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Applications of Calcareous Nannofossils and Stable Isotopes To Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2007 Applications of Calcareous Nannofossils and Stable Isotopes to Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Examples from the Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Western Equatorial Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans Shijun Jiang Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES APPLICATIONS OF CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS AND STABLE ISOTOPES TO CENOZOIC PALEOCEANOGRAPHY: EXAMPLES FROM THE EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC, WESTERN EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC AND SOUTHERN INDIAN OCEANS By SHIJUN JIANG A dissertation submitted to the Department of Geological Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2007 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Shijun Jiang defended on July 13, 2007. ____________________________________ Sherwood W. Wise, Jr. Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________________ Richard L. Iverson Outside Committee Member ____________________________________ Anthony J. Arnold Committee Member ____________________________________ Joseph F. Donoghue Committee Member ____________________________________ Yang Wang Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii To Shuiqing and Jenny iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my mentor Dr. Sherwood W. Wise, Jr., who constantly encouraged and supported me with his enthusiasm, reliance, guidance and, most of all, patience throughout my Ph.D adventure. He also opened a door into my knowledge of the paleo world, generously shared his time and his wealth of knowledge, patiently guided me through a western educational system totally different from my own background, and has successfully fostered my interest and enthusiasm in teaching. He deserves all my words of praise and appreciation. I would also like to thank Drs. Anthony Arnold, Joseph Donoghue, Richard Iverson, and Yang Wang for their enthusiastic service on my committee and generously sharing their expertises and professional insights with me. Their support and insightful comments were invaluable at each stage of the dissertation process, and their contributions extend well beyond my dissertation. This long journey could not be so smooth and pleasant without their time and efforts. Funding for research related to Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 207 was provided by a U.S. Science Support Program grant (Task Order F001790) to SJ and SWW, and general laboratory support provided by JOI USSAC (for ODP Legs 183 and 207 [Task Order T308A33]) and NSF-OPP grants 0126218 and 0230469 to SWW. This research used samples and/or data provided by the ODP. The ODP is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and participating countries under management of Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc. There are many other people and organizations to thank when you have gotten this far, especially during a more than five-year-long Ph.D adventure in a foreign country with very different systems and cultures from my own. They are as follows. iv Much appreciation goes to the FSU Department of Geological Sciences for the financial support; to Nicole Bowens, Tami Karl, Mary Gilmore, and Ted Zateslo, thanks for taking care of those everyday but indispensable businesses during the process. Special thanks go to the FSU International Center, specifically Kristen Hagen for her assistance and outstanding work in the clearance of visa issues that I seem to always have, both in my home country China and Republic of Panama. Thank you to Velkis Candanedo, Carlos Langoni, Jeremy Brown (FSU Panama campus), Jack Baldauf (TAMU&ODP), Larry Obee (ODP) for their help when I got stuck with an expired visa in Panama. In particular, I would like to thank Velkis for her kind hospitability, accommodation, and fun tour around Panama City. A special thank you extends to my ODP Leg 206 colleagues and the ODP 207 Shipboard Scientific Party for their relevant contribution to this research. To Gary Acton and Tariq Ayyub, thanks for your friendship; to other members of the Leg 206 Scientific Party, ODP Shipboard Personnel and Technical Representatives, and Transocean Drilling Crew, thanks for making our experience fun and interesting; to Richard Norris (Scripps Institution of Oceanography), thanks for providing samples for my PETM research from the U-channel through the archive half of the core and use of his unpublished bulk carbonate isotope data on the Leg 207 materials. Invaluable tools brought much convenience and ease to my research. A big thank you to Mitch Covington (BugWare Inc.) for providing use of the patented nannofossil-counting program (BugWin 2K); to Dr. William Parker for the wonderful statistical programs; to FSU Nannofossil (Geology), Stable Isotope (Maglab) Laboratories (FSU Stable Isotope Lab has been supported by NSF grants EAR-0517806 and EAR-0236357), and Biological Science Imaging Resource (Biology), especially to Kristeen Roessig, Bryan Ladner, Audra Stant, Denise Kulhanek, Stacie Blair for help and discussion on sample preparation and exchange of ideas; to Yang Wang, Yingfeng Xu, and Dana Biasatti for facilitating the stable isotope analyses; and to Kim Riddle and Tom Fellers for assistance with the SEM work. v The constructive and insightful comments and criticisms from the following reviewers greatly improved the manuscripts submitted for publication: Drs. Gary Acton, José-Abel Flores, and Koji Kameo for Chapter 1; Drs Isabella Raffi, Jeremy Young, and Jackie Lees for Chapter 2; Drs. Gerald J. Dickens, Mitchell W. Lyle, Larry C. Peterson, Gary Acton, and an anonymous reviewer for Chapter 3; two anonymous reviewers for Chapter 4; Drs Paul Bown and Jeremy Young for Chapter 5; Drs. Alan Cooper, Timothy Bralower, and John Barron for Chapter 6. Cinthia Wise and Nicolas Thibault assisted with the French translation for Chapter 4. James Arney provided a preliminary delineation of the PETM interval in Chapter 6. Thanks to my friends here at Tallahassee, Hailin Deng and family, Chunfu Zhang and family, Xiaolong Hu and family, Xin Li, Yingfeng Xu, Shichun Huang, Xiaowei Jiang, Xiaojun Yang and Xiaode Deng, Xiaohang Zhang, the Furners (Chris and Zhan), Yi Cheng, Chunlin Huang, Zhiliang Wang, and my other volleyball fellows. I extend my gratitude for your friendship, sportship, and killing time together (fishing and poker), which together makes the stay in Tallahassee fun and enjoyable. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my direct and extended family (mom, father-in-law, brother and sister-in-law, sisters and brothers-in-law, nephews, and nieces), who even though have no clue of what I am doing, for their unending love and positive support on my choices and my steps of life for the past years. Thank you to my wife, Shuiqing, for the years of company in a foreign country, and your love and encouragement along the way; to my daughter, Jenny, for her sweet smiles that help me see a bright future in lows of life and for her patience and tolerance to allow me to grow as a great father; to my father and grandfather, who unfortunately cannot see this. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................x LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................. xi LIST OF PLATES ................................................................................................. xiii ABSTRACT........................................................................................................... xiv INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................1 Cenozoic Climate Evolution....................................................................................................... 1 Drill Sites, Objectives and Problems .......................................................................................... 3 ODP Site 1256, Eastern Equatorial Pacific............................................................................. 3 ODP Site 1259, Demerara Rise, Western Equatorial Atlantic................................................ 5 ODP Site 1135, Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Indian Ocean.................................................. 6 Paleoceanographic Approaches in Current Research ................................................................. 7 Principal Results, Chapter Arrangement and Publication Status.............................................. 10 1. UPPER CENOZOIC CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND INFERRED SEDIMENTATION, ODP LEG 206, EAST PACIFIC RISE ..16 Abstract..................................................................................................................................... 16 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 17 Materials and Methods.............................................................................................................. 18 Biostratigraphy Results............................................................................................................. 19 Quaternary (0-1.77 Ma) ........................................................................................................ 20 Pliocene
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