Review Article

A review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological significance of sericea Burch. Ex DC. Anuja A. Nair, Nishat Anjum, Y. C. Tripathi*

ABSTRACT

Terminalia sericea is an eminent medicinal endemic to Africa distributed across the Northern, Northwest, and Southern parts of the continent. As a multipurpose , uses of T. sericea range from land improvements to medicine. The plant has been ascribed for its varied medicinal applications and holds a rich history in African traditional medicine. This article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive review on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects of T. sericea. A thorough bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing worldwide accepted scientific database (PubMed, SciFinder, Scopus, Google, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) and accessible literature including thesis, books, and journals. The present review covers the literature available up to 2017. A critical review of the literature showed that T. sericea has been phytochemically investigated for its chemical constituents, and a diverse group of phytochemicals, namely, pentacyclic triterpenoids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids has been reported from different parts of the plant. Pharmacological studies of the revealed a wide variety of pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative, anticancer, antioxidant, and other biological activities. Based on the investigative report, it is concluded that T. sericea can a promising candidate in pharmaceutical biology for the development of new drugs and future clinical uses. Its usefulness as a medicinal plant with current widespread traditional use warrants further research, clinical trials, and product development to fully exploit its medicinal value. The review summarizing comprehensive information on T. sericea and possible scope for future research might be helpful for researchers for further research to find new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses and discover further therapeutic efficacies.

KEY WORDS: Ethnomedicine, pharmacology, phytochemistry, Terminalia sericea, traditional uses

INTRODUCTION plant species gave a new impetus to ethnomedicines, and during the past three decades, considerable works For centuries, the diversity of the plant kingdom has have been done on folk medicines. Although a number provided humanity with life-sustaining food and of medicinal plants are being used to bring about medicine. The use of medicinal plants in the treatment traditional cure of various diseases, many of them of both human and animal diseases is as ancient as are yet to be properly investigated and scientifically human civilization. A significant number of indigenous validated.[2] Terminalia is a populations in many developing countries still rely under family comprising around 200 on medicinal plants to meet their health-care needs. species of trees and shrubs distributed throughout [3] During the past decade, traditional medical practices tropical region of the world. The generic name of have become a topic of global relevance and there has the genus is derived from the Latin Terminus meaning “boundary” referring to the fact that the leaves appear been renewed interest in the investigation of botanicals at the very tip of the shoots. The specific name sericea as sources of new drugs, building on traditional [1] comes from the Latin “Sericatus” that means “clothed knowledge about plant-based medicines. The recent in silken hair” and describes the downy foliage.[4] It is discovery of remarkable medicinal properties of several the second largest genus of the family Combretaceae.[5] Members of the genus Terminalia are widely used in Access this article online traditional medicine in several conditions across the world for the treatment of numerous disease including Website: jprsolutions.info ISSN: 0974-6943 abdominal disorders, bacterial infection, colds, sore

Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, P. O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

*Corresponding author: Y. C. Tripathi, Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, P. O. New Forest, Dehradun - 248 006, Uttarakhand, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Received on: 21-12-2017; Revised on: 23-01-2018; Accepted on: 12-03-2018

420 Journal of Pharmacy Research | Vol 12 • Issue 3 • 2018 Anuja A. Nair, et al. throats, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, fever, gastric ulcer, different parts of South Africa, the tree is known by hypertension, and skin disease.[6-9] different names viz, Kalunguti, Kalume-kakabesya, Mulila-nkonka, Namwinsyi in Bemba; Nakabesya, Terminalia sericea is an eminent medicinal plant Mugonono, Ngonono in Kunda;Gonondo, Mhalisi, endemic to Africa distributed across the Northern, Mpini, Mpulula, Nalins, Napini in Nyanja; Ngonono [10] Northwest, and Southern parts of the continent. in Tumbuka; Umangwe in Ndebele; Mangwe, As a multipurpose species, uses of T. sericea range Mukonono, Mususu, Mutabvu in Shona; Mususu in from land improvements to medicine. The plant has Venda and Amangwe in Zulu.[12] been ascribed for its varied medicinal applications and holds a rich history in African traditional medicine. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION The plant has been phytochemically investigated for its chemical constituents, and a diverse group of T. sericea Burch. Ex DC. the silver cluster-leaf grows phytochemicals, namely, pentacyclic triterpenoids, to a height of about 9 m (30 ft) in woodland but isolated phenolic acids, flavonoids, steroids, and alkaloids trees can be up to 23 m (75 ft) tall. The bark is a grayish- has been reported from different parts of the plant. brown color and peels away in strips. The heartwood is Pharmacological studies of the plants revealed a dull yellow with brownish stripes, darkening with age. wide variety of pharmacological properties such It is clearly distinguished from the narrow sapwood.[13] as antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic, anti- The grain is usually straight occasionally interlocked, inflammatory, anti-neurodegenerative, anticancer, texture moderately coarse, and uneven. The bluish- antioxidant, and other biological activities.[11] This green leaves, 5.5 × 1.5 cm but up to 12.5 × 4.5 cm, article aims to provide an updated and comprehensive simple, narrowly elliptic to narrowly obovate-elliptic review on the ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and arranged in spirals or clusters. They are ovate with pharmacological aspects of T. sericea. A thorough entire margins, and both the upper and lower surfaces bibliographic investigation was carried out by are clothed in silvery hair.[4,5] Petiole is 2–10 mm analyzing worldwide accepted scientific database and long while pale-yellow to creamy-white flowers are accessible literature. arranged in axillary spikes. Flowering takes place mostly in September–January. The fruits, a flattened two-winged capsule, 3–4 × 1.7–2.5 cm, pinkish or purple brown in color are an oval nut surrounding by The detail taxonomic classification of the plant is as a flat wing.[4,5] They have an unpleasant smell and may follows: [3,4] be pollinated by flies. They may remain attached to the Kingdom: Plantae branch for a year and are dispersed by the wind. Fruits Unranked: Angiosperms sometimes become contorted and hairy as a result of Unranked: the activities of parasitic insect larvae.[4] The tree is Unranked: a popular and effective traditional medicine, being Order: commonly harvested from the wild for local use. It also Family: Combretaceae yields an edible gum, provides a range of commodities, Subfamily: Combretoideae and can be grown to improve and stabilize the soil. It Tribe: Combreteae Subtribes: Terminaliinae is an excellent pioneer species for restoring native Genus: Terminalia woodland. Species: Sericea Burch. Ex DC. DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT SYNONYMS T. sericea is endemic to Africa from Tanzania and Terminalis angolensis O. Hoffm.; Terminalia fischerii the Democratic Republic of the Congo southward Engl.; Terminalia nyassensis Engl.; Terminalia to South Africa. The distribution of T. sericea brosigiana Engl. & Diels; Terminalia velutina Rolfe; spans across the North West Province, Northern Terminalia bubu De Wild.[3,4] Province, parts of Mpumalanga, Swaziland, and KwaZulu-Natal. Distribution within the rest of Africa COMMON NAMES includes Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania.[14] It The plant is commonly known as Cluster leaf, Yellow is usually found in the Sandy Savannah areas in the wood, Silver cluster-leaf, and Silver terminalia northern parts of South Africa.[12] In South Africa, in English. Further the plant is native to southern the plant species is abundantly available in the wild Africa, it is called as Vaalboom, Silwerboom, and distributed in Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, Bloubos, Bosvaal, Sandvolbos by Africans. In and North West Province.[15,16] It was among the top

Journal of Pharmacy Research | Vol 12 • Issue 3 • 2018 421 Anuja A. Nair, et al. ten most traded medicinal and firewood plants in roots of T. sericea are used to treat bilharzia, colic, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.[17] It is also pneumonia, and diarrhea while leaves are used for distributed in Mozambique, Botswana, Zimbabwe, stomach disorders.[13] The tree has ecological value Namibia, and other African countries. as soil improver and for erosion control; it is locally regarded as sacred.[27] It grows in open mixed woodland on sandy soils. It is often found growing with miombo ( spp.), ETHNOMEDICINAL (Colophospermum mopane), species, and bushwillows ( spp.).[18] It is often one APPLICATIONS of the dominant species in mixed woodland. The silver T. sericea is ascribed for its varied medicinal cluster-leaf grows readily from seed. It is a pioneer applications in traditional system of medicines. species easily becoming established in previously Different parts of the pant are reported to be used unwooded areas and may from dense shrubby [19] for various therapeutic purposes. Ethnomedical thickets. It is tolerant of waterlogged soil and of information revealed that the plant is commonly used drought conditions and fairly tolerant of saline soil.[20] for the treatment of cough, skin infections, diabetes, It needs full light to grow well and tends to shade out diarrhea,[13] and gonorrhea.[28] Extracts of roots and weeds, so it presence helps climax species to become leaves are used to treat venereal disease, diarrhea,[29] established. It has been used in land improvement and dysentery colic, pneumonia, cough, blocked noses to control erosion.[21] and insomnia,[30] skin disease, schistosomiasis, gonorrhea,[31] menstrual cycle, problems infertility, and TRADITIONAL USES venereal diseases and applied as an eyewash to treat [32,33] As a multipurpose species, uses of T. sericea range trachoma and ophthalmia. The outer layers of the from land improvements to medicine. The yellow, roots are prepared as hot infusions to treat pneumonia. fine-grained wood of the tree is strong, elastic, and In Ovamboland of Namibia, the roots are used to resistant to insect. It is used for making tool handles, treat coughs.[34] The plant has a rich history in African carving, furniture, bows, beehives, and ox yokes traditional medicine. In Zimbabwe and Botswana, the and for the construction of traditional housing.[22,23] roots are used for sore throats.[35] The roots are used It is suitable for flooring, joinery, interior trim, to treat skin rashes, tuberculosis, and opportunistic ship, building, vehicle bodies, mine props, sporting infections associated with HIV-AIDS.[36] Decoction goods, agricultural implements, railway sleepers, of roots is used protracted parturition or retained and turnery. Being resistant to insect and borers, it placenta, ticks, wounds, and other ethnoveterinary is often used for fence posts.[20] The roots are also infections.[37,38] Extract of stem bark is taken to subside cut into strips and used as a strong rope for hut diarrhea.[39] The pounded stem bark is applied topically construction.[24] The species is popular as firewood to treat leprosy, wounds, or general skin infections.[40] makes good charcoal.[25] In the northern African The dried and finely ground stem bark can be topically regions, the inner bark is used to tie together the applied to wounds and burns.[41,42] frames of houses and also in making of grain-storage baskets.[26] The twig juice, leaves, and root are also The leaves are used as an antibiotic for wounds. A paste used in Namibia and Botswana in mixtures with other made by cooking the leaves in water is applied on the plants and larvae of beetles to prepare arrow poison. bleeding wounds. Leaf extract is used to treat diarrhea The tree produces a gum that is eaten by local people. and stomach complaints and a leaf infusion to treat The leaves are said to be not very nutritious but are cough.[43] For treatment of measles, pulverized leaves browsed by cattle, elephant, giraffe, and antelope, mixed with Vaseline is reported to be used as an after while elephants and giraffe also eat the branches. bath lotion or taken orally in the form of decoction.[44] The bark contains tannic acid and is used for tanning. The leaves are used to treat menorrhagia in women.[32] It imparts a yellowish color to the leather.[22] The leaf A decoction made from leaves is orally ingested to hairs have been used for glazing pottery, and flowers treat stomach aches, pneumonia, and diarrhea.[41,42] A provide nectar for honeybees. During the rainy hot water decoction made from roots, stem bark, and season, caterpillars feeding on the leaves of the tree leaves is mixed with food for the treatment of bacterial are an important source of food. Roots, stem bark, infections, diarrhea, hypertension, and fever.[45] The and leaves are mainly used for medicinal purpose. dried fruit is used in a multicomponent recipe for the T. sericea contributes significantly to cattle diet treatment of tuberculosis, and the dried leaves are used during the hot and dry season in the northern Kalahari for the treatment of dysentery. A decoction of the plant Desert, a semi-arid region of Namibia.[10,11] The is used in a multicomponent preparation to enhance tree improves sites by draining waterlogged soils, virility and for treatment of venereal diseases.[28,46] shading out weeds, enriching impoverished soils, and It is also used for the treatment of hypertension and also used for erosion control.[22] For medicinal uses, fever.[47]

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PHYTOCHEMISTRY acetate, stigma-4-ene-3-one,[55] catechin-epicatechin, and catechin-epigallocatechin,[56] while the acetone Trees of the genus are known, especially, as a source extract of the leaves revealed a triterpenoic compound of secondary metabolites including cyclic triterpenes 1α, 2β, 18-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-29-oic acid and their derivatives, flavonoids, tannins, and other commonly known as terminoic acid.[57] The methanol aromatics. The genus Terminalia is a rich source of extract of the roots is known to have a total phenolic tannins and pseudotannins, including Gallic acid and content of 36.73 mg tannic acid/g and total flavonoid its simple gallate esters, chebulic, and non-chebulic content of 73.05 mg quercetin/g of extract,[58] while ellagitannins, ellagic acid derivatives, and ellagic acid the leaves contained the highest concentrations of glycosides. Phenolic acid, flavonoids, and triterpenes flavones, leucoanthocyanins, polyphenols, tannins, and triterpenoidal glycosides are also present in and tertiary and quaternary alkaloids.[59] The seed high amount in various Terminalia species, ands oil constitutes fatty acids including linoleic acid, few lignin and lignan derivatives have been isolated omega-6, lignoceric acid, arachidic acid, stearic acid, from genus Terminalia.[48] Phytochemical studies on heptadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, myristic different Terminalia species have demonstrated the acid, myristoleic acid, behenic acid, and palmitoleic occurrence of several classes of active constituents acid, various amino acids (mostly arginine, aspartic including tannins, pentacyclic triterpenes and their acid, glutamic acid, and alanine), and Vitamin E.[60] The glycoside derivatives, flavonoids, and other phenolic gum polysaccharides from T. sericea reported to be a compound.[49] complex sugar composition, containing galacturonic, glucuronic, and 4-O-methylglucuronic acids as well T. sericea has been phytochemically investigated as galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, mannose, and and a number of compounds have been reported xylose. It is very viscous and dissolve readily to give from different parts of the plant. However, most solutions of good color.[52] The methanol extracts of them have been isolated from the roots and stem of both the leaves and roots are reported to possess bark. Some of the major pure individual compounds classes of compounds such as tannins, flavonoids, isolated from the plant are shown in Figure 1. The and saponins in large quantities.[61] In the gas pentacyclic triterpenoid sericic acid and its glycoside chromatography-mass spectra, the methanol extract sericoside were isolated from the roots. The structures of the roots revealed the presence of the unbound of sericic acid and sericoside established as 2α, 3β, phenolic compounds which includes 3,4-dihydroxy- 19α, 24-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid and benzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid, syringic its corresponding C-28-D-glycosyl ester.[12,50] In acid, benzoic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy- addition, phenolic acids are largely isolated from the cinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid.[62] roots. Besides sericic acid and sericoside, the ethanol In further studies using thin-layer chromatography, extract of the root revealed compounds such as sericic major phytochemical constituents including alkaloids, acid methyl ester triacetate, sericic acid methyl ester coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, tetraacetate, sericic acid methyl ester tribenzoate, saponins, sterols, and terpenoids were detected, and sericic acid 18-α-H- methyl ester tetraacetate, through UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis, genus-specific sericoside heptacetate, and asiatic acid methyl ester compounds punicalagin, sericoside, anolignan B, and tribenzoate.[51] Proximate analysis of seeds recorded arjunic acid were identified in the extracts.[63] 78.8% carbohydrate, 46.2% crude protein, 32.6% lipid, and 6.9% ash.[34] Analysis of the gum exudates from PHARMACOLOGY the stem bark revealed the presence of galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, 4-O-methyl glucuronic acid, T. sericea is an important multipurpose medicinal and sugars such as arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, plant which has been investigated for a wide variety mannose, and xylose.[52] of pharmacological action. All the organs of the plant have been reported to possess therapeutic Anolignan B (2,3-bis-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-1.3- properties, but the root is the most used traditionally butadiene), one of the major bioactive compounds, and scientifically studied. Modern phytochemical and has been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract pharmacological investigations showed that various of the root.[53] Roots also contain hydroxystilbene extracts of different parts as well as active compounds glycoside, triterpenoid-arjunglucoside, termilignan of T. sericea had antibacterial, antifungal, anti- B, and arjunic acid. A stilbene glycoside, resveratrol- inflammatory, antidiabetic, anti-neurodegenerative, 3-O-β-rutinoside, 3΄,5΄-dihydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy) anticancer, antioxidant activities, and so on. resveratrol-3-O-β-rutinoside, 3΄,4,5΄-trihydroxy stilbene, stigmasterol, and triterpenoic acid were Antibacterial Activity isolated from ethanol extract of roots.[54] The fractions T. sericea has medical application against various of the acetone extract of the stem led to the isolation of bacterial infections, such as gonorrhea and syphilis, compounds such as lupeol, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-3- and against symptoms such as diarrhea, hypertension,

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Figure 1: Chemical compounds isolated from Terminalia sericea and cancer. The methanol extracts of the roots reported roots against S. aureus, E. coli, Bacillus anthracis, to have mild antibacterial activity against Micrococcus and P. aeruginosa reported highest antibacterial luteus and Enterobacter aerogenes.[45] Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and mild activity assay of aqueous and methanol extracts of T. activity against B. anthracis and P. aeruginosa.[65] The sericea against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus aqueous extract of the stem bark exhibited an MIC pyogenes, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas of 0.78 mg/ml against Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus, aeruginosa showed effectiveness of both the extracts E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.[66] Further, the against S. pyogenes and S. aureus.[64] Another study aqueous extracts and the fractions of ethyl acetate, with intermediate and polar extracts of T. sericea 1:1 dichloromethane-methanol, ethanol, and

424 Journal of Pharmacy Research | Vol 12 • Issue 3 • 2018 Anuja A. Nair, et al. n-butanol root extracts exhibited antibacterial activity fumigatus, Microsporum canis, and Sporothrix with zone of inhibition (ZI) of 14.0 mm against S. schenckii. The extracts were notably active against all aureus.[46] The ethanol extract of the stem bark and microorganisms tested; methanol extract, however, ethyl acetate extract of the root exhibited an MIC of was found most effective against C. albicans.[45] The 1.56 mg ml against Mycobacterium aurum.[67] The acetone, hexane, and methanol extracts of the leaves acetone extracts of stem bark exhibited a most potent showed potent antifungal efficacy against C. albicans, MIC of 0.025 mg/ml against both Mycobacterium C. neoformans, A. fumigatus, S. schenckii, and M. canis tuberculosis H37Ra, and the clinical isolate of the while dichloromethane extract exhibited an average same species was reportedly resistant to a variety activity against the tested fungal strains. M. canis found of drugs.[47] Terminoic acid, one of the compounds to be the most susceptible microorganism.[76] Another of T. sericea, exhibited a MIC value of 0.33 mg ml study recorded antifungal activity of T. sericea root while the acetone extract of the leaf exhibited a extracts against C. albicans and Aspergillus niger.[65] moderate MIC value of 1.56 mg ml against M. aurum Chemical constituents of dichloromethane and hexane in the microdilution assay.[57] M. aurum may be extracts of leaves showed strong fungal inhibition used as an indicator organism against pathogenic against M. canis.[77] Aqueous extract and fractions M. tuberculosis.[68] The acetone-methanol (1:1) extract from ethanol (80%), ethyl acetate, dichloromethane- of root exhibited an average MIC of 0.69 mg/ml methanol (1:1), butanol, and methanol extracts of roots against the microbes K. pneumoniae and Moraxella exhibited antifungal activity against C. albicans relative catarrhalis, infecting the respiratory tract.[69] The ethyl to miconazole.[46] Furthermore, acetone extract of the acetate extracts of the root exhibited MIC of 0.3 and root also showed promising activity against C. albicans 1.5 mg/ml against B. subtilis and E. coli, respectively. and Candida krusei. The methanol and aqueous extracts The dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) fraction of the root exhibited promising activity against various of the leaf extract aqueous leaf extract recorded clinical isolates of C. albicans.[78] Acetone extract promising activity against Oligella ureolytica of stem bark exhibited antifungal activity against and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.[70] Bacterial strains C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. neoformans isolated such as gentamicin methicillin-resistant S. aureus, from HIV/AIDS patients in South Africa.[79] The E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis, P. aeruginosa, dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract of the mature B. subtilis, K. Pneumoniae, and P. aerogenes are stem bark extract reported to be very effective against the major causative agents of both urinary tract C. neoformans, while the aqueous extract also revealed infections and hospital-acquired infections.[71,72] The fungi toxic activity against the same organism.[30] The dichloromethane: methanol (1:1) extract of the mature dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract of root found stem bark exhibited an MIC of 0.67 and 2.0 mg/ml to have activity against C. albicans, while the aqueous against Mycobacterium smegmatis and M. catarrhalis, root extract exhibited very strong fungicidal activity respectively.[30] The acetone extract of leaves showed against Trichophyton mentagrophytes and M. canis.[74] significant antibacterial activity against E. coli, Acetone extract of stem bark revealed varying degree of P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, B. subtilis, B. fungicidal activity against Fusarium species, namely, Cereus, E. faecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides, typhi, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Serratia marcescens, Fusarium proliferum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Proteus vulgaris, S. epidermidis, and Lactobacillus Fusarium nygamai.[80] The activity of extracts validates acidophilus.[73] The antibacterial activity of several the indigenous traditional use of the plant in treating extracts from T. sericea against N. gonorrhoeae, K. a variety of infections including opportunistic oxytoca, and O. ureolytica validates use of the species infections. Such infections are associated with HIV/ against sexually transmitted infections. The aqueous AIDS, especially Candida species which may cause a root extracts revealed high antibacterial activity variety of oral lesions and sores, commonly called oral against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, S. epidermidis, candidiasis. and gentamicin methicillin-resistant S. aureus, while the dichloromethane-methanol (1:1) extract against Anti-HIV Activity gentamicin methicillin-resistant S. aureus.[74] Water Pharmacological studies on anti-HIV activity of and n-butanol fractions of root extract at a treatment T. sericea are limited. Bessong et al. (2004) reported dose of 50 mg/ml exhibited significant antibacterial that methanol extract of the leaves at a concentration efficacy against M. smegmatis, while the chloroform of 100 μg/ml exhibits a notable inhibition of HIV- extract of leaves shown a ZI of 16.5 mm and activity 1 RNA-dependent-DNA polymerase (RDDP) and index of 0.32 relative to rifampicin at 10 mg/ml.[75] reverse transcriptase (RT) function by 74.2% and 98.0% with half maximal inhibitory concentration Antifungal Activity [81] (IC50) values of 24.1 and 7.2 μg/ml, respectively. Antifungal activity of leaf extracts of T. sericea was Moreover, the aqueous and methanol extracts against tested against five fungal animal pathogens, Candida ribonuclease H (RNase) function of HIV-1 RT albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus exhibited IC50 of 18.5 and 8.1 μg/ml, respectively,

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indicating identical mode of inhibitory action of and β-sitosterol, exhibited inhibitory action with IC50 extracts on both RDDP and RNase H function of values of 140.72 and 216.02 mm, respectively, against HIV-1 RT. Another study reported that the ethyl α-amylase. Lupeol, epicatechin-catechin mixture, acetate extract of the root exhibited 94% inhibition of epigallocatechin-gallocatechin mixture, stigma-4-ene- HIV-1 RT at a concentration of 200 μg/ml,[82] while 3-one, β-sitosterol-acetate, and β-sitosterol exhibited the ethanol extract exhibited the most potent IC50 of inhibitory action against α-glucosidase, while the 0.0006 μg/ml in the MAGI cell assay.[83] acetone extract of the stem bark at a treatment dose of 0.2 mg/ml exhibited 97.44% and 91.91% inhibition Antiparasitic Activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, respectively.[56] These The methanol-dichloromethane (1:1) and aqueous leaf research findings validate the use of the plant in the extracts exhibited potent antiparasitic efficacy against treatment of diabetes mellitus. Trichomonas vaginalis, a causative agent of urogenital infection known as vaginal trichomoniasis.[70] The Anti-inflammatory Effect activity of the T. sericea leaves against the T. vaginalis Roots of T. sericea are traditionally known to have suggests that the plant may serve as an alternative anti-inflammatory effect. Eldeen et al. (2005) reported source of the treatment for sexually transmitted that the ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous extracts infections in humans. However, there is a need to of the stem bark of T. sericea at the treatment dose of investigate the antiparasitic activity of the plant 50 mg/l exhibited 90%, 72%, and 59% inhibition of species against common parasites at different stages cyclooxygenase (COX-1), respectively, while the of development. similar extracts of the root showed 85%, 78%, and 55% inhibition of COX-1, respectively.[66] Anolignan Wound Healing Activity B, an active constituent of roots, exhibited IC50 of 1.5 Different parts of T. sericea have traditionally and 7.5 mM against COX-1 and COX-2, respectively, accredited for wound healing efficacy. The wound while the control drug revealed 0.003 and 0.186 mM, healing activity of acetone extract (20%) of leaves and respectively, suggesting that the compound may have one of its compounds terminoic acid (1%) dissolved potential to selectively inhibit COX-1. Furthermore, into a topical cream and investigated against S. aureus the aqueous, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of the introduced wounds in rats showed that terminoic acid stem bark exhibited 23%, 20%, and 41% inhibition possesses good wound healing activity compared to of COX-2, while the same extracts of the root the plant extract.[57] The crude extract and terminoic revealed 28%, 32%, and 37% inhibition of the same acid decreased the exudate formation and erythema of COX-2. These results show that the extracts of both the wounds relative to gentamicin (positive control). the stem bark and root inhibit COX-1 to a greater Pharmacological studies have shown that the acetone extent than COX-2, which is primarily available at extract of the leaves has wound healing effect when inflammation sites. In the anti-inflammatory assays, administered topically on wounds created on rats with anolignan B showed activity against both cox-1 various fungal strains.[84,85] The in vitro study of wound and cox-2 enzymes.[53] Another compound of roots, healing ability suggested that the activity is mainly sericoside administered at 30 mg/kg to rats daily attributed to the migratory and proliferative activity of by gavage for 10 days showed a protective effect the extracts responsible for the acceleration of wound against 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene-sulfonic acid-induced closure.[63] The biological activity observed supports inflammatory bowel disease, thus suggesting its the use of the plant in the treatment of wounds. possible role in treating acute inflammatory disease such an inflammatory bowel disease.[88] Although Antidiabetic Activity these findings suggest the possible role of the Extracts of different plant parts were plant species in the treatment of various forms of pharmacologically investigated for inhibitory actions inflammation, there is a need to explore the anti- against α-glucosidase and α-amylase. In an oral inflammatory properties of some extracts from the glucose tolerance test, aqueous ethanol extract of species using other models such as the edema assay T. sericea roots did not show any effect on blood in rats. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory glucose level with the exception of a dichloromethane and anti-inflammatory effect also need to be further and petroleum ether extracts.[86] The ethyl acetate investigated as there are only a few reports from the extracts of the root exhibited 90% inhibition against literature on these aspects.[89] There is also a need to α-glucosidase at 200 μg/ml.[82] Furthermore, acetone further understand the mode of action of the extract extract of the stem bark reported to exhibit IC50 against various enzymes relating to inflammation. values of 25 and 91.92 μg/ml against α-glucosidase and α-amylase respectively..[87] The stem bark extract Lipolytic Activity showed promising result against α-glucosidase and Lipolysis stands for hydrolytic cleavage of α-amylase enzyme. The active constituents, lupeol triacylglycerol stored in cellular lipid droplets to non-

426 Journal of Pharmacy Research | Vol 12 • Issue 3 • 2018 Anuja A. Nair, et al. esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as AChE effect of the other plant parts (stem bark, leaves, energy substrates, essential precursors for lipid and and seeds) of T. sericea needs to be explored as the membrane synthesis, or mediators in cell signaling available data are meager and inconclusive. Besides processes. It is a vital biochemical process for melting showing low toxicity at 100 μg/ml on untreated SH- and removing unwanted fatty deposits on the body. SY5Y cells in both the neutral red assay and MTT This procedure can change the shape of our bodies and assay, the methanol extract of the root reduced the faces. Mochizuki and Hasegawa (2006) investigated effect of cell death caused by Aβ25–35-induced the influence of sericoside on fully differentiated 3T3- toxicity in a dose-dependent manner at 1.5, 24, and L1 cells which revealed significant lipolytic activity and 50 μg/ml.[96] the compound showed a stronger effect on the released glycerol in a dose-dependent manner.[90] Hence, Antimutagenic Effect sericoside is likely to be helpful in alleviating obesity Anolignan B isolated from the ethyl acetate extract possibly through decreasing appetite, preventing of the root did not show any mutagenic effect in the adipocyte differentiation, inhibiting pancreatic lipase Ames assay against Salmonella typhimurium strain activity, enhancing thermogenesis, and enhancing TA98 at 25, 50, and 100 μg/ml.[53] The ethyl acetate, lipid metabolism. The aqueous leaf extracts revealed methanol, and aqueous extracts of both the stem and protection against development of fats in the liver when root did not show any effect in the Ames assay.[66] administered to rats in conjunction with fenofibrate.[91] However, it is possible that the extracts may possess mutagenic effects at higher concentrations. Antioxidant Activity 2,2-diphenyl-picryl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical Anticancer Activity scavenging assay of acetone and methanol extracts of Aqueous and methanol extract of T. sericea at T. sericea leaves showed strong inhibitory action of concentration of 100µg/ml and above significantly extract.[92] Methanol extract inhibited the 2,2-azinobis- decreased licigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence; 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and however, the extracts had no effect on the growth of primary human fibroblasts.[64] Methanolic extracts DPPH radical formation yielding IC50 values of 0.003 and 0.015 mg/ml, respectively, while the ethyl acetate (25 µg/ml) of roots T. sericea screened for their antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects against three extract of the root revealed an IC50 of 0.075 mg/ml against ABTS free radical.[58] The acetone extract of human cancer cell lines (HeLa, cervical carcinoma, T the stem bark exhibited 93.96% inhibition of DPPH 24, bladder carcinoma, and MCF 7 breast carcinoma) at 2 mg/ml.[56] Water and methanol extracts of the revealed the strongest cytotoxic effects against the [97] roots exhibited antioxidant potency of 5.0 and 5.2 cell lines. Cytotoxicity was assessed in the SC-1 μg/ml, respectively, relative to trolox in the ABTS fibroblast and EA.hy926 endothelial hybrid cell lines assay.[62] The acetone extract of the leaf exhibited using the sulforhodamine B assay. The effect of the [93] extracts on cellular migration in both cell lines was IC50 of 0.025 μg/ml against DPPH. The stem of T. sericea exhibited the highest average DPPH free assessed using the scratch assay. Cytotoxicity was not radical scavenging and reducing power activities.[94] observed after 24h of exposure and a generally low Although the extracts from T. sericea revealed good cytotoxic trend was noted after 72 h. A significant antioxidant properties against more stable radicals (P < 0.05) enhancement of cell migration in both cell [63] (DPPH and ABTS), there is a need to explore the lines was noted in the scratch assay. nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and The use of T. sericea in ethnomedicine is based on its iron chelating radical activity of some extracts from reported biological activities that include antifungal T. sericea. and antibacterial activity.[98] Sericoside derived from Anti-neurodegenerative Activity T. sericea has been patented and is used in skin- lightening preparations in Japan.[99] Resveratrol and its The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of the root derivatives including the wine derived β-D-glucoside exhibited <50% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of resveratrol are considered protective against (AChE) type VI-S, suggesting that these extracts coronary heart disease.[100] possess little to moderate effect on AChE.[58] Moreover, the extract inhibited AChE in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION According to Niño et al., AChE is an attractive target for rational drug design and discovery of mechanism- Plant-based therapy is rapidly gaining importance based inhibitors because of its role in the hydrolysis throughout the world. These drugs are preferred of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.[95] Moreover, over the synthetic drugs due to their natural affinity AChE inhibitors are most active in the treatment of that allows total assimilation of a wide range of a variety of diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, essential elements, developed by the growth organs Parkinson’s disease, ataxia, and senile dementia. The of plants that are indispensable to human life. Despite

Journal of Pharmacy Research | Vol 12 • Issue 3 • 2018 427 Anuja A. Nair, et al. the development of a number of modern drugs, New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House; 2003. p. 276-315. there is still genuine and urgent need to discover 3. GRIN Species Records of Terminalia. Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. and develop new therapeutic agents, especially Available from:https://www.npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/ for those diseases for which no satisfactory cure is taxonomydetail.aspx?id=36355. [Last retrieved on 2018 Jan 18]. available in modern system of medicine. However, 4. Patrick G. Notes on Terminalia sericea burch. Ex DC. of estimated 250,000–400,000 plant species, only (Combretaceae). Available from: https://www.sites.google. com/site/fpatrickgraz/terminalia-sericea. [Last retrieved on 15% have been investigated phytochemically and 2018 Jan 20]. 6% pharmacologically.[101] This necessitates a well- 5. Dressler S, Schmidt M, Zizka G. “Terminalia”. African organized activity-guided phytopharmacological Plants-a Photo Guide. Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut evaluation of ethnomedicinally acclaimed plants to Senckenberg; 2014. 6. Gupta PC. Biological and pharmacological properties of scientifically validate their therapeutic claims and to Terminalia chebula Retz. (Haritaki)-An overview. Int J Pharm discover further pharmacological activities as well. Sci 2012;4:62-8. Conventionally, T. sericea has been used mostly in the 7. Adiko VA, Attioua BK, Tonzibo FZ, Assi KM, Siomenan C, treatment of diarrhea, sexually transmitted infections, Djakoure LA. Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds from Terminalia ivoriensis using liquid skin rashes, tuberculosis, and other infections. Modern chromatography-positive electrospray ionisation tandem mass pharmacological studies have revealed its antifungal, spectroscopy. Afr J Biotechnol 2013;12:4393-8. antibacterial, anti-HIV, anticancer, lipolytic, wound 8. Désiré DP, Benoît NT, Jacquiline A, Gérard C, Pierre K, Théophile D. Antidiabetic activity of Terminalia superba healing, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, (Combretaceae) stem bark extract in streptozotoocin induced and antioxidant activities, thus validating its uses diabetes in rats. Br J Pharm Res 2014;4:1300-10. in indigenous medicine systems.[102] Moreover, 9. Mann A, Kuta YA. Antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts considering the activity of T. sericea against various of Terminalia avicennioides against fish pathogenic bacteria. Am J Res Commun 2014;2:133-46. bacterial and fungal strains and its usefulness in 10. Brendler T, Eloff JN, Guri-Fakim A, Phillips LD. African treating common opportunistic infections, it is worth Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Mauritius: Association for African exploring the efficacy of the plant against HIV- Medicinal Plants Standards; 2010. 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