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2 / International Development Associationiao L Ivote The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Ethiopian Roads Authority = 2 / International Development Associationiao L iVote ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE FIVE Public Disclosure Authorized ROADS SELECTED FOR REHABILITATION AND/OR UPGRADING WOLDIYA-ADIGRAT-ZALAMBESSA ROAD Public Disclosure Authorized '.L,~~~~~~. y .. Public Disclosure Authorized Final Report October 1997 PLANCENTERLTD Public Disclosure Authorized [r jJ Opastinsilta6, FIN-00520 HELSINKI, FINLAND Phone+358 9 15 641, Fax+358 9 145 150 EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-Zalambessa Road Final Report TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................... i ABBREVIATIONS ...................... iv GENERAL MAP OF THE AREA ...................... v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................... vi 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background .... I 1.2 Location of the Study Area .......................... I 1.3 Objective of the Study ........................... I 1.4 Approach and Methodology of the Study ....... 2 1.5 Contents of the Report ........................... 3 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ... 4 2.1 Policy Framework Frarne..work 4 2.2 Legal Framework Frarnew..ork 6 2.3 Institutional Framework.....................I 8 2.4 Compensation and Resettlementtion.... .............. 12 2.5 Public Consultation 15 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ROAD PROJECT .16 4 BASELINEDATA ... 18 4.1 Description of the Road Environment ................. 18 4.2 Physical Environment ......................... 20 4.2.1 Climate and hydrology .20 4.2.2 Physiography .21 4.2.3 Topography and hydrography .21 4.2.4 Geology .22 4.2.5 Soils and geomorphology .22 4.2.6 Seismicity and earthquakes .23 4.3 Biological Environmentlogical ..........iro23 4.3.1 Land use .23 4.3.2 Flora .23 4.3.3 Fauna .23 4.4 Human and Social Environment .24 4.4.1 Characteristics of the population living by/along the road .24 4.4.2 Housing situation .26 4.4.3 Local economic activities by the road . 30 4.4.4 Social acceptability of the project .31 4.4.5 Construction camps 32 5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ... 36 5.1 Physical Environment . .36 5.1.1 Soil and erosion .36 5.1.2 Hydrological conditions and water quality ... 39 5.1.3 Nuisancenoise .39 5.1.4 Air quality .39 5.2 Natural Environment and Biodiversity . .40 5.2.1 Loss of terrestrial vegetation .40 5.2.2 Destruction of wildlife habitat and impediment to movement of wildlife .40 Plancenter Ltd i October 1997 EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-ZalambessaRoad Final Report 5.2.3 Encroachment into ecologically sensitive areas40 5.3 Human and Social Environment: Social Issues 40 5.3.1 Social acceptability ..................... 40 5.3.2 Resettlement/displacement of people ....... 40 5.3.3 Demographic changes .................. 41 5.3.4 Change in way of life ....... ........ 41 5.3.5 Impacts on women ..................... 41 5.3.6 Impacts on indigenous peoples ...... ...... 42 5.3.7 Induced development ................... 42 5.3.8 Conflicts between locals and immigrants . ... 43 5.4 Human and Social Environment: Economic Issues .44 5.4.1 Loss of agricultural lands .44 5.4.2 Loss of grazing land .44 5.4.3 Loss of property....................... 44 5.4.4 Employment opportunities .45 5.4.5 Change in economic activities .45 5.4.6 Effects on public and private services . 45 5.4.7 Impacts on national economy .46 5.5 Human and Social Environrient: Other Issues .46 5.5.1 Cultural, religious and historical areas . 46 5.5.2 Health and sanitary issues .46 5.5.3 Road safety .47 5.5.4 Public consultation .47 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES . .48 7 MITIGATION MANAGEMENT PLAN ... 49 7.1 Physical Environment . .49 7.1.1 Soil and erosion .49 7.1.2 Hydrological conditions and water quality ... 50 7.1.3 Nuisance noise .511 7.1.4 Airquality .51 7.1.5 Construction spoils .51 7.2 Natural Environment and Biodiversity . .51 7.2.1 Loss of terrestrial vegetation .51 7.2.2 Effects on wildlife and wildlife habitat . 52 7.3 Human and Social Environment: Social Issues .53 7.3.1 Social acceptability .53 7.3.2 Resettlement/displacement of people .53 7.3.3 Demographic changes .53 7.3.4 Change in way of life 54 7.3.5 Impacts on women .54 7.3.6 Impacts on indigenous peoples .54 7.3.7. Induced development .54 7.3.8 Conflicts between locals and immigrants .... 54 7.4 Human and Social Environment: Economic Issues .55 7.4.1 Loss of agricultural lands .55 7.4.2 Loss of grazing land .55 7.4.3 Loss of property .55 7.4.4 Employment opportunities .56 7.4.5 Effects on public and private sector 56 7.5 Human and Social Environment: Other Issues .56 Plancenter Ltd ii October 1997 EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-ZalambessaRoad Final Report 7.5.1 Cultural, religious and historical areas ...... 56 7.5.2 Health and sanitary issues ....... ........ 56 7.5.3 Public consultation ....... ...... 56 8. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ..................... 62 8.1 Soil and Erosion . .62 * 8.2 Terrestrial Vegetation . .62 8.3 Agricultural Land .62 8.4 Health and Safety . .63 8.5 Nuisance Noise and Dust . .63 8.6 Equipment Fueling and Maintenance . .63 8.7 Cleanup . .63 8.8 Monitoring of Social and Economic Issues . .63 9. TRAINING NEEDS ..... ........ 64 APPENDICES Appendix 1. List of Team Members Appendix 2. References/Baseline Documents Appendix 3. List of Organizations, Institutions and Persons Met/ Interviewed during the Work Appendix 4. Field Visit Programme Appendix 5. Minutes of the Public Consultation Appendix 6. NGO Questionnaire Appendix 7. Scoping List for Environmental Impacts Appendix 8. Baseline Data/Physical and Natural Environment Appendix 9. Baseline Data/Human and Social Environment PlancenterLtd iii October 1997 EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-ZalambessaRoad Final Report ABBREVIATIONS ADLI Agricultural-Development-Led-Industrialization EA Environrmental Assessment EELPA Ethiopian Electric and Power Authority EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIRR Economical Internal Rate of Return EPA Environmental Protection Authority EPE Environrmental Protection of Ethiopia (Proclamation 1/1995) ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority ETCA Transport Construction Authority EU European Union FA Farmers Association FDRE Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia m.a.s.l. meters above sea level MEDAC Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation NGO Non-governmental Organization NPV Net Present Value PA Peasants Association RGRRO Regional Government Rural Road Organization RSDP Road Sector Development Program TCDE Transport Construction Design Enterprise TOR Terms of Reference TFR Total Fertility Rate TGE Transitional Governent of Ethiopia Plancenter Ltd iv October 1997 * , PROPOSEDROAD UNDER RSDP TRUNK ROAD Phase 1 Phase 2 - ¢holt Uoqoiog Roo _ AOPt unodiog Rxd ux Gni u0-dIiN Rod G!.M_ pg0 d' Rood - _A=hrot Re'notb- Rxd AoeheRoNOMAJOR LINK ROAD Phase I Phase 2 upg disnqRond I- GrooMMoholtupnrding ucro,n s Rood Ro-d AsphO.tG,oM ogr~oog ROAD NEW CONSTRUCTION MAJOR LINK ROAD Phase I Phose 2 N- ChrooeN NRe Const-flioh ALL WEATHER ROADS - / ' ; t(t~~MKELE.,!' P-de Rox G iJ \ y lQ~~~~~~~~~~~~~-i <G~lRx.d _ R.I. t 'D/AWA* ' ~9 ] j1F RE Dote 5~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eEA; J GO'NMN O^ EThIOPLA KuT5J~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OTE ROA SET ! ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~KiOt. , 4'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' FEDERAL GOVEFtNk5ENTOF ETHIIOPIA; EMOl- ROtO AUMM THE EEMRONMENAL UAPC ASMNT OF THE ROADSECIR LOCATIONkWA! . _ .. Flgure I Dute ;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ EA Report for the Woldiya-Adigrat-Zalambessa Road Final Report EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background An EnvironmentalAnalysis of the Five Road Projects chosen for rehabilitationand/or upgrading as well as an EnvironmentalAnalysis of the Road Sector of Ethiopia, was commencedin May 1997.The Five Roadsinclude Alemgena-Hossaina-SodoRoad, Woldiya- Adigrat-ZalambessaRoad, Debre Markos-GondarRoad, Awash-Kulubi-DireDawa-Harar Road and Mojo-Awash-Mille Road. Thisreport is the environmentalanalysis of upgradingof the Woldiya-Adigrat-ZalambessaRoad. The environmentalanalysis study was carried out by an expert team of Plancenter Ltd (Finland)consisting of Finnishand Ethiopianexperts representing various expertise including environmentalimpact assessment (EIA) methodology,road engineering, environmentaland natural sciences,sociology and hydrogeology.The consultant team was complementedby a counterpartperson from the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA). The objectiveof this EA study has been to identifyand quantify - to the extent possible- the likelynegative and positivephysical, natural,human and social environmentalimpacts of the proposedroad work as presentlydesigned and suggest and produce cost estimatesregarding the required mitigatingmeasures to be implementedto avoid or minimizethese negative impacts. The methodologyused for carrying outthe work include(1) collectionand reviewof baseline data and relevantdocuments, including relevant World Bank directives,guidelines and other documents; relevant legislation, policy papers and guidelines of the Ethiopian road and environmental sector, as well as other relevant sectors; designs for the proposed road improvements;maps and literature; (2) interviewingorganizations, institutions and persons relevant to the work; (3) site visits; the whole road section was studied by the team; and (4) carrying out a public consultation involvingdifferent governmentaland non-governmental organizationsrelevant to the road section,interviews in variousoffices along the road as well as informalroad side interviews during the above site visit. A questionnairefor NGO's
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