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Relations of Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Concentrations of Trace Elements in Water, Streambed Sediments, and Transplanted Bryo

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Relations of Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Concentrations of Trace Elements in Water, Streambed Sediments, and Transplanted Bryo Relations of Benthic Macroinvertebrates to Concentrations of Trace Elements in Water, Streambed Sediments, and Transplanted Bryophytes and Stream Habitat Conditions in Nonmining and Mining Areas of the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, 1995–98 By Scott V. Mize and Jeffrey R. Deacon U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4139 Denver, Colorado 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of firm, trade, and brand names in the report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services Box 25046, Mail Stop 415 Box 25286 Denver Federal Center Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225–0046 Denver, CO 80225 FOREWORD The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is committed Each assessment is guided by a nationally consis- to serve the Nation with accurate and timely scientific tent study design and methods of sampling and analy- information that helps enhance and protect the overall sis. The assessments thereby build local knowledge quality of life, and facilitates effective management of about water-quality issues and trends in a particular water, biological, energy, and mineral resources. Infor- stream or aquifer while providing an understanding of mation on the quality of the Nation’s water resources how and why water quality varies regionally and is of critical interest to the USGS because it is so inte- nationally. The consistent, multiscale approach helps grally linked to the long-term availability of water that to determine if certain types of water-quality issues are is clean and safe for drinking and recreation and that is isolated or pervasive and allows direct comparisons of suitable for industry, irrigation, and habitat for fish and how human activities and natural processes affect wildlife. Escalating population growth and increasing water quality and ecological health in the Nation’s demands for the multiple water uses make water avail- diverse geographic and environmental settings. Com- ability, now measured in terms of quantity and quality, prehensive assessments on pesticides, nutrients, vola- even more critical to the long-term sustainability of tile organic compounds, trace metals, and aquatic our communities and ecosystems. ecology are developed at the national scale through The USGS implemented the National Water- comparative analysis of the Study-Unit findings. Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program to support national, regional, and local information needs and The USGS places high value on the communica- decisions related to water-quality management and tion and dissemination of credible, timely, and relevant policy. Shaped by and coordinated with ongoing science so that the most recent and available knowl- efforts of other Federal, State, and local agencies, the edge about water resources can be applied in manage- NAWQA Program is designed to answer: What is the ment and policy decisions. We hope this NAWQA condition of our Nation’s streams and ground water? publication will provide you the needed insights and How are the conditions changing over time? How do information to meet your needs, and thereby foster natural features and human activities affect the quality increased awareness and involvement in the protection of streams and ground water, and where are those and restoration of our Nation’s waters. effects most pronounced? By combining information on water chemistry, physical characteristics, stream The NAWQA Program recognizes that a national habitat, and aquatic life, the NAWQA Program aims to assessment by a single program cannot address all provide science-based insights for current and emerg- water-resource issues of interest. External coordina- ing water issues. NAWQA results can contribute to tion at all levels is critical for a fully integrated under- informed decisions that result in practical and effective standing of watersheds and for cost-effective water-resource management and strategies that protect management, regulation, and conservation of our and restore water quality. Nation’s water resources. The Program, therefore, Since 1991, the NAWQA Program has imple- depends extensively on the advice, cooperation, and mented interdisciplinary assessments in more than 50 information from other Federal, State, interstate, of the Nation’s most important river basins and aqui- Tribal, and local agencies, nongovernment organiza- fers, referred to as Study Units. Collectively, these tions, industry, academia, and other stakeholder Study Units account for more than 60 percent of the groups. The assistance and suggestions of all are overall water use and population served by public greatly appreciated. water supply, and are representative of the Nation’s major hydrologic landscapes, priority ecological resources, and agricultural, urban, and natural sources of contamination. Robert M. Hirsch Associate Director for Water FOREWORD III CONTENTS Foreword................................................................................................................................................................................ III Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Purpose and Scope....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Previous Work.............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Description of Study Area ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Geology.............................................................................................................................................................. 6 Climate............................................................................................................................................................... 6 Land Use/Land Cover........................................................................................................................................ 7 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Data Collection and Analysis ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Site Selection ............................................................................................................................................................... 8 Sample Collection........................................................................................................................................................ 8 Data Analysis............................................................................................................................................................... 10 Quality-Assessment Procedures .................................................................................................................................. 11 Water-Column Samples and Physical Water-Quality Parameters ......................................................................................... 12 Concentrations and Distribution of Selected Trace Elements .............................................................................................. 13 Water Column .............................................................................................................................................................. 13 Streambed Sediment .................................................................................................................................................... 17 Transplanted Bryophytes ............................................................................................................................................. 20 Relation among Selected Trace Elements in the Water Column, Streambed Sediment, and Transplanted Bryophytes............................................................................................................................................................... 21 Stream Habitat Characteristics .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Community Structure................................................................................................................. 25 Ephemeroptera (mayflies) ........................................................................................................................................... 31 Plecoptera (stoneflies) ................................................................................................................................................. 31 Trichoptera (caddisflies) .............................................................................................................................................
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