Strengthening Water Quality Data Generation and Management
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FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WATER INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PROJECT COMPONENT 2: STRENGTHENING WATER QUALITY DATA GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT Draft Final Report August 2009 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profile AWF African Water Facility AWLR Automatic Water Level Recorder BRA Basic Routine Analyses BRLi Bas Rhone Languedoc ingénierie BOC Bank operated cableway DCP Data collection platform DEM Digital elevation model EPA Environmental Protection Authority FTP File transfer protocol GIS Geographic information system GPS Global positioning system GrW Ground Water GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia GSM Global System for Mobile communication MoWR Ministry of Water Resource NMA National Meteorological Agency RBA River Basin Authority SuW Surface Water ToR Terms of Reference WMO World Meterological Organization Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. i Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management Ministry of Water Resources Figure 1 Groundwater terminology Ground water: Water occurring beneath the ground surface in the zone of saturation. Aquifer flow type: The principal aquifer flow types are confined and unconfined. Within each of these primary flow types, flow may occur through granular porous media (e.g. sand), through fracture networks in consolidated rocks, or through dissolution channels in consolidated rock. Confined aquifer: An aquifer bounded above and below by confining beds. Confining bed: A body of relatively less permeable or distinctly less permeable material, stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers. Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer in which the ground-water level near the ground-water surface is equal to the ground-water surface. An alternative and equivalent definition is an aquifer in which the ground-water surface is at atmospheric pressure. Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. ii Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS...............................................1 TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................3 ILLUSTRATIONS ..............................................................................6 TABLES.........................................................................................8 1. CONTEXT ...................................................................................9 1.1 General Geographical Context 9 1.2 Water resources and use 9 1.2.1 Water resources 9 1.2.2 Water use 11 1.2.3 International water issues 11 1.2.4 Policies and legislation 11 1.3 Environmental context: brief description 12 1.3.1 Surface water 12 1.3.2 Groundwater 23 2. WATER MONITORING PURPOSES..................................................... 32 2.1 Monitoring program types 32 2.2 Water bodies concerned 32 2.3 Spatial and temporal variations 33 2.4 Monitoring Objectives 35 2.5 Monitoring networks review principles 38 3. REVIEW OF THE EXISTING SITUATION .............................................. 41 3.1 Institutional context 41 3.2 Surface water network 44 3.2.1 Review of the existing surface water network 44 3.2.2 Major difficulties 47 3.2.3 Network density 48 3.2.4 Equipment diagnosis approach 50 3.2.5 C.I.M. Level 0: Sensors 51 3.2.6 C.I.M. Level 2: Transmission 53 3.2.7 C.I.M. Level 4: Data management 54 3.3 Groundwater network 54 3.3.1 Diagnosis approach 54 3.3.2 Review of the existing situation of the quantity network 54 3.3.3 Review of the existing situation of the quality network 55 3.3.4 Data collection and Groundwater Database 56 4. IMPROVING OBSERVATION AND DATA COLLECTION SYSTEMS ................. 57 Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. iii Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management Ministry of Water Resources 4.1 Network design 57 4.1.1 Surface water 57 4.1.2 Groundwater 78 4.2 Data Collection 87 4.2.1 Water level data collection 87 4.2.2 Water quality data collection 93 4.2.3 Sediment data collection 104 4.2.4 Resource needs for Quality data collection / Laboratory 117 4.3 Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition system- Equipments 118 4.3.1 Definition of SCADA system 119 4.3.2 Sensors – CIM level 0 119 4.3.3 Data Acquisition Equipment – CIM level 1 144 4.3.4 Data Transmission System: CIM level 2 146 4.3.5 Supervisory system: CIM level 3 156 4.3.6 Management data processing: CIM level 5 158 5. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS ................................................ 159 5.1 General 159 5.2 Data Processing plan 159 5.3 Distributed data processing – Advantages and Disadvantages 160 5.3.1 Advantages of distributed data processing 160 5.3.2 Disadvantages of distributed data processing 160 5.4 Data Processing activities at various levels 160 5.5 Functions availability and computer facilities 161 5.6 Availability of staff at various levels 163 5.7 Time schedule for data processing at various levels 163 5.8 Data processing 164 5.8.1 General 164 5.8.2 General processing procedures 166 5.9 Data Analysis 168 5.9.1 Analysis of Water Level Data 168 5.9.2 Analysis of Discharge Data 168 5.9.3 Analysis of Quality Data 169 5.10 Reporting 170 6. DATA MANAGEMENT ................................................................. 171 7. CAPACITY BUILDING.................................................................. 173 7.1 General 173 7.2 Recommendations 173 7.2.1 Institutional capacity building for project sustainability 173 7.2.2 Training plan 174 7.2.3 Technical assistance for WInKS 175 8. FINANCIAL ESTIMATION ............................................................. 176 8.1 Investments 176 8.1.1 Control centre 176 8.1.2 Groundwater site 178 8.1.3 Surface water site 179 Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. iv Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management Ministry of Water Resources 8.1.4 Options 179 8.2 Investment simulation 179 8.3 Operation costs simulation 180 Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. v Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management Ministry of Water Resources ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES Figure 1 Groundwater terminology .............................................................................. 2 Figure 2 Map of Ethiopia .............................................................................................. 9 Figure 3 Map of water resources in Ethiopia .............................................................. 10 Figure 4 Map of basins and sub-basins ...................................................................... 13 Figure 5 Simplified Geological map of Ethiopia .......................................................... 24 Figure 6 Simplified hydrogeological map of Ethiopia.................................................. 27 Figure 7 Hydro geologic cross section (showing groundwater circulation) ................ 29 Figure 8 Inter connections between fresh water bodies ............................................ 33 Figure 9 Typical water residence times in inland water bodies .................................. 34 Figure 10 Scale of time .............................................................................................. 34 Figure 11 Network optimization process.................................................................... 39 Figure 12 Gauging stations location........................................................................... 46 Figure 13 Number of stations per “upstream area” classes (table)............................ 49 Figure 14 Number of stations per “upstream area” classes (graphical) ..................... 49 Figure 15 The C.I.M. pyramid concept adapted to Water domain ............................... 50 Figure 16 Water level recorder obstructed by sediment............................................. 52 Figure 17 Range of the ionospheric waves................................................................. 53 Figure 18 HYDATA interface (quality) ........................................................................ 54 Figure 19 ENGDA Man Machine Interface ................................................................... 56 Figure 20 Surface water- hydrological network design .............................................. 58 Figure 21 Proposed locations for surface- water level stations.................................. 62 Figure 22 Surface water - Quality network design ..................................................... 64 Figure 23 Lake - Quality network design................................................................... 66 Figure 24 Proposed locations for - water quality stations .......................................... 68 Figure 25 Grid of criteria evaluation .......................................................................... 71 Figure 26 Classification of measurement sites for selecting the appropriate measurement ........................................................................................... 72 Figure 27 Surface water- Sediment network design .................................................. 74 Figure 28 Proposed locations for Water surface Sediment stations ........................... 77 Figure 29 Potential groundwater stations.................................................................. 80 Figure 30 Simplification of groundwater network (200 stations)............................... 81 Figure 31 example of a Water level station field record book