2 Eleftherios Venizelos (1864 – 1936)

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2 Eleftherios Venizelos (1864 – 1936) DISSERTATION / DOCTORAL THESIS Titel der Dissertation /Title of the Doctoral Thesis Eleftherios Venizelos und der Zweibund 1910 – 1915 Rezeption der vom Ministerpräsidenten geprägten Außenpolitik Griechenlands durch die Gesandten Deutschlands und Österreich-Ungarns. Eine Anwendung der Netzwerktheorie in den Geschichtswissenschaften verfasst von / submitted by Kalliopi Nedelkou-Gialedaki angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doktorin der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2017 / Vienna 2017 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 792 312 degree programme code as it appears on the student rec- ord sheet: Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt / Geschichte field of study as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Tit. ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Manfried Rauchensteiner II Widmung Meinem verehrten Vater Georgios Gialedakis Askyfou, Sfakia Kreta III Vorwort Ministerpräsident Eleftherios Venizelos war – wie wohl für jede Griechin und jeden Griechen - eine der wichtigsten politischen Persönlichkeiten, die mich seit meiner Kindheit tagtäglich be- gleiten: Zahllose Plätze, Straßen und Schiffe sind nach ihm benannt und auch der neue inter- nationale Athener Flughafen trägt, fast schon selbstverständlich, seinen Namen. Dennoch bleibt Venizelos in gewisser Weise eine imaginäre Gestalt: Denn obgleich er Großes für Grie- chenland leistete, fiel in eine seiner Regierungszeiten auch die sogenannte „nationale Kata- strophe“ der erzwungenen Umsiedelung der Griechen aus Kleinasien. Wer war dieser Mann, welche politischen Instrumentarien hatte er zur Verfügung? Wie gestal- teten sich die nationalen und internationalen politischen Prozesse vor mehr als hundert Jah- ren, die nicht nur zum Ersten Weltkrieg führten, sondern Griechenland (und Europa) bis heute prägen? Eine Spurensuche und meine Liebe zur deutschen Sprache führten mich nach Berlin und vor allem auch nach Wien. Hier in den Archiven fand ich Berichte und Depeschen der diplomatischen Vertreter Österreich-Ungarns und Deutschlands, welche aus ihrer Sicht die Geschehnisse dieser Zeit kommentierten und so teilweise auch indirekt beeinflussten. Das Sichten dieser Berichte war anstrengend (Deutsch ist ja nicht meine Muttersprache), erwies sich aber auch als faszinierende wissenschaftliche Beschäftigung. Meine geistige Reise auf den verschlungenen Wegen unserer europäischen Geschichte dauerte so rund acht Jahre. Ich hoffe, dass die Endstation dieser Reise, das Endergebnis in Form der vorliegenden Arbeit, nun nicht nur meinen eigenen Erwartungen, sondern auch denen all jener, die sich ausführlich mit diesem Thema beschäftigen, entspricht. Dankbar bin ich all jenen, die in diesen Jahren an mich geglaubt und mich auf dem langen und schwierigen Weg zur Verwirklichung einer Lebensvision – nämlich Griechenland und Europa noch enger zu verbinden - unterstützt haben. Gerade jetzt, nachdem Deutschlands Image bei den Griechen und Griechenlands Image bei den Deutschen im Zuge der Griechenland-Euro- Krise ab 2010 gelitten hat, hoffe ich mit meiner Arbeit einen kleinen Beitrag zu einem besseren gegenseitigen Verständnis liefern zu können. Wien, am 13. November 2017 Kalliopi Nedelkou-Gialedaki IV Abstract (deutsch) Das moderne Griechenland war am Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts ein kleines und noch junges Königreich, dessen geostrategische Lage im Mittelmeer von den überwiegend kontinental-ori- entierten Großmächten Österreich-Ungarn und Deutschland nicht gesehen wurde. Eleftherios Venizelos, ein Rechtsanwalt und Politiker aus Kreta führte ein finanziell am Boden liegendes Land in zwei erfolgreiche Kriege. Diese Kriege vergrößerten das griechische Territorium um das Doppelte. Wie hat er das geschafft, welche Netzwerke nutzte er und wie sahen die Ge- sandten des Zweibundes seine Politik? Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurde die vorliegende Arbeit in zwei Hauptteile ge- gliedert: (1) Eine Deskription als narrativ angelegte Diplomatie-Geschichte aus Sicht der Gesandten des Zweibundes und (2) Eine Explikation in Form sowohl einer Analyse der Netzwerke von Venizelos als auch einer Analyse selektierter Gesandtenberichte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse im Rahmen eines die Geschichtsforschung begleitenden soziales Paradigmas. Die Deskription bot den Hintergrund, um die Ergebnisse der Analyse-Kapitel ein- zuordnen. Die Netzwerkanalysen zeigen die Bedeutung des Publizierens zum Beginn des 20. Jahrhun- dert, die Relevanz von Clans, die Bedeutung von Freundschaften und die persönliche Unter- stützung durch fördernde Frauen. Die Inhaltsanalysen ergänzen diese Ergebnisse: Die Ge- sandten des Zweibundes sahen das geostrategische Potenzial, welches in diesem maritimen Königreich lag, ihre Berichte blieben in Wien und Berlin ohne Resonanz. Sie schätzten – aller- dings erst nach den ersten zwei Regierungsjahren - die Fähigkeiten von Venizelos gut ein. Venizelos wird als ein komplex denkender und überlegt handelnder Politiker sichtbar, der auf- grund seiner Netzwerkressourcen globale Entwicklungen gut einschätzte. V Abstract (englisch) At the beginning of the 20th century, modern Greece was a small and still young kingdom whose geostrategic position in the Mediterranean was not seen by the predominantly conti- nental-oriented major powers Austria-Hungary and Germany. Eleftherios Venizelos, a lawyer and politician from Crete, led a financially land-based country into two successful wars. These wars doubled the size of Greek territory. How did he do it, which networks did he use and how did the ambassadors of the Dual Alliance see his politics? To answer the research questions, the present work has been divided into two main parts: (1) A description of a narrative diplomacy story from the point of view of the ambassadors of the Dual Alliance and (2) An explication in the form of both an analysis of the networks of Venizelos and one Analysis of selected ambassador reports by means of qualitative content analysis in the context of a social paradigm accompanying historical research. The description provided the background to classify the results of the analysis chapters. The network analyzes show the importance of publishing at the beginning of the 20th century, the relevance of clans, the importance of friendships, and the personal support of women. The content analyzes supplemented these results: The delegates of the Dual Alliance saw the ge- ostrategic potential that lay in this maritime kingdom, their reports remained unanswered in Vienna and Berlin. They valued - but only after the first two years of rule - the capabilities of Venizelos well. Venizelos became visible as a complex-minded and thought-provoking politi- cian who, due to his network resources, valued global developments well. VI Abbildungsverzeichnis Abbildung 1: Venizelos und Maria, seine erste Frau. ............................................................. 14 Abbildung 2: Venizelos, ca. 1920. .......................................................................................... 17 Abbildung 3: Eisenbahnprojekt Wien-Thessaloniki als Teil des österreichisch-ungarischen ‘Staatsbah-Systems’ 1873-1918. .................................................................................... 41 Abbildung 4: Die kontinentale und maritime geostrategische Lage Griechenlands am Balkan und im östlichem Mittelmeer. .......................................................................................... 62 Abbildung 5: Dodekanes - ostägäische Inseln. ...................................................................... 93 Abbildung 6: Geostrategische Lage der nordostägäischen Insel Lemnos. ............................ 94 Abbildung 7: Akteure und ausgewählte Attribute als Datengrundlagen für die analysierten Netzwerke in dieser Arbeit. ........................................................................................... 107 Abbildung 8: Netzwerk von Venizelos in Kreta bis 1909. ..................................................... 109 Abbildung 9: Zusätzliches, multiplikativ erweitertes Netzwerk von Venizelos in Griechenland 1910 bis 1912. ............................................................................................................... 120 Abbildung 10: Hochzeit von Venizelos mit Elena in London im Jahr 1921 im Hause von Lady Domini Crosfield. ........................................................................................................... 131 Abbildung 11: Weitere Akteure im Netzwerk von Venizelos ab Beginn 1914. ..................... 132 Abbildung 12: Gesamtsicht des Netzwerkes von Venizelos (Kreta bis/ab 1914). ................ 136 Abbildung 13: Definitionen elementarer statistischer Kennzahlen zu Netzwerken. ............. 137 Abbildung 14: Verteilung der Kantenzahl (Anzahl der Beziehungen), die mit einem Knoten (Akteur) verbunden ist. .................................................................................................. 139 Abbildung 15: Zentralität als Verteilung der Clustering-Koeffizienten. ................................. 140 Abbildung 16: Betweenness-Zentralität; 9 Akteure mit hoher „Zwischen-Zentralität“ = Anzahl kürzester Pfade über diesen Akteur von größer als 12. ................................................ 141 VII Abbildung 17: Errechnete Untergruppierung ‚Publizierende Diplomaten, Vermittler und Militärs’. ......................................................................................................................... 143 Abbildung 18: Errechnete Untergruppierung ‚Journalisten und Politiker um Lloyd George’. 144 Abbildung 19:
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