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Digitaler Wandel in Der ­Entwicklungszusammenarbeit

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Digitaler Wandel in Der ­Entwicklungszusammenarbeit AMEZ – Argumente und Materialien 24 der Entwicklungs zusammenarbeit Susanne Luther (Hrsg.) DIGITALER WANDEL IN DER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT Zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit Die Zukunft der digitalisierten Entwicklungszusammenarbeit • Digitalisierung in aufstrebenden Mächten • Perspektiven digitaler Governance in China • Digitalisierung ohne Internet – der Fall Nordkoreas • Indiens Kampf mit alten Problemen in einem neuen Zeitalter • Cryptocurrencies und Blockchain • Digitalisierung und Entwicklungszusammenarbeit in Afrika www.hss.de . Susanne Luther (Hrsg.) DIGITALER WANDEL IN DER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT Zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit Impressum ISBN 978-3-88795-570-0 Herausgeber Copyright 2018, Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung e.V., München Lazarettstraße 33, 80636 München, Tel. 089/1258-0 E-Mail: [email protected], Online: www.hss.de Vorsitzende Prof. Ursula Männle, Staatsministerin a.D. Generalsekretär Oliver Jörg Leiterin des Instituts für Dr. Susanne Luther Internationale Zusammenarbeit Redaktionsleitung Karin von Goerne Redaktion Veronika Eichinger Victor Hagemann Louise von Hobe-Gelting Franziska Weichselbaumer Kontakt zur Redaktion: [email protected] V.i.S.d.P. Thomas Reiner Redaktionsschluss 09.12.2019 Druck Hausdruckerei der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung Titelbild Gerd Altmann, pixabay Alle Rechte, insbesondere das Recht der Vervielfältigung, Verbreitung sowie Übersetzung, vorbehalten. Kein Teil dieses Werkes darf in irgendeiner Form (durch Fotokopie, Mikrofilm oder ein anderes Verfahren) ohne schriftliche Genehmigung der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung e.V. reproduziert oder unter Verwendung elektronischer Systeme verarbeitet, vervielfältigt oder verbreitet werden. Von dieser Einschränkung ausgenommen, sind sämtliche Teile, die als Creative Commons gekennzeich- net sind. Das Copyright für diese Publikation liegt bei der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung e.V. Namentlich gekennzeichnete redak- tionelle Beiträge geben nicht unbedingt die Meinung des Herausgebers wieder. Die Abgabe dieser Publikation erfolgt kostenfrei im Rahmen der Stiftungsarbeit der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung e.V. Ein Verkauf oder eine sonstige gewerbliche Nutzung der von der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung herausgegebenen Medien ist nicht gestattet. Weitere Exemplare können über die Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung, Lazarettstraße 33, 80636 München, E-Mail: [email protected] bezogen werden. Alle Ausgaben der Publikationsreihe finden Sie unter folgendem QR-Code auch im Internet zum Lesen und Bestellen. GELEITWORT || Susanne Luther „I hope we will use the Net to cross barriers and connect cultures.” Tim Berners Lee, 2005 Liebe Leserinnen und Leser, Digitale Revolution, digitale Transforma- Die Verknüpfung und systematische Auswer- tion oder Megatrend Digitalisierung: wenn es tung großer Datenmengen kann einen Beitrag um die Nachfolge des analogen Zeitalters zum Verständnis komplexer Entwicklungs- geht, entstehen fast täglich neue Schlag- probleme leisten, und helfen, Fortschritte bei worte, und oft wird auf Superlative zurückge- der Implementierung von Lösungsansätzen griffen, um die massiven Veränderungen zu zu verfolgen. erfassen, die sich mittlerweile auf alle Le- Regierungen in Entwicklungs- und bensbereiche auswirken. Schwellenländern loten auf nationaler und Die Entwicklung der Digitalisierung ver- regionaler Ebene Möglichkeiten im Bereich E- läuft zu schnell, um ihr analytisch in Echtzeit Government aus. Mit dem Einsatz digitaler gerecht werden zu können. Wir sind von ei- Technologien in der staatlichen Verwaltung nem dichten Netz digitaler Möglichkeiten soll die Interaktion von Bürgern und Staat er- und Notwendigkeiten umsponnen, von dem leichtert, und politische Transparenz erhöht wir uns erhoffen, dass es unser Leben effizi- werden. Auch die Vernetzung und Mobilisie- enter und einfacher gestalten wird. rung innerhalb der globalen Zivilgesellschaft ist durch die Digitalisierung sehr viel effekti- Gleichzeitig lässt die beschleunigte digi- ver möglich. tale Kommunikation die Reaktionszeiten in der Politik, in der Wirtschaft, aber auch im Auf der lokalen Ebene haben digitale An- Privat- und Arbeitsleben auf ein Minimum wendungen das Potential, die Lebensum- schrumpfen, und erfordert ein nie zuvor da- stände von Menschen konkret zu verbessern: gewesenes Maß an Aufmerksamkeit und An- Zum Beispiel können im Gesundheits- und passungsfähigkeit. Bildungssektor Probleme, die sich aus unzu- reichender Infrastruktur und weiten Entfer- Auch in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenlän- nungen ergeben, durch digitale Technologien dern und in der Entwicklungszusammenar- abgemildert werden. In der Landwirtschaft beit werden große Hoffnungen in die Digita- können sich Kleinbauern mittels Wetterdaten lisierung gesetzt, um die Ziele der Agenda informieren und rechtzeitig Vorsorge gegen 2030 für nachhaltige Entwicklung zu errei- Ernteausfälle treffen. Digitale Bezahlsysteme chen. Digitalisierung ist dabei auf allen Im- wie das kenianische M-Pesa machen die plementierungsebenen ein Querschnitts- Überweisung von Geld per Mobiltelefon auch thema: für Menschen ohne Bankkonto möglich. ARGUMENTE UND MATERIALIEN DER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT 24 3 SUSANNE LUTHER Durch die Blockchain-Technologie können aber werden in der Realität große Teile der Be- zum Beispiel Grundbücher quasi fälschungs- völkerung weiter abgehängt und die globale sicher und damit Eigentumsrechte besser Ungleichheit verstärkt. durchsetzbar gemacht werden. Einer der idealistischen Ansprüche der Nicht nur Geberländer und -Organisatio- mittlerweile zu Giganten gewordenen Inter- nen treiben die Digitalisierung voran; viele netunternehmen der ersten Stunde war es, – Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländer investie- im Sinne des Zitats am Anfang des Textes – ren selbst massiv in den Ausbau digitaler die Welt zu einem besseren Ort zu machen. Technologien und Infrastruktur. Sie haben, Doch das Versprechen der Digitalisierung, vor allem im digitalen Bereich, häufig beson- den Menschen zu dienen, ist größtenteils dere Voraussetzungen: Durch Leapfrogging, nicht eingelöst worden. Digitalisierung ist dem Überspringen von Entwicklungsstufen, vielmehr statt Mittel zum Zweck eher Zweck konnten in einigen Sektoren die Industrie- an sich geworden. Auch wurden und werden staaten sogar überholt werden. So wurde mit der gigantischen Generierung von Daten zum Beispiel in vielen Ländern Afrikas der neue Möglichkeiten zur Überwachung und Festnetzausbau weitgehend übersprungen. Repression geschaffen, was insbesondere in autokratisch regierten Staaten oder Ländern Auch die ökologische Dimension der Digi- mit fragilen Institutionen höchst problema- talisierung darf nicht vernachlässigt werden. tisch sein kann. In einem politischen Klima, Digitale Technologien versprechen zwar das mittlerweile in vielen Ländern von gesell- durch den Einsatz ressourcenschonender schaftlicher Spaltung und Angst vor Fake Technologien einen Beitrag zur Abmilderung News und Desinformationskampagnen ge- des Klimawandels und der grassierenden prägt ist, wird deutlich, wie wichtig Ver- Umweltzerstörung. Doch ist der Stromver- trauen für Gesellschaft und Politik ist. brauch und damit der CO2- Ausstoß von digi- talen Techniken immens; eine Studie des Die Beiträge dieser Ausgabe der Reihe Think Tanks ‚The Shift Project‘ geht von 4 „Argumente und Materialien der Entwick- Prozent der globalen Treibhausemissionen lungszusammenarbeit“ geben einen Einblick aus, mit einer Verdopplung bis 2025. in diese und weitere Aspekte des digitalen Wandels. Die Möglichkeiten der Digitalisierung scheinen endlos, sind aber auch schier un- Prof. Hartmut Sangmeister blickt in sei- überschaubar. Aber all diese Möglichkeiten nem einführenden Artikel auf die „Digitale basieren auf analogen Voraussetzungen, wie Agenda“ des Bundesministeriums für Wirt- einer sicheren elektrischen Infrastruktur, schaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwick- dem Zugang zum Internet und dem techni- lung (BMZ) und wägt Chancen und Risiken di- schen know-how von Anwendern und Produ- gitaler Innovationen für Entwicklungsländer zenten. und Geberländer ab, vor allem im Hinblick auf Teilhabe, Transparenz, Effizienz und Ohne diese und weitere Faktoren ist der in Ethik. diesem Kontext von der Weltbank geprägte Begriff der digitalen Dividende für alle noch Wulf Reiners und Sven Grimm vom Deut- in weiter Ferne. Im Gegenteil, begreift man schen Institut für Entwicklungspolitik be- Digitalisierung als Katalysator für vorhande- leuchten in einem überregionalen Blick auf nes (Entwicklungs)Potential, ist in Ländern Schwellenländer die oft sehr ähnlichen Her- oder in gesellschaftlichen Schichten mit mehr ausforderungen im Bereich der E-Gover- analogem Anfangskapital die Beschleunigung nance. Zum einen bietet sie enorme Möglich- und damit der „Gewinn“ ungleich stärker. Der keiten für die Bereitstellung von öffentlichen technische und digitale Fortschritt kann zu In- Dienstleistungen, Bürgerbeteiligung, und klusion und Wohlstand führen, gleichzeitig verbesserte Transparenz und Rechenschaft in 4 ARGUMENTE UND MATERIALIEN DER ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT 24 DIGITALER WANDEL Verwaltungsabläufen, jedoch kann sie auch wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Ent- mit erheblichen Risiken verbunden sein, ins- wicklung. Im Anschluss gibt ein Interview besondere im Bereich des Datenschutzes. mit Tim Weiss, Postdoktorand an der Stan- ford University, einen vertieften Einblick in China spielt eine Vorreiterrolle beim Ein- die Digitalisierung in Kenia, einem Land, in satz neuer Informations- und Kommunikati- dem gesellschaftliche und unternehmerische onstechnologien in der Regierungsführung. Dynamik für eine vibrierende
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