old difficult to topesownwater.if wastepossible septic should If should the andtank school never bethen system kept is beflushed situated influshed or a sewage large, down in down awidemouthed suburbanthe the sewer drain. area with bottle Instead, plenty and the thenof disposal system, radioiso- and has its rather0-200onwithfound a Civillicense-exempt than inmris almost Defenseany due radiation everyto leakage quantities. public from of highlicense theAny school charge movement- exempt are on almost sources.the of the useless reticle dosimetereven the lowest scale range, dosimeter These Wastesuchpaper acid Disposal used baths, in throwtrays, it away.All material which cannot be disposable syringes, solid waste, decontaminated, such as the lined with plastic highlywithideaincinerated, tothe excited dispose normal or when discardedwith oflaboratory waste they seein refuse. merkedradioactive other Refuse lab cans refuse. warning collectorsand bottles labels. become along Although perfectly proper, it is not a good handled.theydosimeterscreates are of problems. are no sensitivevalue When when toWhen gamma carealpha fearand and orcommon x-radiationcarelessnessbeta - emitters sense only, prevail, are are so the use of radioisotopes the paperspatulas,incineratedwasteterials. and in Itetc., storage. is or notshould otherwise good As be oftenpractice placed disposed as into aof. storage can specifically marked for disposal of possible, the waste should bekeep too much radioactive If an incinerator is not radioactive ma- thekeepsin a cleaning small them box away and or maintenance fromcabinet theRadioactive that curious people.can beand sources locked forestalls andsecurely. frighteningliquids This should be kept segregated dangerousonteachers.inhandswatchwords, all the areas ofgrounds Itthe thanofis experimenter. atheyscience. mistakemanyof becomefear otherHence orto exclude anRadioisotopeschemical they extremely havethem reagents value from useful are forthe nowwidely alltoolclassroom sciencein in wideused the apprehension. They are no more use. I7 NUCLEAR SCIENCE SYLLABUS THE NUCLEAR SCIENCE LABORATORY SEQUENCE 3 lessontory-orientedcovery precede method course theis morelecture. is to The ideal aim of every valid. haveteacher each oflaboratory a labora-In this wayHowever,here, the dis-it in is the not nuclearprogrampossible science and to thecorrelate program shown The instructor has his choice lecture program for all units. completely the laboratory of two methods of attaching the integration (a) follow the sequence given of the lab program: under ti (b) follow the core sequence morelearning correlation experiences, which after the first unit; given allows favored Drying samples under a heat lamp. byperimentsandfirst Chase the part etlater in alis biology, anddevotedparts are chemistry,to The RSS staff prefers the sequence Hernias et al in which the devoted tonuclear nuclear lab ex- fundamentals physics, and generalsuitables applications. for high school use These laboratory texts are because of Althoughthetheir only twomany designedexperiments,otherformatexperiments manualsand as mode teacher for mayexist of thebe treatment. reference containingadopted.most part books from excellentwhichthese manuals nuclear are 111.111 20 howitzerTheseofradiochemical Pharmacy during & Science.labsa fieldtrip at Phila. to students examine a neutron College the PersonalSUGGESTEDCOURSE INMonitoring BASIC NUCLEAR EXPERIMENTS SCIENCEDevices FOR A (Po210 0.1 uc, T1204 ) ONE-SEMESTER Absorption of Phosphorus by Frogs NUCLEARNUCLEAR BIOLOGY PHYSICS (P32 10 uc) PlottingSampleSurveyBackground MetersPreparation a Geiger no 0.5 sources uc,Plateau (C013710.1 uc) (Co60 0.5 uc) (Cs137 0.1 uc) Range of Alpha Particles NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (Po210 0.1 uc) ResolvingAbsorptionShelfChanges Ratios intime ofInstrument (T1204 (C136Radiation 0.10.1 Efficiency uc)uc)by Sample (Cs137 0.1 Iuc) (U238 20% sol) Separation by Paper Chromatography NUCLEAR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS (Pb21° 0.luc) AbsorptionRandomnessAbsorption of of Radiation DisintegrationRadiation by by Sample Sample no source IIIII AbsorptionDetergent Efficiency of Phosphate by a Plant NUCLEAR BIOLOGY (P32 10 uc) (P32 10 uc) Half-lifeDEMONSTRATIONS AS PART OF LECTURES (Ga68 0.1 uc) Non-rootDistribution Feeding of Phosphateof Plants in a Plant NUCLEAR PHYSICS (P32 10 uc) (P32 10 ue) DeflectionCloudBackscatteringSidescattering Chambers of Beta Particles by a (T1204 0.1 uc; Sr" 0.1 uc (both Magnetic(p32 0.1Field uc) sealed) BetaInverse Decay Square Energy Law NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY (T1204 0.1 (Ra226uc or C136Sealed, 0.1 15uc) ug) NUCLEAR DETECTION (64 0.5 uc) Separation by PrecipitationSolvent Extraction (U238) (U238) AutoradiographyIonization Chambers (P32 10 uc) WearThicknessDepth Testing Gauging Gauging (Ga68 Or90luc) 0.1 NUCLEAR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS (Co6u 0.1 uc) uc) 21 CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES 1. STRUCTURE OF MATTERA. Historical Development 1. Discusspanded howand earlyaccepted. theories were revived, ex- through 2.1. DiscoveryEarly Atomic of TheoriesSub-atomic particles 2.3. gases.DemonstrateLABORATORY CrookesEXPERIMENTS tube and discharge 3.4. DiscoveryRadioactivity of Xf-rays a. PersonalChase(Electroscope, et Monitoring al, pages dosemeter, 1-2 Devices film badge) 5. Laterb.a. Atomic Models ThomsonRutherford b. HermeasSurveyChase andMeterset al,Joecile, page 3pages 31, 44 B. Particles and Waves d.c. BohrSchrodinger 1. Classificationb.a. MesonsLeptons 2. Propertiesd.c. of Nucleons HyperonsNucleons b.a.c.d. A= Z + N NeutronsProtonsElectrons 3. b.Dualisma. of Matter DeBroglieApplicationto Equation of DeBroglie Theory 22 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. DISCHARGE12 Min. BTHROUGH & W, McGraw-Hill GASES 603504 HarveyChoppin pp. pp.1-4 1-4 A whichfilmasdischarge well demonstrationoccur as whenathrough pressure ofrarefied gases. clear explanation of the the discharge patternsis progressively reduced theory of Dance pp. 1-4 THE124 STRUCTURE Min. color, OF ATOMSMcGraw-Hill, 612024 AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS ourThishistoricthe basic film atom. conceptsprovidesalpha particle the An experiment similar to concerning the structure experimentalscattering evidence fordemonstrations Rutherford's of Handle with care: The safe handling 214 Min. B & W of nuclei.showschargethe chargethat to atomsmass. on the have Another fundamental dense, positively charged and the ratio of experiment shows personnelThisaabove,Radioisotopes laboratory semitechnical covers to avoid and some training(1963).contamination. of the film, methods points out the procedures for audiences of high schoolof safe handlingWhile the of radioisotopesfilm is instructional in followed by laboratory level and in 27COSMIC Min. RAYS color, McGraw-Hill 681122 butthenature, scientistpossible, story its involves goes contentcontamination about the is presented happeningshis work inin an incident Told pia the flashback of one afternoon inthe a laboratoryformapparently of a storyas a methodicalof an unlikely, and routine audience sees in technique, A detailedoriginusingthe earth andballoons, examination naturefrom outer rocketsof space. charged particles reachingof present conceptsand satellites of -- are Recent discoveries -- the detailfilmThemanner.dioisotopessuch mysteryshowsall as the As film the procedures he ofin badges, recalls thean experimentcontamination dosimeters used in using a use of protective clothing, radiation the happenings of the day, the and counters,is solved thethe at safehandling the handlingend of of the the of ra-radioisotopes.fume hood, and clean-up proce- measuring devices film. The presented.research and nuclear The relationship research is outlined. between dures following an experiment. 23 LEARNING EXPERIENCES C. Atomic Structure CONTENT 1. experiment,Students who measuring have not beenlength exposed of stearic to PSSC or 1.2. Atomic PropertiesDimensions oleicments.show acid,how scientists may be given secure this experimentindirect to measure- 3. Thea. Bohr Model Postulates of Bohr Theory 2. Assign problems from 3b. b. 1.Calculations3.2. OrbitEnergyElectron radii relationships velocity 4. Thea. Schrodinger Postulates of the Model Theory 3. Show Aufbau principle with overhead projector 5. b.Electronc. Configurations PauliComparison Exelusion to Bohr Principle Model 4. Haveandusing transparencies. students Fisher-Cook practice Atomic Orbital Board. electron configuration b.a.c. AufbauHeisenbergPauli Exclusion Uncertainty Principle Principle 5. LABORATORY EXPERIMENTSSample Preparation (using micro and macro d. PeriodicElectron ConfigurationLaw and pipette controls, HermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 6-8 liquids and solids) pp. TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. 1-8 A 90- ATOMICminutes, PHYSICS black and white (1948) HarveyDanceChoppin pp. pp. pp. 4-6 Dalton'sThisperimentsof atomicfile basic discusses inenergy, electrolysis,atomic stressingthe theory, history Faraday Mendeleev'snuclear periodic physics, and development early ex- howmoleculeselectrontable, cathode and arewas raysearly discusseddiscovered; were concepts also. how and the nature investigated and how the size of atomsThe andfilm demonstrates of positive and putandofrays tonuclear Chadwick wasuse. established; physics, in discovery explains The film also presents and how X-rays were found of neutron, and splitting workand ofWalton. Joliot-Curie research tools Einstein ofequivalencetells anislithium atomicexplained, how atomtheir bomb.of bymass aswork Cockcroftwell and asenergy. illustrates his theory of why it is possible to fission make AtomicFOM - 616 StructureA and A IS FOR THE ATOM (1964) Filmstrip Chemistry structureThissystem,through non-technical, 14 discusseshighof minutes, the school atom fully colorlevel natural elements and using an analogy to the audiences,animated film, explains for elementarythe artifically solar producedandbydone. number,tells elements of describes the showingdiscovery stable and unstable , how they areof identified . Well RSS"Sample #1 Preparation" Filmstrip 25 CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES 2. NATURE OF THE 1. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT a. Plotting a Geiger Plateau A. NUCLEAR2.1. STRUCTURE NuclearEarly TheoriesForces b. ChaseBackgroundHermias et al& Joecile pp. 9 pp. 47 4.3. Liquida.Shell DropModel Model n-p ratios rules HerniasChase et& Joecileal pp. pp. 13 5. b.c.Comparison of NucleonMagic number pairingCollective Model Both Models -

26 J TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS OvermanHarvey pp. 33-42;pp. 8-18 19-32 PRINCIPLES10 min. OF NUCLEAR FISSION Color, McGraw-Hill 603511 and the modern DanceChoppin pp. pp. 4-16; 95-96; 62-89 basicAfterItconceptionsfilm describes particles,considering shows of diagrammaticallyin the , detailthe structure historic how protons, ofthe the atom, bombarding neutrons relation of its and neutrons. the productionmethodsdealscause withfission of of thecontrolling chain ingraphite reactions. actionnuclear in reactor, a Uranium-235 atoms and the the production of The film then nuclear showing electricity.reactorISOTOPES and relating this to The15isotopes min. film shows -- U-238 uranium and U-235.being Color, McGraw-Hill demonstrated the existence separated603517 into twoIt explains how J.massof theseparatingJ. Thompsonspectrometer.uses of and isotopes radioisotopes.first how Aston and It then shows two methods concludes by illustratingdeveloped the first of 27 CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES B. NUCLEAR1. STABILITY Stability Diagonal 1.2. HaveLABORATORYusing students criteria EXPERIMENT:predict at left. stability of nuclides 2. Neutron/Protonb.a. Ratios HighLow ResolvingHermiasChase et & Time alJoecile pp. pp. 15 3. Magicb.a. Number EvenEven Z, N, more more stable stable Rules ChangesHermiasChase etin &al Joecile Instrument Efficiencypp. 19 pp. 51 4. c.Bindingd. Energy Even AA, and more even stable Z, more stable

28 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS HarveyOverman pp. 62; pp. 30; 31-16 ChoppinDance pp. pp. 95; 8-10; 93; 144; 17-20

29 I CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES C. NUCLEAR1. EQUATIONS Conservation of mass principle 1. Have"Dictionary(Eclectic students ofPubl.balance Chemical Co.) nuclear hasEquations", manyequations. examples from 2. Balancingb.a. Nuclear Equations BalancingReview of techniqueparticle symbols 2. whichLABORATORY to choose. EXPERIMENTS: 3. b.a.Shorthand notation TechniqueDifferences in symbols Shelf Ratios HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 21 pp. 70 Absorption of RadiationHermiasChase by etSample &al Joecile pp. 32-40 pp.

30 pp. 24-27 TEXT REFERENCES FUNDAMENTALS OF RADIOACTIVITY AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS (PMF-5145 -A). HarveyOvermanChoppin pp. pp. 96-102 This59 Itminutes filmshows traces how uranium uranium changes into other from prospector to elements the USAEC. Dance pp. MentionatomicthroughStable is bomb, radioactiveand made radioactiveand of use Einstein's decayequation and Ethroughof = isotopes are explained, level diagrams used to nuclearfor industry.fission. mc2, the with nuclearillustrateisotopereactor changescharts is decay. described andare energy Also shown are target Various radiationsdescribed inin detail. terms of fission materials introduced resulting from and modera-The nuclear Moreintotion.explained.radioisotopes athan typical fifty andterms the nuclear reac-or and processingand concepts of fissionare withdrawn as defined and products. THE PETRIFIED RIVER (1956) describesThis28 minutes, nontechnical how Color uranium film was for all audience deposited during the Colorado Plateau; levels prehistoric, mininggeologictopestheindustry atom'sand for ages;milling medical andenergy prospectingresearch. on diagnosisfor power ofand uranium therapy,to ores; and produce radioiso- the use ofagriculture, LEARNING EXPERIENCES D. NUCLEAR ENERGY CONTENT 1. Assign problems dealing with mass-energy 2.1. MassConservation Units of Mass-Energy 2. man'sDiscussrelationships. benefit how nuclear or man's energy destruction. may be used for b.c.a. EndoergicExoergicThe Einstein ReactionsReactions Equation

32 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. 12-13 TALE17 min.OF TWO CITIES B & W HarveyChoppin pp. pp. 16;59 103-106 Thisandfromfilm, film Nagasaki ait depictsnuclear illustrates in reaction 1945. the destruction the tremendous energyAlthough a Civilin a most vivid manner. of Hiroshima Defense release Dance pp. OPERATION14 min. CUE Color womanThefollows following1955 invited Nevada from the preparatory shot. to observe the Atomic Test is told This film underscores stages through test, this story by a newspaper- the day the fact Energythateffects,are suchessential Commission nuclearthus contributingin providing to national tests,in cooperation arranged information as to weapons the huge energy re-with the FCDA.by the Atomic survival under nuclearleaseNUCLEAR ofattack. atomicREACTOR weapons. It also shows Starting9 andmin. neutron-induced B &with W, a McGraw-Hill discussion of nuclear fission, emission,the film the 638002 self-sustaining developsstability theandideasItchain ideasthen of toreaction, tracer illustratesofthe neutron pile. elements is discussed.and the role of Thethe productionapplication the moderator. of plutoniumof these LEARNING EXPERIENCES E. NUCLEAR REACTIONS CONTENT LABORATORY1. Randomness EXPERIMENT of Disintegration: OR DEMONSTRATION: 1. Generalb.a. Classification NaturalInduced reactions reactions HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 43 pp. 2.3. FusionFission 2. Cloud Chambers Chase et al pp. 64 4.5. The cloud chamber and photographsHermias & Joecile pp. 35 show how from 6. ActivationTransmutation nuclearmayresultanttimes,cloud be reactionsseen,chambers certain rays. with canelementaryare beinvestigated. used to different impinging and nuclear reactions At

34 TEXT REFERENCES OvermanHarvey pp. pp. 57-68; 87-10124-27; 95-97 DanceChoppin pp. pp. 103-106; 106-112 A - HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS Some23 min. 20 veryColor high energy RESEARCH accelerators, scattered A - OF MAN AND MATTER AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS reconsiderationparticlescharacteristicsthroughout and the their world,ofand subatomicinteractionsrevision are of some being used to probe the particles. have brought about of the funda- The new showsnatingThis film gradientthe describes various synchrotron major the design, components(1963) 29 min. Color (AGS) at Brookhaven Nationaldevelopment and operation of the alter- of this 33 billion-electron-volt Laboratory, mentalofparticles,cates high lawsour energy currentofnuclear physics. physics forces, This includes the general types understanding of subnuclear research in the UnitedThis technical film indi-and surveys the status of accel- particleducedTheandment the methodsinaccelerator,is the seen,resultant machine in adopted which interactions and are thein used scanningparticle in explains how the high energy protons pro-with the target nuclei arebeamphysical is guided research. into a bubble Ianand actual analyzing experi- the photographs are photographed. chamber eratorsandStates.thisinto analysis, problem,aand unified the the devicesand general efforts the many to theory, theused difficulty for particle detection remaining questions.organize the data of plainsalsowithinessarymatter. shown. that the in such atomicByorder meansgigantic tonucleus of and a that are study the fundamental particles brief lecture, a Brookhavencomplex machines as the AGS are nec- the basic components of all and the forcesphysicist ex- existing A This- HIGH semitechnical ENERGY RADIATIONSfilm, FOR (1958) 16 min. forColor high school and MANKIND college-level audiences, Van de Graaff THE12 LINEARmin. B &ACCELERATOR W, McGraw -Hill 603505 particledescribesofing,all assembly,basic chemistry, accelerator theradiation principles,testing metallurgy, forto and basic use produce intense, stable, assembly andand ofand usesbiology vertical applied of andthe and research, medicine. horizontal It controlledindustrial beams of process- machines rang- shows stages Thisacceleratedtions film and introduces theparticles. production the theory of It shows the development of hard X-rays with laboratory of nuclear transmuta- tor;vation,nuclearingenergy and from theradiography, engineering, 1of 10-Mevto heavier 6 million Tandem and petrochemistry, cancer elements. Examples include use electron volts; the Microwave Van de Graafftreatment. for exploring drug sterilization, food preser- for basic research,Linear Accelera- the binding equipmentingandtheory waveWalton ofandlinear experimentswhich techniques accelerator, are described upfrom to the in the designmost recent and underlying travell- detail. original Cockcroft FOW.631 ParticleFilmstrip Accelerators 35 3. RADIOACTIVE DECAY math background, derive A.B. UnitsThe Decayof Radioactive Equation Decay 1.2. decayIfShow students equation.different have variationsgood of decay equation. 3 1.2. DerivationDecay Constant 4.3. AssignLab Experiment: half-life Determination of Half-Life. problems. 3 3. Half-Lifea. Arbitrary1. decay The curie units HermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 48 pp. 94 3 b. 4.2.Using3. the Decay DecayDoseMass units rate and decay schemeEquation 33 c. Graphic Methods 3 33 36 3 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS HarveyOverman pp. pp. 6-13 80-85 DanceChoppin pp. pp. 7-11 28-29

37 LEARMNG EXPERIENCES C. Decay1. Equilibria Mixtures of Independently-decaying nuclides 1.2. DemonstrateLaboratoryradioisotope secular Experiment: milker. equilibrium with 137c9/137Ba 3 2.3. TransientSecular Equilibrium Equilibrium Separation of EquilibriumRaDEF238u/234Th Mixtures 3 4. Equilibriumb.a. Applications SourcesRadioisotope of short milkers half-life radioisotopes HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 115, pp. 125, 117, 119 130 33 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. pp. 85-88 RSS-5 Paper Radio chromatographyFilmstrip HarveyDanceChoppin pp. pp. 31-37

39 LEARNING EXPERIENCES D. Modes of Decay CONTENT LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: 1. Heavya. Nuclides Alpha emission Mixture of Independently Decaying Activities 3 2. b.Nuclidesa. of High N/P Ratio GammaBeta EmissionEmission Chase et al, p. 52 3 3. Nuclidesb.a. of Low N/P Ratio ElectronPositron CaptureEmission 3 4. Exciteda. Nuclides Isomeric Transitions 3 E. Decay Schemes b. Internal Conversion 3 1.2. SimpleComplex 33 40 3 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS OvermanHarvey pp. pp. 43-56 19-36 U-2389 min. RADIOACTIVEB SERIES& W, McGraw-Hill stages626604 in the decay ChoppinDance pp. pp. 37 4-7 Theareemissionofradioactive film U-238emphasized. traces toand stable series.the the statistical variouslead. A brief mention is Alpha emission, beta nature of the process made of other Overman pp. 19-22 HarveyDanceChoppin pp. pp. pp. CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES 4. A.PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR OF NUCLEAR RADIATIONSWithTypes Matter of Interactions of Radiation 1.2. AssignShowcollected differencesproperties in chart ofbetween formradiation by alpha students. to and beta be 3 B. Alpha1. Particles Structure tracks by means of cloudHerniasChase chambers. et& Joecileal pp. 64 pp. 35 2.3. EnergySource 3. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:Range of Alpha Particles 5.4. RangeVelocity HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 89 pp. 74 6. b.a.Types of interactions ScatteringIonization

42 TEXT REFERENCES A - PROPERTIES OF RADIATION AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS OvermanHarvey pp. 71-75pp. 38-45 halfdecay,This life. filmsuch Statistical includesas the considerationslaws a discussion of are (1962) 30 min. B & radioactiveW (Overman decay, including the concept of general oroblems of radiationintroduced, and the basic notion Series) of ChoppinDance pp. 39-43 pp. described.ofdistributionconsidered, the standard The ofand deviation energy beta the radiation use spectrum in of absorption is counts expected in various introduced.from The alphadensity and thickness beta emitters centimeter is introduced ascurves a to study the energy experiments is is A usefulexpressed-specific ALPHA, term. activity, in BETA, Themilligrams andfilm AND back-scattering also per considers square (1962) 44 min. BGAMMA & W (Overman of radiation. problems of self-absorption, Series) Theanature atoms shortfilm ofandgives alpha, the some insight discussion of the methods of introduction of the energy-levelbeta, and gamma radiation. into the origin and describing After withenergyThereferenceconcept, the energetics wellbarrier thefor lecturer a model, invariety alpha is of model of the nucleus. introduces the potentialemission - and the Gamow usedother as nuclearthe frame concepts. of This, together Theemissiontunnelingto lecturerthe formationand effect thediscusses energyare used neutron to of nuclei having neutron- levels in the nucleus. describe alpha ray absorption leadingnaturally occurring nuclei.gammastabilityintoratios negativeradiation differing are consideredbeta fromradiation stable or The transformation of excess arising from a nuclear cooling in some detail. and the return to neutrons Similarly, processthenINVISIBLE used is(1962) toThis BULLETSintroduce film introduces the series 29 min. described. B & W Thedecay nuclear schemes.. well model isand catablishes the basic knowl- betweenthefilmsedgeexplained. various aboutin the gamma radiation series.formsThe raysdifference Theit necessary takes,and meaning X-rays betweenand is for an understandingof radiation,how itsof thenatural it isother used soul in researchdescribed.alpha are and beta particles and 43 LEARNING EXPERIENCES C. Beta Particles CONTENT 1. Demonstrate deflection of beta particles by 1.2. StructureSource magnetic field. HermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 99 pp. 4.3. EnergyVelocity spectra 2. Demonstrate scatteringChase of et al pp. 23, 27, 30 beta particles 6.5. RangeTypes of Interactions 3. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT:Hermias & Joecile pp. 85 b.a.c. BremsstrahlungScatteringIonization AbsorptionHermiasChase et & al ofJoecile Beta Radiation pp. 96 pp. 78 3 7. Absorptiond.e. X-rayDeflection production by magnetic field 3 b.a. AbsorptionRange-energy coefficients relationships 33 44 AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. 38-45 TEXT REFERENCES A - NUCLEAR HarveyChoppin pp. pp. 71-75 44-46 Thisof(1963) thesegment film of the 30 min. "Understanding the Atom: involvesB some& W of the series continues (Overman Series) basicthe discussion conceptsAlpha, Beta, Dance pp. 12 wellofand emissioncapturenuclear Gamma," model processesreactions. asandand a particle are useful teaching diagram. describedejectionUse withreactions is themade gamma of the nuclear being Neutron anstudied.goldreactions, example sample thein afilm Nuclear fissionof the is calculationsalso . describes thequantities activation which can involved in nuclear discussed.Emphasis is be de- of a As placedhundredthstechniquetectedcan onbe with thedetected of ofminute theactivation a part per subsequentby nuclear applications techniques. to analysis. billion of certain It is shown that the materials ARADIOACTIVITY alpha,121/2description min. beta, ofand gamma Color, McGraw-Hill the basic radiation and the instru- characteristics of 612016 mentssourceisand then andmeasured of methodsfocused in onterms radiation. by which theythe may nucleus of the atom as of charge and mass. be detected Attention the 45 D. Gamma Radiations 1. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: 1.2. StructureSource Inverse Square Law HerniasChase et& Joecileal pp. 93 pp. 70 4.3. EnergyRange spectra Absorption of Gamma Radiation 104 5. Typesa. of Photoelectric effect Interactions HerniasChase et& Joecileal pp. pp. 82 b.e.c.d. PairComptonPhotoRayleigh production disintegrationscattering scattering 6. Absorptiong.f. NuclearBragg scatteringresonance scattering b.c.a. HalfAbsorptionGeometry -vale layer coefficients

46 HarveyOverman pp. pp. 75-77 45-53 DanceChoppin pp. pp. 13-15 46-50

47 LEARNING EXPERIENCES E. Neutrons CONTENT 1. generalIf college area, or aindustrial Field Trip to view a neutron laboratory is in the 2.1. StructureSources howitzeris available, could bemany made. experiments If a neutron howitzer could be performed. b.a.c. GeneratorsNaturalFission sources-radioisotopes 4.3. EnergyTypes classificationsof interactions b.a.c. ElasticCaptureResonance1. scattering reactions scattering Activation 5. Cross-section relations 2.3. TransmutationSpallation TEXT REFERENCES ----AUDIO- VISUAL M ....1.1"1"lui.I.."1"w''.1.1.1.11.1.11.20 HarveyOverman pp. pp. 61 ChoppinDance pp. pp. 15

49 1111100._ LEARNING EXPERIENCES 5. NUCLEAR RADIATION CONTENT DETECTION 1. Demonstrate simple flask -type electroscope A.B. DetectorsIonizatior, Dependent:Jeview Upon Ion Collection 2.3. PassPassGeiger around around tube. class simple old, broken spinthariscope.end-window Discuss 1. a.Ionization Chambers Electroscopes 4. howLABORATORYcrude great equipment. strides EXPERIMENTS: were made with extremely 3 2. b.Geigerc. Counters DosimetersElectrometers Ionization Chambers Chase et al pp. 57 3 3.4. ModifiedProportional Counters Counters Scintillation CountersHermiasChase &et Joecile al pp. 60 pp. 3 C. Detectors Not Dependent Upon a.b. WindowlessNeutron detectors flow counters Ion Collection Proportional CountersHermias & Joecile pp. 58 3 1. a. Scintillation Counters Basic types HermiasChase et & alJoecile pp. pp. 56 3 2. b.c. Photographic Emulsions LiquidSpectrometry scintillation counters Autoradiography HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 62 pp. 64 3 b.a.c. NuclearAutoradiographyFilm badgesemulsions D. 3.Newer Counter Types Cloud Chambers 50 2.1.3, BubbleSolid-stateSpark chambersChambers detectors Overman pp. 58-79 BY SCINTILLATION HarveyChoppin pp. pp. 77-84 50-61 A A- shortRADIATION review DETECTION of gamma (1962) 30 min. B & W interactions with matterreference to useful(Overman Series) scintill- Dance pp. 17-26 andationisto Solid shown, thevisible crystals. efficiencyand with lightliquid particular Theinscintillators scintillationthe are process ofshown the alongconversion isof discussed.gamma radiation is described, with A - PRIMER ON MONITORING (1949) 27 min. Color I A specialdescription detection of the devices operation using of a photomultiplierthis principle. ..ypesThe film discusses the of radioactivity. basic makeup of atomsPrinciples and of displayed, including radiation detect- withheightdeveloped.tube such isanalyzer given,an instrument isand shown, the isconcept The principle of operation and the spectrumshown andobtained discussed. of pulse height is of a pulse- ionvariousalsoa andmethod illustratessets typesof forth calibrating of radiation-monitoringtheradiation penetrative survey and measuring instruments are encountered in monitoring meters. ability of the procedures best The film Briefdetectors. mention is made of solid-state radiation mentsusedcussedstandards, in used aare chemical in stillalthough this valid.)laboratory. film are obsoletethe principles by current involved (Some of the instru- and dis- A This- LIQUID film SCINTILLATIONdescribes the use (1958) 14 min. Color WUNTING of a liquidemitters scintillator commonly used A - RADIATION DETECTION (1962) 30 min. B & W BY IONIZATION (Overman Series) double4hotamultiplieralsoinforcounters biological countingevolains over low-energytheand the advantagesmedical solid-phase tube beta tracer liquid of the single-and gas-phaseand counters, experiments. scintillation It Theofasscribed, basicaionization function principlesparticularly chambers, of proportional of voltage curves. in relation to the pulseionization height detectors are Brief descriptions counters, and of in- de- e.g.,sampleingand techniques,excellentease is prepared. sensitivity. of sample preparation, high efficiency, how the counters work, Liquid scintillation counting The film describes count- particularly for and how a GeigerSpecialstrumentsdeterminationincluding counters consideration operating the areof a incounting-rate mechanism of gas quenching included, and examplesis given tothese Geiger regions counters, are shown. plateau. and the The re- weakonisthe anthebeta numberextremely ease emitters, of samplesamplesuseful such technique,toas preparation. be counted places a premium 14C and tritium, where varioussolvinging amplifiers componentstime of a of a practical and scalers. counter is discussed, as instrument, includ- well as RadiationFOM - 641 Detection FILMSTRIP 51 LEARNING EXPERIENCES 6. NUCLEAR RADIATION MEASUREMENT 1. LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: A. Basic1. Relationships Absolute vs. Relative Measurements Geiger Counter EfficiencyHermias("lase et & alJoecile pp. 17 pp. 51 2.3. DecayStandards Rate of vs. Radioactivity Dose Rate B. The1. Detector and Its Environment Background 1. a.LAB EXPERIMENT OR Inverse Square Law DEMONSTRATION: 2.3. ResolvingInstrument Time Efficiency b. Sidescattering Chase et al pp. C. Physicaland1. Detector Relationship Between Physical Geometry - Inverse Sample Square Law Hermias & Joecile pp. 2. b.a.Scattering BackscatteringSidescattering 3. Absorptionb.a. of Radiation AirWindow absorption absorption Before Detection 52 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS OvermanHarvey pp. pp. 84-86 RSSSample -1 Preparation Filmstrip ChoppinDance pp. pp. 26-27; 31-32 HarveyOverman pp. pp. 68-69 DanceChoppin pp. pp. 27-30 LEARNING EXPERIENCES D. Influence of the Radioactive CONTENT Sample Itself LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: 1.2. Self-absorptionSample shape Statistics of CountingHermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 45 pp. 62 E. 3.Influence of Method of Sample Random Decay & Counting Statistics Preparation LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: 2.1. DuplicateCarrier-free samples solutions Carrier-free SolutionsChase et al pp. 41 7. IDENTIFICATION OF NUCLIDES 3. Use of carriers A. Criteria1. for Identification Chemical Properties LABORATORY EXPERIMENT: Energy 2.3. Half-LifeTypes of Emitted Radiations Chase et al pp. 101 4.5. EnergiesOther Methods of Emitted Radiations 54 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL A OvermanHarvey pp. pp. 88-94 ChoppinDance pp. pp. 36-39 Harvey pp. 83 ChoppinDance pp. pp. 90-92 32-36

55 8. CONTENT 1. Demonstrate CD monitoring equipment: LEARNING EXPERIENCES A. 1.Sources of Radiation Natural 2. Makemeters.dosimeters, list of naturalV-700 survey and artificial meters, gamma sources survey B. Units2. of Dose Artificial 3. ofShow Fiestawareradiation. radioactive dishes watch from dials,'40's. radioactive 1. Methodb.a. of Definition AmountNumbar of disintegratingenergy absorbed atoms 2. b.a.Dose Units TheThe Roentgen Rad C. Type of Radiation and Irradiation d.c. The RepRem 2.1. BetaAlpha 4.3. NeutronGamma 56 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS HarveyOverman pp. pp. 53-57 RADIOLOGICAL(1963) SAFETY 30 min. B & W safety or DanceChoppin pp. pp. 55-58; 64-69 healthThisspectivefirst film physics, considersexamines on potential and the tries to give a basisbiological radiationfield of radiological and the nature of for a per-damage. It theandradiation(direct difference consideration bodily)can inbe adamageis this radiation.potential causeguide of levelsbothgiven which to the maximumand genetic Larger(hereditary) doses of damage, have been ex- permissiblesomatic HarveyOverman pp. pp. 53-57 andtablishedlimitsdescribed, the orFederal byradiation withvarious these The latter unit is a Radiationmeasure Council. radiologicalincluding protection the roentgen, Various units are of the bio- committeesthe rad, DanceChoppin pp. pp. 59-64 siderationbiologicalandlogicalconcentration the rem. dose effectivenessis alsoequivalent of givenradioisotopes to and considers(RBE) the of the radiation. the maximum in water or air, permissible relative and Con- PHYSICAL(1950) PRINCIPLES OF Sale price: 51 min. $66.36. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY For loan source see (PMF-5145-E). mustactivetheinclude beproblems controlledmaterials the involvedquantity inin the inof body. the reducing the radiationradioactive hazard material, the localization of radio-Various factors that Thisand filmacute introduces and chronic concepts Army Field Library radiationListing, exposure page by means74. of internal and external associated with X-ray of distance,specialternalare exposurethelaboratory time mustof facilitiesexposure, be minimized required to minimize the admission and techniques whichand shielding. by the use of of radio- In- ofanda explanationscussionhistorical alpha, radium ofbeta, therapy ionizationsequence of and roentgen andgamma from on hazardsradium-dial painting.and "equivalent"radiation, orexternal with detailed and internal sources "energy"A dis- havinginactive any calibrated isotopesprogram involving intoinstruments the body.the use available is stressedThe importanceof radiation of sources. alsoandroentgen,dosage thediscussed. theoryrates is presented. fromof internal sources. Formulas areradiation-measuring developed instruments are physical decay, and Maximum permissible exposure Concepts of single for computing biological ofeffectiveeliminationandtory thecontinued andradioisotope halfto of the uptake,activity,life areuser to public is emphasized. considered.biological half life, and other members of the The responsibility labora- CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES D. 1.Radiation Sickness Mechanism In Mammals 1. hasAtomdoseSecure manyIndustries) rates irradiatedother and irradiated theirand tomato plant. effects. materialsseeds (Oak for Ridge educa- Compare different This company 2. DoseLD-50 and symptoms 2. whichtionalShow weresamplematerials. made of withpre-war a uranium orange glaze.Fiestaware Calculate dishes 3. The Chronic, Low-level Dose Long-rangeIndividuality effects 3. activity,Comparedose rate different fromwith usingand radioactivitywithout these dishes.crystal watch if possible.dials for 4. b.a.Treatment of Radiation Sickness DoseLong-range and symptoms effects 5. a.Prevention of Radiation Sickness Distance E. Genetic Effects b.c. ShieldingTime

Via TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS HarveyOverman pp. pp. 53-57 RadiologicalRSS -7 Monitoring Filmstrip DanceChoppin pp. pp. RadiationRSS-4 Safety Filmstrip CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES 9. APPLICATIONS OF IN CHEMISTRY LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS: A. Tracer1. Applications dilution Separation by SolventChase Extraction et al pp. 119 pp. 125 2.3. RadiometricActivation analysisanalysis Separation by Paper HermiasChromatography & Joecile B.C. RadiationSeparation Chemistry Techniques Separation by PrecipitationHermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 120 pp. 127 2.1. ElectrophoresisChromatography HermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 117 pp. 4.3. PrecipitationSolvent Extraction Isotope Dilution AnalysisHermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 123 pp, 136 5.6. OtherIon-exchange methods Synthesis of a LabeledHermiasChase Compound et& Joecileal pp. 126 pp. Determination of SolubilityHermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 128 pp. 122 60 TEXT REFERENCES AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS Overman pp. 99-110 THEThis(1964) ATOMIC film FINGERPRINT explains analysis, a highly HarveyChoppin pp. pp. 103-114 113-135 active,applicationssensitiveinvolves followed andthe in powerfuluse theby of basic neutrons analysis of the radiations analytical technique and applied sciences, to make substances and their with wide emitted,whichradio- Dance pp. togeologytionsamounts. determine of and neutron soil science,activation The film demonstrates some which elements are present refining, agriculture, analysis of art andanalysis in crime of the many applica- electronics, archeo-detection, THE(1962) ART OF SEPARATION 29 min. B & W biologylogical PaperRSS-5and objects, medicine, Radiochromatography oil FILMSTRIP and space sciences. Thisblepoundsthe filmby importance theinto deals process basic with of substancesthat process knownin thein as purest chromatographythe separation of chemistry work. chemical com- andform with possi- UsinggreaterchromatographyThe radiation,basic speed principles and theare ease explained andchemist various is ablemethods to workin the field of and demonstrated. chromatography. of modern with much Actual TRANSURANIUMThis23 Min. film, producedELEMENTS in the Color, Chem. Study of California, Berkeley, Lawrence Radiation#4178 Labora- (A GenevaRADIATIONseparation - 1964 EFFECTSof a chemical IN film). CHEMISTRY 13 min. compound is shown. Color problemuraniumdiscoveryfeaturestory of elements.the of fourand theUniversity identificationscientists placement whoof were Glenn Seaborg reviews the the transuraniumof several elements of the trans- principals in the historical mentalThisa underwide technical mechanisms investigation. film which variety of chemical explains that radiationWithin a few nanosecondsproduce these effects are reactions. But the funda- initiates after still experimentsinofamericium the uranium, periodic haveshowing but table. chemicalthat that under Burrisproperties Cunninghamneptunium, similar performs to , tho-le andthe same experimental its rare-earth homolog, ducedirradiation,processsequent which reactions.requires are a varietythen extremely sensitive and The experimentalavailable study to participateof chemical substances are high-speed of this in sub- pro- ion-exchangegadolinium.cation,conditionscalifornium using curiumseparation andactual einsteinium.behaves solutions technique like Stanley Thompson demonstrates Albert Ghiorsoof curium, discusses berkelium, is used in identifi- how the techniques,techniques -etc. spectrometry, electron spin resonance may103,the lead methods and to proposes the used in a thesimilar type discovery of element 104. synthesis of elements 102 and of reaction which 61 CONTENT LEARNING EXPERIENCES 10. INAPPLICATIONS THE BIOLOGICAL OF RADIONUCLIDES SCIENCES LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS:ALsorption of Phosphate by a Plant A. Tracer1. Applications plantsTracing and pathways animals of elements in Distribution of PhosphateHermiasChase et in &al aJoecile pp.pp. 71 74 pp. 140 Plant 2.3. FindingInvestigating tumors organs and metabolic rates Absorption of PhosphateHermiasChase by et &al Joecile pp. 140 Frogs B. 4.Radiation Biology Effect of radiation on organisms Blood Volume HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 79 pp. 158 1.2. SomaticGenetic Biology Effects Effects of RadiationHermiasChase on et& Joecileal pp. 83 pp. 170 Germination of Seeds Uptake of Iodine-131Hermias Chaseby the et& Joecileal pp. pp. Thyroid Gland Absorption of CarbonHermiasChase Dioxide et &al Joecile pp. pp. 166 by Plants tort Hermias & Joecile pp. 173 1 62 OvermanHarvey pp. pp. 105, 106, 113 AutoradiographyRSS -2 FILMSTRIP DanceChoppin pp. pp. RSSRadiation -3 Biology: FILMSTRIP Wet Ashing Techniques

63 LEARNING EXPERIENCES 11. APPLICATIONS OF RADIONUCLIDES CONTENT IN INDUSTRY 1. Showits modelmechanics. of nuclear reactor; demonstrate A. Power1. Applications Energy from fission 2.3. LABORATORYShow AEC transparenciesEXPERIMENTS: 2.3. EnergyEnergy from from fusion radioactive decay a. Depth Gauging Chase et al, pp. 139 B.C. TracerRadiation Applications Applications b. Detergent EfficiencyHermias & Joecile pp. 105 1. Utilizing effect of matter on radiation c. Wear Testing HermiasChase et &al Joecile pp. 146 pp. 120 . Utilizing effect of radiation on matter HermiasChase et& Joecileal pp. 144 pp. 111 b.a.c. ProductionRadiation-inducedIrradiation of sterilizationnew biological chemical reactionsspecies d. Strain Gauging Chase et al pp. 136 Overman pp. 95-110 TEXT REFERENCES ATOMIC(1962) FURNACES 29 min. AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS B & W HarveyChoppin pp. pp. 112-114 113-135 Theprojects,of operation,nuclear arereactors, principles,briefly associated equipment make used as resear-hdescribed. tools and scientific Tyl,es of research applications possiblein various Dance pp. biologyNeutronarethatcally shown reactors forareChopper, at high-also and described.andand a new length. low-radiation experimentsThe Spectrometer, reactor designed specifi- in the A - FUSION RESEARCH This(1964) technical film 22 min. Color describes the nature of A - THE NEW POWER Thistells(1965) nontechnical how the National film, 45 min. Color Reactor Testingfor all Station audience levels, ofthermonucleartoduction the success current and are confinement.research as investigationsplasma oscillations of plasma and pro- illustratedThe major obstaclesby many instabili- built,economic40in experimentalIdaho or nuclear plannedis furthering power. there are nuclear reactors built, the USAEC's quest Most of the more thanincluding thedescribed Navy's either beingfor netictiesenergydescription whichcontainers. loss result of some in of through charge exchange The film gives a plasmaand alsoloss describesfrom the mag-plasmathe instabilities, qualitativeand radiation of historicallyprototypestestingcarrier Enterprise;reactor foror currently,the complex submarine Nautilusthe internationally and (MTR, ETR, ATR); thePlant, the Army's known aircraft measurements,duescribedonSeveral towhich contaminants; in researchprogress the which film. devices are now has been encouraging are in the United States very sophisticated. de- bymobileIdahoEBR-1importance the CHemical twolowand ExperimentalpowerEBR-II. of Processingbreeding nuclear nuclear fuelBreeder as authorized Reactorplant (ML-1);complexes, and the CENCO Color or B & W A - ATOMIC APOTHECARY AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS radioactivity,SixNUCLEAR quarter-hour RADIATION its films SERIESuses onand (HIGHthe effects. basic SCHOOLS) principles of medicine,calciumFilm discusses absorptionincluding radioisotope researchin animals, Inresearch radioactiveand effects in biology (1954)dust,of radio- aid 38 min. B & W UsesDetectors* in Medicine Title 58513Color58515 5851458512B/W Ainbloodiodine -bone ROUNDUP flow, inmarrow, their oxygen arteriosclerosis,diet; tension use ofstudies, astatine, and radioactive use effect of cysteine. on iron UsesFallout*Uses in in Earth IndustryOuter Studies Space* 58523585215851958517 58522585205851858516 antheThis insectscrewworm film pestdescribes fly that in hadthethe causedusesoutheastern of largeradiation lossesUnited to(1960) toeradicateStates, live- 18 min. Color A - RADIOISOTOPE APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRY (1964) 26 min. B & W Astock - MAN owners. AND RADIATION (1963) 28 min. Color andThistopes easily film to discussesworkunderstood in industry. some methods of the of practical,putting radioiso- simple, The program features widespreadaspectsjuniorThis popular-level highof beneficial radiation school throughfilm, applicationsand offerssuitable college, a insurveyfor discussesmedicine, audiences of their manyin- from DivisionDr.Isotope RalphPaul Development, ofC.T. theAebersold,Overman, USAEC's USAEC,Chairman, Director,Oak Ridgewho Specialis DivisionInstitute introduced Training of of by byradiation,surveydustry, an animated ofagriculture, theincluding explanationdiscovery alpha,power of of andradiation beta,different research. and is gamma.types follawe of A historical A ief UsingNuclearpenetratinggives actual variousStudies 'radioisotoperadiations, demonstrationsand regular the sources, lecturer extent of the Dr. to ofdegree whichAebersoldthe series. ofseveral their diagnoseofducedexplanation their is boneuses,given, of cancer. including radioisotopesfollowed theby scenesuseand ofhow depictingCalcium-47 they are some pro-to The detection and study of A - RADIOISOTOPES: SAFE SERVANTStypestive OF INDUSTRYofmethods materials of detecting can reduce them. them and the sensi- ThisTHEradiation RADIOISOTOPE. film bycontains sensitive a historical instruments sequence is explained. showing the METHOLOLOGY (PMF-5145-D). 33 min. With emphasis (1963)on safety, this film surveys the 28 min. Color withcalperiment:explainsearly naturallystate, work seven (3)of occurring Hevesyeliminationcriteria in radio-lead,forstudying of setting exchange plant afterup error,ametabolism tracerwhich (4) itex- know- (1) radiochemical purity, (2) single chemi- Animatedwidespreadandin radioisotoperadiography explanations uses of aregauging radioisotopes given. of theinstruments, principles in industry. tracing, involved Applications of these ofremainledge radiation(6) avoidance ofintact, the degree (5)of chemicalavoidance to which effects, ofthe isotope labeled and effect, (7)molecules avoidance effects. The film also illustrates 66 systemprinciplestion,food industry,trouble-shooting.heavy are industry, shown automotive in oilvarious refiningresearch, processes and road shipping, inconstruc- the and experimentandresults.the accuracy relative from by importance thedepicting formation ofa typicaleconomy of an ideabiologicalof time to theand tracer finalmaterials Asimov,Abelard-Schuman, I. 1961. INSIDE THE ATOM (G. 8-12) $3.00 Cronkite,Thomas, 1960.Eugene $6.50 P. & Victor P.RADIATION INJURY IN MAN (Biology) Bond Harvey,Prentice-Hall, Bernard 1965. NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY $1.95 Adler,John Day,Irving 1963. INSIDE THE NUCLEUS $4.95 (General Ref.) Dance,Pergamon J. B.Press, 1967 SCHOOLSRADIOISOTOPE & COLLEGES EXPERIMENTS FOR HermiasHolt, 1963.& Joecile, Sisters ANDRADIOACTIVITY: EXPERIMENTS $1.95 FUNDAMENTALS Atkinson,Rider, 1959.William G. INTRODUCTION TO ATOMIC ENERGY $1.35 (Gen. Ref.) Efron,Rider, Alexander 1958. NUCLEAR ENERGY (Physics) $1.80 Helvey, T. C. ONEFFECTS (IndustryMEN AND OF MATERIALSNUCLEAR & Sci.) RADIATION Barr,Wonder Donald Books, 1961. BOOKATOMIC ENERGY: (G. 5-7) THE HOW & WHY WONDER$1.00 EsspEsso, Research 1960. & Engineering 101 ATOMIC TERMS & WHAT THEY Free (G. 8012) Company MEAN Hill,Rider, R.1959. D. TRACKING DOWN PARTICLES $1.80 (physics) Dover,Born, Max1957. THE RESTLESS UNIVERSE $1.95 (G. 8-12) Fermi,Random, Laura 1961. THE STORY OF ATOMIC ENERGY $1.58 (G.8-12) Lagowski,Benjamin, 1963.J. J. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS $2.95 (Ref.) I Booth, Verne H.MacMillan, 1964. THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS $2.95 (Gen. Ref.) Ford,Frisch,Blaisdell, Kenneth Otto 1963. W.R. THE WORLD OF ELEMENTARY $2.95 PARTICLES(physics) Lewellen,Houghton Miffin,John B. 1964. YOU & ATOMIC ENERGY & ITS $1.95 Barnes,Bush, George 1961. L. & Anthony THE ATOM: A SIMPLIFIED$1.25 DESCRIPTION (General Ref.) A. Silvidi Gamow,Basic, 1961.George ATOMIC PHYSICS TODAY $4.50 (Physics) Lot,Childrens F. Press, 1959. WONDERFUL USES (G. 5-9) SERVICE$2.00 Chase G. & Rabinowitz, J. P_OLOGY RINCIPLES OF RADIOISOTOPE $6.00 (Gen. Ref.) METHOD- Prentice,Glassner, 1961. A. THE ATOM AND ITS NUCLEUS $1.95 (Gen. Ref.) Overman,Unesco, 1958. Ralph T. OFRADIOISOTOPES MAN (Industry) IN THE $1.00 Burgess,Burgess,Chase, G.,1962. 1964 Rituper, .$3.50 Jr., S. &EXPERIMENTS IN NUCLEAR SCIENCE(.7-12) Sulcoski,J. D.Glasstone, VanNostrand, Samuel 1961. INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE $3.75 (G.7-12) Reinhold, 1963. BASICCHEMISTRY CONCEPTS OF NUCLEAR $1.95 (Chem.) W.Choppin, B. Benjamin, Gregory 1964.R. NUCLEI AND RADIOACTIVITY $1.95 (Chem.Ref.) Haber,Nostrand, Heinz 1958. THESOURCEBOOK WALT DISNEY ON ATOMIC STORY ENERGYOF $4.40 OUR FRIEND (Gen.Ref.) AtomicPutman, EnergyJ. L. Research, ISOTOPES (General Reference) 1960 $1. 95 Golden Press. THE ATOM (G. 8-12) 1957. $5.00 Seaborg,Prentice, Glenn 1963. T. MAN-MADEELEMENTS TRANSURANIUM $3.95 67 Abbreviation Listing by Title UNDERSTANDING ATOMICANIMALSACCELERATORS POWERFUEL IN ATOMIC SAFETY RESEARCH AARACCAPSATF THE ATOM SERIES ATOMSCOMPUTERSCAREERSATOMS, INAT NATURE,AGRICULTURE THEIN ATOMIC SCIENCE AND ENERGY MAN FAIR CAEANMAIAASFCOM program, theAtomicAnimalsAccelerators series Fuel in AtomicPublished Research as part of the ARC's educational assistance includes these titles: Nuclear PropulsionReactorsTerms, A Brief for Space Glossary DIRECTCONTROLLEDFOODFALLOUT PRESERVATIONCONVERSION FROM NUCLEAR NUCLEAR OF BY FUSION ENERGY IRRADIATION TESTS FPIDCECNFFNT AtomsComputersCareersAtoms,AtomsAtomic at inthe Nature,Powerin Agriculture AtomicScience Safety and EnergyFairMax RadioactivePlutoniumPlowshareOurPower Atomic fromReactors WorldWastes Radioisotopes in Small Packages NONDESTRUCTIVENEUTRONMICROSTRUCTUREGENETIC EFFECTS ACTIVATION OFTESTING OF RADIATION MATTERANALYSIS NDTNAAGERMSM DirectGeneticFoodFalloutCryogenics,Controlled Conversion Preservation FromEffects Nuclear The Nuclear of Uncommonof Radiation EnergybyFusion IrradiationTests Cold RadioisotopesSNAP,ResearchRareRadioisotopes Earths Nuclear Reactors in inIndustryand Space Medicine Life Reactors Processes NUCLEARNUCLEAR CLOCKSPOWERENERGY POWER AND FOR PLANTS MERCHANT DESALTING SHIPPING NPPNPSNEDNCL NuclearNondestructiveNeutronMicrostructure PowerClocksEnergyActivation and ofTestingfor Matter MerchantAnalysisDesalting Skipping SyntheticTheSourcesYourWhole AtomChemistry TransuraniumBody of Body and Nuclear and the Countersof RadiationOceanthe Fuel Noble Elements Gases OURNUCLEAR ATOMIC REACTORSTERMS,PROPULSION WORLD A BRIEF FOR GLOSSARY SPACE NRCNPROAWNTG MisreadNuclear bOcitlete, Power Plantssay Abe shoals obtained espysi free spy by onewritingMOM booklet, P.to: a SOX or of ft no OM more ISOM than TEIMEINEE 37130 three PLOWSHARERADIOACTIVEPOWERPLUTONIUM REACTORSFROM RADIOISOTOPESWASTES IN SMALL PACKAGES PLUPSHRAWPRPPFR available tar referenceComplete or far use Rata by ofgroups. the series Requests are available to librurlses. and to bleachers who oan nudes school and them RARERADIOISOTOPES EARTHS, THE INAND INDUSTRYMEDICINE FRATERNAL LIFE PROCESSES FIFTEEN RIZRAEREARIMRLP oateshouldreadingcific the aspectsbe proposed material,made ofon use.nuclear mayschoolStudents also or science, writsWager" and to teachersor theletterheads references who and need to intl.- other other material on spe- Oak Ridge address. SNAP:RESEARCHREADINGSYNTHETIC NUCLEAR RESOURCES REACTORS TRANSURANIUM SPACE IN REACTORSATOMIC ELEMENTS ENERGY STESNPRERAAO 68 useRequests intended. should stateIn the all topbc requests, of ietereat include exaotly, "Zip Coda" in return address. and the THEYOURWHOLE ATOM BODY BODY AND AND COUNTERSTHE RADIATION OCEAN YBRWBC FILMSTRIPS PREPARED BY THE RSS # 5 PAPER RADIO CHROMATOGRAPHY RSS #1 SAMPLE PREPARATION RADIATION SCIENCE SEMINAR STAFF andUtilizingcomponentsthe Th-234 secular ascendingis are equilibriumseparated. detected paper bymixturechromatography, both of The separated spraying and U-238 ment.planchets,Thisliquid filmstrip and card solid detailsmounts, samples, themicro preparationincluding and macro use of equip-of RSS #6 SECURING INEXPENSIVE NUCLEAR a lationsradiochromotogram are shown. scanner. Rf value calcu- ACCESSORIES RSS #2 AUTORADIOGRAPHY Usingstrip license-exempt shows how it mayradiophosphate, be used to trace this the photographicbyThissuchteachers, the master asRSS resolving staff it ofprocess. showsthis utilizing timestriphow sources,inexpensive wasan inexpensivemade absorbers, completely Aimed primarily for accessories natepathareautoradiographyfor equipmentofshown all phosphorus levelsfor isNo-Screen apparatusofshown. in biology a tomato is classes used,plant. andand X -Ray film. Exposure calculations SuitableprojectSimplealter- RSS #7 lucitetube stands,plastic. etc., may be made from RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING IN THE LABORATORY inexpensive RSS #3 RADIATION BIOLOGY: work. WET ASHING TECHNIQUES is Withwithtionaltechniques Civil RSS laboratory. #4,Defense areRADIATION shown equipment, forSAFETY. the basic small educa- Should be shown along monitoring withThisGeigerinused afilmstripnitric frog,in counting. tracing acidutilizing shows andthe howlater pathwayswet radiophosphate ashingdetermination of phosphorus Data is not shown so the techniques by RSS #4 Thisstudent filmstrip may duplicate details the do's experiment. and don'tsRADIATION SAFETY IN THE LABORATORY of equipment.laboratoryradiation safetyusing Civilin the Defense small monitoring educational Untilstrips:to the commercial address belowdistribution to secure is RadiationJohn W. Sulcoski, Science SeminarDirector copies of the arranged, wiite film- Wilkes-Barre,80 N. Washington Pa., St. 18701 69 SERIES: ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION MOVIESThe "Challenge" * Insert See Requestall13 in-depth29 min. titles description at least threeof basic weeks research in advance - films, PROJECTGROUPINDUSTRIAL SHELTERGNOME APPLICATIONS (nuclear (nuclear explosives) weapons)OF NUCLEAR 10 29 EXPLOSIVESmin. min. color (industry) 11 min. co' it (1958) color(1963) (1960) 3 ofcolumn next Bottom returnshipment$100.generally shipment from by libraryparcel costs postareis at and government each reel borne by the borrower,insuredexpense -for Audio-VisualOPERATION CROSSROADS Branch (nuclear weapons) 27 min. color (1948) A ATOMICIS FOR POWERATOM (AtomicAT SHIPPING energy PORT (power reactor) 3015 m.n.min. color (1958)(1953) principles) Washington,DivisionU. S. Atomic of D.Public EnergyC. 20545 Information Commission BETAATOMICCONTROLLING RAY WEATHERMAN SPECTROMETER ATOMIC (application) ENERGY (physics) (fundamentals) 718 min. min. color color 13 min. color (1961) (1963) (1963) Fundamentals68SERIES: min. to 33 ofmin.): Radioactivity "The Radioisotope" (black & white from UNLOCKINGPOWERNAVALINTRODUCING REACTORS RESEARCH THE ATOMSATOM (power LABORATORY (fundamentals)AND reactor) NUCLEAR REACTOR 55ENERGY 20min. min. 11 color min. 21 min. color (1958) (research) (1950) (1963)(1958) ThePracticalTheRadioisotopes Radioisotope Radioisotope Procedures in in MethodologyAgriculture General of Measurement Science THEPRODUCTION PETRIFIEDNEW POWER OF RIVERURANIUM(power (prospecting) reactor)FEED MATERIAL 39 min.28 (handling)min. color color 28 min. color (1959) (1963) (1956) PrinciplePracticeProperties ofof of RadiologicalRadiological Radiation SafetySafety 3 THEATOMSUNDERWAYISOTOPES HIGH FOR ENERGY SPACE(nuclear (Production PEOPLE(space) propulsion) (research)5 &28 handling) min. 20 color min. min.color(1963)20 min. color color(1960)(1962) (1965) RadiationAlpha,SERIES: Beta & Matter& Gamma "Understanding the Atom" (all about 30 min.): HARVESTRADIOISOTOPES:RADIATION OF ANIN ATOMIC BIOLOGY:SAFE SERVANTSAGE (agriculture) OF INDUSTRY (industrial)2813 min. min. color color (1963) (1962 AN INTRODUCTION (biology) NuclearDetectionPropertiesDetection Reactions by ofby Ionization RadiationScintillation RADIATIONMEDICINE IN (medicine) PERSPECTIVE 20 (radiationmin. color) hazard) 1957 4320 min. color (1963).(1963) U.F. T.S. Richardson,Atomic Energy Director Pul-lic InformationCommission, New York Operations Service 70 ATOMICMANTHE AND INTERNATIONAL ENERGY RADIATION - A FORCE(application) ATOM FOR(peaceful GOOD 41(peaceful uses)min. color uses) 2725 min. color (1961) b & w (1955) (1963) office THE GEIGER COUNTER USING THE CIVIL DEFENSE V-700 GEIGER Operating the Geiger counter with the kit is simple. Theparts:to Geigerdetect counter the Geiger tube radiation. tube which contains a is probably the most common It actually and a ratemeter. consists of two separate thin wire in the The Geiger tube unit used Clampthecounterto holexthe 100 tubein isand thenow towait tubereadytube a few minutesstand.for for making warm-up. radioactivestand so the window Turn the operating faces towardmeasurements. The switch Whencenterislayer tube,a agas-filled whichrayof it a given causes metalserves as ionizationoffdeposited of bythe a gas radioactiveon the a positive insideterminal, of theand glassa thin sourceinside. enters The ions the tube. SUPPLIERS OF RADIOACTIVE SOURCES FOR THESE EXPERIMENTS formedratemeter.cuitthem resulting driftto a to eachin a reading Theof theratemeter number accepts pulse of electricityelectrode completing an of rays whichthese enter pulses and converts being sent to the electric cir- the Recommended#161 sealed sources Sr-90 uc uc Beta Beta withThetube Conversioninratemeters a period kit has beensimilar designed toof thetime, model especiallyCD V-700 withfor usea side- #129#125#169 T1-204Co-60Cs-137 1/2 uc uc Beta-gamma windowbeside-windowany slightly otherGeiger tube.Geiger ratemeter, such as different. tube. The experiments may The operating the Classmaster, which instructionsbe performed may with has Recommended#227#223 liquid sources ?-321-131 10 uc windowTheweak toGeiger betabethickness counted. tubeparticles suppliedBeta and withwhich gamma these prevents sources theare passage from entering the instruments has a inside of the tube detected easily.of alpha and General3000 San Radioisotope Ramon Valley Processing Blvd.Corp. The204,Cobalt-60 sources Radium-226, or or recommendedBarium-133,a for these Strontium-90 (pure gamma-emitter. experiments are Thallium- beta-emitters), and San (ThisRamon, supplier Calif.that it is has recommended the lowest 94583 prices anywhere for most only because of the radio- fact ForCOUNTINGlaterthe any Geiger time,radioactive GEOMETRY thetube must position of the source measurement toremain be constant, or reproduced inat relationa to erratic results active sources.) menterwillatthe any beheart to secured.future reproduce of the time. conversionThis kit. is the purpose the original counting It enables the experi- of the tube stand, conditions EXPERIMENT 1 BACKGROUND EXPERIMENT 2 DISTANCE AND RADIATION THEEven PROBLEM though no sources may be present near the RadiationTHE PROBLEM is similar to light rays in many respects, betheGeiger detected air counter,natural and byground, the instrument. along radioactive substances in with cosmic rays, will Bylightastube aplacing light shiningstand sourcea andsample on determining theis on object the decreasesthe moved away from an object, the different shelves of the activity, you will distance upon in intensity. APPARATUSPROCEDURETube stand, Geiger counter; ear-phone, timer. APPARATUSdeterminerays given the off effect by of increasing radioactive substances. experiment.No1. sources should be near the Turn on the instrument and instrumentwait for onethis minute gammaGeiger sources. counter, tube stand, sample tray, beta and 2. Plugfoundfor thewarm-up. at earphone, the lower into left-hand the jack side which is of the PROCEDURE1. slidePlace thea beta sample source tray in into the thesample tray first shelf and 3. WithGeigerlisten the counter withaid ofthe case. a earphonewatch, clock, and count or thetimer, 2. ofPlacethe the sample tubethe samplestand.when it tray is on the first Record the activity of second shelf of shelf. numberListinterval. carefullyof clicks toobtained the clicks. in a minute Do they occur time 3. Repeatthe tube step stand No. and 2 withrecord the the other activity. corresponding shelves. randomin an evenfashion? spacing, or do they occur in a CONCLUSIONS shelfRecord numbers. all activities with the TheCONCLUSIONcorrectedreadings background obtainedactivity count onof must thethe bemetersample. subtracted to secure from anythe WhatagainstgraphConvert relation of the allthe corrected activities dataexists with between activity shelffor distancenumber on on background. the ordinate. and the the abscissaPlot a 72 Whyintensity are tube of stands radiation? made with a number of shelves? EXPERIMENT 3 ABSORPTION OF BETA RADIATION EXPERIMENT 4 ABSORPTION OF GAMMA RADIATION THEThe PROBLEM penetration of radiation through matter is a THEIn PROBLEMexperiment No. 3, you investigated the absorption kindsveryselectingA theradioisotope important ofpenetration matter shielding mayfrom of be foritsradiation identified. protectionpenetration is also against important factor in the study of radiation. Knowledgein different of radia- in ofabsorbedsimilar beta particles experimentin the sameby tomatter. manner. determine if gamma rays are You will perform a YouAstion. ingradiation will a numberstudy passes theof absorptionthrough matter, of beta rays by plac- absorbers between the source and it is absorbed. APPARATUSgammaGeiger source, counter, tube stand, sample tray, absorbers, APPARATUSthe Geiger tube. PROCEDURE1. Placeslide a thegamma sample source tray in intothe sample-traythe second or and third betaGeiger source. counter, tube stand, sample tray, absorbers, 2. Placeofshelf the ofan sample theabsorber tube with stand.slide no absorber in the shelfin the directly Record the activity data chart. PROCEDURE1. slidePlace thea beta sample source tray in into the thesample second tray, or andthird 3. Determineaboveactivity the radioactivetheof theactivity sample source. ofwith the one sample absorber. with two Record the 2. Placeofshelf the ofan sample theabsorber tube with stand.slide no absorber in the shelfin a datadirectly chart. Record the activity absorbersshelf.creasing inthe place number and of record. absorbers in the same Repeat by in- 3. Determineactivityabove the ofradioactivethe the activity sample source, ofwith the one sample with two Record theabsorber. CONCLUSIONS Plot a graph CONCLUSIONS absorbersthe number and of record. absorbers in the same shelf. Repeat by increasing CorrectFromagainstofthickness the the all data thegraph, activities andcorrectedwith thewhat number intensity relation foractivity of background. absorbers ofexists on gamma betweenonradiation? the ordinate. the abscissa absorber absorberate.abscissagraphCorrect of all thicknessagainstthe activities data the winand corrected forintensity background. activity of on From the graph, what relation exists number of absorbers on the radiation? Plot a betweenthe ordin- 73 EXPERIMENT 5 SCATTERING OF RADIATION 5. Place an absorber slide in the shelf directly THEparticles,Since PROBLEM beta theradiation isshould really be composedexpected of 6. belowDetermineof the the sample card the mount.withactivity one absorber.of the sample with two Record the activity bouncedtocalled bounce off scattering offa wall. matter when Thisin the bouncing same way effect a ball isapplied to radiation. is 7. Determinetheabsorbers number andthe of record.backgroundabsorbers incount the assame in Experiment 1. Repeat by increasing shelf. APPARATUSmount,P-32,Geiger medicinecard counter, mount, tube saran wrap, dropper, 0.1 uc of 1-131 or stand, absorbers, card tape. CONCLUSIONSCorrect all activities for background. Plot CARD MOUNT activityabsorbersa increasegraph ofon onas thethe the dataordinate. abscissabacking thicknessagainst the with number of backing Does the scattering increases? corrected SQUAREMETAL MASKING TA PE materialTry'the (butexperiment close towith the absorbers same of thickness), such different PROCEDURE1. paredTapethe aholecard piece inmount ofa card saranover mount. sowrap the tightly taped sideover Turn the pre- as plastic, copper and lead. 2. Addremainoffaces 0.1the theucsaranin ofworkbench.the wrap.1-131 center. or P-32 to the center The liquid should Do not use too 3. muchLetthe tofilm.the cause liquid the dry liquid naturally. to run all over 74 4. mountWhenthe thetubeinto liquid stand.the second has dried, or third slide shelf the card Record the activity. of EXPERIMENT 5 HALF-LIFE 4. Whenmaysample thebe experimentpan in a stream disposed of by is completed, washingto wash it it ofoff water. the down theUsethe samplea THEoriginalTheit PROBLEM half-lifetakes value. for ofthe a activityThe simplest to reach way toradioisotope is that time one-half its find the half- which handlinglargedrain. volume the substance.of water Wash the hands carefully after half-lifeperiodslifeactivity is ofto may plottedtimedetermine then be while the sampleagainst is time. the activityobtained at from a graph decaying.different of The 1000 APPARATUSpans,Geiger medicinecounter, dropper, 0.1tube stand, sample tray, uc of 1-131 or P-32. sample PROCEDURE1. With a medicine dropper, transfer the 1-131 or P-32withdry tonaturally a astrong sample inlight pan. the air or heat it gently bulb such as a spot Allow the liquid to lamp 250 125 0.1enough uc of activity. either radioisotopeEither should radioisotope supply may suppliers or from a be 0 ELAPSEDI TIME 2 3 0 ELAPSEDI TIME 2 3 4 menthospitalobtainedmayto use ofbe patients. theseusedwhichfrom commercialuses without a license.small quantities. No AEC licensethe substances is for treat- Up to ten uc needed Figure 8. Half-life Curves (Semi-Log Paper) 2. panWhentray on the theinto liquid one has sample tray. of the shelves of dried, place the sample Slide the sample the tube CorrectCONCLUSIONgraph paperall activities plot a graph for background.the abscissaof againstthe data with the On semi-log the standexactthe activity.largestso time the and meterscale on Recorddate. the activity reading does not go offthe counter. Determineand the elapsedone-halfactivity.ate,corrected find time thetheactivity in original days onon the Find the spot on the activity which is half activity. ordinate. abscissa whichThis meetsvalue is the Onthe the original ordin- 3. Repeataccurately.two weeks.step #2 every Record the exact time two or three days and date for half-life.handbook.Compare your result with How accurate is your the value given in the result? 75 AUTORADIOGRAPHY PROCESSING FORMULAS Relatively soft. muchThephotographic principlesthe same as process.of those the autoradiographyprinciples process are The developable image is pro- autoradiography, while of the ordinary KodakHigh ContrastDeveloper Developers D-11 for Autoradiography imagetousuallyinduced theordinary isbyinfrared producedformed,ionizing picture-taking range. the byradiation lightprocessing raysthe in from However, once the developable developableis image the same.is the ultraviolet AffordsAnof excellent NaOH the as highesttheall-round accelerator. contrast high contrast without developer.resorting to use Theautoradiography, image must be developed,more contrasty fixed developers and are washed. used In Water,Kodak aboutElon Developing125 F (50C) Agent ------500 cc 75.0 grams1.0 grams morephotographergrayto getalkaline, to ablack. black wants and and are awhite complete image, scale from white to These contrasty developers are usually essentially the same type used where the ordinary KodakKodakColdKodak Sodium SodiumHydroquinonewater Potassium Sulfite, tocarbonate, make Bromide desiccated------monohydrated ------30.0 grams1.05.09.0 gramsliter havepurchasedProcessingin the all graphic the from chemicals chemicals arts.suppliers; for needed autoradiographymost but chemical one or two, laboratoriesneed not be which Develop about 4 minutes in a tray at 20 C. mayalsoerfrom bemay have purchased bythen varyinga widerealize at varietythe a formula. of developer types to the local photo shop.tremendous savings, but may The teach- choose HighKodakdevelopment contrast, Developer time.but D-19 not as great as D-11. Possible best choice for auto- Longer TapThebrown,less waterchemicals theycapped may will beshould bottle used.be usedbe filled mixed immediately. rightin the to order the brim, un- They may be stored in a The high- given. Water,.Kodak aboutElon Developing125 F (50C) Agent 500 cc 2.0 grams onlyshould2contrast them,hours. be usedwearand developers labelonce.rubber all gloves. have bottles a short correctly tray and with a Persons susceptible to skin ailments D-82 has a tray life of only Wash hands after using life; they can KodakKodak SodiumHydroquinone Potassium Carbonate,Sulfite, Bromide desiccated monohydrated 90.052.5 grams grams1.05.08.0 gramsliter inKodakity"POISON" the photo Elonlaboratory; label.shop.and possible these hydroquinonecan be purchased may notat anybe One pound of either of these chemi- found qual- DevelopCold water 5 minutesto make ------in a tray at 20C. ------76 long as the water used in preparingbecalsicals,cals USP, laststhe are NF,however. nota orlong needed.purified time. grade; reagent grade Distilled water is not needed, as Do not use technical grade chem-Other chemicals needed may solutions is chemi- KodakWater, Developer about 40C D-82 ------700 ml TheFixing fixing Baths bath is important so the image can be made MethanolHydroquinoneSodiumKodak Elonsulfite, Developing ------anhydrous Agent ------100 ml 52.61414 gm gm gm beandpermanent.clear; fixedis very prolongedfor rapid twice in fixingthe its time fixingshould it takes action.be avoided, the or The following fixer has a high capacity Filmsfilm shouldto bleach- ColdPotassiumSodium water hydroxide Bromideto make --- 919 liter gm Kodaking actionRapid Fixingwill commence. Bath F-7 600 ml well-ventilatedDevelopatthis temperatures developerabout 5 becausemin. aboveon thein 25 ofahands; trayC;the make methanol.atwash 20C. hands certain room is Do immediatelynot use Do not get AmmoniumWater,AceticSodiumSodium about ThiosulfateAcid, chloridesulfite, 50 28% C anhydrous 360.0 vans50.015.048 grams grams ml Thisgreatlyaftering developer actionuse. underexposed; of is any useful Kodak it when hasformula thethe mostreleased to autoradiogram is powerful develop- the AluminumBoricCold Acid, Water potassium crystals to make sulfate only ------(potassium alum) 15.0 grams1.07.5 gramsliter public.aandtwine last-resort even the then usual developer.some distance fogging when is unavoidable.this developer Safelights must be kept away from the trays D-82 is is used, WashingsTo expedite and Dryingwashing and drying, the negatives may be KodakStop Baths Stop Bath SB-la washingplacedtoate neutralize per intime litera solutiondown thefor to fixer.two 5containing minutes.minutes 5 gm This treatment will reduce immediately after fixing For extreme perm- of sodium carbon- Water*Kodak Acetic Acid, 28% ------125 1.0 liter cc Afteranence,andof Kodak forwashing, wash more Photo-flo the eventhe films andfilms solution forrapid may drying.beto placedsuppress 20 minutes. A satisfactory in a solutionwater marks mildsubstituteotherany liquiddetergent additions. maydetergent bewhich made mayper by literadding of a water.few drops contain pine oil, bases, or Do not use of any * To make 28Z Aceticwater. glacialAcid, dilute acetic 3 acid (99%) with 8 volumes ofvolumes of 77 NUCLEARpages areEDUCATIONAL just a EQUIPMENT The nuclear suppliers given on few of the many in the field, the next few equipment.havebut thesean educational suppliers division.deal with In purchasing equipment, care must educatorsAll or selleither quality be taken freesoanused as expensive, quantities, notexclusively to it for is G-Msheer over-purchase.multi-use scaler and accessories for counting with license- follyIf a scalerto purchase is to be oneistwo$800 scaler also$400 when more educational ratherthe prudent same money to purchase could be one than one ratemeter/scaler combina-scalers and accessories. By putting up the equip- used to purchase ratemeter and It menttioncurriculum for for bids, the guide samemore cost.maysavings be performed can Most of the experiments suggested be made. with G-M count- in this availableMany low-priced for educational scalers are use. haveingshouldcounters,tion systemsbeen systems, be secured andsecuredand otherproportionallicense-free for only morebasic after counters, gas sbphisticated systems countingquantities. techniques.enough G-M systems flow Scintilla- 3 78 ITEM Baird-Atomic Cenco Nuclear-Chicago The Nucleus Picker Nuclear Welch2190BScientific withScalerfor H-VG-M controlcounting mech.registerScaletteSC-3552 glow tubes + 71296Binary71208-16 type presetmech.28151 decades registercount + + AllModel glow K tube(5) Alltimer600-010 glow included tube(5) + register3mech. glow tubes Ratemeter RM-36B All decade71201- 6327 Model L 600-012 2192 Geiger1.4-2.0thin end-windowtube, mg/cm2 TS-275EWH-289 712047121871207 404 SG-1 600-137610-431 2162A andAbsorberCalibrated tube stand set A-10 25-0221 2162C Timer for scaler PT-10-5 73425 8420 ET-100 21892190E2162D + 0842M ElectroscopeRadiodiffusionCloud assay Chamber, type RE-1050CC-278 7125871850 63116312 R-2C-200 2158B2195 PropipetterMicropipettefor lml pipettes A PRO-421420-491 567580 H-2H-1 25-042425-0423 2190H MicropipettesControl TP-74 16369 567590 H-2 25-034525-0422 219011 All itemsPlanchets above are not necessarilySAP-137 equal in features or price, 71224-3 although3302 all will perform F-3 essentially as well for G-M maycounting.constantly be constructed change as their lines, no Other accessories, such as outlined in the RSS Filmstrip, claim for completeness or accuracy canresolving time sources, absorber sets, "Securing Inexpensive Nuclear be made for such a list. conversion kits for Civil Defense Accessories." As manufacturers instruments 79 TONAMES HIGH AND SCHOOLS ADDRESSES OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS COUNTING EQUIPMENT ANDBaird-Atomic, ACCESSORIES Inc. ACCESSORIES AND SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENTNuclear Associates, Inc. AtomicCentralCambridge,33 University Accessories Scientific Mass. Road Division Company 02138 Westbury,EducationalOak35 Urban Ridge L.I. Ave. Atom ProductsNew Industries York Division 11590 Nuclear-ChicagoChicago,1700333 WestEast Ill. IrvingHoward Corp. ParkAvenue Road 60613 AtomicOak500(Irradiated Ridge,Elza Corporation Drive, Tenn. Seeds) P. O.of BoxAmerica 429 37831 P.TheDesOak O.NucleusPlaines, Ridge,Box R Tenn.Ill. 37830 60016 GeneralSun7901(Low-cost Valley, San Radioisotope Fernando Calif.autoradiography Road Processing kit) Corp. 91352 White25Picker South Plains,Nuclear Broadway New York 10600 Bio-RadSan3000(Low-cost Ramon, San Laboratories RamonCalif. radio-active Valley Blvd. sources) 94583 D WelchSkokie,7300 ScientificNorth Illinois Linder Company Avenue 60076 Richmond,32nd(Heavy and Griffin Water,California lowAvenue cost) 94800 rL 80 0

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