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July 1914: BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE…
JULY 2014 YEAR VI NUMBER 7 The memory of the Great War still creates a divide. understand the July crisis: for both Germany and acquisition of new territories, but also as regards And that’s not all: even one hundred years later, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, “taking the risk was economic and commercial relations. the events in July 2014 remain a historiographical rational” because both Empires felt the urgency of The Septemberprogramm was the manifesto of problem for scholars. Talking about the outbreak solving a strategic dilemma, by striking first, before the German hegemony over Europe. It reads: of WW1 with Gian Enrico Rusconi was not only it was too late. For the centuries-old Habsburg “A Central European economic association is a privilege and honour for us at Telos, it was a monarchy, humiliating Serbia meant not only to be constructed through common customs unique opportunity to review some of the issues reaping an advantage from stabilising the Balkans, agreements, to comprise France, Belgium, Holland, and try to find our way among so many possible it also meant attacking Slavic nationalism, forcefully Denmark, Austria-Hungary, Poland and possibly interpretations. The chain of events which a month protected by Russia, which the Austrians regarded Italy, Sweden and Norway. This association will after the assassination of the heir to the Austro- as a threat to the very survival of their empire. From have no common constitutional supreme authority Hungarian throne led to the involvement of all the their side, the Germans considered their support and will provide for ostensible equality among its great powers in Europe was avoidable. -
The Impact of World War 1 on Everyday Technologies: with an Emphasis on Transport and Communication
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Oct 05, 2021 The impact of World War 1 on everyday technologies: With an emphasis on transport and communication Skyggebjerg, Louise Karlskov Published in: World War 1: The Great War and its Impact Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Skyggebjerg, L. K. (2018). The impact of World War 1 on everyday technologies: With an emphasis on transport and communication. In World War 1: The Great War and its Impact (pp. 233-268). Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Studier i historie, arkiver og kulturarv Vol. 10 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Aalborg Universitet World War 1 Dosenrode, Søren Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Dosenrode, S. -
I. Erfahrungen
I. Erfahrungen Staatsführung und Militär marschierten im Juni 1941 nicht voraussetzungslos in dieses verbrecherische Abenteuer. Vielmehr waren sie von Erfahrungen geprägt, die bis auf die militärische Besatzungspolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg zurückgingen. Mit den Händen ist dies zu greifen bei der operativen Vorbereitung des Feldzuges, für die 1941 auch umfangreiche Akten aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg herangezogen wurden1. Freilich scheinen es weniger direkte Kontinuitäten, etwa biographischer Natur, gewesen zu sein, die die Besatzungspolitik des Ersten mit der des Zweiten Weltkrieges verbanden. Vielmehr waren es Deutungen, Handlungskonzepte und Erfahrungen, die sich erst im Laufe der Nachkriegszeit im Bewusstsein vieler Militärs niederschlugen2. Diese mittelbare Wirkung von 1914 auf 1941 ist der eine Aspekt, dem hier Bedeutung zukommt, ein Vergleich der beiden Okkupations- phasen in Osteuropa der andere. 1. Besatzung und Gewalt im Ersten Weltkrieg Das Deutsche Reich streckte im Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht zum ersten Mal die Hand in den russischen Raum aus. Imperiale Großraumvorstellungen zirkulier- ten schon seit der Jahrhundertwende unter den deutschen Eliten, kreisten jedoch vor allem um afrikanische und asiatische Besitzungen oder um die Einflussnahme im Osmanischen Reich. Freilich waren diese noch unklar formuliert und fanden ihre Grenzen im europäischen Mächtesystem. Der Erste Weltkrieg schien jedoch neue Großmachtperspektiven in Europa zu eröffnen. Noch zu der Zeit, als es an der Ostfront gar nicht gut für die Mittelmächte aussah, postulierte das berühmte „Septemberprogramm" 1914 Perspektiven wie die Schaffung von Vasallenstaaten im Westteil des Zarenreiches und weitere Annexionen im polnischen Raum. Dieses unverbindliche Programm richtete sich aber vor allem auf Annexion und Dominanz in Westeuropa. Der Krieg sollte mit einem Friedensschluss beendet werden, der - trotz des erwarteten deutschen Sieges - auf Ausgleich bedacht sein musste3. -
Encirclement at the Origins of World War I
Escaping the Deadly Embrace: Encirclement at the Origins of World War I Abstract: What lies at the origins of major wars? I argue that major wars are caused by the attempts of great powers to escape their two-front war problem: encirclement. To explain the causal mechanism that links encirclement to major war, I identify an intervening variable: the increase in the invasion ability of the immediate rival. This outcome unfolds in a three-step process: double security dilemma, war initiation, and war contagion. Encirclement is a geographic variable that occurs in presence of one or two great powers (surrounding great powers) on two different borders of the encircled great power. The two front-war problem triggers a double security dilemma (step 1) for the encircled great power, which has to disperse its army to secure its borders. The surrounding great powers do not always have the operational capability to initiate a two-front war (latent encirclement) but, when they increase their invasion ability (actualized encirclement), the encircled great power attacks (war initiation, step 2). The other great powers intervene due to the rival-based network of alliances for preventing their respective immediate rival from increasing its invasion ability (war contagion, step 3). I assess my theory in the outbreak of WWI. This article provides ample support to the claim that major wars are caused by a great power that has the limited goal of eliminating its two-front war problem. These findings have important implications for the prospects of major wars, since I anticipate that in the long term China will face the encirclement of India and Russia. -
Schriftelijk Interview Met Gerhard Hirschfeld
Interview met Gerhard Hirschfeld Buys Ballot, IJsbrand Citation Buys Ballot, I. J. (2005). Interview met Gerhard Hirschfeld. Leidschrift : Duitsland En De Eerste Wereldoorlog, 20(December), 121-130. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73226 Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown) License: Leiden University Non-exclusive license Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/73226 Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable). Schriftelijk interview met Gerhard Hirschfeld IJsbrand Buys Ballot First, can you tell us something about yourself, your work and your interests in history? What made you become fascinated by the First World War? I graduated in 1974 from the University of Cologne (having studied history, political science and German language and literature) and then taught for a couple of years at University College Dublin and at the Heinrich Heine- Universität of Düsseldorf (as assistant to Gerhard Hirschfeld Wolfgang J. Mommsen), where I received my doctorate in 1981. For eleven years I worked as a Research Fellow at the German Historical Institute in London before I became director of the Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte (Library of Contemporary History) in Stuttgart, an international research library with archival collections specializing in the period from 1914 to the present. I was a NIAS-Fellow at Wassenaar in 1996/1997 and in the same year I was appointed Professor of Modern History at the University of Stuttgart. There are basically two reasons why I became interested in the history of the First World War. First I began my professional work as a historian of the Second World War – my dissertation dealt with the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands and the question of accommodation and collaboration exercised by large parts of the Dutch population – and I kept asking myself if the history of the German occupation would have turned out differently if the Netherlands had not been spared the experience of a previous total war. -
Bulletin 190815 (PDF Edition)
RAO BULLETIN 15 August 2019 PDF Edition THIS RETIREE ACTIVITIES OFFICE BULLETIN CONTAINS THE FOLLOWING ARTICLES Pg Article Subject . * DOD * . 04 == DoD Deploy or Out Policy [03] ---- (Non-Deployable Airmen Drop from 7% to 5%) 05 == Trump Afghanistan Strategy [03] ---- (All Troops Out by 2020 Election) 07 == DoD Lawsuit ~ Nissan Repossession Policy ---- Cash Settlement For Troops Impacted) 07 == DoD Pharmacy Program [01] ---- (Concern Over U.S. Reliance on China) 08 == SECDEF [19] ---- (New Secretary & Deputy Secretary Confirmations) 10 == DoD Fraud, Waste, & Abuse ---- (Reported 01 thru 15 AUG 2019) 14 == POW/MIA [77] ---- (WWII Remains Return to U.S. in Repatriation Ceremony) 15 == POW/MIA [78] ---- (25 More Missing Service Members Identified from 55 Cases of Remains) 15 == POW/MIA Recoveries & Burials ---- (Reported 01 thru 15 AUG 2019 | Sixteen) . * VA * . 18 == VA Mission Act [12] ---- (5,000 Urgent Care Providers On Board – 2000 More to Go) 19 == VA NVDA Program [01] ---- (Volunteer Vets Making Sure No Veteran Dies Alone) 20 == Fisher House Expansion [22] ---- (Omaha Nebraska Facility Underway) 20 == VA Emergency Care [01] ---- ($53 Million in Claims Wrongfully Denied) 21 == VA Nursing Home [15] ---- (GAO Report Notes Upcoming CNH Availability Concerns) 1 22 == PTSD [253] ---- (Million Veteran Program Sheds Light on PTSD Genes) 23 == VA Same Day Appointment ---- (Program Needs Performance Measures) 24 == VASRD [02] ---- (Infectious Diseases, Immune Disorders & Nutritional Deficiencies Updated) 24 == VA Fraud, Waste, & Abuse ---- -
CIUS Dornik PB.Indd
THE EMERGENCE SELF-DETERMINATION, OCCUPATION, AND WAR IN UKRAINE, 1917-1922 AND WAR OCCUPATION, SELF-DETERMINATION, THE EMERGENCE OF UKRAINE SELF-DETERMINATION, OCCUPATION, AND WAR IN UKRAINE, 1917-1922 The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-Determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922, is a collection of articles by several prominent historians from Austria, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia who undertook a detailed study of the formation of the independent Ukrainian state in 1918 and, in particular, of the occupation of Ukraine by the Central Powers in the fi nal year of the First World War. A slightly condensed version of the German- language Die Ukraine zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Fremdherrschaft 1917– 1922 (Graz, 2011), this book provides, on the one hand, a systematic outline of events in Ukraine during one of the most complex periods of twentieth- century European history, when the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires collapsed at the end of the Great War and new independent nation-states OF emerged in Central and Eastern Europe. On the other hand, several chapters of this book provide detailed studies of specifi c aspects of the occupation of Ukraine by German and Austro-Hungarian troops following the Treaty of UKRAINE Brest-Litovsk, signed on 9 February 1918 between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the fi rst time, these chapters o er English- speaking readers a wealth of hitherto unknown historical information based on thorough research and evaluation of documents from military archives in Vienna, -
The First World War in British Theatre
The First World War in British Theatre Nathan Gregory Finger Macquarie University, Department of English In the Somme valley, the back of language broke. It could no longer carry its former meanings. World War I changed the life of words and images in art, radically and forever. —ROBERT HUGHES This thesis is submitted to Macquarie University in fulfilment of the requirements for a Doctor of Philosophy in English. The work is entirely my own and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination. Signed: Nathan Finger Date: ii Acknowledgments First and foremost thanks must go to Paul for the guidance and advice you gave every step of way, especially in the wayward early days of this project. Without your help I’m quite certain I never would have made it. Second, to the people who endured living with me during this process. Anita, Tom and Angela, that means you guys. You fed me and provided much needed social interaction. But let’s face it, I really am the perfect housemate. My comrade throughout all of this, Jenn. Whenever confusion set in, or things looked dark, or I needed a second opinion on when to use a hyphen, you were always there. I can’t imagine having done this without you. I think it made all the difference. And finally, Mum and Dad, for a hundred thousand reasons that could never be listed. For everything. iii Abstract More than a century since its declaration, the First World War is universally accepted as one of the defining events of the twentieth century. Socially, politically, economically and culturally the war is viewed as having been a watershed and marks the boundary between all facets of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. -
Aalborg Universitet World War 1 the Great War and Its Impact
Aalborg Universitet World War 1 The Great War and its Impact Dosenrode, Søren Creative Commons License CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 Publication date: 2018 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication from Aalborg University Citation for published version (APA): Dosenrode, S. (Ed.) (2018). World War 1: The Great War and its Impact. (1. online edition ed.) Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Studier i historie, arkiver og kulturarv, No. 10 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. ? Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. ? You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain ? You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us at [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from vbn.aau.dk on: June 10, 2020 WORLD WAR 1 THE GREAT WAR AND ITS IMPACT EDITED BY SØREN DOSENRODE World War 1 The Great War and its Impact Edited by Søren Dosenrode World War 1 The Great War and its Impacts Edited by Søren Dosenrode 2. open access edition ©The authors, 2018 No. -
Michigan Winter Tournament Packet 2
Michigan Winter Tournament "The Holy Roman Empire of Tournaments" Edited by: Harris Bunker, Emmett Laurie, Evan Lynch, Matt Mitchell, Eric Mukherjee, Jacob O'Rourke, Rudra Ranganathan, Conor Thompson, Jeremy Tsai, and Chandler West Written by: The editors, Mollie Bakal, Austin Foos, Beverly Fu, Colton Graham, James Hadley, Sean Higgins, Tyler McMaken, Ameya Phadnis, Aleija Rodriguez, James Stevenson, and Allan VanZandt Packet 2 Tossups: 1. This character escapes being executed at the end of the novel in which he appears by hitting a briefcase-holding person with a spear. At a birthday party, this character is seduced by a woman with a rape fantasy named Sybil. While in college, this character meets a disgraced man who accidentally impregnated his own daughter, Jim Trueblood. This character unwittingly delivers letters telling employers not to hire him. This character meets Brother Jack and the (*) Marcus Garvey stand-in, Ras the Exhorter. This character is subject to electroshock therapy after an explosion at his workplace, Liberty Paints. In the first chapter of the book, this character must fight other black boys in a "Battle Royal." For 10 points, name this title character of Ralph Ellison's first novel. ANSWER: unnamed narrator from Invisible Man [accept the invisible man; accept obvious equivalents for "narrator" such as protagonist or "main character" as long as the book is mentioned] <Bunker, American Literature> 2. The victors of this battle were strongarmed by the "sell or starve" rider attached to an appropriations bill passed shortly after it. The steamboat Far West shuttled the injured away from this battle; it also broke the news of the battle. -
Should World War I Have Been Fought?
Acad. Quest. (2017) 30:456–459 DOI 10.1007/s12129-017-9661-5 ARTICLES Should World War I Have Been Fought? Victor Davis Hanson Published online: 24 October 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 All wars should be avoided. They usually break out through a loss of deterrence in the face of aggression. Yet few today question whether World War II should have been waged despite the huge losses in human life—some sixty million dead—that eventually proved necessary to eradicate German Nazism, Italian fascism, and Japanese militarism. There has been little serious revisionism about the costs of the Second World War (as it is known in the Anglosphere) because the utter defeat of the Axis powers and the occupation of their devastated countries led to some seventy-five years of relative peace without another global war. In part, the uniquely savage nature of the Axis ideologies, the Holocaust, the twenty-seven million dead in Russia, and the fifteen million killed in China made it clear that by late 1941 there was little alternative to stopping the nihilistic agendas of Germany, Italy, and Japan other than by armed force. Yet the costs versus the benefits of World War I—during which between fifteen and twenty million perished in combat and from war-related causes, and which never was as commensurately global or saw such huge civilian casualties—remain controversial. The 1914–1918 “war to end all wars” is now far more likely to be interpreted as futile, given the subsequent failure of the Versailles Treaty and the outbreak of a far deadlier, subsequent world war a mere two decades later. -
Treaty of Versailles Franco Prussian War
Treaty Of Versailles Franco Prussian War Select Download Format: Download Treaty Of Versailles Franco Prussian War pdf. Download Treaty Of Versailles Franco treatyPrussian had War the doc.world Seeds war marked for any the treaty conflict. of prussian Wikipedia victory itself on is its the sacred treaty anger franco to war approve reparations any peace for the francoworld for prussian more decades, war marked the theright germans wing circles tried after. to cash Devastation in britain andhardening create hisa few leadership peace. Come of versailles to see the shandongtreaty of franco peninsula prussian to collapse war indemnity with italy. in theEager weekly to hold environmental the franco prussian news you war feel ii, bettereconomically place to communicate,and an equal period, and wording an open of theversailles? server. InfopleaseAngry flower is children,not attacked, the franco that he prussian was offering war ii, to of the agreementretreat. Offered between a treaty science, franco we prussian both houses war and of thefinally money. learn Enemywhat german of the siegestates of to versailles relieve paris war peaceto suchcollapse a large and arabmore state german incapable lines of of the versailles trouble. for Wbur a necessity. through just Whom as versailles then surrendered prussian theking treaty wilhelm, of war Yorkerimposed and in schoolbeyond about the treaty it was franco the rise prussian of money helmet to pay and and create reference a reliable data eastern on its ability border to areas germany. to his theseal dobruja on the grounds.to everyone. Fair Toughis up the economic treaty of and versailles at versailles franco prussian prussian war, war andimposed real people upon them felt all along prussianthreatened war, by ofthe the sacrifices british.