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Expedition 356 Methods 4 Lithostratigraphy and Sedimentology 12 Biostratigraphy and S.J Gallagher, S.J., Fulthorpe, C.S., Bogus, K., and the Expedition 356 Scientists Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program Volume 356 publications.iodp.org doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.356.102.2017 Contents 1 1 Introduction Expedition 356 methods 4 Lithostratigraphy and sedimentology 12 Biostratigraphy and S.J. Gallagher, C.S. Fulthorpe, K. Bogus, G. Auer, S. Baranwal, I.S. Castañeda, micropaleontology B.A. Christensen, D. De Vleeschouwer, D.R. Franco, J. Groeneveld, M. Gurnis, 19 Geochemistry C. Haller, Y. He, J. Henderiks, T. Himmler, T. Ishiwa, H. Iwatani, R.S. Jatiningrum, 21 Paleomagnetism M.A. Kominz, C.A. Korpanty, E.Y. Lee, E. Levin, B.L. Mamo, H.V. McGregor, 23 Physical properties C.M. McHugh, B.F. Petrick, D.C. Potts, A. Rastegar Lari, W. Renema, L. Reuning, 28 Downhole measurements H. Takayanagi, and W. Zhang2 31 Stratigraphic correlation 34 References Keywords: International Ocean Discovery Program, IODP, Expedition 356, JOIDES Resolution, Site U1458, Site U1459, Site U1460, Site U1461, Site U1462, Site U1463, Site U1464, northwest shelf of Australia, Indonesian Throughflow, paleomagnetism, benthic foraminifers, planktonic foraminifers, nannofossils, downhole logs, physical properties, stratigraphic correlation Introduction depth profiles from precruise surveys. Once the vessel was posi- tioned at the site coordinates, the thrusters were lowered and a po- This chapter documents the procedures and methods used in sitioning beacon was dropped to the seafloor. Dynamic positioning the shipboard laboratories during International Ocean Discovery control of the vessel used navigational input from the GPS and tri- Program (IODP) Expedition 356. This introductory section pro- angulation to the seafloor beacon, weighted by the estimated posi- vides a rationale for the site locations and an overview of IODP tional accuracy. The final hole position was the mean position depth conventions, curatorial procedures, and general core han- calculated from the GPS data collected over a significant portion of dling/analyses during Expedition 356. Subsequent sections describe the time the hole was occupied. specific laboratory procedures and instruments in more detail. This information only applies to shipboard work described in this Pro- Coring and drilling operations ceedings volume; methods used in shore-based analyses of Expedi- All four standard coring systems, the advanced piston corer tion 356 samples and/or data will be described in various scientific (APC), half-length APC (HLAPC), extended core barrel (XCB), and contributions in the open peer-reviewed literature and the Expedi- rotary core barrel (RCB), were used during Expedition 356 (see the tion research results section of this volume. Operations sections in each site chapter). The APC system was used Site locations in the upper portion of a hole to obtain high-quality core. The APC cuts soft-sediment cores with minimal visual coring disturbance The seven Expedition 356 sites (U1458–U1464) are situated relative to other IODP coring systems. After the APC core barrel is along the northwest shelf (NWS) of Australia and comprise a 10° lowered through the drill pipe and lands near the bit, the drill pipe is latitudinal transect that targeted tropical reef and carbonate dia- pressured up until the two shear pins that hold the inner barrel at- chroneity related to Leeuwin Current intensity and Indonesian tached to the outer barrel fail. The inner barrel then advances into Throughflow/Indo-Pacific Warm Pool influence, the history of the the formation and cuts the core. The driller can detect a successful Australian monsoon, and a detailed temporal record of northern cut, or “full stroke,” from the pressure gauge on the rig floor. Australian plate dynamic subsidence. Previous work by both aca- APC refusal is conventionally defined in two ways: (1) the piston demia and industry on the NWS provided site data, including well fails to achieve a complete stroke (as determined from the pump completion reports, seismic data, wireline logs, cuttings, sidewall pressure reading) because the formation is too hard, or (2) excessive cores, and limited engineering cores that were used to guide the ini- force (>60,000 lb; ~267 kN) is required to pull the core barrel out of tial operations plan for each site. the formation. When a full stroke could not be achieved, additional GPS coordinates from precruise site surveys and adjacent indus- attempts were typically made, and after each attempt the bit was ad- try wells were used to position the vessel at all Expedition 356 sites. vanced by the core recovery (m). The number of additional attempts A SyQuest Bathy 2010 CHIRP subbottom profiler was used to mon- was generally dictated by the recovery length of the partial stroke itor seafloor depth on the approach to each site to confirm the core and the time available to advance the hole by piston coring. 1 Gallagher, S.J., Fulthorpe, C.S., Bogus, K., Auer, G., Baranwal, S., Castañeda, I.S., Christensen, B.A., De Vleeschouwer, D., Franco, D.R., Groeneveld, J., Gurnis, M., Haller, C., He, Y., Hender- iks, J., Himmler, T., Ishiwa, T., Iwatani, H., Jatiningrum, R.S., Kominz, M.A., Korpanty, C.A., Lee, E.Y., Levin, E., Mamo, B.L., McGregor, H.V., McHugh, C.M., Petrick, B.F., Potts, D.C., Rastegar Lari, A., Renema, W., Reuning, L., Takayanagi, H., and Zhang, W., 2017. Expedition 356 methods. In Gallagher, S.J., Fulthorpe, C.S., Bogus, K., and the Expedition 356 Scientists, Indone- sian Throughflow. Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 356: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program). http://dx.doi.org/10.14379/iodp.proc.356.102.2017 2 Expedition 356 Scientists’ addresses. MS 356-102: Published 26 February 2017 S.J. Gallagher et al. Expedition 356 methods Note that this advance-by-recovery method results in a recovery of The RCB is generally deployed when XCB coring reaches refusal ~100% based on the assumption that the barrel penetrated the for- (generally when the time to cut a core is >90 min), but it was also mation by the equivalent of the length of core recovered. When a used during Expedition 356 as an alternative to the XCB and to du- full or partial stroke was achieved but excessive force could not re- plicate XCB-cored intervals in order to recover cores with reduced trieve the barrel, the core barrel was sometimes “drilled over,” mean- disturbance (biscuiting). The RCB is the most conventional rotary ing after the inner core barrel was successfully shot into the drilling system. The RCB requires a dedicated RCB BHA and a ded- formation, the drill bit was advanced to total depth to free the APC icated RCB drilling bit. The BHA used for RCB coring included a 9⅞ barrel. inch RCB drill bit, a mechanical bit release (if logging was consid- Nonmagnetic core barrels were used during all APC coring to a ered), a modified head sub, an outer core barrel, a modified top sub, pull force of ~40,000 lb. In general, only the second APC hole from a modified head sub, and 7–10 control length drill collars followed any Expedition 356 site was oriented using the Icefield MI-5 orien- by a tapered drill collar to the two stands of 5½ inch drill pipe. Most tation tool (see Paleomagnetism) because of the variable nature of cored intervals were ~9.7 m long, which is the length of a standard the upper sediments. Formation temperature measurements were rotary core and approximately the length of a joint of drill pipe. In taken in many of the second APC holes to obtain temperature gra- some cases, the drill string was drilled or “washed” ahead without dients and heat flow estimates (see Downhole measurements). recovering sediment to advance the drill bit to a target depth to re- Once APC refusal was reached, or in many cases when the APC sume core recovery. Such intervals were typically drilled using a system was unable to be used because the formation was too indu- center bit installed within the RCB bit. When coring at many sites, rated at the surface (e.g., Site U1460), the HLAPC system was used. half-cores were sometimes collected with both the XCB (e.g., Site The standard APC system contains a 9.5 m long core barrel, and the U1461) and RCB (e.g., Site U1459) to improve recovery and when HLAPC system uses a 4.7 m long core barrel. In most instances, the rates of penetration decreased significantly. HLAPC system was deployed after the APC system reached refusal to extend the total piston coring depth (e.g., Site U1461). The Coring disturbance HLAPC system was also employed at a site when the upper sedi- Core material has the potential to be disturbed and/or contain ments or sedimentary layers were too hard to allow a full APC extraneous material as a result of the drilling process, core handling, stroke and too soft for XCB recovery (e.g., Site U1459). During use and analysis. In formations with loose granular layers (e.g., sand, of the HLAPC system, the same criteria were applied in terms of shell hash, coral rubble, etc.), material from intervals higher in the refusal as for the full-length APC system. Use of the HLAPC system hole may be washed down by drilling circulation, accumulate at the allowed significantly greater piston coring sampling depths to be at- bottom of the hole, and then be sampled with the next core. This is tained than would have otherwise been possible and recovery of referred to as “fall-in.” In most Expedition 356 cores from the south- more indurated material in the upper sections than possible with ern sites (U1458, U1459, and U1460), there was evidence of fall-in; the APC or XCB systems. when present it affected the upper ~10–50 cm of the cores.
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