https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v20i2.18 Ife Journal of Science vol. 20, no. 2 (2018) 371 VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SOME SPECIES IN THE FAMILY COMBRETACEAE IN NIGERIA 1*Akinsulire O. P, 1Oladipo O. T, 1Illoh H. C and 2Mudasiru O. M 1Department of Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2Department of Botany, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. * E-mail of corresponding author: [email protected], Tel.: +234 703 320 7527 (Received: 27th April, 2017; Accepted: 28th April, 2018) ABSTRACT A qualitative and quantitative morphological study of eleven species representing four genera in the family Combretaceae was conducted in search of inter- and intra-generic characters which may be of taxonomic use in the identification and classification of the family, as well as enhancing the understanding of the taxonomy of the family. Collection of accessions was done from different parts of southern Nigeria. Life plants, fruits, flowers and seeds from mature plants were collected and subjected to morphological studies. Both qualitative and quantitative characters were recorded. Quantitative data were subjected to analysis of variance, single linkage cluster analysis (SLCA) and principal components analysis (PCA). Morphological characters which separate the taxa include leaf shape, leaf apex, presence of hairs, and colour of reproductive parts such as pedicel, stamen, sepal, petal, style and stigma. Quantitative vegetative and reproductive morphological characters vary significantly (P = .05) among the taxa. The presence of undulating leaf margins and cladodromous venation in Terminalia mantaly, an introduced species is diagnostic for the species. Keywords: Combretaceae, Diagnostic, Morphology, Reproductive, Taxonomy, Vegetative INTRODUCTION Engl. & Diels., genus Terminalia: T. catapa L, T. Combretaceae, one of the families of flowering superba Engl. & Diels., T. ivorensis A. Chev., T. plants in the order Myrtales consists of 23 genera mantaly H. perr., T. avicennioides Guill. & Perr., and about 600 species (Stace, 2007). Hutchinson Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr. and and Dalziel (1958) established that Combretaceae Quisqualis indica L., the only West African consists of nine genera while Mabberley (2008) representative species of the genera Anogeissus and opined that Combretaceae comprises of trees, Quisqualis. shrubs and lianas distributed predominantly in tropical and subtropical Africa, but also in central MATERIALS AND METHODS and southern America, southern Asia and Collection of plants were made from different northern Australia. In West Africa, Combretaceae locations in southern Nigeria. The samples were has nine genera with about 72 species, of which identified at the Herbarium of the Department of Combretum Loefl. is the largest genus with 49 Botany, Obafemi Awolowo University (IFE). Five species (Gill, 1988). However, Keay (1989) accessions for each of the species were later reported 25 species of straggling shrubs or lianas subjected to morphological examinations. in the genus Combretum which are found in Nigeria. Qualitative as well as quantitative attributes of Hutchinson and Dalziel (1958) established that a vegetative and reproductive morphological number of species are indeterminate and occur in characters of the accessions collected were the south-eastern Nigeria. studied and documented as the reproductive parts were also assessed both qualitatively and The present study is therefore aimed at describing quantitatively. Data collected from this the qualitative and quantitative morphological documentation were subjected to cluster analysis characters of eleven species belonging to four and principal component analysis. Photographs genera-Combretum, Terminalia, Anogeissus and of some of the morphological characters of the Quisqualis of the family Combretaceae in Nigeria. taxa were also made. The representative species of the genus Combretum include: C. platypterum Hutch. & Dals., C. racemosum RESULTS Engl. & Diels., C. zenkeri P. Beauv., C. dolichopetalum Combretum platypterum (Welw.) Hutch. & 372 Akinsulire et al.: Vegetative and Reproductive Morphological Study Dals. (Plates 1a - d) acute, base cordate, veins prominent beneath, Habitat and Habit: tropical regions. A scandent 12.03±0.54 cm long and 7.17±0.34 cm wide. shrub or forest liana, up to 10 m long Petiole round and pubescent, 1.67±0.07 cm long Stem: unarmed, weak, suffrutescent, bark green Venation: Eucamptodromous to grey and often flaking. Inflorescence and Flower: axillary, branched, Leaf and Petiole: leathery and shiny, green to globose head surrounded by abundant whitish dark-green, glabrous at both surfaces, opposite, leaves. Flower small, whitish and fragrant, flowers unarmed, obovate, margins entire, estipulate, apex are in long spike, ovary inferior. acute or acuminate, base acute or cuneate, Pedicel: pubescent, 0.20±0.00 cm long. 13.61±0.26 cm long and 5.98±0.17 cm wide. Sepal and Petal: short (0.15±0.00 cm) long, Petiole round, glabrous, 1.45±0.23 cm long cream-coloured or slightly whitish, acute at the Venation: Eucamptodromous apex. Petals cream-coloured, acute, densely Inflorescence and Flower: cluster, axillary, pubescent, 0.20±0.00 cm long spike-like raceme, generally more or less Stamen: short (0.44±0.01 cm) long and whitish. tomentose. Flowers are bisexual, regular, and are Style and Stigma: densely pubescent, 0.59±0.02 borne in axillary or terminal branched or c m l o n g . unbranched spikes, and are bracteates. Flowers are Fruit and Seed: one-seeded, dry indehiscent, 4-or 5-merous variable in shape and size, almost round, 5- Pedicel: pubescent, 0.42 ± 0.01 cm long. winged, whitish, cream to pale-brown, 1.65±0.01 Sepal and Petal: fused with petals in an alternate cm in diameter; Seed tiny (0.67±0.01 cm long and manner, cream or pinkish, acute at the apex, 1.65± 0.12±0.01 cm wide), spindle-shaped, greenish to 0.08 cm long. Petal vary from white, cream- brownish. coloured, yellow, but are sometimes pale to deep pink or bright red, ovate, apex acute, 2.03±0.10 cm Combretum racemosum P. Beauv. (Plates 3a - d) long. Habitat and Habit: forest or tropical regions. A Stamens: inserted on the hypanthium, usually scandent shrub or forest liana that produces from twice as many as the petals, and usually extended seeds and basal shoot re-growth beyond the petals, filaments red, anthers vary in Stem: stem is round, covered with long weak colour from yellow, orange, pinkish, crimson or hairs, armed with spines that are sparsely reddish to red-brown, 1.87±0.43 cm long. distributed, weak, suffrutescent, bark green to Style and Stigma: fairly glabrous, cream coloured grey; bark on young stems is often flaking and or pinkish, 3.87±0.11 cm long. peeling in stringy strips or threads. Fruit and Seed: fruit glabrous or covered with Leaf and Petiole: opposite, leathery, green to short hairs and is mainly a 4-5 winged samara, red dark-green, young leaves pubescent at the upper at first then pale yellow, 2.81±0.03 cm in diameter; surface glabrous beneath, matured leaves Seed whitish, spindle-shaped, 1.07±0.02 cm long glabrous at both surfaces, leaves opposite, sub- and 0.36±0.01 cm wide. opposite, unarmed, obovate, margins entire, estipulate, apex acute, base cordate, 12.12±0.23 Combretum zenkeri Engl. & Diels. (Plates 2a - cm long and 5.54±0.05 cm wide. Petiole round, d) pubescent, 0.82±0.03 cm long Habitat& Habit: savannah and secondary forest; Venation: Eucamptodromous. common in places and widely distributed. A Inflorescence and Flower: densely flowered- scandent shrub or forest liana, to 27 m high spike, with flowers in large panicles, surrounded Stem: armed with spines, weak, suffrutescent, by conspicuous white or pink bract-like leaves bark green to grey; sometimes dark-brown, bark subtending the flower clusters. Flower crimson; on young stems is often flaky and peeling in pink or dark-red, with hairy flower tubes, clustered stringy strips or threads. in short glomeruliform or umbel-like spikes Leaf and Petiole: opposite, sub-opposite, green arranged in a large panicle. to dark-green, pubescent at both surfaces, Pedicel: pubescent, 0.24±0.01 cm long unarmed, obovate, margins entire, estipulate, apex Sepal and Petal: greenish, cup-like, acute at the Akinsulire et al.: Vegetative and Reproductive Morphological Study 373 apex, 0.64±0.01 cm long. Petals red or crimson, Stem: unarmed, stem surface coarse and pilose outside, not incurved, elliptic to ovate, acute shallowly fissured, grey to dark-brown. at the apex, 0.27±0.01 cm long Leaf and Petiole: leaf leathery, glabrous at both Stamen: curly and pinkish, 1.40±0.02 cm long. surfaces, dark-green, turning bright yellow then Style and Stigma: glabrous, 1.57±0.03 cm long. vivid to dark red before falling, crowded at the Fruit and Seed: one-seeded, white, cream or terminal ends of branchlets, unarmed, obovate, pinkish, sometimes dark-red, fruit is four to five- margins entire, estipulate, apex acute, obtuse to winged. Fruit is 2.53±0.03 cm in diameter. Seed retuse, base acute, cordate to lobate, 22.28±1.07 elliptic or spindle – like, greenish, 0.96±0.02 cm cm long and 13.17±0.54 cm wide. Petiole round, long and 0.30±0.00 cm wide petiole of matured leaves pubescent, those of young leaves almost glabrous, 1.78±0.06 cm long Combretum dolichopetalum Engl. & Diels. Venation: Eucamptodromous. (Plates 4a - d) Inflorescence and Flower: inflorescence cluster. Habitat and Habit: forest; secondary re-growth Flowers are small, white or cream-coloured, five areas, usually near rivers. A scandent shrub or lobed, arranged on long axillary spikes with a forest liana mildly unpleasant smell, valvate aestivation and Stem: unarmed, weak, suffrutescent, bark grey to actinomorphic. dark brown; young stems hairy. Pedicel: short (0.31±0.02 cm long), flowers sub- Leaf and Petiole: pubescent at both surfaces, sessile, fruits sessile. leaves are opposite or sub-opposite, unarmed, Sepal and Petal: sepals regularly arranged, obovate or elliptic, margins entire, estipulate, apex triangular with acute apex, white to cream in cordate or acuminate, base cordate or lobate, colour, 0.25±0.01 cm long.