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Big Swords, Jesuits, and Bondelswarts Studies in Central European Histories

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Big Swords, Jesuits, and Bondelswarts Studies in Central European Histories Big Swords, Jesuits, and Bondelswarts Studies in Central European Histories Founding Editors Thomas A. Brady and Roger Chickering Edited by David M. Luebke (University of Oregon) Celia Applegate (Vanderbilt University) Editorial Board Steven Beller (Washington, D.C.) Marc R. Forster (Connecticut College) Atina Grossmann (Columbia University) Peter Hayes (Northwestern University) Susan Karant-Nunn (University of Arizona) Mary Lindemann (University of Miami) H.C. Erik Midelfort (University of Virginia) David Sabean (University of California, Los Angeles) Jonathan Sperber (University of Missouri) Jan de Vries (University of California, Berkeley) VOLUME 62 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sceh Big Swords, Jesuits, and Bondelswarts Wilhelmine Imperialism, Overseas Resistance, and German Political Catholicism, 1897–1906 By John S. Lowry LEIDEN | BOSTON Cover illustration: As firefighters representing General von Trotha and Governor von Götzen spew water [300 million marks] at the Southwest and East African blazes [uprisings], a messenger arrives announcing: “Fire in Kamerun!” Fire Chief [Colonial Director] Stuebel declares in dismay: “That’s really all we needed. I’ve already used up too much water for the two fires! When the landlord [Reichstag] returns, there will be a tremendous ruckus!” Source: Arthur Krüger, “Starker Wasserverbrauch,” Caricature, Kladderadatsch, Sept. 17, 1905, Nr. 38, 1st Supplementary Sheet. Cover illustration reproduction courtesy of the Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, Germany. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1547-1217 isbn 978-90-04-23384-3 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-30687-5 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful, the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. To My Parents ∵ Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xi List of Maps xiii Introduction 1 Part 1 The Center, the Kulturkampf, and the Colonies 1 A Profile of the German Center Party, 1897–1906 17 2 Anticlericalism and the Scars of the Kulturkampf, 1864–1904 37 3 The German Colonies: Topography, Resistance, and the Catholic Missions 55 4 Prologue: The Catholic Center and German Colonial Politics, 1884–1897 97 Part 2 Chinese, Cuban, and Samoan Resistance: The Loom, 1897–1903 5 Big Swords and Battleships, 1897–1898 109 6 Cubans, Samoans, Red Fists, and the New Naval Law, 1898–1900 128 7 Jesuit Collision to Yihetuan Diversion, 1900–1901 175 8 China, Kamerun, and the New Tariff Law, 1901–1903 203 viii contents Part 3 African Resistance: The Wedge, 1903–1906 9 Thunderclouds from Africa, 1903–1905 215 10 The Colonial Tempest, 1905–1906 268 11 The Breach, Mid to Late 1906 304 Conclusion 336 Sources 341 Index 369 Acknowledgments This study could never have been written without the professional, financial, logistical, and moral support of a significant number of individuals, organiza- tions, and institutions. I am extremely indebted to my late doctoral adviser Professor Henry Ashby Turner Jr. of Yale University for the encouragement he consistently provided throughout the research and writing process and for the meticulous care with which he reviewed my drafts. I am also most grateful for the thoughtful suggestions offered along the way by the other two members of my committee, Professors Paul M. Kennedy and Kevin D. Repp. I likewise benefited substantially from the guidance of Professor Wilfried Loth of the Universität Essen who kindly agreed to act as German supervisor of the research segment of the project. Thanks are also due to Professor Horst Gründer of the Universität Münster for his helpfulness in sharing with an itiner- ant American doctoral candidate his perspectives on relevant Catholic mission archives. Similarly, I wish to acknowledge my debt to Professor Wilfrid Haacke of the University of Namibia for his assistance with the Romanization of Nama names from the Khoekhoegowab; naturally, any errors in this respect—as in every other—remain my own. Furthermore, I am much obliged to the German Historical Institute and the Center for European and German Studies at Georgetown University for their joint sponsorship of a trans-Atlantic doctoral seminar in German history in April 1995. On that occasion I gleaned food for thought from the observa- tions and suggestions of virtually all the participants, but most especially from very fruitful conversations with my esteemed colleagues in German colonial history, Krista O’Donnell, now an associate professor at William Paterson University, and Pascal Grosse, now a neurologist as well as historian at the Virchow-Klinikum of the Charité. I also wish to express my gratitude for the kind encouragement I received at the 2004 German Studies Association con- ference from Professors Ute Frevert of Yale, James Retallack of the University of Toronto, and Andrew Zimmerman of George Washington University and from my co-panelists, Professors Erik Grimmer-Solem of Wesleyan University and Bradley Naranch, currently at the University of Montana. I also wish to express my deepest gratitude to my friend, colleague, and chair Professor Christiane Taylor of Eastern Kentucky University for her firm confidence in this oft dis- rupted project and to Professor Roger Chickering of Georgetown University and the editing staff at Brill Academic Publishers for their enduring patience in the publication process. At the same time, I would like to take this opportunity to express my grati- tude to the staff of the archives in the twenty-odd German and European x acknowledgments cities where the research for this work was conducted. Not only were the archivists and their professional assistants extremely capable and efficient, but more than a few also displayed a gratifyingly high level of interest in the character of this investigation. In particular I wish to underline the invalu- able support rendered to me by the staff at the Bundesarchiv Koblenz, the former Bundesarchiv Potsdam, the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes in Bonn, the Hohenlohe-Zentralarchiv at Schloß Neuenstein, and the Archief van Arenberg in Edingen, Belgium. My sincerest thanks are likewise due to our own departmental administrative assistant Diane Tyer at Eastern Kentucky University for her diligence and expertise in the manipulation of electronic images scanned from highly detailed sources, most of them quite discolored with age. I am also much obliged to Cambridge University Press, the University of California Press, and the Bibliographisches Institut for granting me permis- sion to reproduce selections from their publications. Generous financial support was furnished over the course of this project by the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD), the United States Department of Education, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. To all three of these institutions I wish to express my deepest appreciation. No less profound is my gratitude for the immeasurable logistical and moral support provided to me during my fifteen-month trek through Germany by my friend of many years Doris Oberle and by the ever hospitable Familie Przytulski of Bochum. Indeed, given my lack of even a semipermanent abode for most of the research phase of this project, it is difficult to imagine how the latter could have been organized without the sort of unflagging aid these friends rendered by rerouting mail, taking messages, finalizing microfilm orders with a perma- nent address, and offering shelter whenever I was passing through. A multitude of thanks is likewise hereby extended to my friends on Kaiser-Konrad-Straße in Bonn and to my many German and Polish Servas hosts for their wondrous hospitality, a generosity which placed my unusually extensive scholarly pere- grination within the realm of the logistically and financially feasible. In closing, I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation for the unwaver- ing technical, logistical, and moral support my brother Stephen M. Lowry has provided over the years since this project began. I likewise feel most grateful to my sons Eric and Ben Lowry for their patience and understanding for their father’s all too extended endeavor and to my wife Yafeng G. Lowry for those periods when she took the lead in the household so that I could focus. Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my father David B. Lowry
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