C O N T E N T S A r t i c l e s K o l l á r o v á, Ivona: Freedom of the press in Hungarian Late Enlightenment discourse ............................................................................................................. 785 M a c h o, Peter: “He flew on wings of Slavonic feeling to Serbia to help the Serbs in 1915”. The symbolic instrumentalization of M.R. Štefánik and Slavonic community against the background of the inter-state relations of the time ....... 809 K o v á č, Dušan: How Europe Went to War in 1914 ............................................... 845 B e n k o, Juraj: The Hungarian communist exiles and their activities in the years 1919–1921 ...................................................................................... 873 Š t e f a n s k ý, Michal: Gustáv Husák – First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (1969–1970) ................................. 899 R e v i e w s Dvořáková, Daniela et al.: People and the animal world in the Middle Ages (Ján Steinhübel) .................................................................................................. 917 Bystrický, Peter: The dog in the mythology, religion and folklore of antiquity and the Middle Ages (Ján Steinhübel) ................................................................ 924 Hlavačková, Miriam: George of Schönberg. Provost of Bratislava in the service of Emperor and King (Ján Lukačka) ............................................ 930 New volumes in the series of comprehensive works on Slovakia in the 20th century Ferenčuhová, Bohumila – Zemko, Milan (eds.): In Inter-war Czechosloviakia 1918–1939; Hradská, Katarína – Kamenec, Ivan (eds.): The Slovak republic of 1939–1945 (Igor Baka) ................................................. 933 Historický časopis, 64, 5, 2016 C O N T E N T S Volume 64 * 2016 * No 3 A r t i c l e s B o t e k, Andrej: Great – Moravian contexts in early- medieval architecture in Slovakia .......................................................................................................... 385 Kušniráková, Ingrid:Social and health care in the Kingdom of Hungary in the first half of the 19th century ..................................................................... 401 Š u l i g o j, Metod: Impact of the Great War on the conditions for the development of the hospitality industry in Gorizia/Görz/Gorica and its surroundings ........... 431 C h y t k a, Stanislav V.: The Czechoslovak Church in Liptovská Osada ................ 451 Š p i l k a, Jozef: Power-political struggles in the leadership of the Communist Party of Slovakia in 1950-1953 ................................................................................... 473 Materials Uličný, The Latin ethnonyms of the Slovaks in medieval and modern times: Sclavi, Pannoni, Slavi ......................................................................................... 497 Archives G r a d o š, Juraj:The Document of the Union of Užhorod from 24 April 1646 ....... 511 K u c í k, Štefan: An Open Letter from the New York Slovaks addressed to Count Mihály Károlyi, published in 1914 .................................................................... 521 Discussion M o s n ý, Peter – L a c l a v í k o v á, Miriam: The Slovaks and the Slovak statehood of 1939 – 1945 or should we at last accept our constitutional past? ......................... 545 R E V I E W – A N N O T A T I O N S – B I B L I O G R A P H Y – C H R O N I C L E Volume 64 * 2016 * No 4 A r t i c l e s Fifteenth congress of the Slovak Historical Society at the Slovak Academy of Sciences (History, historiography and ethics) Discussion K a m e n e c, Ivan: To the article by Petr Mosný and Miriam Laclavíková: The Slovaks and the Slovak statehood of 1939–1945 or: Should we finally accept our constitutional past? ........................................................................... 745 D r g o, Ján: Reaction to Katarína Zavacká´s contribution to discussion published in Historický časopis no. 4/2015, S. 679-687 ................................... 751 R E V I E W – A N N O T A T I O N S – B I B L I O G R A P H Y – C H R O N I C LE HISTORICKÝ ČASOPIS VOLUME 64, 2016, NUMBER 5 ARTICLES FREEDOM OF THE PRESS IN HUNGARIAN LATE ENLIGHTENMENT DISCOURSE IVONA KOLLÁROVÁ KOLLÁROVÁ, Ivona. Freedom of the press in Hungarian Late Enlightenment discourse. Historický časopis, 2016, 64, 5, pp. 785-808, Bratislava. The study analyses the socio-political discourse about freedom of the press in the Kingdom of Hungary in the context of the 1790-1791 parliament and the work of the commission for public and political affairs on the preparation of legislation on freedom of the press in the period 1791–1794. Against the background of Hungar- ian constitutionalism, it notices the opposition and argumentation of Hungarian county authorities concerning decrees on the closure of private printing presses. It analyses further philosophical, religious and political considerations, in order to point out their context in the philosophy of the European Enlightenment, the concept of the social contract, the French revolution and its liberal ideas. It shows how the concept of the nation and the development of its culture as an expression of Hungarian nationalism was brought into these considerations, and that the inten- sive debate on freedom of the press and expression had no impact on the growing pressure of censorship as an expression of a weakened political power. Key words: Freedom of the press. Freedom of thought. Censorship. Enlighten- ment. Liberalism. Kingdom of Hungary. Law. The tradition of discourse on the social effects of the exchange of information by means of the printed media can be traced back to the Council of Trent. The Enlightenment con- tributed the narrative of freedom to it. People began to talk about freedom of the press in the Kingdom of Hungary in connection with the reform of censorship introduced by Jo- seph II. Although the monarch never used this verbal combination in his Basic rules for establishing the system of censoring books, and never abolished preventive censorship, supporters and opponents described the new, more liberal system in precisely this way. However, at the end of his reign and especially under the influence of the French Revolu- tion and strong opposition, the Emperor succumbed to pressure and repealed some of his own reforms. A new censorship patent was also prepared.1 The liberal system allowing freedom to present views even if they disagreed with official opinion gradually became a 1 WANGERMANN, Ernst. Von Joseph II. zu den Jakobiner-Prozessen. Wien; Frankfurt; Zürich : Europa Verlag, 1966, p. 57. 785 Historický časopis, 64, 5, 2016 thing of the past. The censors received orders to search the bookshops and printers, and to confiscate especially works concerning political life in Hungary, more frequently than ever before. In spite of this, the idea of a free and entirely unlimited flow of ideas be- came part of the debate on social problems. This brought views and legislative tenden- cies going beyond the liberalism of the Josephine “freedom of the press”. The act on freedom of the press The most important event after the death of Joseph II was preparation of a Hungarian parliament and constitution. The parliament started in June 1790, moved to Bratislava in autumn and continued until March 1791. Slovak historiography mainly attributes to it the introduction of legislation on Magyarization. However, its important results also included the establishment of a commission called the deputation. It had to prepare pro- posed legislation to reform all important political aspects of the Kingdom of Hungary. One of the people who influenced the decisions of the parliament was Joseph Hajnóczy. In 1789 he already wrote a conceptual preparation for the parliament with the title: Pub- lic political dissertation on the limits of royal power in Hungary.2 It is devoted to the most important questions concerning the Hungarian constitution and other fields of law. Among other things he pointed out that the Hungarian statute book contained only one mention of censorship, this dated from 1553 and there was no positive act. He regarded this as a reason not to speak of an act on censorship but on freedom of the press.3 He expanded this idea into a principle of functioning in society. He saw the freedom of the press as a way to keep political power within limits and prevent its misuse, because the holders of power feared the typographeum. If somebody was accused of writing or printing text that unjustly offended somebody, he had to be punished according to the appropriate legislation – the act on damage to reputation. The censor could not and did not have to be the judge of thoughts. He also stated that freedom of the press would teach the nation what was appropriate and what was not, and lead to a state he called happiness. Therefore, the advantages flowing from it were much greater than the risk of it being misused. Preventive censorship would be allowed only in the case of printing of sermons.4 The phrase “freedom of the press” (libertas preli) appeared here for the first time in the sense of almost complete absence of preventive censorship. The ideals of the French Revolution, its perception of the rights and freedoms of the individual, probably led Hajnóczy to such views.5 2 [HAJNÓCZY, Joseph] Dissertatio politico publica de regiae potestatis in Hungaria limitibus. [s. l.] : [s. n.], 1791. On Hajnóczy’s share in preparing the parliament: KOWALSKÁ, Eva – KANTEK, Karol. Uhorská rapsódia alebo tragický príbeh osvietenca Jozefa Hajnóczyho. (Hungarian rhapsody or the tragic story of the enlightened Joseph Hajnóczy.). Bratislava : Veda, 2008, p. 126-129. ISBN 9788022410342. On reform projects in Hungary: HOÓS, Eva. At the crossroads of the ancient and modern. Reform Projects in Hungary at the End of the 18th Century. Discussion Papers No. 36. Buda- pest : Collegium Budapest -Institute for Advanced Study, 1996. ISSN 1217 – 5811. 3 HAJNÓCZY, ref. 2, p. 70. 4 HAJNÓCZY, ref. 2, p. 153-155. 5 RAPANT, Daniel.