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SUBJECTIVITY REGAINED? GERMAN-LANGUAGE WRITING from EASTERN EUROPE and the BALKANS THROUGH an EAST-WEST GAZE by Boryana Y. Dobre

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SUBJECTIVITY REGAINED? GERMAN-LANGUAGE WRITING from EASTERN EUROPE and the BALKANS THROUGH an EAST-WEST GAZE by Boryana Y. Dobre SUBJECTIVITY REGAINED? GERMAN-LANGUAGE WRITING FROM EASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALKANS THROUGH AN EAST-WEST GAZE by Boryana Y. Dobreva B. A. and M. A. in Germanistik, Shumen University ―Ep. Konstantin Preslavsky,‖ 2001. M.A. in German Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2004. Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of University of Pittsburgh in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2011 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH FACULTY OF ARTS AND SCIENCES This thesis was presented by Boryana Yuliyanova Dobreva It was defended on April 18, 2011 and approved by Randall Halle, Klaus W. Jonas Professor of German Film and Cultural Studies, Department of German John B. Lyon, Associate Professor, Department of German Clark S. Muenzer, Associate Professor, Department of German Susan Z. Andrade. Associate Professor, Department of English Thesis Director: Sabine von Dirke, Associate Professor, Department of German ii Copyright © by Boryana Dobreva 2011 iii SUBJECTIVITY REGAINED? GERMAN-LANGUAGE WRITING FROM EASTERN EUROPE AND THE BALKANS THROUGH AN EAST-WEST GAZE Boryana Y. Dobreva, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2011 This project uncovers the role of recent German-Balkan works in articulating transnational identity in and through literature. Drawing on social and political models of European identity representations as well as on studies on stigma, trauma, and diasporic cultures as distinct historical formations, I contend that migrant fictions from Eastern Europe and the Balkans not only illuminate the concepts and demarcations operative in European collective imaginations but also introduce an Eastern European/Balkan dimension regarding the formation of modern identities beyond a national focus. To investigate this process, I focus on three Eastern European expatriates: the Bulgarian-born German and Austrian writers Rumjana Zacharieva and Dimitre Dinev and the Russian-German Wladimir Kaminer. The dissertation begins with an overview of postcolonial and Western theories of subjectivity and hybridity within the context of German literary-critical discourse on alterity, migration, and Turkish-German writings to argue that the historical and cultural context from which Eastern Europe/the Balkans have developed as Europe‘s ―Other within‖ requires a reconfiguration of present theoretical models. In historiographic fashion, this thesis emphasizes the role of Ottoman and Soviet legacies and Western domination on the formation of Balkan subaltern identities. Attending to a tradition of Balkanist discourse that engages the internal bipolar demarcation of Balkan identities as part iv Western, part Oriental, I reconsider in chapters 3 and 4 how Dinev and Zacharieva‘s writings negotiate the experience of migration from East to West and articulate particular kinds of Balkan identities as a response to competing representations of the Balkans and the West. In the fifth chapter, my application of the Russian discourse on itself and Europe in examining Kaminer‘s works transcends the discussion of migration and Balkan identities to offer a related, yet differentiated, account of the manifold processes that surround other Eastern European writings in German. By analyzing these narratives through an East-West lens, the study shows how thinking about identity and migration in literary and historical perspectives proves useful for understanding the shifting identities and borders in Germanic Europe and beyond. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………….1 1.1. ―BEYOND THAT LINE IS NOTHING, A GREAT BLANK.‖ EUROPE, GERMANY, AND THE EASTERN IMAGINATION…………………………………………………1 1.2. METHODOLOGY IN FOCUS: HOW POSTCOLONIAL IS GERMAN-LANGUAGE LITERATURE FROM THE BALKANS AND EASTERN EUROPE?............................6 1.3. DISSERTATION CHAPTERS: OVERVIEW....……………………………………….16 2.0 THE BALKANS: EUROPE‘S INTERNAL OTHER AND THE QUESTION OF BALKAN SUBJECTIVITY……………………………………………………………………………..27 2.1 HYBRID SITES AND LIMINAL SPACES: THE GERMAN STORY…………….…..33 2.2 SYMBOLIC MAPS OF EUROPE: THE BALKANS AS THE EAST WITHIN……….44 2.3 BALKAN SELF-IMAGES—THEN AND NOW. THE IMMIGRANTS OF THE BALKANS IN THE MIDST OF WESTERN EUROPE AND WHERE THEY STOOD AND STAND…………………………………………………………………………….61 2.4 BRIDGING THE GAP: EAST AND WEST IN THEORY AND PRACTICE…………83 3.0 BALKAN STORIES, MIGRANT REALITIES. RECONFIGURING SOUTHEASTERN EUROPEAN IDENTITIES UNDER GLOBAL CONDITIONS: THE CASE OF DIMITRE DINEV……………………………………………………………………………………….90 3.1. DIMITRE DINEV—FROM A BULGARIAN ASYLUM SEEKER TO A SUCCESSFUL AUSTRIAN WRITER…………...…………………………………….98 vi 3.2 DINEV‘S BALKAN STORIES OF MIGRANT REALITIES……………..…………..107 3.2.1 Searching for Light—the Balkans‘ Ghostly Faces Revealed…………………..110 3.3 WRITING THE INSCRIPTION OF TRAUMA: A STORY INSTEAD OF HISTORY ………………………………………………………………………………………….124 4.0 EXILIC VOICES OR THE APORIA OF SHIFTING IDENTITIES: THE CASE OF RUMJANA ZACHARIEVA……………………………………………………………….138 4.1 RUMJANA ZACHARIEVA—HER SELF-UNDERSTANDING AND ASPIRATIONS AS A LITERARY WRITER……………...………………………………………………..146 4.2 BÄRENFELL—A JOURNEY INTO THE INTIMACY OF ESTRANGEMENT..........155 4.3 ALIENATION REFIGURED……………..……………………………………..…..…176 5.0 REACHING FOR A COMMON GROUND: WLADIMIR KAMINER AND THE NEW PORTRAITS OF IMAGINED COMMUNITIES……………………………………………….178 5.1 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF KAMINER…………..……………………...………183 5.2 THE IMAGININGS OF NEW DIASPORIC COMMUNITIES………….……………186 5.2.1 Stereotypes Wrapped in ―More Colorful Clichés‖………………………….…197 5.2.2 The Space of Berlin……………………………………………..……………..203 5.2.3 From the Space of Berlin into the Space of Germany…………………………209 5.2.4 From the Space of Germany into the Space of Europe………………………..213 5.3 COSMOPOLITAN FUTURES………………………………………………...............217 6.0 AFTERWORD: TOWARDS A ‗VITAL PARLIAMENT‘ OF DISCIPLINES AND CULTURES………………………………………………………………………………...221 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………………234 vii PREFACE First and foremost, I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Sabine von Dirke, whose enthusiasm and interest in my research were vital for developing and carrying out this project. Dr. von Dirke‘s encouragement and guidance kept me on track and her commentary and constructive criticism were invaluable. I would also like to extend my thanks to each member of my dissertation committee, Dr. Randall Halle, Dr. Susan Andrade, Dr. John Lyon, and Dr. Clark Muenzer, for their high evaluations and recommendations, as well as feedback on the individual dissertation chapters. Their comments and directions helped me to revise any areas in need of clarification or restructuring. On-site dissertation research in Berlin and Vienna was assisted by grants from the Northeast Modern Language Association and the Austrian American Cultural Society in Pittsburgh. A Lillian Lawler pre-doctoral fellowship proved integral in the initial phases of dissertation writing. A Dissertation Completion Fellowship, generously provided by the Andrew W. Mellon/American Council of Learned Societies Early Career Fellowship Program, supported the final stages of this project. Parts of this research were presented at various conferences and colloquia throughout the last four years. Thank you to all my colleagues for the interest they showed, the thought-provoking questions they raised, and the many stimulating formal and informal discussions. viii Words are not enough to express my thanks to Tim Schlak, my husband and my confidant. Without his loving support and enduring patience, the countless hours spent reading, researching, and writing would have felt as one long and lonesome journey. Thanks to his editing skills, the project reached the stage where it all came together in nice harmony. I am also very much indebted to my mother, Vyara Dobreva, for her unreserved devotion and for being there for me as a mother and friend, when I needed her most. I dedicate this dissertation to my father, Yuliyan Dobrev, who supported my research from its very beginning and shared my excitement, ideas, and fears in our numerous long-distance phone conversations and during my visits home. If the Bulgarian health system were just and right, my father would have lived long enough to join me in celebrating this unique moment of accomplishment. Finally, special mention goes to my son, Collin Timothy Schlak, who was born shortly after the dissertation was completed. Although not able to know and realize it, Collin became an inseparable part of this whole endeavor as well as my greatest motivator who experienced most directly the feelings associated with the process of dissertation writing. Thank you all! Boryana Dobreva Orange City, IA June 2011 ix 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 “BEYOND THAT LINE IS NOTHING, A GREAT BLANK.” EUROPE, GERMANY, AND THE EASTERN IMAGINATION ―This is where I am. Round me are Germany, Belgium, this is France, that‘s England, down there is Italy, and, yes, then there are Spain and Portugal as well, and here is a line. Beyond that line is nothing, a great blank...‖ (Dubravka Ugrešić quoting a friend in ―Nice People Don‘t Mention Such Things‖ 299) In her article ―Nice People Don‘t Mention Such Things‖ (1998), the Croatian writer and Nobel Prize winner Dubravka Ugrešić (born in 1949) remarks of Others and frontiers that ―these are the conceptual points around which Europe has built its identity‖ (303). Indeed, European geographic, political, and cultural cartography has registered over time numerous instances of reshaping, redrawing, erasing, and creating borders that have ultimately included and excluded certain areas and brought different
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