Chapter 4 BasinBasin MonitoringMonitoring

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 75 Key messages

There are approximately 928 meteorologi- The current total number of national moni- There have been national as well as regional cal and 423 hydrometric stations in the toring stations in the Nile Basin countries is initiatives to improve river basin monitoring Basin. Over 70 percent of the meteorological well below its historical maximum. Staff and in the Nile Basin. The Nile Basin Initiative has stations measure either just daily rainfall to- financial resources to operate and maintain recently completed the design of a Nile Basin tals or rainfall and temperature. Most hydro- the complete national network of stations regional Hydromet system. This system will metric stations measure river or lake water are limited in all countries. Automated data comprise a set of 323 meteorological and 79 levels. Monitoring of water quality, sediment transmission using modern technology is hydrometric stations, groundwater and water transport in rivers, and groundwater are at being newly introduced in many countries. quality laboratory strengthening and moni- their early stages in most countries. Data In all countries the potential use of data for toring use of remote sensing for monitoring transmission from the stations to central real-time water resources management is not river basin processes. The system relies on data repository in most countries is manual. realized because of a lack of telemetry and existing monitoring stations to be upgraded data processing and management systems. to meet the requirements as a regional mon- itoring network with few new stations added where no current monitoring stations exist. The IGAD-HYCOS is another regional initia- tive that has supported member countries of the IGAD to upgrade their hydrological moni- toring network; some of these stations are in the Nile Basin.

76 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas introduction

Overview meteorological parameters. In addition Meteorological stations This chapter presents the current state to the stations that are established and River of water resources monitoring in the maintained by National Meteorological Lakes Country boundary Nile Basin. The focus of the chapter Services agencies, there are other net- Sub-basin is primarily on hydro-meteorological works that have been put in place for spe- The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries monitoring with additional information cific purposes. An example of such special provided on monitoring of water quality purpose networks is the 19 hydro-meteo- and groundwater. The information in rological stations that are operated by the Egypt this chapter is based on data compiled Kenyan Flood Diagnostics and Fore- by NBI from the riparian countries. No casting Centre (FDFC) in the Nzoia and information was available for part of the basins. Such networks are not Nile Basin that lies in Egypt and . included in the Atlas. The monitoring network presented in this chapter includes only those networks Overall, basic meteorological variables that are operated by national agencies for of precipitation, temperature, relative hydrological and meteorological moni- humidity and evaporation are measured in toring services. It doesn’t include those all countries. Automated weather stations monitoring stations that are established have been introduced in all countries and operated by specialized agencies for though the distribution and area coverage specific purposes. greatly vary between countries. Sudan Eritrea Meteorological monitoring Data transmission from the stations in There were 928 meteorological stations in most countries is manual. As can be seen the Nile Basin in the countries surveyed in from the table, telemetry is introduced in 2014. Most (674) of these stations measure only five countries, namely, DRC, rainfall only or rainfall and tempera- and . The telemetry system in DR ture while the rest measure fuller set of Congo is part of the SADC- HYCOS.

Ethiopia South Sudan

Democratic Republic of Congo

Uganda Kenya

photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: Rwanda Meteorological station at Entebbe,

0 125 250 500 United Republic of NBI countries, met stations summary Kilometers Burundi Rainfall or rainfall and Country Full Met Stations temperature measuring stations Burundi 10 21 National institutions responsible for meteorological monitoring DR Congo 3 0 Country Institution Institution full name Ethiopia 99 397 Burundi IGEBU Institut Géographic of Burundi Kenya 27 104 DR Congo METTELSAT Agence Nationale de Meteorologie et de Teledetection par Satellite Rwanda 24 11 Ethiopia MOWR Ministry of Water, and Electricity, National Meteorological Services Authority South Sudan 5 0 Kenya MEWNR Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources Sudan 38 48 Rwanda MINIRENA Ministry of Natural Resources Tanzania 17 25 South Sudan MEDIWR Ministry of Electricity, Dams, Irrigation and Water Resources Uganda 31 68 Sudan MWRE Ministry of Water Resources and Electricity 254 674 Tanzania TMA Tanzania Meteorological Agency Total 928 Uganda UNMA Uganda National Meteorological Authority

Existing meteorological monitoring capabilities Country Burundi DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Meteorological Automated stations Y N Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Telemetry N Y Y Y N N N Y N Precipitation Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Temperature Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Relative humidity Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Evaporation Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y "* Capability recently introduced Note: the Survey didn’t include Egypt”

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 77 Historical evolution of meteorological stations In most countries, meteorological mon- itoring started in 1900’s. The Hydromet Project (1967 – 1992) boosted river basin monitoring in the participating coun- tries, namely, Egypt, DR Congo, Sudan, Uganda, Burundi, and Rwanda. Over the years, however, the number of monitoring stations declined in some of the countries. Charts are provided for Burundi and Uganda to indicate the historical growth and decline in number of meteorological stations for which data was available. Evaporation pan Wind vane Photo: Nile-SEC Photo: Meteoroligical station at Entebbe, Uganda

78 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas Hydrometric monitoring In 2014, there were 427 hydrometric sta- Hydro meteorological stations tions in the countries included in the sur- River Hydrometric monitoring networks are vey. These registered stations primarily Lakes Country boundary defined as observations networks that measure river/lake water levels and river Sub-basin primarily measure stream flow related pa- discharge. In very few stations, suspended The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries rameters (primarily river/lake water levels sediment load at rivers are measured. and river discharge). Egypt

NBI countries, hydrometric stations summary Country Hydrometric stations Country Hydrometric stations Burundi 15 Sudan 18 Kagera 15 - Lower 7 DR Congo 0 Main Nile 8 0 Tekeze-Atbara 3 Ethiopia 176 0 Baro-Akobo-Sobat 27 Tanzania 19 Blue-Nile 126 - Kagera 7

Tekeze-Atbara 23 Lake Victoria - Tanzania 12 Sudan Eritrea Kenya 93 Uganda 66 Lake Victoria 87 Bahr el Jebel 1 Victoria Nile 6 Lake Albert 19 Rwanda 36 Lake Victoria -Kagera 2 Lake Victoria - Kagera 36 Lake Victoria -Uganda 14 South Sudan 5 Victoria Nile 30 Bahr el Ghazal 1 Bahr el Jebel 2 Baro-Akobo-Sobat 1 White Nile 1 Total 428 Ethiopia

South Sudan

Democratic Republic of Congo Uganda Kenya

Rwanda

0 125 250 500 photo: Kiwalbye Kilometers Burundi United Republic of Tanzania River Nyamugasani at Lake Victoria inlet

Most of the gauging stations employ staff Existing hydrometric capabilities gauges as the only instrument for water Hydrometric Burundi DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda level measurement. The available capa- Automated stations Y N Y Y Y N Y Y Y bilities of the countries with respect to Telemetry N N Y* N N N N Y* Y hydrometric monitoring are shown in the Water level Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y adjacent table. Discharge Y N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Reservoir/Lake level Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Telemetry for automated data transmis- "* Capability recently indtroduced sion has been introduced in Ethiopia, Note: the Survey didn’t include Egypt” Uganda and Tanzania recently.

Water quality and sediment monitoring Existing water quality monitoring capabilities is practiced in very few countries, which Water quality/sediment Burundi DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda is clearly a major gap in current monitor- Basic water quality Y N Y* Y Y N Y Y Y ing networks in the Nile Basin. In most Special water quality N N N Y N N Y N N countries there is not sufficient capability Sediment sampling Y N Y N N N Y Y Y (laboratories, mobile calibration labs, field "* Capability recently indtroduced Note: the Survey didn’t include Egypt” sampling kits).

In most countries, groundwater monitor- Existing groundwater monitoring capabilities ing is virtually non-existent. Comparative- Groundwater Burundi DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda ly, Uganda has the largest groundwater Water level Y N Y* Y N N N N Y observation network that includes 30 Water quality Y N Y* N Y N N N N groundwater monitoring stations. "* Capability recently indtroduced Note: the Survey didn’t include Egypt”

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 79 The situation with respect to data man- Existing data management and communication capabilities agement and data communication capa- Data Management / Burundi DR Congo Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda bilities is shown in adjacent table. None of Communication the countries with the exception of Kenya, Coop-data systems N N N Y N N N N N Uganda and Tanzania employ systematic Auto-access N N N N N N N N N data storage and management tools for Note: the Survey didn’t include Egypt” managing the hydro-meteorological data. Only in few countries, for example in Ethi- opia, Uganda, Tanzania telemetry system has been introduced to support near-real time data transmission.

History of hydrometric monitoring stations

Uganda is a typical example of the devel- opment in national hydrometric moni- torng stations. Expansion took place in the 1950’s and lasted up to 1970’s after which a decline took place. Presently the num- bers seem rather stable, but this does not necessarily reflect an output in terms of a steady flow of reliable data.

The exception is Sudan, where measure- ment of river flow started as early as 1902. Over the years, there has been a general decline in the number of stations that are kept operational or added to the network. Graphs that show how the number of stations evolved in the last several decades are provided here for those countries for which reliable data have been obtained. It can be observed that the early 1950’s and 60’s exhibited expansion of the monitoring network as more and more stations were added. The late 1960’s and early 1970’s showed considerable increase in number of stations due to partly the implementation of the Hydromet project that was a collaboration project between countries: Egypt, DRC, Sudan, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda.

80 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas current monitoring network

The Main Nile Sub-basin

The Main Nile Sub-basin: this sub-basin Nile system for irrigation. In addition, includes parts of Sudan and Egypt and evaporation from the High Aswan and includes, the Nile Delta, which is one of Merowe dams account for about 13 – 14 the most intensively cultivated lands in 109m3 of water per year that is approxi- the world since millennia. The Main Nile mately 78 percent of all the evaporation sub-basin is the part of the Nile Basin, from man-made reservoirs basin-wide. which receives least amount of rainfall. With increasing water demands under However, on the other hand, this is the increased climatic variability, it is crucial part of Nile Basin which exhibits most of to strengthen monitoring of water use the consumptive water use. It accounts patterns and evapo-transpiration in this for approximately 80 percent of the total part of the Nile Basin. estimated water abstraction from the photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: Stream gauge

Meteorological monitoring network in the map below. 11 stations are reported Hydrometric stations water level and discharge. A new station There are 26 meteorological stations in to measure the full range of meteorolog- There are 8 hydrometric stations in has been established recently at Merowe Sudan within the Main Nile sub-basin. ical parameters and the rest 7 measure the sub-basin in Sudan. The number of dam (commissioned in 2009). The distribution of the stations is shown daily rainfall totals only. stations in Egypt, i.e. downstream of the High Aswan Dam is not included in the Main issues that require strengthened survey results. The oldest station, Main monitoring in this sub-basin are water

Meteorological stations Nile at Thamaniat was established in 1912 quality deterioration, sediment load and Tir'at al-Sahil Town Tir'at an Nubariyyah and, hence, has over 100 years of records. sand encroachment and water loss through River Country boundary The ultimate downstream station before river bank overflows. Dongola, Tamaniat Tirat al ismailia Subbasin the Nile enters the High Aswan Dam is at and Hassanab stations are included in the

The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Dongola, which was established in 1923. Nile Basin Regional Hydromet Network Three stations, namely, Tamaniat, Dongo- with main strengthening required in sedi- la, measure sediment loads in addition to ment and water quality monitoring.

Main Nile

Egypt Hydrometeorological station Tukh Canal Town River Country boundary Sub-basin

The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries

6

Main Nile

W. Shigrib Egypt

Wadi Keheili 15 W. Kuwa

Tukh Canal El Gur K. Abu Dueim

W. Moglal 1 W. Amun 10 3 W. Iot K. Abu Haraz Wadi Amu Main Nile 11 4 W. Abu Dom W. Okliss 13 W. Barkol W. Habob Wadi Hawar 9 2 7 14 17 Sudan Wadi El Hawad

Wadi Al Malik 5 16

Wadi El Mogadam El Wadi W. Tibna 12 18 Eritrea 8 W. Shigrib

Wadi El Hamad El Wadi Wadi Keheili

W. Kuwa K. Abu Dueim

Tekeze-Atbara El Gur

24 23 20 W. Moglal W. Amun Bahr El Gazal 19 7 Blue Nile K. Abu Haraz 6 W. Iot 25 White Nile Wadi Amu 21 Main Nile 4 26 Ethiopia 5 0 55 110 220 22 W. Okliss 3 W. Habob W. Abu Dom

Kilometers W. Barkol W.Kurmat 2 Wadi Hawar Sudan Wadi El Mogadam W. Umm Bahr No Name of Station 7 El Hudeiba 14 Damer 21 Rabwa Station Wadi El Hawad 1 Abu Hammad 8 Shambat 15 Station no.6 22 Shaboola W. Tibna Wadi Al Malik W. Awatib 2 El Showak 9 Eldamer 16 Turagma 23 Sodari 3 Dongola 10 Gumaiza 17 Zeidab 24 Um bader 1 Eritrea 4 Karima 11 Merowe Dam Axis Left Bank 18 Abu hamra 25 Um Karoam

5 Shendi 12 Algoz 19 Hamrat Alsheikh 26 Goz Ashger Hamad El Wadi 6 Wadi Halfa 13 Bauga 20 Kogmer Tekeze-Atbara

Blue Nile White Nile Bahr El Gazal Ethiopia 0 55 110 220 Kilometers

1 Tamanyat 3 Merowe Bridge 5 Merowe Dam Axis Upstream 7 ElKuru 2 Barbar 4 Merowe Dam Axis Downstream 6 Dongola

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 81 The Tekeze–Atbara Sub-basin

The Tekeze-Atbara Sub-basin: the reaches. The long-term average annual in the sub-basin, the TK5 in Ethiopia Tekeze-Atbara drains the highlands of water yield of the sub-basin is approxi- (commissioned in 2009), Khashm el Girba central – north Ethiopia. Its main rivers mately 12 109 m3. The rivers are highly in Sudan (commissioned in 1964) and the are the Tekeze (also known as Setit in its seasonal in their flows. The rivers are used Atbara dam complex (also known as Ru- lower reaches), Gwang and Atbara, which to supply water for hydropower genera- mela-Burdana dam, not yet operational). constitutes the ultimate downstream river tion and irrigation. There are three dams

Meteorological monitoring network Meteorological stations Town There are 136 meteorological stations Main Nile River K. Arab in the sub-basin, with 128 of them in K. Eigaikwat Country boundary K. Deri K. TohamiyamK. Asot W. Arab K. Serobit Subbasin Ethiopia and 8 in Sudan. The distribution W. Mahaleit 143 Berber The NBI is not an authority of the stations is shown in the map. 30 KAdarot on international boundaries Atbara stations (26 in Ethiopia and 4 in Sudan)

Khor Gura Ed Damir are reported to measure the full range of 139 k. dernadeb K. Orgein meteorological parameters and the rest Tekeze Atbara K. Derudeb

K. Umm Safa Nile-SEC photo: K. Amab 106 measure daily rainfall totals only. Wind vane Atbara River

K. Tikrid 134 No Name of Station 39 Adiremets 78 Hamusit 117 Asketema 133 141 136 1 Debark 40 Aditsetser 79 Kewzeba 118 Dabo Ketema 140 148 131 2 Humera 41 Badme 80 Sekota 119 Kulmesk Sudan 152 Aroma 3 Metema 42 Biezet 81 Telajen/Hamusit 120 Muja 137 Eritrea 129 4 Sanja 43 Bora 82 Zata 121 Kassala 153 5 44 Daro Hafash 83 Adidaro 122 New Halfa 147 K. Garatit 130 138 6 Atsebi 45 Debrekerbe 84 Dabat 123 Khashm Elgirba 135 122 K. Mindia 121 Qash River 7 May Tsebri 46 Dera 85 Dib Bahir 124 Elshwak New Halfa Mereb 8 Maygaba 47 Dimma 86 Felwuha 125 Fireweini Aykelem Dekemhare 9 Nebelet 48 Edaga Selus 87 Gedebeye 126 Shiraro 123 132 Teseney 10 Senkata 49 Edaga Hibret 88 Gobgob 127 Tekeze Hydro power Adi Keyh 11 Shire Endasilasse 50 Endabaguna 89 Kimir Dingay 128 Wad alheleo 41 12 Amde Work 51 Feresmay 90 Negadebaher 129 Aroma Sitona 13 Lalibela 52 Finarawa 91 Tikil Dengay 130 Banrt Tekeze-Atbara 35 Melgu 110 14 Tsitsika 53 Gelebeda 92 Welela bahir 131 Degen Shuwak 146 126 113 57 109 May Tsaida 67 62 15 Air Port 54 Gijjet 93 Zerma 132 Gashm algerba 94 71 108 124 40 102 42 128 66 5 63 16 Mekele Air Port 55 Guroro 94 Adidaro 133 Goz Ragab 36 38 106 2 31 61 100 64 51 Durkutan 65 8 15 9 17 Adi Arkay 56 Hagere Selam 95 Adigudom 134 Hadalia 151 125 10 27 11 107 58 46 Al Qadarif 37 Gereb 49 50 45 44 18 Agere Genet 57 Halelo 96 Adigebru 135 Halfa Elgadida 21 30 150 149 48 Werei 6 19 Ambagiorgis 58 97 Adishehu 136 Matateb 96 115 69 39 Uri 116 20 Ashere 59 Hewane 98 Agibe 137 Mekali 145 Ruwasa 55 142 47 53 99 112 Mekeza 103 7 34 56 21 Baeker 60 Ketema Negus 99 Agulai 138 Mokram Kaza Goha 98 144 17 Giba 101 16 22 Belesa (Hamusit) 61 Mayhanes 100 Asegede 139 Sidon Al Hawata 60 127 Angereb 93 83 54 105 23 Chanchok 62 Merhsenay 101 Aynalem 140 Tendalayi 24 70 20 33 25 85 95 24 Chenek 63 Muglat 102 Chila 141 Togan Jarma 114 Dinder 1 52 59 25 Chew Ber 64 Rahya 103 Dansha 142 Tomorgu 86 104 Bera 32 26 Ebinat 65 Selehelehe (IV) 104 Debud 143 Barbar 4 84 Tekeze Blue Nile Ethiopia 43 97 27 Endris 66 Semema 105 Dengolet 144 Doka 87 14 3 91 19 76 68 28 Guhala 67 Shiraro 106 Edaga Hamus 145 ElGuraish Rahad Tirare 23 81 80 111 29 Ibnat 68 Wedisemro 107 Edagaribi 146 Showak 90 154 Gonder 79 77 82 30 Kafta 69 Wukuro 108 Enticho 147 Elazaza North 12 31 Mykadra 70 Yichila 109 Fatsi 148 Es salama 22 78 Meri 74 117 28 32 Mekane Birhane 71 Yiha 110 Gerehu Srnay 149 Hillat Hakuma 73 29 72 33 Tegdie (Kirakir) 72 Ayna Bugna 111 Hashenge 150 shasheina Blue Nile 13 Lake Tana 26 Yimra 34 Abi Adi 73 Belebala Giyorgis 112 Haykmshal 151 Um brakeit 92 120 118 35 Adiawala 74 Chilla 113 Rama 152 Um Grgor 89 18 119 0 50 100 200 88 36 Adigoshu 75 Dibiko 114 Samre 153 Um Rahau 75 37 Adikilte 76 Esrel (Libanos) 115 Tsegereda 154 Aykel White Nile Kilometers 38 Adimehemeday 77 Gibana 116 Workamba

Hydrometric stations Hydrometeorological Station K. Arab there are 26 hydrometric stations in the Main Nile Town K. EigaikwatK. Deri River sub-basin; 23 in Ethiopia and the rest K. Tohamiyam K. Asot W. Arab K. Serobit Country Boundary 3 in Sudan. The oldest station, Atbara W. Mahaleit Sub-basin Berber near Kilo 3 was established in 1923. Most KAdarot The NBI is not an authority Atbara on international boundaries stations in Ethiopia were established after

Ed Damir Khor Gura W. Hilgi k. dernadeb the mid 1970’s. All stations measure river

K. Orgein K. Derudeb water level with most stations employing K. Umm Safa manual staff gauges while 8 stations in the

K. Amab Atbara River upstream part are equipped with automat- ic water level recorders. Erosion and sed- compared to the current and anticipated

K. Tikrid iment transport are key processes in the future demands. Therefore, coordinated

Tekeze Atbara sub-basin but not adequately monitored. management of storage dams in Ethiopia Sudan Aroma Qash River Eritrea and Sudan would help in reducing losses, Kassala Strengthening sediment monitoring is one and maximizing water use efficiency. For K. Garatit New Halfa K. Mindia of the key areas for improving the moni- this purpose, a real-time data collection Mereb Dekemhare Teseney Aykelem toring system in the sub-basin. and communication system is required to support future coordinated management Adi Keyh Sitona The rivers in this sub-basin are highly of water storage dams in Ethiopia and Tekeze Atbara Melgu 25

Shuwak May Tsaida 22 seasonal and water resources are scarce Sudan. 24 21 23 19 Durkutan 20 Al Qadarif 18 17 16 14 Uri Werei 15 Ruwasa No Name 8 Gheba near Adi Kumsi 16 Genfel at 24 Tekeze at Humera Mekeza 13 1 Gendawoha near Kokit 9 Dolo near Quiha 17 Worie near Maikenetal 25 Molge near Shiraro Kaza 10 Goha 11 9 8 Giba Gereb 12 2 Atsela near Adishihu 10 Buya near Maitsemri 18 Sulluh near Hawsien 26 Zarema at Zarema 6 7 3 Goang near Metema 11 Illala near Mekele 19 Ayehida near Axum Al Hawata Angereb 5 4 Asera near Debark 12 Mekezo near Dansha 20 Maimidimar near Adwa Jarma 4 Dinder 5 Al Asira 13 Gheba near Mekele 21 Sebtta near Adidahiro Bera 6 Tekeze near Yechila 14 Tekeze near Embamadre 22 Maidungur near Adwa 3 Ethiopia Tekeze 2 Blue Nile 7 Metere near Ainalem 15 Angareb near Abdi Rafi 23 Hamdait Rahad 1 Gonder Tirare 26 Meri

Blue Nile Lake Tana Yimra

0 50 100 200 White Nile Kilometers

82 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas The Blue Nile Sub-basin

The Blue Nile river (known as Abbay in mately 50 BCM. The Blue Nile is highly from time to time. The Grand Ethiopi- releases from the dam. This is expected to Ethiopia) drains the highlands of Ethiopia seasonal with approximately 70 percent of an Renaissance Dam (GERD) is under reduce flood damages significantly. There and contributes about 60 per cent of the its annual flow occurring in just 4 months. construction on the Blue Nile designed to are opportunities for cross border collabo- annual flow of the Nile measured at Aswan The Blue Nile is source of water for major store some 74 109m3. With the GERD in ration on the coordinated management of in Egypt. The long-term average annual irrigation schemes in the Sudan. The Blue place, the Blue Nile will be fully regulat- the Blue Nile in which joint monitoring of water yield of the sub-basin is approxi- Nile causes severe flood damages in Sudan ed and its downstream flow depends on river flows is an important component.

Meteorological monitoring network stations (53 in Ethiopia and 11 in Sudan) Hydrometric stations providing over 60 percent of the average There are 304 meteorological stations in are reported to measure the full range of There are 133 hydrometric stations in annual flow of the Nile, the Blue Nile is the sub-basin, with 286 of them in Ethio- meteorological parameters and the rest the sub-basin; 126 in Ethiopia and the the major source of water for the Nile. Key pia and 18 in Sudan. The distribution of 106 measure daily rainfall totals only. remaining seven in Sudan. The station just focus in strengthening of hydrometric the stations is shown in the map below. 64 downstream of Ethiopia – Sudan border, the Diem station, has a record of over Main Nile

Tekeze Meteorological stations 100 years and, therefore, one of the most Town 282 important. However, is due to the recent River Eritrea Et Tamada Country boundary heightening of the Roseries Dam in Sudan, Blue Nile Subbasin K. Abu TabubW. Abu Qanafid the station at times get inundated by the 309 The NBI is not an authority K. Abu Sana on international boundaries back-water of the dam. Most stations in

284 311 Ethiopia were established in the early Nile-SEC photo: 308 K. et Taroba Ground water level monitoring station 304 322 Tekeze Atbara 1960’s. Erosion and 313 319 301 283 314 317 318 are also key processes in the sub-basin but monitoring system shall be on real-time 305 315 302 295 294 not adequately monitored. data collection and transmission system, 278 312 321 Sudan 307 291 303 316 Rahad 320 sediment monitoring and monitoring of 286 Dinder 306 296 ElRahad River 279 292 310 298 K. Kenana The Blue Nile sub-basin offers one of the river morphological changes downstream

277 299 K. Mugdu Rahad 150 Shinfa greatest opportunities for hydropower de- as a result of anticipated flow regimes in 37 297 49 Jira 142 K. El Garia Dindir River 47 43 Gelege 143 46 velopment in the Nile Basin. In addition, the sub-basin. 293 44 K. El Aqahin 144 White Nile 1 72 151 41 Lake Tana 266 2 51 42 Dinder 323 262 Kola (Dinder) 145 50 45 121 265 Main Nile Tekeze Atbara 281 285 Mitisi 147 82 139 131 Blue Nile 195 148 138 257 Hydrometeorological 70 193 160 141 Jita 61 38 173 149 125 35 73 182 140 48 128 station 136 Albeda 267 74 8 154 188 78 260 276 131 White Nile 178 75 146288 132 134 Town 83 12 14 152 64 80 3 273 270 271 53 171 159 66 Eritrea 33 Et Tamada Beles 56 168 55 Beshilo 122 268 261 River 13 264 68 71 187 186 183 52 189 164 174 135 126 272 259 Blue Nile Ethiopia 175 172 124 Country boundary 180 7 156 69 167 166 181 258 129 117290 79 K. Abu Tabub 170 58 179 62 165 Cheye 34 263 130 Blue Nile 153 163 157 67 274 W. Abu Qanafid Sub-basin 76 10 60 9 36 104 6 191 137 224 287 169 184 127 4 185 5 59 158 11 57 269 133 The NBI is not an authority 190 54 98 123 39 63 77 Weleka on international boundaries 252 65 81 99 177 234 Dabus 161 176 194 22 K. Abu Sana 300 24 155 230 Wenchit289 233 130 116 162 97 109 30 192 91 Jema 21917 225 K. et Taroba 243 Didesa 250 229 Fincha Chacha 237 119 244 29 106 93 249 92 216 96 20 Tekeze Atbara 114 21 236 248 115 Muger 94 235 247 110 101 217 19 107 256 245 23 215 Hanger Guder 223 220 214 89 32 108 227 South Sudan 246 275 111 231 228 226 31 28 241 218 Dila 25 113 90 88 253 26 100 129 240 120 95 128 255 Sudan 112 102 Rahad 40 18 105 238 118 Sobat Debena 254 232 127 Dinder 242 222 ElRahad River 103 221 Blue Nile 200 27 251 213 239 K. Kenana 15 K. Mugdu Rahad Baro 198 207 Shinfa 126 196 199 84 Dindir River 125 Ethiopia 197 203 K. El Garia Jira 202 210 Gelege 124 Baro Akobbo Sobat 201 85 16 K. El Aqahin 122 123 212 205 208 White Nile 86 204 121 Pibor 87 120 206 Lake Tana 209 211 119 Dinder 118 Akobo 0 35 70 140 115 117 Mitisi 116 110 114 108 113 Jita Kilometers 107 112 Zita 109 111 Gerado Beles 104 106 Beshilo 103 105 White Nile 97 96 101 98 95 102 99 92 100 94 91 88 No Station 58 Bure 114 Mendi 170 Gimijabet Mariam 228 Muke Turi 286 Singa 93 82 83 89 90 86 87 81 84 85 1 Quara 59 Dembecha 115 Neshi 171 Gulback 229 Seladingai 287 Cheffa 77 80 Cheye 7375 2 Shahura 60 Dengay Ber 116 Odda Bildigulu 172 Gundo Woin 230 Serkulla 288 Simada Blue Nile 78 70 79 76 71 72 69 74 66 3 Adet 61 Dengel Ber 117 Sherekole 173 Kembaba 231 Shekute 289 Yetenora 67 65 62 68 64 59 60 61 4 Ayehu 62 Digua Tsion 118 Sibusire 174 Keranio 232 Toke Erenso 290 Sher. Gizen (W) 63 57 Weleka 5 Birr Sheleko (Bibugn) 119 Uke 175 Kessa 233 Wegere 291 Dendar 58 55 52 50 Dabus 56 Wenchit 6 Bullen 63 Dimma 120 Wayu 176 Kuy 234 Zemro 292 Dender 53 54 51 47 49 46 44 Jema 7 Chagni 64 Durbet 121 Debre Zebit 177 Lumamme 235 Agallo Mitti 293 Karkoj 45 48 Chacha 8 Dangila 65 Elias 122 Debre Zeit 178 Mambuk 236 Amba 10 294 Kassab 40 43 41 39 42 9 Debre Work 66 Fasiledes 123 Degollo 179 Mankusa 237 Amba 16 295 Sennar Town 35 Hanger Muger 37 38 Guder 30 33 31 Fincha 36 10 Finoteselam 67 Finoteselam 124 Densa 180 Menta Wuha 238 Arbgebeya 296 Singa 34 29 Dula 32 South Sudan 27 24 25 11 Lay Birr 68 Gilgelbeles 125 Gashena 181 Merto Lemariam 239 Dedessa River 297 Tozi Dila 26 28 23 Anonu 22 12 Mankush 69 Gundil 126 Gimba 182 Meshenti 240 Ehud Gebeya 298 Ubhugar 19 20 13 Motta 70 Jawi 127 Gishe Rabel 183 Quarit 241 Gebete 299 Wad Alneal 15 18 16 14 17 13 21 14 Pawe 71 Kidamaja 128 Gishen 184 Rob Gebeya 242 Getema 300 Abu Kshma Sobat Debena 9 8 7 12 15 72 Kunzila 129 Guguftu 185 Sebader 243 Gizen 301 Abu Sharaba 5 6 11 10 16 Gatira 73 Liben 130 Kabie 186 Sekela 244 Haro 302 Almatna 17 Alem Ketema 74 Mandura 131 Kone 187 Tilili 245 Homi 303 Kagai Baro 4 18 Ambo Agriculture 75 Merawi 132 Koreb 188 Tis Abay 246 Jarso 304 Leiya 19 Debre Berhan 76 Shandi 133 Ligwama 189 Urana 247 Jermet 305 Hugerat Baro-Akobo-Sobat 3 20 Eneware 77 Shebelberenta 134 Masha 190 Wadeyesus 248 Kiltukara 306 Rabak Didesa 21 Fiche (Yeduha) 135 Saynt Adjibar 191 Yechereka 249 Kiramu 307 Ummsigan 2 1 22 Gunde Meskel 78 Simada 136 Shoga 192 Yejube 250 Kokeffe 308 Wad En Na’em 132 23 Kachise 79 Wegedade 137 Wegidi 193 Yesemala 251 Kone 309 Wd Alkali 0 35 70 140 Akobo

Pibor 24 Mehal Meda 80 Wetet Abay 138 Kon Abo 194 Yetnora 252 Menge 310 Basunda Kilometers 25 Angerguten 81 Yetemen 139 Ambesame 195 Zenzelema 253 Mukelemi 311 Elfaw 26 Anger 82 Zege 140 Arb Gebeya 196 Abdela 254 Muletadiga 312 Elhawata 27 Arjo 83 Zela (Yarienja) (Dera) 197 Bido 255 Sasiga 313 G.enahal 28 Dedessa 84 Boreka 141 Arb Gebeya 198 Debena 256 Werejiru 314 Gadamblyia No Station 30 Aleltu at Nedjo Debremarkos 80 Dondor near Metekel 105 Ezana near Bahirdar 29 Gidayana 85 Dembi (Gaint) 199 257 Ajibar (Add) 315 Mafaza 1 Urgessa near Gembe 31 Little Ang at Angar 57 Abahim at 81 Missini at Kossober 106 Mendel near Tis Abbay 30 Kamashe 86 Sigmo 142 Aymba 200 Kone 258 Akesta 316 W.eshaair 2 Temsa near Agaro Gutin Debremarcos 82 Ardy near Metekel 107 Andassa near Bahir 31 Nedjo 87 Agaro 143 Chewahit 201 Setema 259 Ancharo 317 Elhory 3 Didessa near Dembi 32 Chacha at Chacha 58 Jedeb near Ama Nuel 83 Ayo near Kossober Dar 32 Shambu 88 Chancho 144 Delgi 202 Yambero 260 Dawunt (Chet) 318 Elmetna 4 Dabana near 33 Komis near Gori 59 Teme near Mota 84 Azuari near Mota 108 Lake Tana at Bahir Dar 33 Amba Mariam 89 Debele 145 Dera Hamusite 203 Yanfa 261 Dessie Zuria Met 319 Gadamblyia Bunobedele 34 Koriche near Kiltu Kara 60 Suha near Bichena 85 Abay at Mekane 109 Abbay at Bahir Dar 34 Mekane Selam 90 Derba 146 Koma Fasiledos 204 Babu 262 Estayish South 5 Didessa near Arjo 35 Hujur near Nedjo 61 Gebregura. near Selam-Gundewein Br. 110 Abbay near Pedagogi 35 Wegel Tena 91 Filiklik 147 Korata 205 Boto 263 Genete Sch 320 Samsam 6 Wama near 36 Robi Jida near Muka Degolo 86 Abay at Yarenga 111 Chena near Istay 36 Wereilu 92 Gebere Guracha 148 Lewaye 206 Choche 264 Gerado 321 Um Blail 7 Melke near Guder Ture 62 Shelkole near Bridge 112 Wenka near Istay 37 A.p. 93 Gohatsion 149 Licha 207 Dame 265 Geregera 322 Um Leiyon 8 Sifa near Nekemte 37 Aleltu near Muka Ture Komosha 87 Dura near Metekel 113 Fegoda near Arb 38 Bahir Dar New 94 Gudoberet 150 Shembekit 208 Gembe 266 Gobiye 323 9 Bello near Guder 38 Beressa near Debre 63 L. Fettam at Galibed 88 Buchiksi near Gebeya 39 Debre Markos 95 Jeldu 151 Yifag 209 Semodo 267 Gosh-Meda 10 Fatto near Guder Berhan 64 Temcha near Kidamaja 114 Gelda near Ambessame 40 Nekemte 96 Lemi 152 Abay Sheleko 210 Setema 268 Kelem Meda 11 Indris at Guder 39 Sechi nearMendi Dembecha 89 Sedie near Mota 115 Roseries 41 Addis Zemen 97 Meragna 153 Addis Alem 211 Somodo 269 Kellela 12 Guder at Guder 40 Mutsa near Bambasi 65 Gudla at Dembecha 90 Abbay near Kessie 116 Ribb near Gasai 42 Amed Ber 98 Rema 154 Andassa 212 Toba 270 Kundi 13 Huluka near Ambo 41 Neshi near Shambo 66 Jogola at Wereilu 91 Gerado near Dessie 117 Gumara near Bahir Dar 43 Chandiba 99 Sarmider 155 Aneded (Amber) 213 Arb Bila 271 Kutaber 14 Debis nearGuder 42 Robigumero near Lemi 67 Abbay near Bure 92 Abay at El Delm 118 Zufil near Debre Tabor 44 Enfranz 100 Sheno 156 Askuna 214 Chacha 272 Tebasit 15 Dabana near Abasina 43 Dabus near Asosa 68 Chereka at Yechereka 93 Gilgel Be. near 119 Lake Tana at Kunzila 45 Gassay 101 Siadebr 157 Azana 215 Debre Tsige 273 Tateke Sch 16 Tato near Gutie 44 Jemma near Lemi 69 Birr near Jiga Mandura 120 Ribb near Addis Zemen 46 Kolladiba 102 Sululta 158 Baruda 216 Degem 274 Wein-Amba 17 Indris near Sire 45 Haffa near Assosa 70 Leza near Jiga 94 Tul near Adet 121 Upper Ribb On 47 Maksegnit 103 Tikur Enchine 159 Chara 217 Deneba 275 Hena 18 Adiya near Nekemte 46 Gambella near Asossa 71 Abay at Shergole 95 Quashini near Addis DebreTabor Road 48 Mekaneyesus 104 Abadi 160 Chimba 218 Enchini 276 Teleyayen 19 Gerbi near Sululta 47 Jemma at Abay Cableway RGS Kidame 122 Lake Tana at Gorgora 49 Shinfa 105 Abasina Joger 161 Debre Zeit 219 Fetra 277 Abu Naama 20 Roba near Chancho Confluence 72 Lah near Finote Selam 96 Abbay at Sudan Border 123 Garno near Infranz 50 Wanzaye 106 Alibo 162 Dejen 220 Fital 278 Sennar 21 Deneba near Chancho 48 Abay at Kessi Bridge 73 Mechela near Kabe 97 Eldeim 124 Gemero near 51 Wereta (Add) 107 Bambase 163 Dibate 221 Gimbi Bila 279 Umm Benin 22 Mugher near Chancho 49 Wenchit near Alem 74 Boreda near 98 Main Beles at Bridge Maksegnit 52 Addis Kidame 108 Combolcha 164 Enjabara 222 Gubre 280 Wad Medani 23 Uke near Nekemte Ketema Mekaneselam 99 Shina near Adiet 125 Megech near Azezo 53 Almahal 109 Dalaty 165 Felege Berhan 223 Harodoyo 281 Ed Damazine 24 Aleltu near Chancho 50 Hoha near Asossa 75 Selgi near Kabe 100 Amen at Dangila 126 Angareb near Gonder 54 Amanueal 110 Embabo 166 Feres Bet 224 Jara 282 Khartoum 25 Gorfo near Gorfo 51 Muga near Dejen 76 Lege Cora near 101 Main Bele at Bridge DS 127 Wad Eleis 55 Asteriyo 111 Fincha 167 Genetabo 225 Jihur 283 El Gadaref 26 Angar near Nekemte 52 Wizer near Mehal Meda Mekaneselam of Bagusta 128 Gewesi 56 Bambudi 112 Gutten 168 Geregera 226 Kotu 284 Elgezira 27 Dilla near Nedjo 53 Yeda near Amber 77 Talia near Jiga 102 Gelgel Abbay near 129 Hawata 57 Bichena 113 Hareto 169 Gesengessa 227 Muger 285 Roseires 28 Tinshu Duber near 54 Bogena at Lumame 78 Fettam at Tilile Marawi 130 Madani Duber 55 Shy near Mehal Meda 79 Tigdar nearGunde 103 Koga at Merawi 131 Khartoum 29 Tilku Duber near Duber 56 Chemoga near Woin 104 Bered at Merewi 132 Yebu at Yebu Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 83 The White Nile Sub-basin

The White Nile contributes about 25 – 26 series of natural lakes and swamps. As a 109m3 to the Main Nile measured just up- result, the White Nile provides a relatively stream of the White – Blue Nile confluence more uniform seasonal flow compared to in Khartoum. It receives water from rivers the Blue Nile and Tekeze-Atbara rivers. that drain the Equatorial Lakes region of The White Nile provides long navigable the Nile Basin and which pass through a reaches due to its flat slope and stable flow.

Meteorological monitoring network map below. 8 stations (five in Sudan and There are 36 meteorological stations in the three in Ethiopia) are reported to measure sub-basin, with 30 of them in Sudan, four the full range of meteorological parame- in Ethiopia and two in South Sudan. The ters and the remaining 22 measure daily distribution of the stations is shown in the rainfall totals only.

Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP )

Hydrometric stations water, especially during the dry season The only station that is operational is (November – May/June), when the Blue White Nile at Malakal. The station is close Nile and other tributaries from the Ethi- to of Malakal town just downstream of the opian highlands are at their lowest levels. Sobat – White Nile confluence. Historical- Therefore, rehabilitating the non-func- ly, there were four additional stations but tioning stations in the sub-basin is they were not operational at the time of urgently required. The Nile Basin regional the survey conducted in 2014. Hydromet system has included the station photo: Nile-SEC photo: at Malakal (Renk) and the station d/s of Automatic weather station The White Nile is an important source of Jebel Awlia dam as regional stations.

Omdurman Omdurman K. Barok Khartoum K. Barok Khartoum

Main Nile Main Nile 29 27 54 50 48 33 Al Qutaynah 32 41 40 65 W. Zaid 31 24 W. Zaid 62 53 51 56 83 W. El Luqud 59 21 55 57 K. Ifaetis Wad Medani 86 K. Ifaetis 28 23 36 Al Manaqil 61 58 W. El Luqud Al Manaqil Hydrometeorological 37 station 46 22 63 39 6 Ad Duwaym Town 52 45 60 64 River 26 Bara 73 82 Country boundary 49 Bara 74 Dinder Sub-basinDinder 85 17 Al Hawata Al Hawata Rahad 30 20 Rahad 68 87 The NBI is not an authority Sudan 80 14 Sudan 8 81 11 on international boundaries 72 Blue Nile El Obied 10 89 7 38 75 67 Tandalti 16 18 Tandalti 19 Kosti 84 91 Umm Ruwabah K. Sikaran Umm Ruwabah K. Sikaran 79 66 70 Khor Abo Habil 77 35 Er Rahad 78 Khor Abo Habil K. Et Talha 47 69 90 88 71 76 43 K. Aradaib 44 White Nile Abu Zabad K. Sungala K. Sungala 25 13 Abu Zabad 34 K.Safarir White Nile K. Abu Dirs White Nile K.Safarir K. Aradaib K. Abu Dirs Dalang Blue Nile Dalang Blue Nile

White Nile

K. Umm Balila K. Malabak White Nile White K. Malabak 9 42 K. Umm Balila 5

K. tandik

K. tandik

15

K. Kuterira K. Kuterira

Kadugli K. Mariok Kadugli K. Mariok K. Al Arda K. Bibban K. Bibban K. Tira K. Tira K. Omol K. Al Arda K. Omol K. Wehfet K. Abu Tuleih K. Wehfet Talawdi Talawdi K. Abu Tuleih Bahr El Gazal 2 Bahr El Gazal K. Es Samaa K. Es Samaa 2 K. El Ghareib K. Ahmar K. Ahmar Khor Adar 12 3 Khor Adar K. El Ghareib K. Qarad

K. Qarad K. Yabus 92 K. Yabus K. Umako K. Nymwai K. Nymwai 1 K. Umako K. Adar K. Adar 4 Malakal Malakal Meteorological stations Bahr El Jebel K. Jur K. Jur 1 K. manyang K. manyang Town K. Daga K. Daga River Deke South Sudan Deke Bahr el Ghazal Bahr el Ghazal Country boundary Ethiopia South Sudan Sobat Ethiopia Sobat Subbasin Bahr El Jebel

Jur Jur The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Baro Bahr el Zeraf Baro Tanj Bahr el Zeraf Tanj Baro-Akobo-Sobat Baro-Akobo-Sobat 0 45 90 180 0 45 90 180

Kilometers Kilometers

No Name Of Station 19 Um Hani 38 Hellat Abbas 57 Wad El Burr 76 Rifee Um Rawaba No Name 1 Begi 20 Aba 39 Idd El`Ud 58 Wad El Umarbi 77 Shekan 1 Khor Adar 2 Kurmuk 21 Abger 40 Istarahna 59 Wad Ezzein 78 Shirkela 2 Melut 3 Famesetre 22 Abu Harira 41 Istarahna 60 Wad Figad 79 Shirkela Um Aush 4 Malakal 23 Dubasi 42 J Megeneis 61 Wad Hilal 80 Tareg Almashea 5 Renk 24 El Neima 43 Jebelein 62 Wad Nimir 81 Ubo Grain 6 Ed Dueim 25 Elakaf 44 Kerikera 63 Wad Nu’man 82 Um Dam Haj Ahmed 7 Kosti 26 El-Kawa 45 Rahama 64 Wakara 83 Um Garfa 8 El Obeid 27 Elsheikh Essaddig 46 Shabasha 65 Zubeir 84 Um Ramad 9 Rashad 28 Es Sufi 47 Showal 66 Zuleit (1) 85 Um Saigaoon 10 Elobeid 29 Esh Shageig 48 Toba 67 Algalah 86 Ummsiyala 11 Rabak 30 Fashashoya 49 Tuweimat 68 Almashtal 87 Wd Ashana 12 Aldali 31 Fatisa 50 Ub Guta 69 Elban Gadid 88 Abu Habel 13 J.mazmoum 32 Fawar 51 Umm Dueina 70 Elsemaih 89 Alaen 14 J.sagdi 33 Geteina 52 Umm Suneint 71 Gabrat Elshaikh 90 Alrahed 15 Abu Gubeiha 34 Goda 53 Umm’udam 72 Khur Taget 91 Um Kadada 16 Um Kouka 35 Goz Khadra 54 Ureik 73 Muzdalifa 92 Assosa 17 Jabal Biut 36 Hashaba 55 Wad Alzaki 74 Namlah 18 Jabal Moui 37 Helba 56 Wad Bashkar 75 Obeid Albusta

84 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas The Baro-Akobo-Sobat Nile Sub-basin

The Baro-Akobo-Sobat sub-basin is the northwest to join the Bahr el Jebel and Ethiopia) is navigable. A key feature of the rounding floodplains. The spill from the shared by Ethiopia and South Sudan. eventually form the White Nile. The annu- hydrology of the sub-basin is that its rivers Baro river into the Machar marshes (in the Its major rivers are the Baro, Akobo and al water yield of the Sobat is approximate- (especially in the lower reaches) flow over White Nile Sub-basin) is one of naturally Pibor. The Baro, after joined by Akobo ly 12- 13 109m3. The reach of the Baro and flat surface with meandering patterns occurring transfer of water into a neigh- and Pibor makes the Sobat that flows to Sobat downstream of Gambella town (in creating complex interactions with sur- boring catchment.

Meteorological monitoring network the full range of meteorological param- Hydrometric stations There are 78 meteorological stations in eters. Most stations are in the highlands there are 28 stations in the sub-basin (27 especially in its lower reaches exhibit the sub-basin – all in Ethiopia. The distri- with very few of the stations located in the in Ethiopia and 1 in South Sudan). More highly complex hydrology in which the bution of the stations is shown in the map lower plains of the sub-basin in Ethiopia. than half of the stations in Ethiopia were rivers at time bifurcate and join back the below. 17 stations are reported to measure established in 1980’s and, therefore, have main stem and floodplains and swamps short records. Breaks in records often interact with the river flows. The Hy- pose additional challenges in using such drometric network in this sub-basin Sudan short records. requires strengthening with additional data collection through remote sensing to Malakal The hydrometric network of this sub-basin adequately understand the hydrology of 46 44 14 74 is far from adequate. The sub-basin, the sub-basin. 76 45 75 12 K. Fullis 50 R. Sobat 43 48 51 53 47 73 69 52 30 Golo 26 22 77 2 65 49 29 58 13 56 35 Geba Koji 39 6 7 15 Birbir 31 32 67 Sudan 25 17 3 37 66 57 23 5 Baro 24 55 28 18 20 34 Malakal 78 19 16 Alwero 28 59 Ubela Duchi 1 8 38 27 33 Akobo Ethiopia 60 4 21 K. Fullis R. Sobat 26 R. Agawi 62 72 27 25 K. Kwanjor k. Abara 24 Gilo K. Fullus 22 23

Godare Golo K. Ding 70 Usen 63 61 21 68 9 20 36 64 K. Nanaam 54 18 Beko Koji 19 Geba 42 10 71 Birbir 16 17 14 15 13 11 Baro 41 12 Alwero South Sudan Dima 40 10 Ubela 9 Duchi Ethiopia 8 R. Pibor 11 R. Agawi 7 K. Kwanjor k. Abara

K. Fullus Gilo

Godare

Usen 4 5 K. Ding 6 Akobo Beko K. Nanaam 3 2

Dima South Sudan 1

R. Pibor

Juba

Kenya Meteorological stations Town Torit River Country boundary Sub-basin

The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Uganda Juba 0 30 60 120 Kitgum Kilometers Hydrometeorological Torit station No Name of Station 20 Becho 40 Guraferda (Biftu) 60 Dippa Kenya Town 1 Abobo 21 Bitta Genet 41 Koy 61 Fide River 2 Alge 22 (Dopa) 42 Mizan Teferi 62 Gecha 3 Bure 23 Eliadora 43 Alemteferi 63 Gubete Country boundary 4 Fugnido 24 Fugo Leka 44 Dengoro 64 Kura Sub-basin 5 Gambela 25 Gnignang 45 Gidame 65 Menko Lencho 6 26 Gobe 46 Guliso 66 Sibo The NBI is not an authority 7 Jikawo (Lare) 27 Gog 47 Lalo Kelle 67 Wetete (TP) on international boundaries 8 Masha 28 Itang 48 Mechara 68 Yeki 9 Tepi 29 Kidame Gebaya 49 Mugi 69 Yembo Uganda 0 30 60 120 10 Aman 30 Meko 50 Nolekaba 70 Ermichi Kitgum 11 Jeba 31 Metu Hospital 51 Qaqi 71 Shewa Gimira Kilometers 12 Ayira 32 Nopa 52 Seko Humbi 72 Yina 13 Dembidolo 33 Puchala 53 Yubdo 73 Chanka 14 Gimbi 34 Soretefasese 54 Bechi 74 Enango No Name 8 Gilo Nr. Pignudo 15 Baro @ Bonga 23 Cherecha Nr. Chanka 15 Shebel 35 Supe 55 Bilambilo 75 Figakobra 1 U. Akobo Nr. Dima 9 Awero at Dam/Dumbong 16 Baro @ Gambella 24 Merdefa Nr. Alem Teferi 16 Gore 36 Tinishu Miti 56 Bontu 76 Kebe 2 Berhan Nr. Bebeka Farm Village 17 Sore Nr. Metu 25 Kuni Nr. Chanka 17 Abol 37 Uka 57 77 Rob Gebeya (Kel) 3 Gacheb Nr. Mizan Tefri 10 Upper Baro Nr. Masha 18 Agami Nr. Ashi 26 Birbir Nr. Yubdo 18 Aliyadora 38 Yadota 58 78 Lare 4 Begwuha Nr. Tepi 11 Gumero Nr.Gore 19 Geba Nr. Suppi 27 Ouwa Nr. Guliso 19 Baro Bonga 39 Yayo (Dorani) 59 Gordomo 5 Bitinwuha Nr. Tepi 12 Bonga Nr. Bonga 20 Eilika Nr. Supe 28 Hillet Dolieb 6 Beko(Shoha Nr. Tepi 13 Uka @ Uka 21 Meti Nr. Dembidolo 7 Gengi Nr.Gecha 14 Baro @ Itang 22 Keto Nr. Chanka

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 85 The Bahr el Jebel Sub-basin

The Bahr el Jebel sub-basin has one of most complex hydrology in the Nile Basin. The Sudd system of wetlands, the second largest freshwater wetland in the World, is a key feature of the sub-basin. The main river, Bahr el Jebel, has river flow records since the beginning of the 20th century. However, due to conflicts in South Sudan, river gauging was interrupted for more than 20 years. photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: Water level reader photo: Nile-SEC photo: Wind vane

Meteorological monitoring network South Sudan. Only three full met stations Hydrometric stations in the past. However, there is a gap in the There are six meteorological stations in are available in the entire sub-basin. There are 4 stations in the sub-basin (3 in understanding of the interaction between the sub-basin; five in Uganda and one in South Sudan and 1 in Uganda). The sta- the river system and the system of wet- tions in South Sudan are Bahr el Jebel at lands in the sub-basin. Severe flooding has Mongala and Bor while the single station caused huge damages in recent years but the Blue Nile in Uganda is at Laropi. Three stations are monitoring infrastructure is nowhere near not sufficient for this sub-basin. adequate. The sub-basin requires a system Sudan of monitoring that employs ground-based

K. El Lodiei El K. The hydrology of the Bahr el Jebel sub-basin as well as remote sensing supported data K. Hagaral White Nile has been the subject of many investigation collection and transmission.

K. Dyang R. Agaid

Bahr El Jebel Malakal Hydrometeorological station Sudan Town River Bahar Ez Zaraf

Country boundary K. El Lodiei El K. Sub-basin K. Hagaral

The NBI is not an authority White Nile on international boundaries Ethiopia K. Dyang R. Agaid K. Ding Bahr El Jebel Bahr el Ghazal Malakal K. Kir

Bahar El Zeref

K. Gumgum South Sudan

Rumbek Baro-Akobo-Sobat K. Amwoin K. Ding Ethiopia

Bahr el Ghazal K. Kir 4 R. Pibor Bahr el Jebel K. Gumgum

Baro-Akobo-Sobat Rumbek South Sudan K. Amwoin Juba 1

R. Pibor Torit 2 Bahr el Jebel

3 Kenya

D R Congo 3 Albert Nile Nyimur Unyama Okura Meteorological stations Chapedi Adidi Ayugi Kitgum Pager Town 6 2 Juba

River Ajan Aswa Country boundary Arua Awuch Subbasin Uganda Gulu Torit 5 Agago The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Lake Albert Kenya

Victoria Nile Awero 0 30 60 120 DR Congo Kilometers Nyimur 1 Albert Nile Chapedi Unyama Adidi Aringa No Name of Station 3 Yei 6 Kitgum Centre Vt Kitgum Pager Ayugi 1 Juba 4 Bor Ajan 2 Torit 5 Gulu met station Aswa Arua Awuch

Gulu Agago Lake Albert Uganda Awero Victoria Nile 0 30 60 120 Kilometers

No Name of Staion 2 Juba 1 R. Albert Nile at Laropi 3 Mongalla

86 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas The Bahr el Ghazal Sub-basin

The Bahr el Ghazal Sub-basin drains is shared by South Sudan and Sudan. It has an area comparable to the Blue Nile but with very small outflow. The main river, Bahr el Ghazal, flows and joins the Bahr el Jebel downstream of Lake No. photo: Arsenie Coseac/Flickr Arsenie photo: Dry river bed in South Sudan Meteorological monitoring network Hydrometric stations The Bahr el Ghazal is the least monitored There are 14 meteorological stations in the There is only one station in the sub-ba- sub-basin in the Nile Basin. As a result, sub-basin; two in South Sudan and 12 in sin – on a tributary of the river at Wau in the hydrology of the sub-basin is not well Sudan. Nine stations are full met stations. South Sudan. The map below shows the understood although indications are that location of the station. The table adjacent the sub-basin has considerable water to the map provides the list of hydrometric resources potential. A combination of stations that were available but not oper- ground – and remote sensing based obser- Main Nile ational and those newly proposed as part vations of hydro-meteorological parame- Sodari of strengthening the monitoring system in ters are needed for the long-term sustain- Kutum

W. Mellit

El South Sudan. able management of the water resources of

Ku the sub-basin. 41 Al Fashir 42 40 El Obied 37 36 39 38 34 35 33 32 30 Main Nile 31 W. El ku White Nile 29 Sudan 28 Sodari 27 Abu Zabad 25 23 26 Mellit 21 Kutum 22 24 Nyala Al Fashir 20 19 18 17 16 W. El Ku

14 15 Wadi Al Ghalla 12 11 Muglad 13 El Obied 10 W. Ibr W. El Khadaior Bunei a Talawdi Sudan ab Bahr El Ar kat Abu Zabad White Nile Abu gernaan Nyala W. Bahr el Jebel 89 Bahr el Ghazal

7 Wadi Al Ghalla R. Makedik W. El Khadaior Buneikat K. Gama R. Lol Muglad W. Ibra Talawdi R. Boro Aweil 6 5 Bahr El Arab Bahr El Ghazal Bahr el Jebel 4

R. Raga W. Abu gernaan er Jur

R. Sopo uru or Chel Riv Bahr el Ghazal R. K anj 3 R. Pongo River T K. Gulnum R. Biri South Sudan Gel

K. Bibi R. R. Makedik ongo

K. F K. Gama R. Lol Kar Mayen

adyit er Sue or Jur K. Kuru R. Ji or P 2 R. Ji Riv R. Boro e R. Busseri Ba River K. Ibba Rumbek Aweil u Bahr El Ghazal er Su

R. Wa Riv R. Raga River Jur Meteorological stations R. Numatinna umi uju o Town Yak R. Ibba R. T R. Sopo K. K. T K. Gulnam River eih R. Kuru or Chel

orulumu K. M,Bolok Country boundary

K. V K.Ngomi R. Pongo River Tanj K.Moa K. Gulnum Sub-basin K. Me

e Tambura R. lbba R. Biri K. Lesi South Sudan

ze K. Bibi R. Gel

R. Biki K. Ngoia The NBI is not an authority R. Mbungu a K. Wohk

R. Naam

on international boundaries K. Y

K. Iy R. Su K. Fadyit e K. Maridi ubo 2 K. Rubu R. Ji or Pongo K. Y River Sue or Jur

K. Kuru abo K. Ibba R. Lingusi Mekki R. Busseri DR Congo K. Igi Ba River Rumbek

1 K.

llu R. River Sue 0160 20 240 Zumbi R. Wau Simbi R. Numatinna Kilometers Yambio

Hydrometeorological R. Ibba R. Tuju K. Yakumi K. Gulnam station K. Teih 1 No Name of Station 11 ABU MATARIG 22 ET TOMAI 33 WAFA’A K. M,Boloko 1 YAMBIO 12 UMM SIKEINAT 23 Neyala 34 TORA TONGA Town K.Ngomi River Tambura K.Moa 2 RUMBEK 13 Kadugli 24 Nyala 35 MALEMM K. Vorulumu 3 Wau 14 tulus 25 DANKOG 36 Wd Bunda Country boundary K. Meze R. lbba K. Lesi 4 KUAJOK 15 ABUGABRA 26 Elodaiah 37 SUNI R. Mbungu R. Biki K. Ngoia

K. Wohke

Sub-basin R. Naam 5 Raga 16 Babanusa 27 EL-TEWAISHA 38 Elmazroob K. Yubo 6 AWEIL 17 ABU HEMEID 28 KAS 39 Alkhowi K. Iya R. Sue The NBI is not an authority K. Rubu K. Maridi 7 BENTIU 18 EL-DEAIN 29 Giraih Elsarha 40 Eial Bakhit on international boundaries K. Yabo R. Lingusi 8 Alradoom 19 Gazala gawazat 30 En Nahud 41 El Fasher K. Igi Mekki 9 RADOM 20 EID EL-GANAM 31 KALOKITING 42 El Fasher D R Congo K. Zumbi 10 BURAM 21 MUHAGRIA 32 KUNGAR 0 60 120 240 Simbi R. llu Kilometers Yambio

Note: All Hydrometric stations in Bahr el Ghazal are not operational 2 Gel 1 Rumbek

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 87 The Lake Albert Sub-basin

The Lake Albert Sub-basin is shared by DR Congo and Uganda. The sub-basin has three main lakes, Edward, Albert and George. Victoria Nile is regulated in part by the outflow from the lake. The sub-ba- sin is an area of oil exploration and, hence, water quality and quantity monitoring is very important for sustainable manage- ment of the water resources. ADCP being lowered into the the stream

Meteorological monitoring network are full met stations. The distribution of There are 29 meteorological stations in the stations is shown in the map below.

the sub-basin; all in Uganda.11 stations Nabyonga Vivian photo: Taking ADCP readings South Sudan Meteorological stations Town 18 173 Hydrometric stations Edward outflows would enhance under- River 25 Nyawa Country boundary 17 16 There are 18 hydrometric stations in the standing of the interaction between Victo- 8 Sub-basin Kochi

21 Zoka 26 sub-basin. The map below shows the ria Nile and the Lake outflow. 10 13 24 23 20 The NBI is not an authority Anyau 22 location of the stations. The table adjacent on international boundaries 11 15 19 12 180 9 27 to the map provides the list of hydrometric Water quality monitoring in upper parts of 14 Arua 38 Albert Nile Aca 169 28 Linya stations that were active at the time of the the sub-basin requires emphasis in order 34 32 Gulu 47 Ora Ome survey in 2014. to monitor and potentially avert pollution 36 Aswa risks from oil exploration efforts there. 30 Nyagak Nyarwodo 41 46 Tangi 33 31 40 37 Improved monitoring of Lake Albert and 39 43 29 45 42 South Sudan 4 Hydrometeorological 35 44 station Waiga Nyawa Kakob Town Waisoke River

71 Country boundary Kochi 67 70

53 Zoka Democratic Republic of the Congo 55 Sub-basin 18 66 69 17 Lake Albert 60 59 Anyau 54 167 Bunia The NBI is not an authority Albert Nile 61 68 52 on international boundaries 64 172 Arua 65 179 Aca 63 72 56 62 Linya Gulu 49 57

Nkusi 16 DaymuSunim Geti 51 166 Ome Aswa Wasa 58 Ora 48 Dyna 50 Nyarwodo

Dira Uganda 83 171 15 Nyagak 13 14 92 104 117 88 Kahombu 116 7 89 Kaija 12 Levih 79 78 90 95 100 102 Muzizi Dawuma 77 99 112 177 81 110 91 94 115 108 113 87 93 111 84 118 97 Waiga 80 Kakob 105 86 Waisoke Semuliki 85 103 Mpanga 82 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11 98 114 107 Mahoma 170 Nyabisheki 10 75 178 109 2 Rutungu Masindi 96 Dura Lake Albert 106 73 76 74 Entebbe Lake Kyoga Oruyubu Bunia Muceru 142Lake George 137 144 141 139 101 Lubero 120 165 Hoima 175 168136 129 124 Chambura 133 146 143 DaymuSunim Geti 9 138 Wasa Dyna

Ruchuru 145 131 134 Dira Nyanjakufa Nkusi 130 140 135 Mbarara 8 127 123 122 Uganda Kahombu 119 Kaija Ramugura 125 132 Lake Victoria Muzizi Ruhai 176 Dawuma 7 121 Ntungu Levih 128 150 157 Kikagati Rucharu 159 158 156 1 163 153 162 164 149 151 Semuliki Rutshuru 155 United Republic of Tanzania Mpanga 147 161 Kabale 3 148 152 Mahoma 154 0 20 40 80 160 6 Rutungu Rwanda Dura 6 Ruhengeri 5 Kilometers 5 Entebbe 4Lake George Oruyubu Byumba Muceru Nyabisheki 3 Lubero 2

No Name 35 Buliisa Gomborora Hqs 73 Mpondwe Customs Post Station Station Kazinga Channel1 Rwemamba 1 Bukombo 36 Okollo Dispensary 74 Nyabirongo 111 Kanyawara 146 Rubirizi Saza Hqs 2 Isale Vuhovi 37 Pakwach Dispensary 75 Nyamugasani 112 Cocoa Devt 147 Kisoro Police Station Lake Edward 3 Rumangabo 38 Rhino Camp Dispensary 76 Bwera 113 1st Order 148 Mutolere Sen Sec 4 Ugongo 39 Goli African.Inland. 77 Bundibujo Station School 5 BUNGWE-PNILP 40 Nebbi UTC 78 Butiti 114 Mubuku Giant prison 149 Karengere Pyrethrum Ruchuru 6 SHINGIRO 41 Anaka 79 Kahangi Estate Farm Plant Mbarara 7 Fort Portal 42 Kabalega Falls 80 Kilchooney Estate 115 Kinyamasika TTC 150 Kisizi Health Centre 19 Ntungu 8 Koboko St. Charles L 43 Wangkwar Camp 81 116 Kakumiro Variety TC 151 Bufundi Dispensary Nyakibale 9 Abi Estate 44 Wairingo River Camp 82 Bugoye 117 Buyanja (Buyaga) 152 Bwama Island Ramugura Lake Victoria 10 Olovu 45 Erusi Forest Station 83 Gombololo 118 153 Bukimbiri Ruhai 11 Lokiragodo 46 Pokwero Group Farm 84 Kisomoro 119 Nyakibale 154 Rubaya Dispensary 12 Manibe Omuazire 47 Wadelai WDD 85 Nkoma 120 Katwe 155 Chananke Rucharu Kikagati 13 Ovujo 48 Rwebisengo 86 Bigodi 121 Kanungu 156 Kashambya 14 Arua Central Govt 49 Kyangwali 87 Matiri 122 Rukungiri Dispensary 157 Nyarushanje Agric Kabale Rutshuru United Republic of Tanzania Prison 50 Mugalike WFM 88 Nyaruru 123 Bugangari Dispensary Centre Ruhezaminda 15 Wandi BAT Uganda Ltd 51 Kasonga HM 89 Kyembogo Farm 124 Myeya 158 Rushanga Forest 16 Yumbe Hospital 52 Dwoli Estate 90 Virika School 125 Burema Station 0 20 40 80 (Aringa) 53 Busingiro Forest 91 Kyenjojo 126 Rulind Swamp Inlet 159 Ruhiza Forest Station Ruhengeri Rwanda Kilometers 17 Ladonga VFM 54 Nyamageta Estate 92 Tea Factory 127 Kihihi Tractor Hire 160 Sabinio Forest Station Byumba 18 Moyo Boma 55 Kinyala Estate 93 Yeriya Estate 128 Kitahulira Forest 161 Echuya Forest Station 19 Terego Dispensary 56 Kizirafumbi 94 Mugusu Estate Station 162 Muko Forest Station 20 Obongi Dispensary 57 95 Chakatimba Estate 129 Uganda Institute of 163 Kitanga No Name 7 R. Mpanga at Fort Portal - Ibanda Road 14 R. Nyagak at Nyapea 21 Upupe Dispensary - 58 Kiryanga Gombolola 96 Muhokya Toro Limeco Ecology - Kasese 164 Mparo Dispensary 1 R. Mitano at Kanungu - Rwensama 8 R. Mpanga at Kampala - Fort Portal Road 15 Albert Nile at Pakwach Arua 59 Nyabyeya Ltd 130 Kaniabizo 165 Rwomuhororo - Mbar- 2 R. Chambura at Kichwamba 9 Muzizi 16 R. Albert Nile at Panyango. 22 Otrevu 60 97 Isunga Estate 131 Ishasha River Camp ara 3 L. Edward at Katwe 10 R. Nkussi at Kyenjojo - Hoima R 17 R. Ora at Inde - Pakwach Road 23 Utumbari - Arua 61 Biseruka 98 Kilembe Mines 132 Rwashamaire 166 Pachwa Hydromet 4 R. Nyamugasani at Katwe - Zaire 11 R. Waki II at Biiso - Hoima Road 18 R. Anyau at Arua - Moyo Road 24 Ivu 62 Bugoma CFR 99 Sebutole 133 Bunyaruguru WFM Station 5 L. George at Kasenyi 12 L. Albert at 19 R. Oru at Arua - Yumbe Road 25 Mount Kei Forest 63 Bugambe Tea Estate 100 Kyehara II 134 Bushenyi 167 Kinyara Sugar - Masindi 6 Nyamugasani 13 R. Kyoga Nile at Paraa Station 64 Rwabikondo Estate 101 Bulemba 135 Kitabi Seminary 168 Kashwa Primary School 26 Adjumani Prisons Farm 65 Nyamolobyo Estate 102 Kikumiro V 136 Nyabusozi Saza Hqs - Mbararara 27 Bileafe Tobacco Station 66 Siba 103 Mobuku HEP 137 Kicheche 169 Rhino Camp Ginnery - 28 Kuluva 67 Kihonda Estate 104 Itwara C.F.R. 138 Kalinzu Forest Arua 29 Payidha 68 Wampanga Forest 105 Ruimi Prison Farm 139 Kanoni Gombolola Hqs 170 Nyamugasani - Ka- 30 Warr Dispensary Station 106 Kiburara 140 Mitoma barole 31 Nyapea St.Aloysius 69 Kinyala Sugar Scheme 107 Mubuku\Sebwe Irr 141 Ibanda 171 Kamuli High School - 32 Usi Forest Station - B Scheme 142 Tufmac Kasenyi Kamuli Nebbi 70 Kisindi Group Farm 108 Kahangi Estate 143 Ankole Tea Company 172 Bogoro 33 Lendu Forest Station 71 Kigumba Farm 109 Bihanga prison Farm 144 Kazo Sub County 34 Nyara TWGCS 72 Muntme Fatima Parish 110 Rwebitaba Tea Res 145 Bushenyi Agromet

88 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas The Victoria Nile Sub-basin

The largest part of the Victoria Nile sub-basin lies in Uganda with a small part in Kenya and is the drained by the Victoria Nile once it leaves the Lake Victoria. The sub-basin has substantial hydropower potential. The average annual flow of Victoria Nile at Jinja station in Ugan- da is approximately 32 109m3. This is a

sub-basin with relatively good monitoring Nabyonga Vivian photo: infrastructure in the Nile Basin. Station at

Meteorological monitoring network and Uganda (42).11 stations are full met There are 48 meteorological stations in stations. The distribution of the stations is the sub-basin; distributed in Kenya (6) shown in the map below. photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: Lake Kyoga at Bugondo during wet season

Hydrometric stations there are 53 hydrometric stations in the Enhancing reservoir operation of a cas- sub-basin; 6 in Kenya and 47 in Uganda. cade of hydropower dams (existing and The map below shows the location of the planned ones) is one of the priority areas

photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: station. The table adjacent to the map in the sub-basin. This requires enhanced Lake Kyoga at Bugondo during dry season provides the list of hydrometric stations real-time data collection and transmission

Baro-Akobo-Sobat that were active at the time of the survey system linked with appropriately built Meteorological stations in 2014. reservoir management system. Town

River Kitgum Dopeth Country boundary Kenya Sub-basin Bahr el Jebel Hydrometeorological The NBI is not an authority station on international boundaries Nabalachar Town Kitgum Dopeth LongiroLokorimoru Gulu River

Kaputh Kenya Minakulu Country boundary Nator Sub-basin Bahr el Jebel

Okere The NBI is not an authority Nabalachar Ayago Luyam Lochoman Omanimani on international boundaries Kotipe LongiroLokorimoru 10 25 Kirik Gulu Tochi Lira Kaputh Nator Okole 35 Aroca 20 Orio Uganda Luyam Omanimani Lake Albert Ayago OkereLochomanKotipe Ukulat Tochi Titi 34 Oditaileng 33 Kirik 24 Lira Uganda Victoria Nile Masindi Angoleto Siroko Lochidimukat Soroti Okole 19 Orio Komirya Kelim Aroca 32 26 Lake Kyoga 31 Hoima 11 Lake Albert 30 Kiizi Lugogo Mpologoma Titi 29 Mayanja Ukulat 28 Kafu Towa Oditaileng Mukote 27 Soroti Victoria Nile 26 Mpongo Katansule Masindi Siroko 25 Angoleto 24 Kisingu Victoria Nile Komirya Lochidimukat Kelim Mbale 9 23 Lumbuye Manafwa Lake Kyoga 21 22 18 Hoima 20 Kiizi Lugogo Mpologoma Kiko Mayanja Naigombwa 17 16 19 1 Kafu Towa 15 Nabigaga 18 2 Mukote 14 5 Mpongo Katansule Lumboka 4 23 3 Victoria Nile Kisingu Mbale 17 Malaba Lwajali 6 7 Lumbuye 21 27 16 22 13 15 Lake Victoria Mayanja Kato Kenya 14 Namatala Sezibwa Jinja 8 12 Kiko 13 0 25 50 100 12 Naigombwa 11 10 Kilometers Lake Victoria Kakamega 9 8 Malaba Tororo 7 6 Lumboka 4 5 Bungoma Lake Victoria Lwajali 2 3 No Name 10 Lira 20 Enget (Lira) Mayanja Kato Jinja Kenya Sezibwa 1 1 Kimama Primary 11 21 Namulonge Res Station 36 2 Sirisia Chief’s Camp 12 Namayingo Health Centre 22 Jinja Met. Station 0 25 50 100 Kakamega 3 Lukolis Dispensary,Kakamega 13 Busitema University 23 Tororo Met.station Kilometers Lake Victoria 4 Kolonya Boy’s Sec. School 14 Tororo Met 24 Soroti Met Station 5 Angorai Chief’s Centre 15 Kwapa Sub County H/Q 25 Lira Ngetta Agromet Station. 6 Machakusi Nursery 16 Butaleja District H/Q 26 Nabiswera 1 L. Victoria at Jinja Pier 14 Wamboli at Nabiswera - Gulu Rd 27 R. Kyoga Nile at 7 Amagoro D.o’s Office 17 Budumba Health Centre 27 Alupe Kari 2 Alupe 15 R. Manafwa at Mbale - Tororo Ro 28 R. Namalu at Mbale - Moroto Rd 8 Alupe Cotton Research Station 18 Manafwa Water Works 3 Alupe 16 R. Mpologoma at Tirinyi-Mbale road 29 R. Omunyal Upper at Tiririri - 9 Mbale 19 Kafu (Masindi) 4 R. Malaba at Jinja - Tororo Road 17 R. Namatala at Mbale - Soroti R 30 R. Akokorio at Soroti - Katakwi 5 Malakisi 18 R. Sironko at Mbale - Moroto Road 31 L. Kwania at Kachung 6 Malakisi 19 R. Simu at Mbale - Moroto Road 32 R. Enget at Bata - Dokolo Road 7 Malaba 20 R. Sipi at Mbale - Moroto Road 33 R. Tochi II at Gulu - Atura Roa 8 R. Mayanja at - Kakunga 21 R. Abuket at Kumi - Serere Road 34 R. Kyoga Nile at Kamdini 9 R. Kigwe at - Wobulenzi 22 R. Agu at Kumi - Serere Road 35 Tochi1 10 Yala 23 R. Kafu at Kampala - Gulu Road 36 R. Sezibwa at Falls 11 R. Mpologoma at Budumba 24 R. Kelim (Greek) at Mbale - Moroto Road 12 R. Victoria Nile at Mbulamuti 25 L. Kyoga at Bugondo Pier 13 Malakisi 26 R. Kapiri at Kumi - Soroti Road

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 89 The Lake Victoria Sub-basin

The Lake Victoria sub-basin makes the Rwanda and Tanzania), Mara (originating headwater of the White Nile. The Lake, in Kenya), Nzoiya (Kenya) and Yala (Ken- with an area of about 68,000 km2 offers ya). The lake, which is a source of water a major regulation to the flow of Victoria for users in three countries is also used Nile. Major tributaries of the Lake include widely for navigation. the Kagera (draining parts of Burundi,

Meteorological monitoring network There are 254 meteorological stations in the sub-basin; distributed in Burundi (31), Kenya (124), Rwanda (34), Tanzania (42) and Uganda (23). The distribution of the photo: Nile-SEC photo: stations is shown in the map below. Entebbe station photo: Vivian Nabyonga Vivian photo: Station on River Kagera at Masangano Hydrometric stations stations that were active at the time of the

101 There are 158 hydrometric stations in the survey in 2014. Lake Albert 199 135 Mbale 132 133 98 100 87 134 123 121 sub-basin; 14 in Burundi (in Kagera catch- 119 283 136 106 102 128 129 Tororo 84 97 Fort Portal 146 118 150 ment), 87 in Kenya, 36 in Rwanda (Kagera Monitoring of water quality and lake water 115 107 142 127 Uganda 111 89 Jinja 153 110 157 149 122 200 116 125 144 163 160 126 154 95 93 96 catchment), seven in Tanzania and four levels are two priority areas for strength- 109 94 88 103 Nabakazi 140 99 156 83 143 152 Katonga Kibimba 285 Sio 141 138 91 145 159 165 201 105 113 147 104 137 124 162 161 288 Entebbe 114131 120 in Uganda. The map below shows the ening the hydrometric monitoring system Kakinga 286 82 Nabajuzi 112 151 164 130 139 187 Kigaba 282 108 117 198 193 168 148 205 196 Lubero Kabatoro 281 155 202 169 197 184 183 location of the stations. The table adjacent in the Lake Victoria Sub-basin. In the 92 166 188 203 180 176 189 186 Lake Edward 175 204 181 90 182 to the map provides the list of hydrometric Kagera, sediment monitoring is a priority. 173 167 179 192 174 191 Mbarara284 170 177 Itare Kaku 190 194 Ruizi 171 86 Nyakibale Mazinga Sare 172 Kisii Kipsonoi Lake Kyoga 289 195 Lake Albert Koitobos DR Congo Lake Victoria Kuja 178 185 Mbale Rufuha Kikagati Kagera Migori Kishanda 206 Amala 177 178 85 175 173 171 271 169 176 174 Rutshuru Kabale Rwakakuru Kenya 170 Cyizinga 250 Fort Portal Uganda 168 287 236 158 Tororo 172 163 167 275 255 162 165 160 Rubare Bukoba Engare Talek 159 166 253 244 164 161 Eldoret Omukagasha 245 263 248 Mara 241 158 157 208 Mwisa Longaianiet Kipkaren 217 239 Thigithe Jinja 155 154 Nzoia 221 Sand 152 Sio 156 Ngono 258 264 Nabakazi 153 226 149 148 151 219 249 238 Katonga 146 145 147 225 Nyabarongo220 143 150 261 240 139 140 142 137 138 231 Muleba 136 144 135 Kimondi 212 Kakinga 141 209 237 232 Nabajuzi 133 270 127 Entebbe 132 130 129 207 Kigaba 134 126 125 214 216 252 Tirina Lake George 121 131 Rwanda Rubana Grumeti Pololeti Yala 123 128 119 227 124 120 115 116 117 Gitarama 229 Olemuguru Lubero Kabatoro 118 Mbirurume 211 224 113 215 Nyabogati 112 114 213 256 Lake Edward 111 Kenya 107 110 109 Molo Kasongenye 104 222 Ngara Nanyuki 102 99 106 228 246 259 265 105 98 97 100 108 223 61 251 278 Sandai 103 96 37 Mwanza Duma Mbalageti DR Congo 95 101 94 269 234 92 93 90 62 Kaku 88 86 91 87 Kanyaru 247 Kibaale Sisei 84 218 210 76 Biharamulo Sengerema Ruizi Bariadi Mbarara 89 39 67 Mazinga Kuja 85 83 56 242 272 Nyakibale 230 Migina 48 274 279 81 82 Ruvubu 77 79 73 9 276 76 75 78 Sare 75 47 74 80 1 257 254 233 Lake Victoria 80 8 Wingi 273 Rufuha Kikagati Kagera 41 29 26 268 74 Kishanda 38 68 71 52 243 Meteorological stations 73 70 46 24 Mamwe 267 Simiyu 262 Migori Amala 15 54 60 2 53 266 Rutshuru 22 69 66 40 51 Town Kabale Rwakakuru 72 69 70 71 30 63 235 Cyizinga 50 67 68 35 65 36 12 72 290 65 66 11 55 280 River 10 20 14 45 32 63 62 Engare Talek 64 43 277 260 61 60 59 3 77 Isanga 58 Omukagasha Musoma 59 34 19 4 Nhuyugu 64 57 58 55 Mwisa Mara 42 27 31 56 54 Longaianiet 16 79 Country boundary 53 Thigithe 52 25 Rubare 18 21 6 78 51 Byumba Sand 33 28 Tanzania 50 5 23 0 30 60 120 Sub-basin Ngono 49 57 17 49 13 48 Muleba 47 7 81 Kahama 4546 Burundi 44 Kilometers The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries Rwanda42 44 43 Tirina Grumeti 3840 39 41 Rubana Pololeti 37 36 33 34 35 31 30 Olemuguru Mbirurume 27 28 29 32 24 26 25 Nyabogati 23 Kasongenye 22 2120 Ngara Nanyuki 19 18 Sandai No Name 70 Musema Centre. 173 Ndiru Chief’s Camp 224 Karama Kilimbi Butare Mwanza 16 17 Duma Mbalageti Kanyaru 15 1 Muyinga 71 Musenyi (E.F.I.) 126 Kaptagat Forest 174 Kebabe Primary 225 Muramba Paroisse Biharamulo 14 Bariadi 13 2 Karuzi 72 Mutumba (Nyabikere) Station School 226 Nyagahanga Efa 12 Hydrometeorological 11 3 Gitega (Aero) 73 Ngozi (Caprin) 127 Eldoret,Institute Of 175 Madiany Chief’s Office 227 Nyamata 10 Wingi Mamwe station 9 Simiyu 4 Ruyigi 74 Ngozi (College) Agriculture 176 Masaka Apundo’s Farm 228 Nyamiyaga Tanzania Town 8 7 Kayongozi 5 Gisozi 75 Remera 128 Kimilili Agric. Depart- 177 Nyabola Girl’s Second- 229 Nyarubuye Ruvubu6 5 River 4 6 Muriza 76 Rugari (Paroisse) ment. ary School 230 Runyombyi 3 Nhuyugu Isanga Country boundary 7 Ruvyironza 77 Rusengo (E.F.I.) 129 Chief’s Centre Kongoni 178 South Nyanza Sugar 231 Kigali Aero 2 179 1 8 Rwegura 78 Ruyigi (Agri) 130 Yala Tn Factory 232 Bunda/ Bitaraguru Burundi Sub-basin 9 Nyamuswaga 79 Ruyigi (Mission) 131 Bondo Water Supply 179 Kaminjeiwet Second- Met. Station 0 30 60 120 Ruvyironza Kahama 10 Bugarama (B.aero- 80 Musenyi (Paroisse) 132 Chorlim A.d.c. ary School 233 Kidinda Met. Station Kilometers The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries naut) 81 Rweza (Nyangwa) 133 A.d.c. Namandala Farm 180 Koru Homa Lime Co’ 234 Magu Met. Station 11 Giheta 82 Siaya Atc 134 Nakami Farm No.1 Ltd 235 Maswa Met. Station 12 Mugera (Paroisse) 83 Masinde Muliro 135 Leissa Farm,Kitale 181 Londian, Keresoi 236 Randa Met. Station No Name 60 Ngono/Kalebe Bridge 120 Nyando 13 Musongati University 136 Kitale Gloucester Vale Forest Station 237 Ukerewe Met. Station 1 Nyakijanda (Buhoro K10) 61 Ntaruka (Lac Bulera) 121 Awach Seme 14 Gitega (Zege) 84 Chwele Estate 182 Kericho Tea Research 238 Buhemba Met. Station 2 Ruvyironza (Muyange) 62 Ngoma (Ngoma) 122 Lake Victoria at Kisumu 15 Teza (Nyabigondo) 85 Migori 137 Khwisero Met Station Foundation 239 Kuruya Met. Station 3 Nyabaha (Mubuga) 63 Kamiranzovu (Kamiranzovu) 123 Kibos 16 Bukwavu 86 Bomet 138 Mwihila Secondary 183 Maragat Forest Station 240 Mugumu Met. Station 4 Ruvubu (Gitega) 64 Rusumo (Rugezi) 124 Kibos 17 Burenza 87 Kitale Met School,Yala 184 Tenderet Tea Estate 241 Nyabusara Met. 5 Ruvyironza (Kibaya) 65 West Ngono at Kyakakera 125 Mbogo 18 Butora 88 Eldoret Airport 139 Kigama Primary 185 Bomet Water Supply Station 6 Kayongozi (Nyankanda) 66 Bukoba Port 126 Awach 19 Buziracanda 89 Eldoret Kapsoya Met School 186 Hail Research Station 242 Rulenge Met. Station 7 Ndurumu (Shombo) 67 R. Nyakizumba at Maziba 127 R. Katonga at Kampala - Masaka 20 Fota 90 Suba Met, Rusinga 140 Sega Primary School Kericho 243 Ngudu Met. Station 8 Mubarazi (Murongwe) 68 Mori River at Utegi 128 Ainamatua 21 Gikwiye Island Kaswanga Hdr. 141 Oholo Chief’s Camp. 187 Chemase Cane Grow 244 Bukoba 9 Ruvubu (Muyinga) 69 Kagera/Kyaka Ferry 129 Ainopsiwa 22 Kiganda (Paroisse) Stn 142 Malava Agiric. Station. 188 Mombwo Sugar Belt 245 Musoma 10 Nyamuswaga (Gisha) 70 Ngono/Kyaka Rd Bridge 130 Great Oruba 23 Mugege 91 Kakamega Met 143 Kaimosi Tea Estate Ltd. Co. 246 Mwanza 11 Kayave (Mparamirundi 71 Mara 131 Tributary of Kibos 24 Mugera (Cankuzo) 92 Nganyi Community 144 Shikusa Borstal 189 Awasi School 247 Biharamulo 12 Rte Butare/Ngozi (Akanyaru) 72 Kagera/Nyakanyasi 132 Kibos 25 Mungwa Ranet Institution. 190 Aroket Tea Estate 248 Kayanga Met. Station 13 Kibeho (Akanyaru) 73 Migori 133 Yala Kadenge 26 Muramba 93 Kakamega Met New 145 Kakamega Agromet Sotik 249 Kishanda Met. Station 14 at Lumeji 74 Kagitumba (Muvumba) 134 Yala 27 Mwaro Site Station 191 Ndoinet Forest Station 250 Kyakakera Met. Station 15 Ruvuvu/Mumwendo Ferry 75 Gucha Migori 135 Zaaba 28 Mweya 94 Kakamega Airport 146 Bukembe 192 Saino Forest Station 251 Ngara 16 Simiyu River at M/Bridge 76 R. Kagera at Masangano 136 L. Victoria at Entebbe Pier 29 Ngozi (Kagoma) 95 Mumias Sugar Factory 147 Eregi, St. Augustine’s 193 Tendeno Forest 252 Bitaraguru P/School 17 Duma River at Sayaka 77 R. Bukora at Katera 137 Edzawa 30 Rutegama 96 Kaimosi Farmers T.t.c. Station 253 Bukoba Maji (Yard) 18 Mwanza South Port 78 Sare 138 Garagoli 31 Rutonganik Training Centre 148 Esalwa Secondary 194 Nyangores Forest 254 Busulwangili P/School 19 Cohoha (Kigozi) 79 Amala 139 R. Kakinga Index Catchment 32 Butezi 97 Lugari Forest Station School Station 255 Busweta P/School 20 Kazingiri (Nyagatare) 80 Nyangweta 140 Nzoia Ruambwa 33 Ijenda (Mission) 98 Kapsara Tea Factory 149 Mundoli 195 Narotia Forest Station 256 Bwai P/School 21 Rweru (Nyagisozi) 81 R. Bukora at Mutukula - Kyotera 141 Uludhi 34 Ijenda (The Villag) 99 Uholo Chief’s Office 150 Malava Forest Guard 196 Achego Primary 257 Chanongu P/School 22 Mudasomwa (Rukarara) 82 Gucha 142 Wuroya 35 Kibumbu 100 Chorlim Adc Post. School 258 Izigo 23 Rusumo (Akagera) 83 Nyangores 143 Wuroya 36 Mugera (Lycee) 101 Kapenguria Wrma 151 Sabatia Chief’s Office 197 God Abuoro Primary 259 Kayenze P/School 24 Nyabisindu (Mwogo) 84 Kipsonoi 144 Nzoia 37 Mulehe Office 152 Kabujoi Forest Station School 260 Kikubiji P/School 25 Gakindo (Lac Rweru) 85 Nyakobisara 145 Gaula 38 Munanira 102 Cheptongei Chief’s 153 Namuichula Nursery 198 Ogen Primary School 261 Kikuku 26 Shell (Lac Cyohoha S) 86 R. Kisoma at Mutukula - Kyotera 146 R. Kibimba at Kinoni - 39 Murehe (Mission) Office 154 Lugulu Primary School 199 Naluwa Farm Endebess 262 Kisesa P/School 27 Gihinga (Akanyaru) 87 Kenyamware 147 Firatsi 40 Murongwe 103 Kipkabus Forest 155 Barding Harambee 200 Nangina Catholic 263 Kuruya P/School 28 Mbuye (Akagera) 88 R. Lwanda at Kyotera - Rakai Ro 148 Placemark 41 Ngozi (Ocibu) Station Secondary Sch. Mission 264 Lukuba Island 29 Nduruma (Cyunuzi) 89 R. Kisoma Upper Stream at Kyote 149 R. Sio at Luhalali Near Bunadet 42 Nyakararo 104 Nabkoi Forest Station 156 Bukura Institute Of 201 Burnt Forest Agric. 265 Mugumu P/School 30 Rubago (Lac Sake) 90 R. Kisoma Upper at Kyotera - Ra 150 Isiukhu 43 Rusaka 105 Bunyala Ranet Fm Agriculture Station 266 Mwabagole P/School 31 Gashora (Lac Mirayi) 91 Mogusii 151 Ikhamala 44 Rutovu 106 Mukuyuni Dc’s Office 157 Nzoia Sugar Factory 202 Akala Dispensary 267 Mwadubi P/School 32 Mfune (Nyabarongo) 92 R. Ruizi at New Waterworks 152 L. Wamala at Lubajja 45 Mashitsi 107 Bungoma Water Yard Bungoma 203 Koru, Coffee Board 268 Mwanangwa P/School 33 Gashora (Lac Rumira) 93 R. Ruizi at Mbarara Water Works 153 Áisasala 46 Burasira (Seminaire) 108 Kadenge Yala Swamp 158 Shiakungu Sec. School Sub-Station 269 Mwanza Maji (Yard) 34 Rukoma (Lac Sake) 94 Kipsonoi Kapsimbiri 154 Lairi 47 Busiga 109 Nangina Girls H. School 159 Nandi Hills, Savani 204 Cheptenye Secondary 270 Nshambya 35 Mbalageti 95 Isanda 155 Sio River 48 Rugari (E.F.I.) 110 Nambale Agric. Office Estate School 271 Nyakanyasi 36 Shyembe (Lac Bilira) 96 Kiptiget 156 Endoroto 49 Bitezi (Gasibe) 111 Kwangamor Primary 160 Eldoret Kenya Coop. 205 Makindu Pri. School, 272 Sumve High School 37 Ururumanza (Ururumanza) 97 Kipsonoi 157 Ellegirini 50 Bugarama (Commune) School Creameries Muhoroni 273 Tallaga P/School 38 Gihuma (Gihuma) 98 Eaka Kioge 158 Chevaywa 51 Bugenyuzi (Paroisse) 112 Bunyala Irrigation 161 Siret Tea Co. Ltd.,Nandi 206 Kilgoris Divissional 274 Tallo Secondary 39 Rwinzoka (Akagera) 99 Awach Ober 159 Khalaba 52 Buhiga Scheme. 162 Nandi Hills,Kibweri Tea Agr.office School 40 Kavumu (Rugeramigozi) 100 New Itare 160 Luandeti 53 Buhinyuza 113 Wakhungu Nurs- Estate 207 Kigali Aero 275 Utegi P/School 41 Grumet River at M/Bridge 101 Yurith 161 Kipkarren 54 Bukeye (E.F.I.) ery-Samia 163 Kapsaret Forest 208 Ntaruka 276 Walla P/School 42 Mwaka (Nyabarongo) 102 Awach Tende 162 Chwele 55 Bwagiriza 114 Kaliwa Primary Station ,Eldoret 209 Bakokwe 277 Kharumwa P/School 43 Kanzenze (Nyabarongo) 103 Awach 163 Murgusi 56 Gisanze 115 Matayos Youth 164 Kimwani A.d.c. Farm 210 Butare Aero 278 Nyehunge P/School 44 Ruliba (Nyabarongo) 104 Awach Kabondo 164 Bokoli 57 Gishubi Polytechnic 165 Kapkeben Chemoni 211 Gihinga 279 Sagata P/School 45 Nemba (Nyabugogo) 105 Mapamujugu 165 Kuywa 58 Gitega (Agri) 116 Madende Secondary Estate 212 Gikomero 280 Zunzuli P/School 46 Yanze (Yanze) 106 Songon 166 Sosiani 59 Gitega (Ndebe) 117 Erusui Secondary 166 Miwani Sugar Section 213 Kaduha 281 Lolui 47 Suguti 107 Awach Kabuon 167 Segoit 60 Gitongo 118 Lugari Water Yard III 214 Kanombe 282 Kome 48 Ihema (Ihema Lake) 108 Lower Songon 168 Large Nzoia 61 Kabuyenge 119 Kapsokwony Water 167 Oyugis Agricultural 215 Mayange 283 Molo Sub County H/Q 49 Gaseke (Nyamabuye) 109 Ainapkoi 169 Rongai 62 Kanyinya (E.F.I.) Yard Station 216 Ndego 284 Mbarara Met Station 50 Rusumo (Mwange) 110 Sondu 170 Kamakoiwa 63 Kayongozi 120 Timboroa Forest 168 Bondo Water Supply 217 Ngarama 285 Mpanga Forest Statio 51 Kinoni (Base) 111 Katonga at Kampala Katonga Road 171 Kamukoywa 64 Kaziba 121 Chebara Dam 169 Kibos Cotton Experi- 218 Nyabimata 286 Entebbe Intl Airport 52 at Nyansurura 112 Miriu Sondu 172 Kimilili Springs 65 Kibimba 122 Eldoret Water Yard mental Sta. 219 Rulindo 287 Kabake Met Station 53 Ngono/Muhutwe 113 Tugenon 173 Kimilili 66 Kiganda (E.F.I.) 123 Kitale Water Yard 170 Homabay Farmers 220 Rutongo 288 Lwemiyaga 54 Kogatende Ranger Post 114 Nyando 174 Moiben 67 Kinazi 124 Kakamega Forest Training Centre 221 Busogo-Isae 289 Kakuto 55 Nyakinama (Mukungwa) 115 Namuting 175 Kuywa 68 Matongo(Com) Station 171 Lambwe Forest Station 222 Cyanika 290 Cankuzo (Projet) 56 Mara River at Mara Mine 116 Nyando 176 Little Nzoia 69 Muramvya 125 Ebusiratsi Health 172 Wanjare Chief’s Camp 223 Gikongoro Met 57 Mara River at Kirumi Ferry 117 Masaita 177 Tongaren 58 Nyagahanga (Warufu) 118 Nyando (Ahero Bridge) 178 Nzoia 59 Musoma Port 119 Masaita Dam 179 Ruvyironza (Nyabiraba)

90 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas Nile Basin Regional Hydromet

Challenges and Opportunities Proposed meteorological network for the Nile Basin River basin monitoring is essential for knowl- edge-based water resources planning, efficient water resources management, socio-economic Proposed meteorological development, and environmental sustainability. stations The current system of Nile Basin monitoring is River inadequate where many significant hydrologic Country boundary portions of the Nile Basin are either un-gauged or Lake very sparselyt gauged even with respect to basic Subbasin

The NBI is not an authority hydrological parameters. To address these critical on international boundaries gaps and improve transboundary water resource Egypt collaboration, the NBI worked with the NBI ripar- ian countries to develop design specifications and an implementation plan for the Nile Basin Region- al Hydro-meteorological Monitoring System.

Based on the individual country inclusive assess- ments, it was clear that each of the riparian coun- tries had the requisite institutions established for monitoring, but that the level of professional depth Wadi Halfa and breadth of training and staffing varied, as did the hardware and software available for collecting Station No.6 and managing the data and actual parameters be- ing measured. The most important gaps identified and addressed in the development of the Nile Basin Abu Hammad Regional Monitoring Network are: significant Dongola Main Nile number of stations that are outdated and out of Karima service, inadequate equipment calibration, limited Barbar Atbara or non-existent telemetry systems, lack of adequate Sidon Hamsh Koreab or modern data acquisition and management sys- Shendi tems, and weak national water quality, groundwa- Hadalia Eritrea Goz Ragab Togan ter and sediment monitoring programs. Sudan Abu Hamra Khartoum Kassala New Halfa

Tendelti Wd Alkali Khashm Elgirba Recent developments Ub Guta Badme Gerehu Srnay Fatisa Tekeze-Atbara Halelo Sodari Kogmer Shiraro Ummsiyala El Neima Wad Medani Elfaw Adigrat Recognizing the importance of a functional Nile Um Bader Elshwak Axum Air Port Humera Adigoshu Nebelet Ed Dueim Wad Figad El Gadaref Shire Endasilasse Baeker Atsebi River Basin Monitoring System, NBI developed the Hamrat Alsheikh Um Dam Haj Ahmed Gadamblyia Adiremets El Fasher Guroro Muzdalifa Sennar Doka May Tsebri Eial Bakhit El Hawata Adi Arkay Chenek Tekeze Mekele Air Port design of a regional hydromet system that address- Samsam Elobeid Kosti Debark Jabal Moui Umm Benin Finarawa Tora Tonga Basunda Sanja Metema Tsitsika Maichew es the severe gaps, responds to the strategic water En Nahud Shirkela Um Aush Abu Naama Gondar A.P. Jebelein Wad Alneal Elban Gadid Shinfa Zata Aykel El-tewaisha Guhala Amde Work resource management issues that had direct bear- White Nile Quara Kunzila Dankog Nyala Lalibela Shahura Debre Tabor Ed Damazine Nefasemewecha ing on the socio-economic developments within Rashad J Megeneis Renk Dangila Bahir Dar New Wegel Tena Simada Amba Mariam Gazala Gawazat Babanusa Mankush Pawe Adet the basin, builds on existing networks – including Koreb Tulus Motta Kadugli Chagni Combolcha Finoteselam Mekane Selam those of IGAD-HYCOS Program – is based on Sher. Gizen Bullen Kurmuk Wereilu Kodok Ayehu Debre Work Aldali international guidelines and best practices, and Bahr el Ghazal Kamashe Blue Nile Debre Markos Gunde Meskel Pachua Eneware Radom Tonga Assosa Fiche Mendi Gidayana considers national needs and limitations. Debre Berhan Malakal Nedjo Kachise Siadebr Begi Gimbi Anger Sululta Bentiu Nasir Gidame Nekemte Shola Gebeya Ambo Agriculture Gogreial Arjo Meteorological Network Design Aweil Kone Meshraerreq Alge Dembidolo Bedele Raga Placemark The meteorological network design was driven by Faddoi Jikawo Gore Limu Genet Abobo Gatira Wau the spatial distribution necessary to capture the Masha Ethiopia Tonj Pibor meteorological variability within the basin. A total Shambe South Sudan Aman of 322 meteorological stations are proposed for the Rumbek Pibor Post Baro-Akob-Sobat

Bor regional network of the Nile Basin. This includes Placemark Jeba Tumbura Na'andi 227 stations to measure a full suite of meteorolog- Maridi Lui Mongalla Kapoeta ical parameters and 95 to monitor rainfall only. Juba Yambio The full meteorological (Full Met) stations include Nagi Shot Bahr el Jebel Torit instruments to measure precipitation, wind, air Yei

Yumbe Karenga temperature, humidity, barometric pressure and Moyo Kitgum Loyoro Obongi Dispensary solar radiation which allows for the calculation of Arua Victoria Nile Wadelai Wdd Gulu Adilang evaporation. Lendu Wangkwar Uganda Nyakwai Moroto Lira Buliisa Jaber Enget Nariam Butiaba Hm Masindi Bugondo Soroti Kenya Kafu Hoima Labori Greek River Bunia Nakasongola Mbale Nalweyo Ngoma Chorlim Adc Kapsara Tea Factory Kakoge Lake Albert Kagada Kiboga Namwenda Bundibugyo Chwele Cheptongei Kasese Namulonge Eldoret Kapsoya Mubende Alupe Kari Angorai Ikulwe Eldoret Airport Democratic Republic of Congo Kampala Sewerage Works Kampala Namayingo Mumias Madu Mpanga Kipkabus Kasese Bunyala Ranet Fm Nabkoi Butembo Lwemiyaga Nkozi Exp Farm Siaya Atc Kaimosi Rwomuhororo Kome Entebbe Intl Airport Mbarara Lolui Kisumu Airport Koru, Rwenshama Masaka Oyugis Elburgon, Bushenyi Homabay Ishasha Lwamagwa Bukasa Ndoinet Mbarara God Bura Suba Met, Kebabe Bomet Bushenyi Kakuto South Nyanza Kilgoris Rushanga Kabake Kyakakera Randa Sotik, Bukoba Busweta Goma Nyagatare Musoma Kayanga Nyabusara Naikara Ntaruka Byumba Met Kuruya Kishanda Narok, Kigali Aero Kawangire Mugumu Ukerewe Buhemba Byimana Ndego Bunda Mayange Kahunda Lake Victoria Rwanda Bwai Butare Aero Ngara Nyabimata Mwanza Mugumu Rulenge Magu Muyinga Biharamulo Rwegura Ngudu Kidinda Karuzi 0 60 120 240 360 480 Maswa Gitega Kharumwa Kikubiji Burundi Muriza Gisozi Shinyanga Kilometers Ruvyironza United Republic of Tanzania

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 91 Meteorological stations per sub-basin Summary of proposed meteorological network by country Sub-basin Area (KM2) Regional design # of Stations w/ Country Active Inactive* New Total Lake Victoria - Kagera 197,181 30 Full Met Rain Only Lake Victoria - Kenya/Mara 49,737 31 Burundi 9 1 1 11 10 1 Lake Victoria - Tanzania/Mara 71,305 22 DR Congo 3 2 4 9 7 2 Lake Victoria - Uganda 27,660 13 Ethiopia 82 1 0 83 74 9 Victoria Nile 85,521 28 Kenya 28 5 0 33 21 12 Lake Albert 74,819 28 Rwanda 10 1 0 11 11 0 Bahr el Jebel 185,364 14 South Sudan 5 22 5 32 18 14 Bahr el Ghazal 604,746 23 Sudan 33 18 0 51 29 22 Baro-Akobo-Sobat 204,288 17 Tanzania 21 6 0 27 22 5 White Nile 258,803 17 Uganda 48 17 0 65 35 30 Blue Nile - Upper 175,374 41 Total 239 73 10 322 227 95 Blue Nile - Lower 132,344 13 % of Total 74% 23% 3% 100% 70% 30% Tekeze-Atbara 232,374 35 *Inactive Stations also include unknown or “blank” status entries originally received Main Nile 592,637 10 Total 322

Summary of Proposed Regional Hydrometric Network by Country Hydrological Network Design # of Stations w/ The primary purpose of the existing hydrometric stations Country Active Inactive* New Total WQ Sediment for the regional design would be for measuring stream- Burundi 2 0 0 2 1 2 flow at rivers and water level at lakes. In addition, the DR Congo 0 0 1 1 1 0 hydrometric design also includes locations by water Ethiopia 15 0 0 15 4 14 quality and sediment monitoring, which typically aligns Kenya 6 0 0 6 6 1 with streamflow gauging locations. The regional design Rwanda 6 0 1 7 6 5 proposes monitoring of both basic and advanced water South Sudan 4 6 2 12 5 2 quality parameters. The Nile Basin hydrometric design Sudan 12 1 0 13 9 12 focuses on achieving the monitoring of transboundary Tanzania 8 0 0 8 8 6 water management issues. A total of 79 hydrometric Uganda 14 1 0 15 12 1 stations are proposed for the regional network of the Nile Total 67 8 4 79 52 43 Basin. % of Total 85% 10% 5% 100% 66% 55%

*Inactive Stations also include unknown or “blank” status entries originally received Proposed hydrometric network map

Proposed hydro met stations River

Country boundary Lake

Egypt Sub-basin The NBI is not an authority on international boundaries

Dongola Main Nile

Atbara Kilo 3 Hassanab

Sudan Tamanyat Khartoum Eritrea

Tekeze-Atbara Nurse/flickr.com the Amy photo: Madani Hamdait Meandering river in South Sudan Abdi Rafi Embamadre Gewesi Hawata Al Asira

White Nile Roseries Bahir Dar Renk Eldeim Pedagogi Blue Nile Bahr el Ghazal Kessi Bridge Malakal Nyamlell Maya Doleib Doleib Hill Ethiopia Nasir Itang Wau Akobo Town Akobo Tonj Baro-Akobo-Sobat South Sudan Bahr el Jebel Mongalla

River Assua Laropi Uganda D. R. Congo Panyango. Paraa Butiaba Masindi Port Bugondo Pier

Bweramule Victoria Nile Mbulamuti Lake Albert Jinja Pier Bunadet Kenya Masaka Nzoia Ruambwa Ishango Katwe Yala Kadenge Ahero Bridge Lake Victoria Sondu Kyotera Gucha Migori Masangano Mara Kogatende Kyaka Ferry Mara Mine Nyabarongo Grumet river Rwanda mbalageti Akanyaru Rusumo new station Sayaka Lumeji Gitega Mumwendo Ferry

0 125 250 500 Nurse/flickr.com the Amy photo: Kilometers Burundi Tanzania Meandering river in South Sudan

92 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas Conclusion Photo: istock Photo:

The critical gap in data in the Nile Basin Gaps in spatial coverage and time series water resource planning and manage- Information collected by the system will has been recognized early during the in key catchments result in an incom- ment; flood management; rain-fed agricul- be accessible to all NBI Member States preparation of the first set of coopera- plete understanding and knowledge tural management, irrigated agricultural through the NBI Regional Data Manage- tive projects under NBI. As a result, NBI of bio-physical conditions, setbacks in management; drought management; soil ment system; guided by the effective data developed the Nile River Basin Monitoring strategic assessment and water resources erosion and sediment transport; surface sharing protocol among the NBI countries. Strategy to guide its activities for enhanc- planning, suboptimal water management water quality; groundwater management; NBI will compile all the data collected ing the monitoring system in the Nile decisions, and delays in planning and hydropower; navigation; fisheries; water- within the riparian countries and provide Basin. The strategy was endorsed by the execution of investment projects. shed management; wetlands management; synthesized information, trends, patterns, NBI governance and remains the guiding and climate change. These regional issues and facts that will inform both national document for the design of the regional Some 14 issues were first identified by NBI played a key role in the methodology of and regional water resources planning and monitoring network. Member States; these included: improved station selection for the regional network. management.

Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas / 93 94 / Nile Basin Water Resources Atlas