GeoArabia, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2006 Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

hank you again for another outstanding issue of GeoArabia (vol. 11, no. 1, 2006). There is Tabsolutely no doubt that GeoArabia is the best stratigraphic journal in the world. This is for the simple reason that the geoscience described in this journal directly uses and directly refers to Stratigraphy in all its aspects and in a very comprehensive manner. The published papers are outstanding and serve the upstream industry, as well as scientific research and educational institutions.

The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) is presently working on improving the highly popular program Time Scale Creator (TS-Creator©) that can be downloaded freely from the ICS website. This data base is coordinated by Jim Ogg and the program was developed by Adam Lugowski. It provides large bio-, magneto-, chemo- and chrono-sequence stratigraphic charts for specific basins and specific time intervals.

The ICS would like to extend this work to the Middle East basins by working closely with geoscientists from your region. In this regard we thank GeoArabia for explaining the studies conducted by the ICS to the Middle East geoscience community by publishing the feature on the ICS (vol. 11, no. 1, p. 159–160) and the following article. We look forward to hearing back from interested Middle East stratigraphers. Felix Gradstein Chair, International Commission on Stratigraphy

TS-Creator© - Chronostratigraphic data base and visualisation: Cenozoic-Mesozoic-Paleozoic integrated stratigraphy and user- generated time scale graphics and charts

Felix Gradstein and James Ogg

Summary

The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) has produced an electronic version of the international standard Cenozoic-Mesozoic-Paleozoic bio-magneto-sequence, time-scale charts. This JAVA package, called TS-Creator©, can be freely downloaded from the ICS website (www.stratigraphy.org).

Background

The calibration of the geologic time scale to numerical ages is an essential tool for Earth Science. There has been a progressive improvement of both the inter-calibrations of types of paleontology, sea-level oscillations and other events of Earth history, and of the assignment of numerical ages from radiometric dating and orbital-cycles tuning (= Milankovitch-type climate oscillations reflected in sediments).

In 1998, a team of specialists led by Jan Hardenbol (Exxon) published a detailed set of large-format charts summarizing the Mesozoic-Cenozoic correlations and ages of biostratigraphic (dozens of types), sequence stratigraphic, geomagnetic and other events through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras of the past 250 million years (Graciansky et al.,1998). These charts were scaled to the numerical age scales of 1995 (SEPM Spec. Vol. 54). Now these charts are being updated and re-calibrated to Geologic Time Scale 2004 (GTS2004).

The time-scale summary charts posted on the ICS website (www.stratigraphy.org) had attracted much attention and usage. These included the international divisions of geological time, and selected

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time-scale charts from Gradstein, Ogg et al. (2004), referred to as GTS 2004 (Geologic Time Scale 2004). In 2005, the ICS undertook the conversion and enhancement of the extensive Hardenbol et al. charts, plus inclusion of Paleozoic stratigraphic data. The project was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell.

Present Stratigraphic Products

Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Charts under development by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) include:

(1) Tables of Cambrian through Holocene stratigraphic events calibrated to Geologic Time Scale 2004 (GTS2004) ages. There are nearly 10,000 biostratigraphic, sea-level, and magnetic zones and datums, plus a suite of geochemical curves. Documentation of zonal definitions, relative age assignments, and how these events were recalibrated to the 2004 time scale was also compiled. This included updating cross-correlations and enhancing detail for selected stratigraphic methods (e.g., trilobites, conodonts, graptolites, ammonoids, fusulinids, chitinozoans, megaspores, nannofossils, foraminifera, dinoflagellates, radiolarians, diatoms, strontium-isotope and C-org curves, etc.).

Paleozoic sea-level sequences included the global compilation prepared for the GeoArabia journal’s Cambrian-Triassic Arabian Platform Cycle Charts of Sharland et al. (2004), and Haq and Al-Qahtani (2005). Numerical ages are calculated within the database using the calibrations; therefore, all ages can be automatically recomputed when control ages are improved in future time scales. Regional scales of selected areas (e.g., Russia, China, North America) are also included.

(2) Charts that display all of these events recalibrated to the GTS 2004 scale (Figure 1). These are in a similar format (but in color) as the original Hardenbol chart series (Graciansky et al., 1998).

(3) The recalibrated ages of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic events are compiled as a database for digital input to other databases and look-up tables. This enabled the powerful TS-Creator©display package (Figures 2 and 3).

Figure 2: Time-Scale Creator (TS- Creator) lets users create any portion of the geological time scale with choice of bio-magneto-chemo and other events in Earth History, including sequence stratigraphic patterns, regional stages, etc. All data are strictly peer-reviewed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). The program can be downloaded under www.stratigraphy.org. Charts generated are in SVG format and automatic input in standard drafting software.

Figure 3: Setting screens for Time-Scale Creator in which the user selects the desired time interval, and picks zonations and datums (only a small subset of the approximately 50 columns are shown here).

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The TS-Creator© Visualization Package

User-Generated Time-Scale Graphics include:

(1) An application (in JAVA programming language) called TS-Creator© has been designed that automatically takes the reference database, gets instructions from the user on the stratigraphic interval and stratigraphic information to be displayed, and then generates both on-screen and scalable-vector graphic (SVG) renditions that directly input into Adobe Illustrator and other drafting programs. As explained above, when future enhancements are made to the database of stratigraphic scales or ages, then new graphics can be instantly produced.

(2) Query-capable on-line charts. Click on a value, zone or boundary, and a window opens with an explanation of the calibration, definition and interpolated age. This “hot-linked” chart suite is currently a back-looking reference to information in the source tables, but in the future will also provide links to other tables and text from the Geologic Time Scale 2004 book, images of stage- boundary sections and taxa, and the additional enhancements anticipated during the “Geologic Time Scale 2008” update.

A Geologic Time Scale 2004

Edited by Felix M. Gradstein (Universitetet i Oslo), James G. Ogg (Purdue University, Indiana) and Alan G. Smith (University of Cambridge).

Paperback (ISBN-13: 9780521786737 | ISBN-10: 0521786738); Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP) http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521786738. Price: £40.00

Quotation from the publisher An international team of over forty stratigraphic experts has helped to build the most up to date international stratigraphic framework for the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. This successor to A Geologic Time Scale 1989 by W. Brian Harland et al. (CUP 0521 387655) begins with an introduction to the theory and methodology behind the construction of the new time scale. The main part of the book is devoted to the scale itself, systematically presenting the standard subdivisions at all levels using a variety of correlation markers. Extensive use is made of isotope geochronology, geomathematics and orbital tuning to produce a standard geologic scale of unprecedented detail and accuracy with a full error analysis. A wall chart summarizing the whole time scale, with paleogeographic reconstructions throughout the Phanerozoic, is included in the back of the book. The time scale will be an invaluable reference source for academic and professional researchers and students.

Contents Part I. Introduction: 1. Introduction; 2. Chronostratigraphy - linking time and rock; Part II. Concepts and Methods: 3. Biostratigraphy; 4. Earth’s orbital parameters and cycle stratigraphy; 5. The geomagnetic polarity time scale; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochronology; 7. Stable isotopes; 8. Geomathematics; Part III. Geologic Periods: 9 and 10. The Precambrian: the Archaen and Proterozoic eons; 11. The Cambrian period; 12. The Ordovician period; 13. The Silurian period; 14. The Devonian period; 15. The Carboniferous period; 16.The Permian period; 17. The Triassic period; 18. The Jurassic period; 19. The Cretaceous Period; 20. The Paleogene period; 21. The Neogene period; 22. The Pleistocene and Holocene epochs; Part IV. Summary: 23. Construction and summary of the geologic time scale; Appendices; References.

A Geologic Time Scale 2008

A Geologic Time Scale 2008 (GTS2008) is presently in preparation. It will be a full colour, fully updated, improved and expanded version of GTS2004. The book will be online under www.stratigraphy.org as a standard PDF file, plus a sophisticated search and browsing front menu. There are more

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chapters than in GTS 2004, including potential chapters on Planetary scale, Cryogenian-Ediacaran Periods scale, Prehistoric scale, Sequence Stratigraphic scale, and more emphasis on stable isotope chemostratigrapy. Use will be made of the most modern insights in error analysis of radiogenic isotope analysis for age dating; orbital tuning will be extended from Neogene downward into Paleogene and Cretaceous. Significant scale updates do not come so much from new age dates but from much progress in ICS with the formal definition of the boundaries of stages and periods in the Phanerozoic. For quick and easy use of GTS 2008 a pocket edition, not unlike an atlas of the Geologic Time Scale is also under planning by ICS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Gabi Ogg, James’ wife and fellow stratigrapher, was responsible for most of the graphics on the ICS website and the GTS 2004 book. The project was supported by ICS, Chronos, NSF and Purdue University, and sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil and Shell.

REFERENCES

Gradstein, F.M., J.G. Ogg, A.G. Smith, F.P. Agterberg, W. Bleeker, R.A. Cooper, V. Davydov, P. Gibbard, L. Hinnov, M.R. House (†), L. Lourens, H-P. Luterbacher, J. McArthur, M.J. Melchin, L.J. Robb, J. Shergold, M. Villeneuve, B.R. Wardlaw, J. Ali, H. Brinkhuis, F.J. Hilgen, J. Hooker, R.J. Howarth, A.H. Knoll, J. Laskar, S. Monechi, J. Powell, K.A. Plumb, I. Raffi, U. Röhl, P. Sadler, A. Sanfilippo, B. Schmitz, N.J. Shackleton, G.A. Shields, H. Strauss, J. Van Dam, J. Veizer, Th. van Kolfschoten and D. Wilson 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004. Cambridge University Press, 589p. Graciansky, P., J. Hardenbol, Th. Jaquin and P.R. Vail 1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins. SEPM Special Publication no. 60, 786 p. Haq, B.U. and A.M Al-Qahtani 2005. Phanerozoic cycles of sea-level change on the Arabian Platform. GeoArabia. v. 10, no. 2, p. 127-160 and 2 charts. Hardenbol, J., J. Thierry, M.B. Farley, Th. Jaquin, P.C. Graciansky and P.R. Vail, 1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins. SEPM Special Publication no. 60, 8 charts. Sharland, P., D.M. Casey, R.B. Davies, M.B. Simmons and O.E. Sutcliffe 2004. Arabian Plate Sequence Stratigraphy. GeoArabia. v. 9, no. 1, p. 199- 214, and 2 charts.

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Felix M. Gradstein is Chair of the International Commission on the Stratigraphy. Following retirement from the Geological Survey of Canada and Saga Petroleum Norway, he joined the Natural History Museum. University of Oslo as stratigraphy/ micropaleontology professor, where he is developing relational stratigraphic databases for offshore Norway. His activities have included quantitative stratigraphy (he chaired previous IGCP and IUGS programs). Ocean Drilling Program legs in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and coordinating compilation of Mesozoic and Phanerozoic geologic time scales. He is an avid skier and offshore sailor. [email protected]

James Ogg is a Professor of Stratigraphy at Purdue University in Indiana USA, and has been serving as Secretary-General of the International Commission on Stratigraphy of IUGS since 2000. His research concentrates on the Mesozoic and James Ogg (left) and Felix M. Gradstein Paleogene, especially paleoceanography (including ten DSDP- ODP drilling cruises), time scales of cyclic sedimention and magenetic polarity chrons, and integrated Earth history. [email protected]

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STANDARD MAGNETO- CHRONO- NORWEGIAN NORTH SEA MICROFOSSIL CHRONOSTRA- BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND EVENTS SEA-LEVEL TRENDS STRATI- ZONES AND BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC EVENTS TIGRAPHY GRAPHY

PLANKTONIC CALCAREOUS DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS DINOFLAGELLATE CYSTS FORAMINIFERS/DIATOMS/ SEQUENCE CALCAREOUS ALGAE CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY POLARITY FORAMINIFERA NANNOFOSSILS TIME Based on: Based on: Based on: Based on: Based on: Coordinated by (Ma) SERIES STAGES CHRONO- Berggren et al., 1998 (in Hardenbol et al., Berggren et al., 1998 (in Hardenbol et al., 1998) Powell and Brinkhuis (in GTS 2004) Smelror (personal communication), Gradstein and Backstrøm (1996), Kaminiski and J. Hardenbol, J.E. Neal, 1998) and Lourens et al. (in GTS 2004) and Lourens et al. (in GTS 2004) with calibrations after Williams et al., 1998 Mudge and Bujak (1996), Gradstein (2005), Gradstein (personal communication) N. Vandenberghe, ZONES G.A. Vakarcs, P.R. Vail

SYSTEM Millenium Atlas (2003)

ERATHEM Blow, 1979 POLARITY Sub- Bukry, Martini, Main Mega Berrgren 1973, Southern North Sea and Miller, Tropica l FAD LAD 1971 FAD LAD FAD LAD Central North Sea Sequences Sea-level Sea-level 1988 1975 (Relatively Rare) Trends Trends 0 CN15 NN21 0.29 c Holocene b b Emiliania Pseudoemiliania 0.44 0.45 Spiniferites 0.45 Melitasphaeridium choanephorum, Elphidium clavatum Cassidulina Upper and Middle Pleistocene Globorotalia tosaensis 0.61 CN14 NN20 Tectatodinium C. teretis 0.78 C1 PT1 a huxleyi lacunosa elongatus pellitum L. parviconvexa teretis Cassidulina scaldisiensis 0.80 Io 1 N22 M. choanephorum Tuberculodinium vancampoae (NSR 13) Neogloboquadrina pachyderma Pleistocene Lower Pleistocene 1.778 a b NN19 Cala 2 CN13 medium Gephyrocapsa b 1.62 1.46 Cala 1 1.81 Globigerinoides fistulosus 1.77 a 1.73 Selenopemphix dionaeacysta Amiculosphaera umbracula Discoaster brouweri 1.93 A. umbracula Cassidulina grossa 2.03 Ge 2 Quaternary PL6 G. pseudomiocenica (Indo-Pacific) d NN18 D21 Reticulatosphaera actinocoronata, Gelasian 2.581 C2 2.39 Discoaster pentaradiatus 2.39 2.42 Invertocysta tabulata 2.41 C. grossa (NSR 12B) Ammonia beccari Ge 1 Menardella miocenica (Atlantic) c NN17 2.49 Spiniferites R. actinocoronata Operculodinium janduchenei 2.49 2.59 PL5 b b Discoaster surculus 2.80 Pia 2 U Dentoglobigerina altispira CN12 pachyderma Cassidulina grossa LCO, Piacenzian PL4 3.13 NN16 a Discoaster Discoaster tamalis Melitasphaeridium Selenopemphix brevispinosa G. inflata (NSR 12A) Hyalinea balthica C2A Sphaeroiddinellopsis seminulina a Reticulofenestra a S. brevispinosa Globorotalia inflata, Monspeliensis Pia 1 N20/N21 Piccoladinium fenestratum 3.60 PL3 Menardella Hirsutella (G.) asymmetricus pseudoumbilicus 3.70 choanophorum 3.57 4.187 3.77 3.81 NN15 3.92 Spiniferites cf. pseudotepida, Sigmoilopsis PL2 miocenica margaritae b 4.13 (FCO) Discoaster tricorniculatus 4.15 Reticulatosphaera 4.16 Invertocysta lactymosa 3.97 Za 2 4.37 CN11 NN14 pseudofurcatus N.atlantica schlumbergeri, Nonion affine LCO b 4.52 Globoconella a Amaurolithus 4.50 4.45 L Zanclean Globoturborotalita b actinocoronata O. piaseckii Edwardsiella sexispinosum Za 1 Pliocene N19 (Globorotalia) c NN13 Ceratolithus rugosus primus (NSR 11) Neogloboquadrina atlantica PL1 a nepenthes CN10 5.12 5.03 Operculodinium Barssidinium 5.02 Operculodinium piaseckii 5 C3 puncticulata b 5.35 Ceratolithus acutus Globorotalia crassaformis 5.33 N18 Sphaeroidinella a NN12 5.59 tegillatum evangelinae Cristadinium diminutivum 6.033 5.72 Globorotalia d d Discoaster quinqueramus Globorotalia puncticulata 5.77 M14 dehiscens 5.91 Nicklithus amplificus 5.94 D20 Me 2 tumida Globorotalia 6.14 a C. diminutivum Neogloboquadrina humerosa Messinian lenguaensis (Pazific) c c B.metzmacheri 7.140 C3A NN11 6.91 Nicklithus amplificus Decahedrella martinheadii Bolboforma metzmacheri CN9 Selenopemphix Hystrichosphaeropsis (NSR 10) Neogloboquadrina acostaensis 7.528 C3B N17 b b 7.42 D. martinheadii 7.26 Tor 3/Me 1 7.25 b Amaurolithus primus 7.51 armageddonensis obscura 7.54 Hystrichosphaeropsis obscura Neogloboquadrina atlantica (dextral) a 7.85 a 8.11 Discoaster quinqueramus Labyrinthodinium truncatum L. truncatum Labyrinthodiniumtruncatum Globigerina bulloides C4 8.29 b 8.690 M13 8.58 Globorotalia plesiotumida Discoaster berggrenii Cristadinium cristatoserratum Cibicides telegdi 8.75 Barssidinium Palaeocystodinium 8.78 8.93 8.97 CN8 NN10 Palaeocystodinium golzowense Ehrenbergina variabilis C4A Globigerinoides Globorotalia evangelinae golzowense 9.22 Tor 2 Upper Tortonian 9.779 N16 extremus Discoaster hamatus 9.53 D19 Cassidulina subglobosa a lenguaensis P. golzowense Cerebrocysta poulsenii (Atlantic) CN7 NN9 E. variabilis Martinottiella cylindrica 10 a Cordosphaeridium minimum Neogloboquadrina pachyderma 10.57 Neogloboquadrina acostaensis 10.55 Discoaster hamatus (NSR 9B) CN6 NN8 10.89 Palaeocystodinium sp. A Cannosphaeropsis passio Bolboforma fragori C5 N15 M12 Catinaster coalitus Bolboforma spiralis Neogloboquadrina mayeri 11.47 11.41 (Costa & Downie, 1979) 11.45 N14 M11 11.63 b NN7 Amiculosphaera Palaeocystodinium sp. A Globorotalia 11.61 12.014 N13 M10 11.79 Ser 4/Tor 1 Globoturborotalita Fohsella 11.90 Discoaster kugleri umbraculum Lophocysta sulcolimbata praemenardii nepenthes CN5 c Achomosphaera C. passio Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi C5A M9b fohsi s.l. Neogloboquadrina continuosa DWAF N12 a NN6 12.79 Gramocysta verricula alcicornu 12.83 12.72 Ser 3 Serravallian 13.015 Fohsella robusta b Globigerina praebulloides 13.369 C5AA 13.13 D18 13.22 Unipontidinium 13.23 M9a/M8 13.41 Fohsella fohsi Achomosphaera 13.734 C5AB Sphenolithus heteromorphus 13.53 aquaeductum Uvigerina semiornata 13.53 Ser 2 13.65 N11 M7 13.77 Fohsella ”praefohsi” andalousiensis Unipontidinium aquaeductum 14.194 C5AC N10 a 14.24 Fohsella peripheroacuta CN4 NN5 Systematophora placacantha G.praescitula 14.24 Lan 2/Ser 1 14.784 C5AD N9 M6 Praeorbulina sicana 14.53 Cousteaudinium P. laticinctum 14.74 14.76 Unipontidinium 14.79 (NSR 9A) Globorotalia praescitula/zealandica NEOGENE Middle Orbulina universa Helicosphaera ampliaperta 14.91 aubryae U. aquaeductum 15 Langhian aquaeductum Sphaeroidinellopsis disjuncta Miocene C5B b 15.974 b Apteodinium Sphaeroidinellopsis seminulina N8 M5 15.97 Labyrinthodinium 15.97 Apteodinium spiridoides 15.97 16.27 spiridoides Spirosigmoilinella compressa Praeorbulina glomerosa CN3 NN4 truncatum Distatodinium paradoxum/craterum C5C a Hystrichokolpoma 16.77 D. paradoxum 17.235 16.97 Praeorbulina sicana D17 Apteodinium australiense Catapsydrax unicavus 16.97 Bur 5/Lan 1 N7 M4 cinctum 17.54 Globigerinoides trilobus 18.056 C5D 17.59 Globigerinatella a Cribroperidinium tenuitabulatum 17.54 Bur 4 M3 insueta s. str. Catapsydrax Sphenolithus belemnos 17.95 Asterigerina guerichi N6 CN2 NN3 18.28 18.12 Bur 3 Burdigalian 18.748 C5E dissimilis Triquetrorhabdulus carinatus Globigerina Exochosphaeridium C. tenuitabulatum 19.04 Sumatradinium insigne 19.05 ciperoensis Bur 2 C6 N5 M2 druggi Tityrosphaeridium cantharellus 19.44 Cordosphaeridium cantharellum C.unicavus Globoquadrina 20.040 20 (NSR 8B) praedehiscens Lower 20.43 C. cantharellum Siliceous biofacies Dentoglobigerina Aq 3/Bur 1 21.083 C6A CN1 c NN2 c Thalassiphora pelagica 20.65 Leptodinium sp. III Paragloborotalia kugleri 21.12 baroemoensis 21.767 C6AA D16 Caligodinium amiculum 21.44 Aq 2 b Deflandrea C. amiculum Aquitanian 22.02 Sumatradinium phosphoritica 22.03 22.564 C6B N4 M1 soucouyantae Deflandrea phosphoritica 22.38 Globoquadrina dehiscens b Chiropteridium galea 22.27 Chiropteridium galea a 22.82 Discoaster druggi Globigerina 22.96 Paragloborotalia 23.03 a/b NN1 23.02 Invertocysta Membranophoridium 23.09 Chiropteridium spp. Ch 4/Aq 1 23.03 Dictylcoccites bisectus 23.14 Aulacodiscus insignis var. (sp.3,4,5) officinalis C6C kugleri Globigerina tabulata aspinatum Chiropteridium spp. Cibicidoides mundulus 24.044 euapertura a Siliceous biofacies LCO Almaena Sphenolithus ciperoensis 24.04 Tuberculodinium 24.39 24.39 Distatodinium biffii osnabrugensis 24.915 C7 vancampoae Distatodinium N3 P22 biffii Membranophoridium aspinatum 24.84 Ch 3 25 25.295 C7A Siliceous b NP25 Chiropteridium lobospinosum D. biffii biofacies Chattian (NSR 8A) C8 c 26.21 26.714 Wetzeliella gochtii CP19 Areoligera 26.59 Paragloborotalia opima s.s. 26.83 Spiniferella cornuta Turrilina alsatica LO Upper 27.27 Pentadinium laticinctum semicirculata Sphenolithus distentus D15 imaginatum Spirosigmoilinella compressa LCO C9 b 27.59 Svalbardella cooksoniae 27.59 Dorothia seigliei 27.50 Ch 2 28.186 Wetzeliella symmetrica group N2 P21 28.45 b 28.43 Phthanoperidinium 28.43 Thalassiphora pelagica 28.45 28.45 Chiloguembelina cubensis a NP24 Distatodinium biffii Turrilina alsatica LCO Ru 4/Ch 1 C10 a amoenum S. cornuta 29.451 29.18 Saturnodinium pansum Enneadocysta 29.18 Phtanoperidinium spp. 29.45 Globoturborotalita angulisuturalis 29.45 Ru 3 a pectiniformis 30 Oligocene C11 N1 P20 30.04 Sphenolithus ciperoensis Rhombodinium draco Rhombodinium draco T. alsatica 30.627 30.42 30.27 Adercotryma agterbergi Annectina Turborotalia ampliapertura b Achilleodinium biformoides 30.53 Corrundinium incompositum (NSR 7B) 30.88 biedai Rotaliatina bulimoides NP23 Apteodinium Enneadocysta arcuata 30.88 Areoligera semicirculata Rupelian P19 CP17/18 Reticulofenestra umbilicus (Atlantic) 31.44 spiridoides A. semicirculata Reticulophragmium acutidorsatum D14 Deflandrea granulata Ammodiscus latus C12 32.19 a Lower Pseudohastigerina spp. Reticulofenestra umbilicus D. granulata Schizophacus cooksoniae Reticulophragmoides jarvisi 32.19 Ru 2 (low-mid latitude) 32.51 Spiniferites sp. 1 33.266 c NP22 Samlandia chlamydophora A. agterbergi Deep Water Agglutinated Foraminifera P18 Ericsonia formosa 33.05 32.99 Wetzeliella gochtii (Manum et al.,1989) 32.99 S. cooksoniae Achilleodinium biformoides b D13 Areosphaeridium (NSR 7A) (DWAF) LCO Subbolina linaperta 33.50 acme Clausicoccus subdistichus 33.63 Chiropteridium galea 33.52 34.00 CP16 diktyoplokum Areosphaeridium dictyoplokus Turborotalia pomeroli 33.9 P17 Turborotalia cerroazulensis NP21 c Reticulophragmium amplectens Pr 4/Ru 1 C13 34.16 a 34.35 34.782 Cribrohantkenina inflata Thalassiphora Glaphyrocysta 34.35 Ammosphaerodina Globorotalia P16 Discoaster saipanensis 34.78 semitecta Pr 3 35.404 NP19/20 reticulata A. dictyoplokus pseudopauciloculata cerroazulensis 35 C15 35.26 Turborotalia cunialensis 35.17 Isthmolithus recurvus Pr 2 Priabonian D12 b Areosphaeridium michoudii 35.31 Areosphaeridium michoudii (unnamed) C16 CP15 NP18 Thalassiphora Heteraulacacysta (NSR 6B) 36.512 36.24 36.24 Heteraulacacysta porosa Upper Marginulopsis P15 Chiasmolithus oamaruensis fenestrata porosa 36.84 36.95 a Chiasmolithus grandis 37.15 Rhombodinium Rottnestia 37.15 decorata 37.2 C17 borussica Reticulophragmium Bart 2/Pr 1 CENOZOIC perforatum Cibicidoides 38.032 b amplectens LCO 38.03 Porticulaspaera semiinvoluta D11 Heteraulacacysta? truncanus NP17 38.21 Wetzeliella simplex leptalea 38.21 H. porosa b a Reticulophragmium 38.54 Bart 1 P14 38.78 Rhombodinium porosum Corrudinium 38.78 amplectens Bartonian b incompositum C18 Globigerapsis beckmanni 39.46 39.43 Rhombodinium draco 39.43 (NSR 6A) P13 Chiasmolithus solitus 39.71 Areoligera tauloma 39.80 Globigerapsis beckmanni CP14 39.89 40 40.439 Cerebrocysta bartonensis Rhombodinium momboideum 40.4 D10 Ammomarginulina aubertae Karrerulina conversa C19 NP16 a Phthanoperidinium 41.19 41.590 P12 a Phtanoperidinium distinctum Ammomarginulina Karrerulina coniformis distinctum 41.67 Lu 4 D. colligerum aubertae Haplophragmoides kirki Blackites gladius 42.42 Cleistosphaeridium (NSR 5B) Morozovella aragonensis 42.60 42.66 Reticulofenestra umbilicus 42.66 Glaphyrocysta intricata diversispinosum 42.66 c c Recticulophragmium intermedium 42.98 Lu 3 Chiasmolithus gigas 43.55 Recurvoidella lamella Turrilina robertsi Middle Diphyes pseudoficusoides 43.68 Dapsilidinium pseudofiscusoides P11 Spiroplectammina navarroana Acarinina C20 Phthanoperidinium clithridium 44.27 Lutetian CP13 b NP15 b e Diphyes ficusoides 44.51 pentacamerata 45 45.00 Globigerapsis kugleri Cerebrocysta magna 45.14 Cerebrocysta magna S. placacantha Acarinina sp. 45.35 Chiasmolithus gigas Reticulophragmium 45.35 Lu 2

Eocene Enneadocysta 46.346 a a D. ficusoides Hystrichosphaeropsis costae intermedium 46.26 arcuata Wetzeliella articulata 46.26 46.57 Nannotetrina fulgens D9 d 46.66 (NSR 5A) P10 c Phthanoperidinium brevicornuta b b regalis Dracodinium pachydermum 47.04 C21 47.47 Lu 1 PALEOGENE 47.92 Eatonicysta ursulae Planorotolites CP12 NP14 Blackites inflatus Eatonicysta ursulae 48.05 48.599 b Membranilarnacia glabra Dracodinium condylos planoconicus 48.60 48.57 E. ursulae Subbotina patagonica 48.6 Hantkenina nuttalli a a Dracodinium varielongitudum 48.77 Dracodinium politum Acarinina densa Dracodinium varielongitudum Popovia spp. 49.43 Charlesdowniea Acarinina P9 Discoaster sublodoensis 49.64 Dracodinium pachydermum C22 columna 49.64 pseudotopilensis Yp 10 CP11 NP13 Areosphaeridium Membranilarnacia 50 50.30 Planorotalites palmerae a Planorotalites Yp 9 50.730 P8 Tribrachatus orthostylus 50.47 50.54 diktyoplokum compressa 50.54 Subbotina Morozovella formosa 50.77 c Dracodinium D. varielongitudum patagonia australiformis 51.17 Charlesdowniea aff. clathrata 51.17 Yp 8 D8 b Ochteodinium romanum simile (NSR 4) Morozovella formosa P7 51.69 Dracodinium politum 51.69 Yp 7 C23 CP10 NP12 a Charlesdowniea gracilis Acarinina Ypresian 52.648 52.16 coleothrypta Dracodinium solidum 52.16 soldadoensis 52.57 Morozovella aragonensis c Deflandrea Yp 6 D7 52.77 Dracodinium varielongitudum 52.77 Deflandrea oebisfeldensis Bulimina trigonalis Lower b oebisfeldensis Fenestrella antiqua 53.23 Discoaster lodoensis 53.35 Dracodinium solidum 53.35 b a Cerodinium 53.55 Yp 5 b NP11 53.75 Dracodinium simile wardenense P6 Tribrachatus contortus 54.09 D6 b 54.13 Fenestrella 54.09 Yp 4 CP9 a 54.35 Wetzeliella meckelfeldensis 54.35 54.52 Phelodinium D. oebisfeldensis Cerodinium speciosum antiqua C24 Morozovella formosa a b Wetzeliella astra Phelodinium magnificum a NP10 magnificum (NSR 3) 55 55.24 D5 Yp 3 Morozovella velascoensis 55.32 Discoaster diastypus a Alisocysta sp. 2 55.22 Yp 2 55.67 Tribrachatus bramlettei Th 7/Yp 1 55.8 b Apectodinium augustum 55.80 Apectodinium augustum DWAF (rare) P5 CP8 56.24 56.09 Th 6/Yp 0? 56.665 NP9 Cruciplacolithus eodelus c Spiroplectammina Globanomalina pseudomenardii 56.67 a Apectodinium DWAF LCO, incl. Rzehakina minima Th 5 c 56.97 Discoaster multiradiatus 56.93 homomorphum A. augustum Hyperammina rugosa Saccamina dentata 57.30 Acarinina soldadoensis Reticulophragmium Th 4 Thanetian CP7 NP8 Rottnestia placenta Reticulophragmium 57.55 C25 b 57.66 Discoaster nobilis D4 57.80 57.77 Th 3 57.90 58.14 b borussica Areoligera gippingensis pauperum pauperum Reticulophragmium 58.379 P4 Acarinina subsphaerica CP6 NP7 Heliolithus riedelii 58.12 58.32 Heliolithus 58.26 Alisocysta margarita Alisocysta margarita (NSR 2B) garcilassoi (rare) Spiroplectammina 58.23 Th 2 a Discoaster mohleri kleinpelli A. margarita 58.7 CP5 NP6 58.77 Areoligera gippingensis Palaeocystodinium 58.77 spectabilis LCO 59.17 Heliolithus kleinpelli a bulliforme + P. pyrophorum 59.32 Acarinina subsphaerica 59.40 Alisocysta margarita 59.40 Isabelidinium?viborgense Ammoanita ruthvenmurrayi Sel 2/Th 1

Upper Isabelidium? 59.99 CP4 NP5 Hormosina excelsa Labrospira 60 C26 b Globanomalina pseudomenardii b viborgense Cerodinium diebelii Selandian P3 60.48 Fasciculithus tympaniformis Ammoanita pacifica (rare) Cystammina sveni 60.78 Muricella albeari D3 Damassadinium Conotrochammina voeringensis Morozovella angulata 60.98 Cerodinium depressum 60.98 ruthvenmurrayi californicum 61.23 I. viborgense (rare) Ammoanita ingerlisae (rare) 61.650 a a Alterbidinium Thalassiphora cf. delicata (NSR 2A) 61.45 Sel 1 61.72 Praemurica uncinata CP3 NP4 61.73 61.73 + S. magnifica Gavelinella 61.7 P2 61.92 circulum Spiniferites cf. supparus

Paleocene Globanomalina compressa b 62.29 Cenosphaera lenticularis beccariiformis 62.17 Da 4 C27 D2 Palaeocystodinium Alisocysta reticulata 62.29 Alisocysta reticulata bulliforme Gavelinella beccariiformis 63.104 c 62.82 Elipsolithus macellus a Remesella varians 63.24 Senoniasphaera inornata 63.20 Senoniasphaera inornata Spiniferites Morozovella pseudobulloides 63.41 Da 3 P1 63.56 Praemurica inconstans CP2 NP3 Subbotina Danian C28 c cryptovesiculatus Globanomalina cf. compressa 64.432 b 64.28 Chiasmolithus danicus Xenicodinium pseudobulloides Subbotina triloculinoides

Lower Parvularugoglobigerina D1 64.53 64.53 S. inornata 64.50 64.71 b NP2 b lubricum Spongodinium delitiense (NSR 1) ‘Globigerina’ trivialis Da 2 Pα eugubina 64.91 64.86 Carpatella cornuta 64.86 C29 a Subbotina triloculinoides CP1 Cruciplacolithus tenuis Carpatella cornuta Globoconusa daubjergensis 65 65.5 65.500 65.32 65.19 a NP1 a Tectadodinium rugulatum 65.21 Da 1 65.50 65.50 Biantholithus sparsus 65.50 Palynodinium grallator ’Globigerina’ simplicissima P0 Parvularugoglobigerina 65.50 Carpatella cornuta Palynodinium grallator eugubina Globotruncana spp.

Global chart based on updated version by James G. Ogg and Gabi Ogg to: GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 2004 (F. Gradstein, J. Ogg, A.G. Smith et al.; Cambridge University Press); North Sea microfossil event data compiled by Felix M. Gradstein. Based on: Cenozoic Biochronostratigraphy: Jan Hardenbol, Jacques Thierry, Martin B. Farley, Thierry Jacquin, Pierre-charles De Graciansky and Peter R. Vail,1998. Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Chronostratigraphic Framework of European Basins in: Pierre-charles De Graciansky, Jan Hardenbol, Thierry Jacquin, Peter R. Vail and Martin B. Farley, Eds.; Mesozoic and Cenozoic Sequence Stratigraphy of European Basins, SEPM Special Publication 60.

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