Willem De Kooning: Schwarz Und Weiß Im Abstrakten Expressionismus

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Willem De Kooning: Schwarz Und Weiß Im Abstrakten Expressionismus Willem de Kooning: Schwarz und Weiß im Abstrakten Expressionismus. „Black and White Paintings” (ca. 1945–50) und „Rome Series” (1959/60) Band I (Text) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie des Fachbereiches 04 der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen vorgelegt von Sylvia Metz Berlin, 2017 2 „Rien n’est difficile à faire en peinture comme le noir et le blanc.” Auguste Renoir 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis Danksagung ...................................................................................................................... 7 Einleitung ....................................................................................................................... 10 Zum Forschungsstand und zur Systematisierung der Fachtermini ................................. 25 Grundlegende terminologische Fragen ....................................................................... 36 I Black and White Paintings (ca. 1945–50) .............................................................. 41 1 Von Kierkegaard zu Monroe: Selbstfindung, kunsthistorische Überväter und das Frauenbild in den amerikanischen Medien der 1940er Jahre ..................................... 42 Kunsthistorische Vorbilder ..................................................................................... 43 Pink Angels (ca. 1945) ............................................................................................ 45 Special Delivery (1946) .......................................................................................... 52 Exkurs: Pablo Picasso, Guernica (1937) .................................................................... 54 Medial vermittelte Stereotype ................................................................................ 63 Carole Lombard (1947) .......................................................................................... 64 The Moraine (1947) ................................................................................................ 67 2 1948: Die erste Einzelausstellung de Koonings und sein Aufenthalt am Black Mountain College ....................................................................................................... 69 Die Rekonstruktion der Ausstellung in der Charles Egan Gallery ......................... 71 Bilder malen, schneiden, schreiben ........................................................................ 76 Orestes (1947) und Light in August (ca. 1946) ...................................................... 76 Painting (1948) ....................................................................................................... 84 Exkurs: Henri Matisse, Jazz (1943-47) ...................................................................... 87 Zurich, 1947 ........................................................................................................... 92 De Kooning und das Black Mountain College ....................................................... 94 3 Radikalisierungen: Black Paintings, White Paintings ....................................... 101 Mehrschichtige Bedeutungsebenen: White Paintings .......................................... 101 Asheville (1948/49) ............................................................................................... 102 Zerstörung als künstlerisches Konzept ................................................................. 105 Überlegungen zur Datierung der Black Paintings ................................................ 113 Exkurs: Mark Tobey, White Writings ....................................................................... 116 Excavation (1950)................................................................................................. 121 4 Schnittstellen und Experimente: Black and White Abstractions (1948–51) und schwarz-weiße Women (1948–50)............................................................................ 133 5 Zur Abgrenzung von Zeichnung und Malerei im Werk de Koonings .................. 134 Die Black and White Abstractions (1948–51) ...................................................... 135 Exkurs: Jackson Pollock, Black Paintings (1950/51) ............................................... 139 Die zweite Women-Serie (1948–50) ..................................................................... 143 5 Resümee ............................................................................................................ 147 II Rome Series (1959/60) ......................................................................................... 150 1 Zur Rekonstruktion von de Koonings Aufenthalt in Rom ................................ 151 2 Der Werkkomplex der Rome Series .................................................................. 154 „Black and White Rome plus x“ (Die Alphabetische Klassifizierung) ................ 156 Sidney Janis und die Sidney Janis Gallery ........................................................... 159 „Untitled“ ............................................................................................................. 161 Plinio De Martiis und die Galleria La Tartaruga .................................................. 166 „Souvenirs“ ........................................................................................................... 170 3 Die Rome Series im Kontext zeitgenössischer italienischer Kunstproduktion.. 172 Das künstlerische Klima in Rom Ende der 1950er Jahre ..................................... 172 Afro Basaldella ..................................................................................................... 178 Toti Scialoja .......................................................................................................... 184 Alberto Burri ........................................................................................................ 188 Mimmo Rotella ..................................................................................................... 191 Lucio Fontana ....................................................................................................... 195 Exkurs: Franz Kline .................................................................................................. 202 4 Die Rome Series vor dem Hintergrund zentraler Aspekte der Kunst des 20. Jahrhunderts .............................................................................................................. 205 5 Resümee ............................................................................................................ 218 III Fazit: Schwarz und Weiß als Ausdruck der Reflexion über grundlegende künstlerische und kunsttheoretische Fragestellungen................................................... 220 Anhang ......................................................................................................................... 226 Verzeichnis der konsultierten Archive und Sammlungen ........................................ 226 Literaturverzeichnis .................................................................................................. 227 Allgemeine Nachschlagewerke ................................................................................ 271 Briefe und Notizen.................................................................................................... 271 Die Abbildungen befinden sich in Band II 6 Danksagung Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um die Dissertation, die ich im Januar 2016 am Institut für Kunstgeschichte der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen verteidigt und für die Veröffentlichung leicht überarbeitet habe. Einen Großteil dieser Studie habe ich während meiner Zeit als wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin von Claudia Hattendorff, die zugleich meine Doktormutter war, an der JLU Gießen verfasst. Ihr gebührt an erster Stelle mein Dank, da sie mir als Gesprächspartnerin und Mentorin stets unterstützend zur Seite stand, die Arbeit kontinuierlich wissenschaftlich betreut und gefördert hat und mir zugleich genügend Freiraum ließ, um eigenen Ideen nachzugehen. Ein großer Dank gilt auch Sigrid Ruby, sie hat die Arbeit als Zweitgutachterin betreut. Mit einem Semi- nar, das sie vor langer Zeit während meines Grundstudiums hielt, hat sie nachhaltig meine Begeisterung für den Abstrakten Expressionismus geweckt und zugleich mein Interesse am Kuratieren und Vermitteln von Kunst gefördert. Meinen ehemaligen Kolleginnen und Kollegen an der JLU Gießen, besonders Gerd Steinmüller, danke ich für die inspirierenden Gespräche zu Schwarz und Weiß in der Kunsttheorie und natürlich für seinen Kaffee und sein offenes Ohr in Krisenzeiten. Den Studierenden, mit denen ich gemeinsam arbeite durfte, besonders den Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmern meiner Seminare über den Abstrakten Expressionismus und über Wil- lem de Kooning aus dem Wintersemester 2009/10 und dem Sommersemester 2013, danke ich für ihre Diskussionsleidenschaft und ihre inspirierenden und erfrischenden Blickwinkel. Meinen Kommilitoninnen und Kommilitonen im kunsthistorischen Dokto- randenkolloquium danke ich für ihre bereichernden Anregungen und ihre konstruktive Kritik. Durch ein Stipendium des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes (DAAD) und der JLU Gießen war es mir möglich, viele der in der Arbeit besprochenen Werke im Original analysieren und wichtige Archivmaterialien in New York und Washington, D.C., einsehen zu können. Die Terra Foundation for American Art, das Museum of Modern Art in New York, The Willem de Kooning Foundation und die American Academy in Rom sorgten zudem durch Einladungen zu Seminaren, Tagungen und Kon- ferenzen dafür, dass ich meine Erkenntnisse
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