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Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies CHSP HUNGARIAN STUDIES SERIES NO. 7 EDITORS Peter Pastor Ivan Sanders A Joint Publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd Translated from the Hungarian by Alan Renwick Social Science Monographs, Boulder, Colorado Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. Wayne, New Jersey Distributed by Columbia University Press, New York 2005 EAST EUROPEAN MONOGRAPHS NO. DCLXX Originally published as Az anarchizmus elmélete és magyarországi története © 1994 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by András Bozóki and Miklós Sükösd © 2005 by the Center for Hungarian Studies and Publications, Inc. 47 Cecilia Drive, Wayne, New Jersey 07470–4649 E-mail: [email protected] This book is a joint publication with the Institute of Habsburg History, Budapest www.Habsburg.org.hu Library of Congress Control Number 2005930299 ISBN 9780880335683 Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 PART ONE: ANARCHIST SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 7 1. Types of Anarchism: an Analytical Framework 7 1.1. Individualism versus Collectivism 9 1.2. Moral versus Political Ways to Social Revolution 11 1.3. Religion versus Antireligion 12 1.4. Violence versus Nonviolence 13 1.5. Rationalism versus Romanticism 16 2. The Essential Features of Anarchism 19 2.1. Power: Social versus Political Order 19 2.2. From Anthropological Optimism to Revolution 21 2.3. Anarchy 22 2.4. Anarchist Mentality 24 3. Critiques of Anarchism 27 3.1. How Could Institutions of Just Rule Exist? 27 3.2. The Problem of Coercion 28 3.3. An Anarchist Economy? 30 3.4. How to Deal with Antisocial Behavior? 34 3.5. State and Nation 34 3.6. All States Are Bad: Democracy Equals Dictatorship? 35 4. Locating Anarchism among Political Ideologies 39 4.1. Challenges to Anarchism 39 4.2. Anarchism versus Other Ideologies 44 v vi CONTENTS PART TWO: THE HISTORY OF ANARCHISM IN HUNGARY 57 1. The Social Basis of Anarchism 58 1.1. Workers 58 1.2. Peasants 59 1.3. Intelligentsia 60 1.4. Aristocrats 60 1.5. Artists 61 2. Radical Socialism and Anarchism (1881–1884) 62 2.1. Radicalism in the Austro-Hungarian Labor Movement 64 2.2. Sympathy with Anarchism: The Radical Worker’s Party 66 2.3. The Fall of the Radical Opposition 68 3. Agrarian Socialism and Ideal Anarchism (1894–1916) 70 3.1. The Agrarian Movement: Socialism and Messianism 70 3.2. István Várkonyi and the Independent Social Democratic Movement 75 3.3. Jenő Henrik Schmitt: A Path to Ideal Anarchism 78 3.4. Ideal Anarchism 82 3.5. Schmitt and the Independent Socialist Party 86 3.6. Schmitt and the Gödölő Artists’ Colony 95 4. Anarchism and Syndicalism (1904–1914) 99 4.1. Syndicalism in the International Labor Movement 99 4.2. Ervin Batthyány: From Communist Anarchism to Anarcho-Syndicalism 108 4.3. “Comrade Count Batthyány” 119 4.4. The Budapest Group of Revolutionary Socialists 125 4.5. Ervin Szabó and the Attempt to Establish a Syndicalist Movement 130 5. Artistic and Political Avant-Gardism (1908–1919) 134 5.1. Lajos Kassák and Anarchism 134 5.2. The “Conductor of Mystery”: Emil Szittya 136 5.3. The Moralist Revolutionaries 142 CONTENTS vii 6. Anarchism during the Period of the Soviet Republic (1919) 147 6.1. Anarchism versus Bolshevism: The Soviet Example 147 6.2. Critical, Revolutionary and Cultural Opposition 151 7. Anarchism in Hungary: A Structural Explanation 159 7.1. Nonpolitical Politics 159 7.2. Four Waves of Anarchism 162 PART THREE: ANARCHIST IDEAS AND INITIATIVES: LEGACIES AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 173 1. Unfinished Past 173 1.1. Anarchist Influences in Hungary 1919–1946 173 1.2. Anarchism under “Real Existing Socialism” (1970s–1980s) 179 1.3. The Revival of Anarchist Organization in the Post- Communist Transition (1988–1993) 182 1.4 “The Joyful Aesthetic of Opposition”: The Anarchista Újság (1991–93) 192 2. Anarchy with Democracy? Hungarian Attempts at Theoretical Synthesis 203 2.1. Anarchism and the Liberal Socialism of Oszkár Jászi 203 2.2. Anarchy and “An-archy”: István Bibó and the Society without Rule 209 3. Anarchism and Social Movements 215 3.1. Anarchism and the Anarchist Mentality 216 3.2. Postmodern Philosophy and the Anarchist Worldview 217 3.3. Feminism and the Anarchist Mentality 220 3.4. The Anarchist Mentality of the Green Movement 223 3.5. Municipalism and the Anarchist Legacy 228 3.6 The Post-Industrial Turn, Post-Materialist Value Change and the New Social Movements 234 CONCLUSIONS: ANARCHO-DEMOCRATS AND SOCIAL CHANGE 239 viii CONTENTS NOTES 249 BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 Periodicals 305 Books and articles 306 PHOTOGRAPHS 347 INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHORS BOOKS PUBLISHED BY CHSP INTRODUCTION [Anarchism is] not a fixed, self-enclosed social system, but rather a definite trend in the historic development of mankind, which, in contrast with the intellectual guardianship of all clerical and governmental institutions, strives for the free unhindered unfold- ing of all the individual and social forces in life. Even freedom is only a relative, not an absolute concept, since it tends constantly to become broader and to affect wider circles in more manifold ways. For the Anarchist, freedom is not an abstract philosophical concept, but the vital concrete possibility for every human being to bring to full development all the powers, capacities, and talents with which nature has endowed him, and turn them to social account. The less this natural development of man is influenced by ecclesiastical or political guardianship, the more efficient and harmonious will human personality become, the more will it become the measure of the intellectual culture of the society in which it has grown.1 According to Rudolf Rocker, anarchism is a possibility. It is a route to a richer, more interesting and freer future, an opportunity for spiritu- al and political development: an unclosed ideal, an open choice, an untried and attractive possibility. The anarchist steps into the future and creates a new future without rule. The role of the social scientist who examines anarchism is much more prosaic. First, he or she can seek to outline the theoretical system and the various types of anarchism—the approaches of the political philosopher and the political scientist. Second, he or she can study when, in what form, how and why anarchism emerges in particular historical situations, which social stra- ta present anarchist demands, and how the anarchist movement is orga- 1 2 INTRODUCTION nized internally. These are the questions typically asked by the sociol- ogist, particularly the political and historical sociologist. The third approach involves more complete description and docu- mentation of actual anarchist movements and their location within the societies of their time. This is the task of the historian of anarchism. Naturally, these three approaches do not exclude each other, but rather in part overlap, and they leave space for psychological and economic inquiry into the nature both of the anarchist and of anarchism. Our approach in this book is avowedly interdisciplinary. This choice of approach is motivated by the need to offer a unified account of the chain of our ideas: it allows us to differentiate logical analytical units and to identify the most fruitful analytical means of viewing them. The book is divided into three major parts, in which—in varying proportions, but always consciously—we utilize the viewpoints of political philosophy, historical sociology and the history of ideas. The approach of part one is essentially that of political philosophy. We examine the components of anarchist social theory and seek to develop a systematic analytical framework. On the basis of this, we dif- ferentiate the varying types and manifestations of anarchist theory. We then outline various possible criticisms of anarchism and seek to locate anarchism among the other major political ideologies. In part two we track the history of anarchism in Hungary up to the present day. Generally, this subject is treated only fleetingly in the his- torical literature; occasionally it is covered in detail; often it is not dealt with at all. Our approach here, as befits the subject matter, is primarily that of historical sociology and the history of ideas. After an introduc- tion outlining the social basis of the international anarchist movement, we consider in separate subchapters the following waves of anarchist or anarchist-influenced activity in Hungary: 1. The activities of the radical, “actionist” workers’party of 1883–84; 2. The millenarian, agrarian-socialist movements of the Hungarian Great Plain in 1897–98 and the influence of Jenő Henrik Schmitt; 3. The Kropotkin-style communist anarchism of the 1900s (Count Ervin Batthyány) and the French-influenced anarcho-syndicalism of the same period (Ervin Szabó); 4. The relationship between political and artistic avant-gardism (Lajos Kassák, Emil Szittya); the “moralist revolutionaries” movement INTRODUCTION 3 and its theoretical dilemmas, and questions relating to “ethical social- ism,” and finally, 5. The ideology and organizational efforts of the Budapest Anar- chist Group, led by Károly Krausz, during the period of the 1919 Hun- garian Soviet Republic. To ease the reader’s comprehension and allow the separation of different analytical points of view, we divide these parts into chapters and sub-chapters addressing particular time periods or particular ques- tions relating to the movements and to social theory. We discuss the Hungarian movements and theories in international perspective, draw- ing on the examples of West, South and East European anarchist move- ments. According to our thesis there were three types of anarchist direc- tions developing on the European continent at the end of the nineteenth century and during the first decades of the twentieth century. In west- ern Europe, where democracy and similar constitutional states based on a rule of law first came into being, anarchism evolved in opposition to democracy.
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