PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NET PROGRAM 2011 PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT PHASE I FINAL REPORT (DRAFT) 30th September 2011 PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 Contents ABBREVIATIONS iv PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1. ........ BACKGROUND ...................................................................................... 1 2. ........ TERMS OF REFERENCE ...................................................................... 2 2.1 .......... Objectives 2 2.2 .......... Comments of terms of Reference 2 2.3 .......... Watersheds Studied 3 3. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGIES ..................................................... 7 3.1 .......... Principles of 2011 PWIA – Phase 1. 7 3.2 .......... General Approach to undertaking the 2011 PWIA – Phase 1. 8 3.3 .......... Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology 15 3.4 .......... Social/Livelihoods Impact Assessment Methodology 24 3.5 .......... Economic Impact Assessment 27 3.6 Public Works Mapping: Methodology for the GIS Input 33 PART 2. KELETA WATERSHED: OROMIYA REGIONAL STATE 37 4. ........ Description ............................................................................................ 37 4.1 .......... Biophysical Characteristics 37 4.2 .......... Socio-Economic Characteristics 52 4.3 .......... Features of the Public Works Micro-Watersheds in the Keleta Macro Watershed 58 5. ........ Impact Assessment .............................................................................. 65 5.1 .......... Environmental Impacts 65 5.2 .......... Social and Livelihood Impacts 66 5.3 .......... Economic Impacts 78 PART 3: ZAMRA WATERSHED 90 6. ........ Description ............................................................................................ 90 6.1 .......... Biophysical Characteristics 90 6.2 .......... Socio-economic Characteristics 98 PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 ii PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 6.3 .......... Features of the Public Works Micro-Watersheds in the Zamra Macro Watershed 102 7. ........ Impact Assessment ............................................................................ 110 7.1 .......... Environmental Impacts 110 7.2 .......... Impacts on Livelihoods 115 7.3 .......... Economic Impacts 132 PART 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 144 8. ........ Conclusions ........................................................................................ 144 8.1 .......... Inventory and Mapping of Micro-watersheds 144 8.2 .......... Environmental Impacts 145 8.3 .......... Livelihoods and Social Impacts 145 8.4 .......... Economic Impacts 148 9. ........ Recommendations .............................................................................. 150 9.1 .......... Inventory and Mapping of Micro-watersheds 150 9.2 .......... Environmental Impacts 150 9.3 .......... Livelihoods and Social Impacts 151 9.4 .......... Economic Impacts 153 ANNEX 1. DETAILED TERMS OF REFERENCE 154 The methodology should include: 158 ANNEX 2. MICRO-WATERSHED SUMMARIES 162 A. Zamra Watershed ......................................................................................... 162 B. Keleta Watershed ......................................................................................... 166 ANNEX 3. WATERSHED AND MICRO-WATERSHED MAPS 168 A. Zamra Watershed ..................................................................................... 168 B. Keleta Watershed ..................................................................................... 173 PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 iii PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 ABBREVIATIONS BoARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development CBR Cost Benefit Ratio DMFSD Disaster management and Food Security Directorate DP Development Partner ENTRO Eastern Nile technical Regional Office FSP Food Security Programme GoE Government of Ethiopia Ha hectare IRR Internal rate of return IWSM Integrated watershed Management L litre LIU Livelihoods Integration Unit LZ Livelihood Zone Masl Meters above sea level NGO Non-Government Organisation NPV Net Present Value NRM Natural Resource Management PET Potential Evapo-transpiration Ppm Parts per million PSNP Public Safety Net Programme PW Public Works PWIA Public Works Impact assessment PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 iv PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 FRONT MAP 1. LOCATION OF TARGET WATERSHEDS PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 v PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND The Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) is a component of the Ethiopian Government‟s Food Security Programme (FSP), and is an essential feature of the food security investment strategy for chronically food insecure weredas of the country. The development objective of the programme is to contribute to reducing household vulnerability and improving resilience to shock. The PSNP provides resources to chronically food insecure households through: (i) direct grants to labour-poor, elderly or incapacitated individuals, and (ii) payments to able-bodied members for participation in labour-intensive Public Works (PW) activities. Since the launch of the programme in 2005, more than eight million beneficiaries that were repeatedly affected by food shortage have received transfers on a regular basis and have consequently been able to meet their food needs. Today PSNP is typically the major undertaking of the weredas where the programme is operational. It has attempted to bring together various Government, donors and non-Government stakeholders to work in an integrated manner to achieve food security for the chronically food insecure households. The PW subprojects include soil and water conservation activities, feeder- roads, social infrastructure such as primary schools and health posts, water supply projects and small-scale irrigation. The selection of activities to be undertaken under the PW component is driven by a community-driven planning process, based on need. The PW component of the PSNP accounts for approximately 80% of the PSNP budget. The PW programme during the last six years of programme implementation has enabled the creation of an estimated 180,000 community- level assets, planned and implemented through Ethiopia‟s Community-based Participatory Watershed Development approach. The majority of these involve the rehabilitation of natural resources, but also include construction or expansion of community-level infrastructure such as feeder-roads, health posts, primary schools, Farmers‟ Training Centres and support to various community-initiated small-scale agricultural activities. PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 1 PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 2. TERMS OF REFERENCE 2.1 Objectives The objectives of the Phase I PWIA are to assess the actual impacts and effectiveness to date of Natural Resource Management PW subprojects (NRM subprojects) undertaken in watersheds under the PSNP, and to make recommendations for improvement as appropriate. The study will assess: The extent to which the NRM subprojects form part and parcel of an integrated approach to watershed development; The impacts of the watershed development activities to date on: - the biophysical environment, and - the communities living in the watersheds, including PSNP beneficiaries; The contribution of the cumulative NRM subprojects to those impacts. 2.2 Comments of terms of Reference It is noted that the work involves the collecting of relevant data on the environmental condition of two watersheds, identifying activities have been carried out in terms of watershed development, assessing the impacts of the PSNP PW activities, analyzing the data collected, developing recommendations, and producing and presenting the final report. It also noted that the assessment of impacts should be both qualitative and quantitative, and cost-benefit ratios should be estimated for NRM subprojects in the watersheds examined. The section below on the Methodology outlines how the Consultants will undertake this work. It is understood that the focus of this PWIA is on the public works themselves and their environmental, social and economic impacts. The focus is thus not on the impacts of the FFW/CFW received under the PSNP on the recipients. This is the focus of the IFPRI-IDS Longitudinal Survey. The Terms of Reference note that secondary data will determine the following: PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1: 2011 2 PSNP PUBLIC WORKS IMPACT ASSESSMENT: PHASE 1 - 2011 % of PW plans developed following community planning guidelines by December 2010. % of public works have an established management mechanism at completion starting from December 2010. % of public works reaching satisfactory standards and sustainability ratings by December 2010. % of PW projects screened by ESMF by December 2010. The Consultants note that in fact this quantitative data is obtained during the Annual Public Works Assessment. However, it only conducted in selected sample woredas and that it is possible that the woredas within the two target Watersheds for this Impact Assessment may not have been included. In this case quantitative secondary data will not be available. However, the Consultants will endevour to make a qualitative assessment of this information. 2.3 Watersheds Studied The Public Works Impact Assessment (PWIA) of Phase I involves a team composed of four members: Team Leader, Watershed Development Expert, Socio-Economist and GIS Expert, who are assigned to perform an integrated assessment on