STRATIGRAPHIC SIGNIFICANCE OF TWO GENERA OF TERTIARY CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS1 DAVID BUKRY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA and M. N. BRAMLETTE SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA

CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ------149 I. INTRODUCTION ------______------149 II. SAMPLES ------149 Ill. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY ------15 0 IV. REFERENCES ------______15 5 ABSTRACT Albatross Swedish deep-sea cores 58 ( 6o A new species of calcareous nannoplank­ 44' N., 129°28' W.) and 62 (3° ton Ceratolithus rugosus is described, and 00' S., 136°26' W.). emended descriptions of two other species Lamont core V16-21 ( 17 °16' N., 48°25' of this genus are presented. The worldwide W.). occurrence and partial overlap in the se­ Lamont core V12-5 (21 °12' N., 45 °21' quence of ranges of these taxa are helpful in W.). age assignment of late Miocene to Holocene Lamont core V3-153 (28°24' N., 77°56' strata. A new species Peritrachelina joidesa W.). of late Eocene to middle Oligocene age is Lamont core C10-11 (32o N., 64o W.). also described. JOIDES core 3 (21 °30' N., 77°31' W.). JOIDES core 4 (31 °02' N., 77 °43' W.). I. INTRODUCTION JOIDES core 6 ( 30°05' N., 79°15' W.). Of approximately 3000 described species Pacific Ocean of calcareous nannofossils, the stratigraphic Scripps core CAP-38BP ( 14°16' S., 119o significance of only a small percentage has 11' W.). yet been determined. The special strati­ Scripps core LSDH-78P (4°31' S., 168° graphic value of many of the species lies 02' E.). in their ready identification, which permits Tonga Group, Eua Island, north of Vai­ their recognition and the assignment of their gana at 120 meters elevation. time range to occurrences in worldwide rock Santa Monica Basin grab sample at 911 sequences. For most of the ortholithid and meters (33°48' N., 118°48' W.). larger heliolithid calcareous nannofossils, Indian Ocean polarizing light microscope studies provide Scripps core DOD0-141G (24°42' S., this ready identification. The taxa consid­ 73 °05' E.). ered here can be effectively so identified, North America and their ranges are indicated from numer­ 1 ous sections. The species of Ceratolithus Red Bluff Clay, Alabama, SW 4 sec. 28, T. 7 N., R. 10 W., 1 meter above base. occur in large numbers (relative to most Mint Spring Marl Member of Marianna calcareous nannoplankton taxa) in open­ Limestone, Mississippi, at Mint Spring ocean sediment suggesting a preference for Bayou, Geol. Soc. America, SE Sec., that environment. 1964 Field Guide, stop 2 (Cheetham II. SAMPLES and Glawe, 1964). Glendon Limestone Member of Byram Atlantic 0 cean Formation, Mississippi, near Vicksburg Challenger 338 (21 °15' S., 14°02' W.). at intersection of U. S. Hwy 61 and Vicksburg bypass. 1 Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey. Shubuta Member of Yazoo Clay, Missis- 149 150 Tulane Studies tn Geology Vol. 6

sippi, Clarke Co., SW 14 sec. 3, T. 10 Remarks: This taxon was originally estab­ N., R. 16 W. lished for a group of fairly symmetrical horseshoe-shaped calcite bodies. The arms Europe of the horseshoe are smooth or ornamented Lower part of type Plaisancian, 200 me­ with a row of small "teeth" or nodes. Be­ ters south of Lugagnano in Torrente tween crossed polarizers, and in the usual Arda, south side of Po Valley, Italy. flat orientation, these ceratoliths are dark Lower Plaisancian at Tabiano, about 15 (at optical extinction) when the axis of the kilometers east of Lugagnano, south horseshoe is parallel to the vibration direc­ side of Po Valley, Italy. tion of either polarizer and they are uni­ Trubi Formation, basal Pliocene, near Campofelice, Palermo, Sicily. formly bright when rotated to a position ap­ proximately 45 a from the polarizer direc­ Upper Eocene strata (Bartonian) at Biar­ tions. The crystallographic orientation of the ritz, Cote de Basque section, southwest France. calcite, and the non-rugose horseshoe shape Upper Eocene strata (Bartonian) at Bri­ are the constant characters of this taxon. hande, in St. Lon region, southwest Considerable morphologic variation occurs, France. usually affecting the symmetry of the arms, their relative lengths, or the prominence of Ill. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY the tooth-like ornamentation. Norris ( 1965) noted that living speci­ Family CERATOLITHACEAE Norris, 1965 mens show the ceratolith as an internal Genus CERATOLITHUS Kamptner, 1950 structure and that an envelope of delicate Remarks: This genus is identified by the ring coccoliths (whether calcified or not is horseshoe-shaped skeletal elements, cerato­ unknown) is present at the cell surface. In liths, acting optically as single units of cal­ tropical waters he found a mixed population cite. The genus was initially established for of cells of similar structure but with mor­ Holocene specimens recovered in a sea-floor phologic difference in the ceratolith. Since sample of the Challenger expedition. A fos­ the arms were longer, with less development sil record of three successive forms from of "teeth," and the tips closer together on late Miocene to Holocene time had been a form not recorded from waters farther determined (Martini and Bramlette, 196 3 ) south of the equator, he distinguished this but were not then described and named. The new form as Ceratolithus telesmus. Abun­ living species producing ceratoliths were dant Holocene ceratoliths from all ocean first recognized by Norris in 1965 from floors have shown complete morphologic Indian Ocean plankton samples. The various gradations between this form and the bolo­ forms are here assigned to only three species type of C. cristatus within the same samples. of Ceratolithus. The earliest appeared in Therefore this variation in morphology is the upper Miocene. considered to be intraspecific, and C. teles­ mus is placed into synonymy with C. crista­ CERATOLITHUS CRISTATUS Kamptner, tus. However, it should be noted that cera­ emended toliths with long, narrow, and smooth arms Pl. 1, figs. 1-4 similar to Ceratolithus telesmus Norris are much more common in Quaternary sedi­ Ceratolithus cristatus KAMPTNER, 1954, Arch. Protistenk., v. 100, p. 43, text-figs. 44-45. ments than the C. cristatus originally figured Ceratolithus cf. C. cristatus (Kamptner). BRAM­ by Kamptner. LETTE & RIEDEL, 1954, Jour. Paleontology, v. Distribution: The earliest occurrence of 28, p. 394, pl. 38, fig. 9. these smooth or "toothed" forms is near Ceratolithus cristatus Kamptner. CoHEN, 1964, Micropaleontology, v. 10, p. 246, pl. 5, figs. the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in many ma­ Sa-d; CoHEN, 1965, Leidsche Geol. Meded., rine cores: first appearance in Albatross v. 35, p. 36, pl. 3, figs. m, n; NoRRIS, 1965, Swedish deep-sea core 62 above 1,050 centi­ Arch. Protistenk., v. 108, p. 19-24, pl. 11, figs. 1-4; pl. 12., figs. 1-4. meters and core 58 above 650 centimeters, Ceratolithus telesmus NoRRIS, 1965, Arch. Pro­ these levels being slightly above the Dis­ tistenk., v. 108, p. 21, pl. 11, figs. 5-7; pl. 13, coaster brouweri extinction level, as in La­ figs. 1-3. Ceratolithus cristatus TAKAYAMA, 1967, Jb. mont V16-21 at 150 centimeters and other Geol. B.A., v. 110, p. 196, pl. 1, figs. 2-4. cores. This species is still living and has No.4 Two Tertiary Nannofossil Genera 151

PLATE 1 Magnification: 2100X

1-4 Ceratolithus cristatus Kamptner, emended. 1 Santa Monica Basin, Holocene, bright field, plan. U.S.N.M. 651130. 2 Santa Monica Basin, Holocene, crossed nicols, plan. U .S.N .M. 6 51130. 3 Challenger 338, Holocene, bright field, plan. U.S.N.M. 651131. 4 Challenger 338, Holocene, bright field, tilted. U.S.N.M. 651132. 5-9 Ceratolithus rugosus n. sp. 5 Holotype, U.S.N.M. 651133, LSDH-78P, 100 em, Pliocene, phase contrast, plan. 6 Holotype, crossed nicols, plan. 7 Holotype, bright field, plan. 8 V16-21, 600 em, Pliocene, phase contrast, tilted. U.S.N.M. 651134. 9 CAP-38BP, 571 em, Pliocene, bright field, plan. U.S.N.M. 651135. 154 Tulane Studies in Geology Vol. 6

The stratigraphic significance of this press), and are probably abraded fragments species is that it is easily distinguished from of coccolith rims-a supposition which other species of Ceratolithus by its crystal­ could be checked by their appearance be­ lographic orientation and that it appeared tween crossed polarizers. alone and in abundance in the late Miocene The early Eocene specimens of Peri­ and was extinct by the middle Pliocene. trachelina can be assigned to the type species, Distribution: The earliest occurrence is P. ornata Deflandre. However, a new form, upper Miocene in the uppermost marine lacking the distinctive ornamentation of P. shale of the type Tortonian section (the ornata Deflandre, first appears in late Eocene upper part, which is assigned to the Mes­ strata. sinian by Italian micropaleontologists; see PERITRACHELINA JOIDESA Selli, 1964, p. 328). Among other upper Bukry & Bramlette, n. sp. Miocene through lower Pliocene occurrences Pl. 2, figs. 5-8 are JOIDES core 3 from 3 to 16 meters; Description: The crescent outline of this Lamont core V16-21 from 525 to 700 centi­ nannofossil is emphasized by the presence of meters; Lamont core V3-153 from about marginal lips bordering a featureless inter­ 200 to 541 centimeters (core bottom), with lip area. The short inner lip, while normally the Miocene-Pliocene boundary near 230 smooth, may be beaded (Pl. 2, fig. 5). The centimeters according to F. L. Parker; and long outer lip is a peripheral ridge, rarely Scripps Pacific Ocean core LSDH-78P from somewhat irregular. In plan view, as the 499 to 519 centimeters (also containing microscope stage is rotated between crossed Ceratolithus rugosus present through this polarizers, this species remains dark-a interval), with the boundary placed near character of the genus. 500 centimeters by F. L. Parker. Sparse land In samples subjected to excess calcifica­ occurrences in the lower Pliocene are noted tion, the area between the lips is progres­ from the basal Plaisancian of the Torrente sively filled-in until there is usually no dis­ Arda in north Italy, at 200 meters south of tinction between the lips and the interlip Lugagnano, and in the Tabiano section about area (for example, in JOIDES Blake Plateau 15 kilometers to the east; it is also present cores where, however, the identity with nor­ in the Trubi Formation-basal Pliocene of mal specimens is indicated by rare less cal­ Sicily. cified ones) . Size: Horn or arch to arm tips, 22 microns, Remarks: The lack of any ornamentation maximum, 6 microns, minimum; rod length, extending fr01n the short inner lip onto the 45 microns, maximum. interlip area distinguishes this new species Hypotypes: U.S.N.M. 651136-39. from P. ornata Deflandre. Also, P. ornata lacks the distinct long outer lip characteristic Genera INCERTAE SEDIS of P. joidesa n. sp. Genus PERITRACHELINA Deflandre 1954 Care should be taken in identifying this Remarks: The crescent-shaped skeletal new species, because broken specimens of elements assigned to this genus are com­ some co-occurring heliolithid coccoliths like posed of calcite which behaves optically as Apertapetra umbilica (Levin) may super­ a single unit. The affinities of the organisms ficially resemble P. joidesa. However, the that produced these skeletal elements are behavior between crossed polarizers makes unknown. Peritrachelina ornata Deflandre, the distinction obvious, as P. joidesa is uni­ the type species, was described from strata formly dark between crossed polarizers, of Eocene ( Cuisian or early Lutetian) age. whereas fragments of a coccolith such as A. Although specimens of Peritrachelina are umbilica have a radial array of numerous seldom common in coccolith assemblages, calcite elements that produces part of a mal­ we have noted them in a number of samples tese-cross shaped set of extinction lines (see of Eocene and Oligocene age. The report of above comment on Gorka, 1957). Early three Cretaceous species from Poland forms of Ceratolithus appearing in the upper (Gorka 1957) has not been substantiated in Miocene are horseshoe-shaped and likewise other detailed studies of Cretaceous strata remain dark between crossed polarizers. (for example, Bramlette and Martini, 1964; These forms can be distinguished by the Reinhardt, 1966; Gartner, 1968; Bukry, in slenderness and circular cross-section of the No.4 Two Tertiary NannofoSJit Genera 155

Ceratolithus arms. The limbs of Peritrache­ Stratigraphic value of discoasters and some lina are wide and planar except when heavily other microfossils related to Recent cocco­ lithophores: Jour. Paleontology, v. 28, p. calcified, as in the JOIDES Blake Plateau 385-403. cores. The crystallographic character and BRAMLETTE, M. N., and J. A. WILCOXON, 1967. general shape of these two genera might Middle Tertiary calcareous nannoplankton of suggest an evolutionary sequence from Peri­ the Cipero section, Trinidad, W. I.: Tulane Stud. Geol., v. 5, p. 93-131. trachelina to Ceratolithus. At present, how­ BuKRY, D., in press, Upper Cretaceous cocco­ ever, the middle Oligocene Blake Plateau liths from Texas and Europe: Univ. Kansas specimens of P. joidesa n. sp. are the latest Paleont. Contr. known occurrence of P eritrachelina, and the CHEETHAM, A. H., and L. N. GLAWE, 1964. Field guide: Geol. Soc. America, Southeast late Miocene specimens of Ceratolithus tri­ Sec., Ann. Mtg., Baton Rouge, p. 1-10. corniculatus Gartner, emended, are the earli­ CoHEN, C. L. D., 1964. Coccolithophorids from est known occurrence of Ceratolithus. two Caribbean deep-sea cores: Micropaleon­ Electron micrographs of P. joidesa) re­ tology, v. 10, p. 231-250. CoHEN, C. L. D., 1965. Coccoliths and dis­ ferred to as Peritrachelina sp., appear in a coasters from Adriatic bottom sediments: forthcoming paper by S. Gartner and D. Leidsche Geol. Meded., v. 35, p. 1-44. Bukry. DEFLANDRE, G., 1952, Classe des Coccolitho­ Distribution: Earliest occurrences are from thophorides, in P. P. GRASSE, ed., Traite de Zoologie: Paris, v. 1, p. 439-470. upper Eocene (Bartonian) strata of the ERICSON, D. B., M. EwiNG, and G. WoLLIN, Cote de Basque of France at Biarritz; from 1963. Pliocene-Plistocene boundary in deep­ the St. Lon region of southwest F ranee at sea sediments: Science, v. 139, p. 727-737. Brihande; and from the Yazoo clay of the GARTNER, S., JR., 1967. Calcareous nannofossils from Neogene of Trinidad, Jamaica, and Gulf Gulf Coast of the United States. Oligocene of Mexico: Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contr., occurrences are from the Red Bluff Clay, in paper 29, p. 1-7. Alabama, the Mint Spring Marl Member of GARTNER, S., }R., 1968. Coccoliths and related the Marianna Limestone, and the Glendon calcareous nannofossils from Upper Creta­ ceous deposits of Texas and Arkansas: Univ. Limestone Member of the Byram Formation Kansas Paleont. Contr., no. 48, p. 1-56. of the Vicksburg Group, in Mississippi; GoRKA, H., 1957. Coccolithophoridae z g6r­ from north of Vaigana on Eua Island in the nego mastrychtu Polski sfodkowej, Acta Tonga Group; and from Lamont core C10- Palaeont. Polonica, v. 2, p. 235-284. KAMPTNER, E., 1950. Uber den submikrosko­ 11, at 66 to 71 centimeters. The species is pischen Aufbau der Coccolithen: Osterrei­ most common in JOIDES core 3 from 85 chische Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturw. Kl., Anz., to 15 3 meters, and there are sparse occur­ v. 87, p. 152-158. rences in JOIDES core 4 in the Oligocene KAMPTNER, E., 1954, Untersuchungen uber den Feinbau der Coccolithen: Arch. Protistenk., between approximately 45 and 75 meters, v. 100, p. 1-90. and in JOIDES core 6 in the lower Oligo­ MARTINI, E., and M. N. BRAMLETTE, 1963. cene from 7 to 48 meters and in the upper Calcareous nannoplankton from the experi­ Eocene from 50 to 80 meters. These nearly mental Mohole drilling: Jour. Paleontology, v. 3"1' p. 845-856. worldwide occurrences begin in the Isthmo­ NoRRIS, R. E., 1965. Living cells of Ceratolithus lithus recurvus Zone and terminate in the cristatus ( Coccolithophorineae) : Arch. Pro­ Sphenolithus ciperoensis Zone (see Bram­ tistenk., v. 108, p. 19-24. lette and Wilcoxon, 1967, for this nanno­ PARKER, F. L., 1967. Late Tertiary biostratig­ raphy (planktonic Foraminifera) of tropical fossil zonation). Indo-Pacific deep-sea cores: Am. Paleon­ Size: Maximum length, 14 microns. tology Bull., v. 52, p. 115-207. Holotype: U.S.N.M. 651140 (Pl. 2, fig. REINHARDT, P., 1966. Zur Taxonomie und Bio­ stratigraphie des fossilen Nannoplanktons aus 8) 0 dem Maim, der Kreide und dem Alttertiar Paratypes: U.S.N.M. 651141-43. Mittleuropas: Freiberger Forschungshefte, Type locality: Red Bluff Clay, St. Ste­ C196, p. 1-109. phens Quarry, Alabama. SELLI, R. , 1964. The Mayer-Eymar Messinian 1867, proposal for a neostratotype: 21st In­ IV. REFERENCES ternat. Geol. Cong., Norden 1960, pt. 28, p. BRAMLETTE, M. N., and E. MARTI I, 1964. 311-333. The great change in calcareous nannoplank­ TAKAYAMA, T., 1967. First report on nanno­ ton fossils between the Maestrichtian and plankton of the Upper Tertiary and Quater­ Danian: Micropaleontology, v. 10, p. 291- nary of the southern Kwanto region, Japan: 322. Osterr. Geol. Bundesanst. Jahrh., v. 110, p. BRAMLETTE, M. N., and W. R. RIEDEL, 1954. 169-198. 156 Tt.tlane Studies in Geology Vol. 6

RECENT BOOKS

THE QUATERNARY, edited by Kalervo SALT BASINS AROUND AFRICA, pub­ Rankama. Published by Interscience Pub­ lished by The Institute of Petroleum, Lon­ lishers (John Wiley & Sons), New York, don, 1965, 122 pp., $7.75 London and Sydney, 1965, vol. 1, xxii + This small book contains the proceedings 300 pp., $15.00; vol. 2, vii + 477 pp., of the joint meeting of the Institute of Pe­ $19.50 troleum and the Geological Society, held at These volumes are part of the series The London, 3 March 1965. The seven papers Geologic Systems, a very useful survey of and discussions bring together much pre­ regional stratigraphy. Volume one includes viously unpublished data on this little-known Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. subject. Volume two deals with The British Isles, France, Germany and The Netherlands. PRINCIPLES OF GEOCHEMISTRY, by Brian Mason. Third edition, published by GEOSYNCLINES, by Jean Aubouin. Pub­ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Lon­ lished by Elsevier Publishing Company, don and Sydney, 1966, xi + 329 pp., $9.95 Amsterdam, London and New York, 1965, This new edition is extensively revised, XV + 335 pp., $20.00 incorporating changes throughout the text and the bibliographies appended to each Geosynclines is part one of the Develop­ chapter, and adding an appendix of questions ments in Geotectonics series. It begins with and problems. There has been much vigorous an historical review of the geosynclinal con­ research and considerable progress in basic cept, followed by discussion of geosynclines concepts and theories of geochemistry in as illustrated by the Mediterranean chains of recent ·years. the Alpine cycle, and concludes with the author's synthesis of the subject. ESTUARY AND COASTLINE HYDRO­ DYNAMICS, by Arthur T. Ippen. Pub­ PALEOTEMPERATURE ANALYSIS, by lished by McGraw-Hill Book Company, Robert Bowen. Published by Elsevier Pub­ Inc., New York, 1966, xvii + 744 pp., lishing Company, Amsterdam, London and $28.50 New York, 1966, x + 265 pp., $16.50 Coastal engineering, tidal dynamics and Paleoclimatology, or the study of ancient near-shore oceanography are the principal climates, assists the geologist in reconstruct­ subjects treated in this text. Fundamental ing land and sea distributions in the past. analytical concepts of wave theory are devel­ The use of oxygen isotopes in carbonate oped leading to their application to engi­ analysis has contributed greatly to knowledge neering problems in shore line and tidal of paleoclimates. This book describes the areas. method and its practical application in the AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ROCK­ various geological systems from the Devo­ FORMING MINERALS, by W. A. Deer, nian to the Holocene. R. A. Howie and J. Zussman. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, HYDROGEOLOGY, by Stanley N. Davis 1966, xi+ 528 pp., $11.00 and Roger J. M. De Wiest. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, Lon­ This single volume is a students' text edi­ don and Sydney, 1966, xi + 463 pp., tion of the well-known five volume Rock $12.50 Forming Minerals by the same authors. The organization is similar to that in the larger This is a companion volume to Geohydrol­ work, but condensed and presented to serve ogy by Roger J. M. De Wiest (John Wiley, the dual purpose of text and laboratory 1965). The emphasis is on the geologic manual for undergraduate courses. aspects of ground water rather than its fluid­ -H.C.S. flow aspects and the quantitative analysis of engineering problems. December 30, 1968