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CNS Ionising Radiation Workshop Notes
Ionising Radiation Workshop Page 1 of 82 Canadian Nuclear Society Ionising Radiation Workshop Be Aware of NORM CNS Team Bryan White Doug De La Matter Peter Lang Jeremy Whitlock First presented concurrently at: The Science Teachers’ Association of Ontario Annual Conference, Toronto; and The Alberta Teachers’ Association Science Council Conference, Calgary 2008 November 14 Revision 12 Presentation at: Association of Science Teachers Provincial Conference 2013 Halifax NS October 25th, 2013 Ionising Radiation Workshop Page 2 of 82 Revision History Revision 1: 2008-11-06 (Note revisions modify page numbers) Page Errata 10 Last paragraph: “…emit particles containing (only) two protons …” (add parentheses) 11 Table, Atomic No. 86, 1st radon mass number should be 220. 20 Insert section 3.4 Shielding – affects page numbers 24 1st paragraph: “…with the use of shielding absorbers.” (insert “shielding”) 26 1st paragraph: “… of consistent data can be time consuming.” (delete “it”) 32 List item 6, last sentence: “The container contents have an activity of about 5 kBq.” (emphasis on contents) 44 2nd paragraph, 4th sentence: “… surface exposure of 360 µSv to 8.8 mSv …” (µSv not mSv) 45 2nd paragraph, 2nd sentence: “ … radioactivity compared to thorium ore …” (delete “the”) 47 2nd paragraph: “Because the lens diameter is not much smaller …” (insert “not”) Revision 2: 2009-02-04 5 Deleted 2 pages re CNA website S 3.2 Discussion of radon decay and health hazard inserted 38 Experiment 3, Part I – results from a more extensive absorber experiment show that the alpha radiation scatters electrons from the foils with energy higher than the beta from the thorium decay chain 51 Appendix C (now D): Note added that more recent “non-divide-by-two” modules are also red in colour. -
Appendix B: Recommended Procedures
Recommended Procedures Appendix B Appendix B: Recommended Procedures Appendix B provides recommended procedures for tasks frequently performed in the laboratory. These procedures outline acceptable methods for meeting radiation safety requirements. The procedures are generic in nature, allowing for the diversity of research facilities, on campus. Contamination Survey Procedures Surveys are performed to monitor for the presence of contamination. Minimum survey frequencies are specified on the radiation permit. The surveys should be sufficiently extensive to allow confidence that there is no contamination. Common places to check for contamination are: bench tops, tools and equipment, floors, telephones, floors, door handles and drawer pulls, and computer keyboards. Types of Contamination Removable contamination can be readily transferred from one surface to another. Removable contamination may present an internal and external hazard because it can be picked up on the skin and ingested. Fixed contamination cannot be readily removed and generally does not present a significant hazard unless the material comes loose or is present large enough amounts to be an external hazard. Types of Surveys There are two types of survey methods used: 1) a direct (or meter) survey, and 2) a wipe (or smear) survey. Direct surveys, using a Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector or scintillation probe, can identify gross contamination (total contamination consisting of both fixed and removable contamination) but will detect only certain isotopes. Wipe surveys, using “wipes” such as cotton swabs or filter papers counted on a liquid scintillation counter or gamma counter can identify removable contamination only but will detect most isotopes used at the U of I. Wipe surveys are the most versatile and sensitive method of detecting low-level removable contamination in the laboratory. -
THESIS VERIFICATION of BACKGROUND REDUCTION in a LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER Submitted by Marilyn Alice Magenis Department of E
THESIS VERIFICATION OF BACKGROUND REDUCTION IN A LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER Submitted by Marilyn Alice Magenis Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Summer 2013 Master’s Committee: Advisor: Alexander Brandl Thomas E. Johnson John Volckens John Harton ABSTRACT VERIFICATION OF BACKGROUND REDUCTION IN A LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTER A new method for subtraction of extraneous cosmic ray background counts from liquid scintillation detection has been developed by HidexTM. The method uses a background counter located beneath the liquid scintillation detector, the guard, to account for background signals. A double to triple coincidence counting methodology is used to reduce photomultiplier noise and to quantify quench. It is important to characterize the interactions from background in any new system. Characterizing interactions in the instrument will help to verify the accuracy and efficiency of the guard by determining the noise cancellation capabilities of the liquid scintillation counter. The liquid scintillation counter and guard detector responses were modeled using MCNP for the expected cosmic ray interactions at the instrument location and altitude in Fort Collins, CO. Cosmic ray interactions in the detector are most relevant to examine because of their predominance due to the higher elevation in Fort Collins. The cosmic ray interactions that are most important come from electron, positron, and gamma interactions. The expected cosmic ray interactions from these particles were modeled by using a cosmic ray library that determines the cosmic rays that are most likely to occur at an altitude of 2100 meters. -
Major Radiological Or Nuclear Incidents
Major Radiological or Nuclear Incidents: Potential Health and Medical Implications July 2018 This ASPR TRACIE document provides an overview of the potential health and medical response and recovery needs following a radiological or nuclear incident and outlines available resources for planners. The list of considerations is not exhaustive, but does reflect an environmental scan of publications and resources available on past incident response, numerous exercises, local and regional preparedness planning, and significant research on the subject. Those leading preparedness efforts for, or response and recovery from, a radiological or nuclear incident may use this document as a reference, while focusing on the assessments and issues specific to their communities and unmet needs as they are recognized. It is important to note, however, that entities engaged in planning for or responding to radiological incidents should consult with the radiation protection authorities in their state in addition to federal resources. Most states and local jurisdictions have existing plans for responding to radiological incidents and these plans can provide local information for health and medical providers. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Radiation Emergencies sites provide guidance for healthcare providers, primarily physicians, about clinical diagnosis and treatment of radiation injury and response issues during radiological and nuclear -
Liquid Scintillation Counting
Institutionen för medicin och vård Avdelningen för radiofysik Hälsouniversitetet Liquid Scintillation Counting Sten Carlsson Department of Medicine and Care Radio Physics Faculty of Health Sciences Series: Report / Institutionen för radiologi, Universitetet i Linköping; 78 ISSN: 1102-1799 ISRN: LIU-RAD-R-078 Publishing year: 1993 © The Author(s) Report 78 lSSN 1102-1799 Nov 1993 lSRN ULI-RAD-R--78--SE Liquid Scintillation Counting Sten Carlsson Dept of Radiation Physlcs Dept Medical Physlcs Linköping Unlverslly , Sweden: UddevalIa,Svveden i 1. INTRODUCTIQN In liquid scintillation counting (LSC) we use the process ofluminescense to detect ionising radiation emit$ed from a radionuclide. Luminescense is emission of visible light ofnon thermal origin. 1t was early found that certain organic molecules have luminescent properties and such molecules are used in LSC. Today LSC is the mostwidespread method to detect pure beta-ernitters like tritium and carbon-14. 1t has unique properties in its efficient counting geometry, deteetability and the lack of any window which the beta particles have to penetrate. These properties are achieved by solving the sample to measure in a scintillation cocktail composed of an organic solvent and a solute (scintillator). Even if LSC is a weil established measurement technique, the user can run into problems and abasic knowledge of the deteetor and its different components is offundamental importance in a correct use of the technique. The alm of this presentation is to provide the user with some of this fundamental knowledge. 2. BAS1C PRINCIPLE LSC is based on the principle oftransformlng some of the kinetic energy of the beta-partic1e into light photons. -
Radiological Information
RADIOLOGICAL INFORMATION Frequently Asked Questions Radiation Information A. Radiation Basics 1. What is radiation? Radiation is a form of energy. It is all around us. It is a type of energy in the form of particles or electromagnetic rays that are given off by atoms. The type of radiation we are concerned with, during radiation incidents, is “ionizing radiation”. Radiation is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and invisible. 2. What is radioactivity? It is the process of emission of radiation from a material. 3. What is ionizing radiation? It is a type of radiation that has enough energy to break chemical bonds (knocking out electrons). 4. What is non-ionizing radiation? Non-ionizing radiation is a type of radiation that has a long wavelength. Long wavelength radiations do not have enough energy to "ionize" materials (knock out electrons). Some types of non-ionizing radiation sources include radio waves, microwaves produced by cellular phones, microwaves from microwave ovens and radiation given off by television sets. 5. What types of ionizing radiation are there? Three different kinds of ionizing radiation are emitted from radioactive materials: alpha (helium nuclei); beta (usually electrons); x-rays; and gamma (high energy, short wave length light). • Alpha particles stop in a few inches of air, or a thin sheet of cloth or even paper. Alpha emitting materials pose serious health dangers primarily if they are inhaled. • Beta particles are easily stopped by aluminum foil or human skin. Unless Beta particles are ingested or inhaled they usually pose little danger to people. • Gamma photons/rays and x-rays are very penetrating. -
Laboratory Training Manual on Radioimmunoassay in Animal Reproduction
TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 233 Laboratory Training Manual on Radioimmunoassay in Animal Reproduction JOINT FAO/IAEA DIVISION OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION APPLICATIONS OF ATOMIC ENERGY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, VIENNA, 1984 LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No.233 LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION A JOINT UNDERTAKING BY THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 1984 LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON RADIOIMMUNOASSAY IN ANIMAL REPRODUCTION IAEA, VIENNA, 1984 STI/DOC/10/233 ISBN 92-0-115084-9 © IAEA, 1984 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstrasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria January 1984 FOREWORD Since the development of the radioligand assay some twenty years ago the whole field of endocrinology in both humans and animals has been revolutionized. The ability to measure the extremely low quantities of hormones that exist in blood and tissues has increased our knowledge of the reproductive function in domestic animals to an enormous extent, and is now coming to be used at the farm level. Reproduction must always be regarded as one of the major limiting factors in animal production and many of the modern methods for improving reproduc- tion rely heavily on the ability to measure hormone levels in blood and milk. This has produced a world-wide demand for laboratory facilities to carry out hormone assays and the need for specialist training to allow these assays to be undertaken. -
Radiation Safety Guide Research Use of Radioactive Materials
Radiation Safety Guide Research Use of Radioactive Materials Table of Contents Page RADIATION AND RADIOACTIVITY 4 A. Decay by Alpha (α)-Particle Emission 4 B. Decay by Beta (β)− Particle Emission 5 C. Decay by Gamma Ray (γ) emission 5 D. Decay by Electron Capture (X-ray) 5 E. Other sources of Radiation 5 F. Neutron particles (n) 6 G. Radiation Quantities 6 H. Half-life, Biological half-life, Effective half-life 7 I. Radiation Detection Instrument 8 1. Gas-filled detectors 8 2. Scintillation Detector 8 J. Background Radiation 9 K. Biological Effect of Radiation 10 PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION SAFETY 11 A. Occupational Dose Limit 11 B. Public Dose 11 D. Dose to an Embryo/Fetus 11 E. Registration of Radiation Workers 12 F. Personnel Monitoring 12 G. Type of Dosimeters 12 H. Dosimeter Placement 12 I. Internal Monitoring 13 J. Exposure Reports 13 K. ALARA 13 L.Posting 14 1 RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM 16 A. Individuals Responsible For Radiation Safety Program 16 B. Organization Chart 16 C. Radiation Safety Committee 16 D. Radiation Safety Officer 17 E. Authorized Users 18 F. Radiation Workers 19 G. Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC) 19 H. Medical Radiation Subcommittee (MRC) 22 RADIATION SAFETY PROCEDURES 23 A. Training Program 23 1. Initial Radiation Safety Training 24 2. Annual Refresher Training 24 3. Radiation Safety Training for Clinical Staff 24 4. Radiation Safety Training for House Keeping, Physical Plant and Security Staff 24 5. Radiation Safety Training for irradiator workers 24 B. Audit Program 24 C. Survey Program 25 1. Survey for Removable Contamination 27 2. -
Unit 1 Radiation
Unit 1 Radiation Time: Four hours Objectives A. Teacher: 1. To stimulate students' interest in the biological effects of radiation. 2. To help students become more literate in the benefits and hazards of radiation. 3. To inform youngsters about the NRC's role in regulating radioactive materials. B. At the conclusion of this unit the student should be able to: 1. Distinguish between natural and man-made radiation. 2. Detect and measure radiation using a Geiger counter. 3. Investigate the "footprints" of radiation using the Cloud Chamber. 4. Describe the principle of half-life of radioactive materials and demonstrate how half-lives can be calculated. 5. Identify and discuss the different types of radiation. Investigation and Building Background 1. Introduce term: Students have little knowledge of radiation (terminology) and no useful meanings for the term. Dictionary not much help. 2. Resources: 1. Radiation Terminology "Nuclear Reactor Concepts" Workshop Manual, U.S. NRC. 2. Dose Standards and Methods for Protection Against Radiation and Contamination "Nuclear Reactor Concepts" Workshop Manual, U.S. NRC. 3. Biological Effects of Radiation "Nuclear Reactor Concepts" Workshop Manual, U.S. NRC. 4. The Harnessed Atom (available for download ). Pages 61-98 will help in the discussion of: radiation and radioactive decay; the cloud chamber; detecting and measuring radiation, using the Geiger counter, computing radiation dosage and the uses of radiation, such as radiography. 5. Energy from the Atom (available through the American Nuclear Society ). Pages 1-1 to 1-24; 2- 1 to 2-37; and 3-1 to 3-17 will help by providing background on atomic structures and on nuclear energy. -
Lumi-Scint Liquid Scintillation Counter
DOE/EM-0596 Lumi-Scint Liquid Scintillation Counter Deactivation and Decommissioning Focus Area Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Environmental Management Office of Science and Technology July 2001 Lumi-Scint Liquid Scintillation Counter OST/TMS ID 2311 Deactivation and Decommissioning Focus Area Demonstrated at Miamisburg Environmental Management Project Miamisburg, Ohio Purpose of this document Innovative Technology Summary Reports are designed to provide potential users with the information they need to quickly determine if a technology would apply to a particular environmental management problem. They are also designed for readers who may recommend that a technology be considered by prospective users. Each report describes a technology, system, or process that has been developed and tested with funding from DOE’s Office of Science and Technology (OST). A report presents the full range of problems that a technology, system, or process will address and its advantages to the DOE cleanup in terms of system performance, cost, and cleanup effectiveness. Most reports include comparisons to baseline technologies as well as other competing technologies. Information about commercial availability and technology readiness for implementation is also included. Innovative Technology Summary Reports are intended to provide summary information. References for more detailed information are provided in an appendix. Efforts have been made to provide key data describing the performance, cost, and regulatory acceptance of the technology. If this information was not available at the time of publication, the omission is noted. All published Innovative Technology Summary Reports are available on the OST website at www.em.doe.gov/ost under “Publications.” TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. -
Radiation Safety
RADIATION SAFETY FOR LABORATORY WORKERS RADIATION SAFETY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND RISK MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MILWAUKEE P.O. BOX 413 LAPHAM HALL, ROOM B10 MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN 53201 (414) 229-4275 SEPTEMBER 1997 (REVISED FROM JANUARY 1995 EDITION) CHAPTER 1 RADIATION AND RADIOISOTOPES Radiation is simply the movement of energy through space or another media in the form of waves, particles, or rays. Radioactivity is the name given to the natural breakup of atoms which spontaneously emit particles or gamma/X energies following unstable atomic configuration of the nucleus, electron capture or spontaneous fission. ATOMIC STRUCTURE The universe is filled with matter composed of elements and compounds. Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical processes (e.g., oxygen) while compounds consist of two or more elements chemically linked in definite proportions. Water, a compound, consists of two hydrogen and one oxygen atom as shown in its formula H2O. While it may appear that the atom is the basic building block of nature, the atom itself is composed of three smaller, more fundamental particles called protons, neutrons and electrons. The proton (p) is a positively charged particle with a magnitude one charge unit (1.602 x 10-19 coulomb) and a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit (1 amu = 1.66x10-24 gram). The electron (e-) is a negatively charged particle and has the same magnitude charge (1.602 x 10-19 coulomb) as the proton. The electron has a negligible mass of only 1/1840 atomic mass units. The neutron, (n) is an uncharged particle that is often thought of as a combination of a proton and an electron because it is electrically neutral and has a mass of approximately one atomic mass unit. -
Liquid Scintillation Counting Techniques for the Determination of Some Alpha Emitting Actinides : a Review
2 LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING TECHNIQUES FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOME ALPHA EMITTING ACTINIDES : A REVIEW N.N.Mirashi, Keshav Chander and S.K.Aggarwal Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai - 400085. 1. INTRODUCTION Liquid scintillation process is based on the conversion of a part of the kinetic energy of alpha / beta / gamma radiation into photons. The photons are counted and related to the concentration of alpha/beta/gamma emitter. The principal use of liquid scintillation counting was the assay of low energy beta emitting nuclides. Alpha emitters could be counted by liquid scintillation counting was also known for long [1]. Alpha emitters, in spite of much lower scintillation yield compared to beta particles, are much more easily counted than beta particles, because alpha particles emit a line spectrum whereas beta spectrum is a continuum. The use of liquid scintillation counting is attractive because of its 100% counting efficiency and simplicity of sample preparation. Alpha particle assay by conventional plate counting methods is difficult because of chemical separation losses and/or self-absorption losses in the final sample may cause either non-reproducible results or create unacceptable errors. Several workers made applications of liquid scintillation counting technique to alpha counting in late 1950s and early 1960s [2-6]; still because of high background, interference from beta particles and very poor energy resolution for alpha energies liquid scintillation counting was not widespread for alpha counting. Horrocks [6] and Ihle et al [7] obtained a good degree of alpha energy resolution by liquid scintillation technique. This has led to identification and determination of mixture of alpha emitters.