DOCSLIB.ORG

Assimilation of Streamflow Observations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assimilation of Streamflow Observations Understanding the Impact of Human Interventions on the Hydrology of Nile Basin Headwaters, the Case of Upper Tekeze Catchments Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF HUMAN INTERVENTIONS ON THE HYDROLOGY OF NILE BASIN HEADWATERS, THE CASE OF UPPER TEKEZE CATCHMENTS Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF HUMAN INTERVENTIONS ON THE HYDROLOGY OF NILE BASIN HEADWATERS, THE CASE OF UPPER TEKEZE CATCHMENTS DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of IHE Delft Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Tuesday, 8 October 2019, 15:00 hours in Delft, the Netherlands by Tesfay Gebretsadkan GEBREMICAEL Master of Science in Water Resources Management IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands Born in Adwa, Ethiopia This dissertation has been approved by the promotor and copromotor Composition of the Doctoral Committee: Rector Magnificus TUDelft Chairman Rector IHE Delft Vice-Chairman Prof. dr. ir. P. van der Zaag IHE Delft and Delft University of Technology, promotor Dr. Y.A. Mohamed IHE Delft, copromotor Independent members: Prof. dr. ir. H.H.G. Savenije Delft University of Technology Prof. dr. W. Bewket Alemayehu Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia Prof. dr. G.P.W. Jewitt IHE Delft and Delft University of Technology Prof. dr. ir. R. Uijlenhoet Wageningen University & Research Prof. dr. ir. N.C. van de Giesen Delft University of Technology, reserve member This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019, Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael Although all care is taken to ensure the integrity and quality of this publication and information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers, the author nor IHE Delft for any damage to property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. A pdf version of this work will be made available as Open Access via http://repository.tudelft.nl/ihe. This version is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC, Leiden, The Netherlands [email protected] www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-0-367-42508-1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this thesis has been fascinating and extremely rewarding. First and for most, I would like to thank God for his protection and giving me a strength to complete this work. Without his blessings, this achievement would not have been possible. I would like to thank all who in one way or another contributed in the completion of this thesis. I am gratefully to acknowledge to my esteemed promoter Prof. dr. ir. Pieter van der Zaag for giving me the chance to study under his supervision. I greatly appreciate all the scientific guidance starting from my master thesis to the four years PhD study. I respectfully thank you for the trust, the insightful discussion, offering valuable advice, for your support during the whole period of the study, and especially for the timely response of my e-mails, critical comments, corrections and suggestions during writing articles. I will not forget those entertaining and helpful discussions with you at each step of my study. Without your continuous encouragements and supervision, I would not have completed this thesis. I have great pleasure in acknowledging my gratitude to my co-promoter Dr. Yasir Abbas Mohamed for his regular guidance, critical comments, corrections, suggestions and reviewing and shaping of the thesis to its current form. From Dr. Yasir, I learnt, not only the vast experience and knowledge in this field of catchment hydrology, but also how to write scientific paper in short and precise way. Without your encouragement and constant guidance, I would not have finished this thesis within four years. I also acknowledge my local supervisor Dr. Eyasu Yazew for his guidance, sharing ideas and the fun that made life easier during my field work in Ethiopia. I am sincerely grateful to the Netherlands Fellowships Programme (NFP) for their financial support in the form of a scholarship to undertake this study. I am also so thankful to the Tigray Agricultural Research Institute for the financial support and providing me vehicles during my field work. I would like also thank Ms. Jolanda Boots, PhD fellowship officer at IHE Delft for her continuous support in arranging air tickets during traveling for field work and overall handling financial issues during my study. I gratefully acknowledge data and information provided by the Ethiopian Meteorological Agency, and the Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources, Irrigation and Electricity. I also thank my family and friends who encouraged me, supporting and allowing me to be away for part of my study. I would most thank my wife Tirhas Abraha for all incredible sacrifice during my first year of the PhD journey. You were alone during your pregnancy of our daughter, Heran. I will not forget what you’ve made on my behalf during your pregnancy and delivering of our daughter. No matter what, I will love you forever, Titiye; no matter how much we argue, or how much I upset you, I’ll love you unconditionally till the day I die. My son Nathan and my daughter Heran also deserve my appreciation for your patience and grief while both your mother and I were away. Your sacrifice for eight months without mother and father will be with me like a handprint on my heart. Last, but not least I am deeply grateful to my mother, Kidan v Welderufael, and my father, Gebretsadkan Gebremicael, who have prayed for me from the first day of my life. Tesfay Gebretsadkan Gebremicael Delft, The Netherlands October, 2019 vi SUMMARY The Tekeze-Atbara river basin, one of the largest tributaries of the Nile basin, and shared between Ethiopia and Sudan, is crucial for economic development and environmental sustainability in the region. The upstream part of this river basin, and in particular its headwaters comprising the Upper Tekeze basin, is currently the focus of the Ethiopian government for economic development in the semi-arid areas of Northern Ethiopia. The government has committed itself to an ambitious plan to the eradicate food deficit of the region by utilizing water resources of the basin for irrigation and hydropower developments. Nevertheless, land degradation, water scarcity, and inefficient utilization of the available water resources are bottlenecks for achieving this ambitious goal. Availability of water resources for economic development in the region has been influenced by various natural and anthropogenic factors. Therefore, understanding variability and drivers for change of the hydrology of the Upper Tekeze basin and its implications on water availability is vital for enhanced water resource management in the region. The Upper Tekeze basin (~45,000 km2) is characterized not only by severe land degradation and moisture stress but is also known for its recent successful integrated catchment management experience. It is claimed that catchment interventions have caused enhanced water availability at different locations in the upper parts of the basin. But it is not scientifically known how these human-induced environmental changes affect the hydrological processes and what the downstream implications are. Previous studies focused at either experimental plots or very small watersheds, from which it is difficult to extrapolate and infer basin-wide implications. Therefore, this study aims at better understanding the impact of anthropogenic catchment management dynamics on the hydrological processes at different spatio-temporal scales and their implication to downstream flows. This is achieved by combined use of primary and secondary information, remote sensing data, laboratory analysis and assessment using hydrological models. Satellite rainfall products are an important source of rainfall information in data scarce catchments such as the Upper Tekeze basin. First, the performance of eight widely used satellite-based rainfall estimates (TRMM, CHIRPS, RFEv2, ARC2, PERSIANN, GPCP, CMap and CMorph), were evaluated against 34 ground measurements to identify which products are suitable for the Upper Tekeze basin. Comparison of these products with the observed rainfall were conducted using different statistical indices at different spatial and temporal domains. The result shows that the rainfall data of CHIRPS outperformed all other products at all temporal and spatial scales. Next, estimates from RFEv2, 3B42v7, and PERSIANN products were closest to measurements at rain gauges for the daily, monthly and seasonal time scales, and both at point and spatial scales. The performance of all products improved as the temporal scale increased to monthly and seasonal time step at all spatial scales. Compared to low altitudes, the Percentage Bias (PBias) at high altitude increased by 35% whilst the correlation coefficient (r) vii dropped by 28%. CHIRPS and 3B42v7 products showed best agreement in mountainous terrains. CMorph and 3B42v7 consistently overestimated rainfall relative to all rain gauges during the pixel-to-point rainfall comparison approach and at lowland areas during the areal averaged rainfall comparison. The other six products
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Climatic Controls of Ecohydrological Responses in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia
    Climatic controls of ecohydrological responses in the highlands of northern Ethiopia Tesfaye, S., Birhane, E., Leijnse, T., & van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M. This is a "Post-Print" accepted manuscript, which has been published in "Science of the Total Environment" This version is distributed under a non-commercial no derivatives Creative Commons (CC-BY-NC-ND) user license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and not used for commercial purposes. Further, the restriction applies that if you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. Please cite this publication as follows: Tesfaye, S., Birhane, E., Leijnse, T., & van der Zee, S. E. A. T. M. (2017). Climatic controls of ecohydrological responses in the highlands of northern Ethiopia. Science of the Total Environment, 609, 77-91. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.138 You can download the published version at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.138 1 Climatic Controls of Ecohydrological Responses in the 2 Highlands of Northern Ethiopia a,b b,c a a,d 3 Samuale Tesfaye , Emiru Birhane , Toon Leijnse , SEATM van der Zee a 4 Soil Physics and Land Management Group, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen University, 5 The Netherlands b 6 Department of Land Resources Management and Environmental Protection, Mekelle 7 University, Ethiopia c 8 Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life 9 Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, No-1432 Ås, Norway d 10 School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia 11 12 13 ABSTRACT 14 Climate variability and recurrent droughts have a strong negative impact on agricultural 15 production and hydrology in the highlands northern Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • Streamflow and Sediment Yield Prediction for Watershed Prioritization in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
    Article Streamflow and Sediment Yield Prediction for Watershed Prioritization in the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia Gebiaw T. Ayele 1,*, Engidasew Z. Teshale 2, Bofu Yu 1, Ian D. Rutherfurd 3 and Jaehak Jeong 4 1 Australian Rivers Institute and School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia; [email protected] 2 Ethiopian Ministry of Water Resources, Addis Ababa 1000, Ethiopia; [email protected] 3 School of Geography, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia; [email protected] 4 Blackland Research & Extension Center, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 720 East Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 6 August 2017; Accepted: 2 October 2017; Published: 12 October 2017 Abstract: Inappropriate use of land and poor ecosystem management have accelerated land degradation and reduced the storage capacity of reservoirs. To mitigate the effect of the increased sediment yield, it is important to identify erosion-prone areas in a 287 km2 catchment in Ethiopia. The objectives of this study were to: (1) assess the spatial variability of sediment yield; (2) quantify the amount of sediment delivered into the reservoir; and (3) prioritize sub-catchments for watershed management using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model was calibrated and validated using SUFI-2, GLUE, ParaSol, and PSO SWAT-CUP optimization algorithms. For most of the SWAT-CUP simulations, the observed and simulated river discharge were not significantly different at the 95% level of confidence (95PPU), and sources of uncertainties were captured by bracketing more than 70% of the observed data.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Response to Land Cover and Management (1935-2014) in a Semi-Arid Mountainous Catchment of Northern Ethiopia
    i Copyright: Etefa Guyassa 2017 Published by Department of Geography – Ghent University Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Gent (Belgium) © All rights reserved iii Faculty of Science Etefa Guyassa Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-arid mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen: Geografie 2016-2017 v Cover: view of Mekelle. Black and white photograph (1935) by © Istituto Luce Cinecittà vii Promoter Prof. dr. Jan Nyssen, Ghent University Co-promoters Prof. dr. Jean Poesen, Division of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium Dr. Amaury Frankl, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Member of the Jury Prof. Dr. Ben Derudder, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium (chair) Prof. Dr. Veerle Van Eetvelde, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Dr. Matthias Vanmaercke, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, University of Liege, Belgium Prof. Dr. Charles Bielders, Earth and Life Institute, Faculty of Biosciences Engineering, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium Prof. Dr. Rudi Goossens, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Prof. Dr. Sil Lanckriet, Department of Geography, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium Dean Prof. dr. Herwig Dejonghe Rector Prof. dr. Anne De Paepe ix Scientific citation: Scientific citation: Etefa Guyassa, 2017. Hydrological response to land cover and management (1935-2014) in a semi-mountainous catchment of northern Ethiopia. PhD thesis. Department of Geography, Ghent University, Belgium. xi Acknowledgements It is my pleasure to acknowledge several people and organizations for their contribution to this study.
    [Show full text]
  • WORKSHOP on the Experience of Water Harvesting in the Drylands Of
    WORKSHOP ON The Experience of Water Harvesting in the Drylands of Ethiopia: Principles and practices December 28-30, 2001 Mekelle, Ethiopia Mitiku Hailu, Mekelle University Sorssa Natea Merga, CARE Ethiopia Report No. 19 February 2002 Drylands Coordination Group 1 The Drylands Coordination Group (DCG) is an NGO-driven forum for exchange of practical experiences and knowledge on food security and natural resource management in the drylands of Africa. DCG facilitates this exchange of experiences between NGOs and research - and policy-making institutions. The DCG activities, which are carried out by DCG members in Ethiopia, Eritrea, Mali and Sudan, aim to contribute to improved food security of vulnerable households and sustainable natural resource management in the drylands of Africa. The founding DCG members consist of ADRA Norway, CARE Norway, Norwegian Church Aid, Norwegian People's Aid, The Stromme Foundation and The Development Fund. Noragric, the Centre for International Environment and Development Studies at the Agricultural University of Norway provides the secretariat as a facilitating and implementing body for the DCG. The DCG’s activities are funded by NORAD (the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation). This Report was carried out on behalf of the DCG branch in Ethiopia, which includes the Norwegian Church Aid in Ethiopia, CARE Ethiopia, ADRA Ethiopia, ADRA Sudan, Relief Association of Tigray, Women Association of Tigray and Mekelle University. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the DCG secretariat. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this publication are entirely those of the author(s) and cannot be attributed directly to the Drylands Coordination Group.
    [Show full text]
  • N Orwegian University of Life Sciences (N MB U)
    Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) University of Life Norwegian Incentives for Conservation in Tigray, Ethiopia: Findings from a Household Survey Fitsum Hagos and Stein T. Holden 666 Centre for Land Tenure Studies Report Incentives for Conservation in Tigray, Ethiopia: Findings from a Household Survey1 Draft 1998 Revised 2002 Reprint 2017 Fitsum Hagos and Stein T. Holden Department of Economics and Social sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P. O. Box 5033, 1432 Ås, Norway Summary Understanding the problem of land degradation in a given spatial and temporal context, requires looking at the community baseline conditions such as the natural resource base, human resources, existing institutions and infrastructure base, and how these conditions interact with policies and institutions to influence human responses and thereby affect productivity, livelihood security and the natural resource base. This study provides a description of the land users' priorities, attitudes and perceptions, household characteristics and socio-economic status, access to credit, and farm inputs, tenurial arrangements and variations in land quality and technology characteristics and their effects on the households' interest in and ability to invest in conservation technologies based on a preliminary statistical analysis from a survey of 400 households in 16 communities carried out in 1998. Furthermore, it poses important questions that could serve as basis for further rigorous econometric analysis and future research endeavor. I. Introduction The Ethiopian highland is one of the areas on the African continent with highest agricultural potential. War, policy failures, technology stagnation, high population pressure, land degradation, and drought have contributed, however, to Ethiopia being one of the poorest countries in the world (World Bank, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal and Spatial Changes of Rainfall and Streamflow in the Upper Tekez¯E–Atbara River Basin, Ethiopia
    Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 21, 2127–2142, 2017 www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/21/2127/2017/ doi:10.5194/hess-21-2127-2017 © Author(s) 2017. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Temporal and spatial changes of rainfall and streamflow in the Upper Tekeze–Atbara¯ river basin, Ethiopia Tesfay G. Gebremicael1,2,3, Yasir A. Mohamed1,2,4, Pieter v. Zaag1,2, and Eyasu Y. Hagos5 1UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, the Netherlands 2Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands 3Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 492, Mekelle, Ethiopia 4Hydraulic Research Center, P.O. Box 318, Wad Medani, Sudan 5Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia Correspondence to: Tesfay G. Gebremicael ([email protected], [email protected]) Received: 23 June 2016 – Discussion started: 29 August 2016 Revised: 28 February 2017 – Accepted: 27 March 2017 – Published: 19 April 2017 Abstract. The Upper Tekeze–Atbara¯ river sub-basin, part rainfall drive the change. Most likely the observed changes of the Nile Basin, is characterized by high temporal and in streamflow regimes could be due to changes in catchment spatial variability of rainfall and streamflow. In spite of its characteristics of the basin. Further studies are needed to ver- importance for sustainable water use and food security, the ify and quantify the hydrological changes shown in statistical changing patterns of streamflow and its association with cli- tests by identifying the physical mechanisms behind those mate change is not well understood. This study aims to im- changes.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability
    Cover Page from the graphics i To cite the proceeding Jemal Y., Mengistu K., Wassu M., Tesfaye L., Kibebew K., Nega A., Kidesena S., Nigussie A., (eds.), 2016. Proceeding of the National Workshop on 'Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices', January 15-16, 2016, Haramaya University, Ethiopia ii Office of the Vice-president for Research Affairs Theme: Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices Edited and Compiled By: Jemal Yousuf (PhD) Mengistu Ketema (PhD) Wassu Mohammed (PhD) Tesfaye Lemma (PhD) Kibebew Kibret (PhD) Nega Assefa (PhD) Kidesena Sebesibe (MSc) Langauge Editor: Nigussie Angessa (MA) iii Copyright ©Haramaya University All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without prior written permission of Haramaya University Printed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Inquiries should be addressed to: Office of Research Affairs P. O. Box 116, Haramaya University, Ethiopia Tel: (+251) 25 553 0324 / (+251) 25 553 0329 Fax: (+251) 25 553 0106 / (+251) 25 553 0325 iv Table of Contents Page No Keynote Address by President of Haramaya University VII Keynote Address by Zoa Program Manager IX I LEAD PAPERS 1 1 Greening the Economy through Climate Smart Agriculture: A Brief Review 1 of Global Experience
    [Show full text]
  • Basin Monitoringmonitoring
    CHAPTER 4 BASINBASIN MONITORINGMONITORING Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 75 KEY MESSAGES There are approximately 928 meteorologi- The current total number of national moni- There have been national as well as regional cal and 423 hydrometric stations in the Nile toring stations in the Nile Basin countries is initiatives to improve river basin monitoring Basin. Over 70 percent of the meteorological well below its historical maximum. Staff and in the Nile Basin. The Nile Basin Initiative has stations measure either just daily rainfall to- financial resources to operate and maintain recently completed the design of a Nile Basin tals or rainfall and temperature. Most hydro- the complete national network of stations regional Hydromet system. This system will metric stations measure river or lake water are limited in all countries. Automated data comprise a set of 323 meteorological and 79 levels. Monitoring of water quality, sediment transmission using modern technology is hydrometric stations, groundwater and water transport in rivers, and groundwater are at being newly introduced in many countries. quality laboratory strengthening and moni- their early stages in most countries. Data In all countries the potential use of data for toring use of remote sensing for monitoring transmission from the stations to central real-time water resources management is not river basin processes. The system relies on data repository in most countries is manual. realized because of a lack of telemetry and existing monitoring stations to be upgraded data processing and management systems. to meet the requirements as a regional mon- itoring network with few new stations added where no current monitoring stations exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Water Quality Data Generation and Management
    FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES WATER INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT PROJECT COMPONENT 2: STRENGTHENING WATER QUALITY DATA GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT Draft Final Report August 2009 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADCP Acoustic Doppler Current Profile AWF African Water Facility AWLR Automatic Water Level Recorder BRA Basic Routine Analyses BRLi Bas Rhone Languedoc ingénierie BOC Bank operated cableway DCP Data collection platform DEM Digital elevation model EPA Environmental Protection Authority FTP File transfer protocol GIS Geographic information system GPS Global positioning system GrW Ground Water GSE Geological Survey of Ethiopia GSM Global System for Mobile communication MoWR Ministry of Water Resource NMA National Meteorological Agency RBA River Basin Authority SuW Surface Water ToR Terms of Reference WMO World Meterological Organization Water Information and Knowledge Management System Project. i Component 2 : Strengthening of Water Quality Data Generation and Management Ministry of Water Resources Figure 1 Groundwater terminology Ground water: Water occurring beneath the ground surface in the zone of saturation. Aquifer flow type: The principal aquifer flow types are confined and unconfined. Within each of these primary flow types, flow may occur through granular porous media (e.g. sand), through fracture networks in consolidated rocks, or through dissolution channels in consolidated rock. Confined aquifer: An aquifer bounded above and below by confining beds. Confining bed: A body of relatively less permeable or distinctly less permeable material, stratigraphically adjacent to one or more aquifers. Unconfined aquifer: An aquifer in which the ground-water level near the ground-water surface is equal to the ground-water surface. An alternative and equivalent definition is an aquifer in which the ground-water surface is at atmospheric pressure.
    [Show full text]
  • By: Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan Shallow Wells/Ella Is One Among the Existing Water Harvesting Technologies to Improve Agricultural Production at Household Level
    By: Meseret Dawit Teweldebrihan Shallow wells/Ella is one among the existing water harvesting technologies to improve agricultural production at household level. Smallholder drip irrigation technologies can provide small-scale farmers with an affordable means. Benefits of drip irrigation: Save water and Increase crop production Alleviate hunger and generate additional income Flexible system and minimize women’s workload Challenge: Maintenance of drip lines and hand dug wells Lack of access of drip kits in local markets Require installation skills Require more investment than surface irrigation systems The overall, objective is to improve the livelihoods of Haramaya small-scale farmers, without degrading the scarce water resources, by increasing crop water productivity ratio with an appropriate, feasible and affordable irrigation technology. To achieve these objectives, the following components were identified: Enhancing farmers’ technical and institutional capacities o To increase the resilience of communities to climate change through water management Development of drip-irrigated farming plots o Agriculture is mainly pluvial because only 1.86% of the arable land is irrigated or 1/3 of the identified irrigation potential in the country. Interviews and focus group discussions were used to evaluate the presumption and acceptance of farmers to self supply and drip irrigation systems. The missing link in global irrigation has been systems for smallholders who need access to irrigated water or a way to stretch a scarce supply of water (Postel et al., 2001). Such systems would meet the following criteria: Affordability Divisibility and Expandability Rapid payback Fig: Schematic of a Bucket Kit Water efficiency System [source: Postel et al. (2001)] Fig Schematic of Shiftable Drip Fig: Schematic of a Drum Kit, micro tube version Systems [source: Postel et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling the Effect of Climate and Land Use Change on the Water Resources in Northern Ethiopia: the Case of Suluh River Basin
    Department of Earth Sciences Institute of Geographic Sciences Modeling the Effect of Climate and Land Use Change on the Water Resources in Northern Ethiopia: the Case of Suluh River Basin Dissertation to obtain the doctoral degree Submitted by Bizuneh Asfaw Abebe, M.Sc. Supervisors: Univ. Prof. Dr. Brigitta Schütt - Freie Universität Berlin Jun.-Prof. Dr. Wiebke Bebermeier - Freie Universität Berlin Date of the oral examination: 20.01.2014 This page is intentionally left blank. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Brigitta Schütt for her support and invaluable advices throughout the research period. Her many fruitful suggestions and careful review of the draft have made the production of this thesis possible. It was a great pleasure for me to conduct this research under her supervision. I extend my deepest gratitude for my second supervisor Jun.-Prof. Dr. Wiebke Bebermeier for her invaluable comment and support to my effort. This research work is financially supported from Engineering Capacity Building Program (ECBP) under the framework of university reform. I would like to express my great gratitude to all of them for making the fund available. Thanks are also to Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) for the scholarship and the supports I obtained. I would like to thank particularly my contact person madam Ada-Samira Osinski. I am thankful to the hydrology section of Ministry of Water Resources, National Meteorological Services and Ethiopian Mapping Agency for the provision of stream flow, Meteorological data and topographical maps respectively. I gratefully acknowledge the use of facilities at Freie Universität Berlin, department of Earth Science and Mekelle University, Ethiopian Institute of Technology for allowing me to use the resources like vehicle and geotechnical laboratory facilities during my field work.
    [Show full text]
  • Temporal and Spatial Changes of Rainfall and Streamflow in the Upper Tekeze–Atbara River Basin, Ethiopia 1 Introduction
    5 Temporal and spatial changes of rainfall and streamflow in the Upper Tekeze–Atbara River Basin, Ethiopia Gebremicael. T.G1, 2, 3, Yasir A. Mohamed1, 2, 4, P. van der Zaag1, 2, Hagos. E.Y5 10 1UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands 2Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands 3Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 492, Mekelle, Ethiopia 4Hydraulic Research Center, P.O. Box 318, Wad Medani, Sudan 5Mekelle University, P.O. Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia 15 Correspondence to: T.G. Gebremicael ([email protected]/[email protected]) Abstract. The Upper Tekeze–Atbara river sub–basin, part of the Nile basin, is characterized by high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall and streamflow. In spite of its importance for sustainable 20 water use and food security, the changing patterns of streamflow and its association with climate change is not well understood. This study aims at improving the understanding of the linkages between rainfall and streamflow trends and identifying possible drivers of streamflow variabilities in the basin. Trend analyses and change point detections of rainfall and streamflow were analysed using Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests, respectively, using data records for 21 rainfall and 9 streamflow stations. The nature of 25 changes and linkages between rainfall and streamflow were carefully examined for monthly, seasonal and annual flows, as well as Indicators of Hydrological Alteration (IHA). The trend and change point analyses found that 19 of the tested 21 rainfall stations did not show statistically significant changes.
    [Show full text]