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Optimizing Intensified Runoff from Roads for Supplemental Irrigation: Tigray Region, Ethiopia

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Optimizing Intensified Runoff from Roads for Supplemental Irrigation: Tigray Region, Ethiopia Optimizing Intensified Runoff from Roads for Supplemental Irrigation: Tigray Region, Ethiopia Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan MSc Thesis 14.22 April 2014 Optimizing Intensified Runoff from Roads for Supplemental Irrigation: Tigray Region, Ethiopia Master of Science Thesis by Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan Supervisors Prof.Charlotte de Fraiture. PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) Mentors Abraham Mehari Haile PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) Examination committee Prof.Charlotte de Fraiture. PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) Abraham Mehari Haile PhD, MSc (UNESCO-IHE) Eyasu Yazew Hagos Phd, MSc (Mekelle University) This research is done for the partial fulfilment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, the Netherlands Delft April 2014 ©2014by Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan . All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Although the author and UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education have made every effort to ensure that the information in this thesis was correct at press time, the author and UNESCO-IHE do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. Dedicated to my Family i Abstract The Ethiopia irrigation strategy highlights rain water harvesting from various surface conditions as a main source of irrigation water for small scale irrigation development at farmer's level. While ponds, dams, and in-situ water harvesting systems have been implemented, roads have primarily been built for transportation purpose – the additional benefits: rain water harvesting for supplemental irrigation, groundwater recharge have not yet been explored. As is the case in the study area of this MSc. research, lack of proper integration of road construction into the broader rural agricultural livelihoods has resulted in various negative impacts: soil erosion and gully formation in cultivated land, flooding of agricultural and inhabited areas, and reduced recharge of groundwater. Piloting on the Sinkata (Freweyni) - Hawzen - Abreha we Atsbaha 52 Km road in the Tigaray Region, Ethiopia. This research aimed at minimizing the negative impacts of road development and maximizing the benefits. It employed both quantitative methods - modelling (HBV and Aqua Crop) in combination with field observation and interviews as well as discussions with diverse stakeholders. The runoff generated was estimated from the roads using HBV model. The crop yields that correspond to different rainfall regimes were assessed using Aqua Crop. The contributions of supplemental rainfall to enhancing productivity were investigated with the same model. Field observation and interviews resulted in a better insight on how significant the negative impact of roads could be when they are not properly integrated into the overall agricultural and rural development programs. From the model simulation in every catchment, the calibration results of Calculated or simulated discharge for Agula and Sulluh are 326 MCM/year from 1994 - 2001 and 426 MCM/year from 1994 - 2002 respectively. Simulated result for Validation period for catchment Agula and sulluh is 499 MCM/year from 2002 - 2006 and 806 MCM/year from 2003 - 2006 respectively. The simulation result of the aqua crop showed that due to poor rainfall distribution, yield and biomass productions were reduced by 1.2 and 4.6 ton/ha. In some years, when rainfall shortage and distribution was extremely limiting, farmers were left empty handled - with no production to feed themselves and their household members. With supplementary rainfall the water scarcity and distribution inefficiency of the rainfall could be improved. The SPSS analyses of the interviews have reveled that 70% of farmers living on the study area were affected by the road side runoff as follows: 45 % of their farm land was exposed to temporary water logging and around 65% of the cultivable land was affected by erosion. This research has demonstrated that the road in the study area is having significant negative impact to the agricultural livelihoods, but that also it has a huge potential to be a key contributor to the enhancement of the livelihoods. The three major recommendations are :( 1) for the betterment of the impacts, it is suggested that Roads for water harvesting and multiple uses be mainstreamed in educational systems (2) There should be integration between relevant institutions and authorities (ERA, MoA as well as regional and zonal line offices) in making future road development plans. And (3) Awareness generation should be done to encourage farmers utilize the runoff from roads for productive purposes. Moreover, technical assistance and training's needs to be delivered at grass-root level. Key words: Rainfall runoff modeling, HBV, Crop water requirement, Aqua Crop. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest and sincere gratitude to, my supervisor Prof. Charlotte De Fraiture, for her critical review of my work and constructive comments and overall guidance. My special thanks goes to my mentor, Abraham Mehari Haile (PhD), for his valuable supervision, guidance, critical comments in the whole process of the research work. This research would not have been realized without the financial support from the Netherlands Fellowship Program (NFP). I also thank DUPC and Rain foundation (from the IFAD project) for providing me with supplementary research fund and grateful to UNESCO-IHE for the convenient study environment with all the required facilities. I also would like to thank Adey Nigatu and Dawit Tadesse for their great help in proof reading and their constant encouragement in all my stay here. Dr. Frank van Steenberg has been consistently encouraging me and giving me advice during my thesis work, especially in the initial phase and the field work. He deserves my sincere thanks and appreciation. I appreciate the assistance from Mr. Berihun and Atakilti Hailu, local community and agricultural extension experts in the study sites in guiding, organizing and facilitating discussions with farmers during the data collection process. I am grateful to Dr, Kifle Woldearegay for his great help and technical support in coordinating and facilitating the field work. I cannot forget to thank my dear friends, Tsiyon yinesulih and Freweyini Kidane. I am indebted to my extended family and friends back home for their constant care and encouragement all the time. Above all, glory be to the Almighty God for His presence to make my life meaningful in every aspect. iii Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii List of Figures vii List of Tables viii Abbreviations ix 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 1 1.2. Statement of Problem 2 1.3. Research Questions 3 1.4. Research Objectives 3 1.4.1. Overall objectives 3 1.4.2. Specific objective 3 1.5. Thesis Structure 3 2. Literature Review 4 2.1. Importance of Water Harvesting 4 2.2. History of Water Harvesting 6 2.3. Types of Water Harvesting Techniques 6 2.3.1. In situ rainwater harvesting (soil and water conservation) 7 2.3.2. Micro-catchment water harvesting 7 2.3.3. Macro-catchment water harvesting 7 2.4. Impact of Climate Variability on Agriculture 7 2.5. How Road Construction Links with Poverty Alleviation 7 2.5.1. Water from roads 8 2.6. Current Road Construction Development in Ethiopia 8 2.6.1. Road construction development in rural of Ethiopia 8 2.7. Water Harvest from Road Construction 8 3. Methodology 9 3.1. Description of Study Area 9 3.1.1. Topography 10 3.1.2. Climate 10 3.1.3. Water Source 11 3.1.4. Vegetation and Land Use 12 3.1.5. Geology 13 3.2. Road section of the study area 13 3.2.1. Assessment of slope stability 14 3.2.2. Drainage 14 3.2.3. Pipe and Slab Culverts 16 3.2.4. Bridge Widths 16 3.2.5. Location, Accessibility and Existing Road Conditions 17 v 3.3. Research Methodology 18 3.3.1. Field work and Data Collection 19 3.3.2. HBV and Hydrological Modelling 21 Data required for HBV model 24 3.3.3. HBV Model performance 24 3.3.4. Rational and the SCS Unit Hydrograph for Runoff Estimation from constructed road 25 3.3.5. Aqua Crop Model 29 4. Result and Discussion 36 4.1. Runoff from gauged catchment 36 4.1.1. Model calibration 37 4.1.2. Model Validation 39 4.1.3. Results of runoff from road 43 4.2. Crop water requirement and its potential 45 4.3. Result from Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 54 5. Conclusion and Recommendation 58 5.1. Conclusion 58 5.2. Recommendation 59 References 61 Appendices 64 Appendix A : Laboratory Analyses and Data used 64 Appendix B : Monthly dekade and GPS readings 67 Appendix C : Monthly areal rainfall map (2001- 2012) 72 vi List of Figures Figure 2.1 Agro hydrological flows indicating ”green” and ”blue” water flows and the two partitioning points determining the amount of plant available soil water in the root zone. ...... 4 Figure 2.2 General overview of rainfall partitioning in farming systems in the semi-arid tropics of sub-Saharan Africa. .................................................................................................................. 5 Figure 2.3 Classification of the aforementioned water harvesting systems. OWB: Open water basins; FWH: Flood water harvesting (Beckers et al., 2013). .............................................................
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