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OSCE Insights 2020 OSCE Insights Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg [Hrsg.] OSCE Insights 2020 Corona, Krieg, Führungskrise 2020 | 02 OSCE Insights Institut für Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik an der Universität Hamburg (IFSH), Zentrum für OSZE-Forschung (CORE) Rabbi Andrew Baker Kampf gegen den Antisemitismus in Europa: ist die OSZE der Herausforderung gewachsen? DOI: 10.5771/9783748911630-02 Die OSZE und der Kampf gegen den Antisemitismus in Europa Rabbi Andrew Baker* Zusammenfassung Dieser Beitrag untersucht den Kampf der OSZE gegen den Antisemitismus und unterstreicht die Sicherheitsbedenken jüdischer Gemeinden und die Bedeutung einer gemeinsamen Defini- tion von Antisemitismus. Ausgehend von den Erfahrungen des Autors in seiner Rolle als Persönlicher Beauftragter des Amtierenden Vorsitzenden der OSZE für die Bekämpfung des Antisemitismus beleuchtet der Beitrag auch Herausforderungen, die sich aus der Organisations- struktur, der Finanzierung und den Entscheidungsprozessen der OSZE ergeben, und erörtert Möglichkeiten, die Rolle der OSZE bei der Bekämpfung des Antisemitismus zu stärken. Schlagworte OSZE, BDIMR/ODIHR, Antisemitismus, Terrorismus, Sicherheit jüdischer Gemeinden Bitte zitieren als: Rabbi Andrew Baker, Die OSZE und der Kampf gegen den Antisemitismus in Europa, OSCE Insights 2 (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2021), https://doi.org/10.5771/9783748911630-02 Einleitung fang auf Einladung von Bundeskanzler Gerhard Schröder. Nach einhelliger Mei- An einem sonnigen Aprilnachmittag nung war diese Konferenz ein Meilen- des Jahres 2004 ging ich gemeinsam stein in den Bemühungen, die OSZE da- mit Botschafter Christian Strohal, Direk- zu zu bringen, das Wiedererstarken des tor des Büros für demokratische Insti- Antisemitismus in Europa endlich zum tutionen und Menschenrechte (BDIMR/ Thema zu machen. ODIHR), ins deutsche Bundeskanzler- Der deutsche Außenminister Joschka amt. Die hochrangige Berliner Antisemi- Fischer und der bulgarische Amtierende tismus-Konferenz der OSZE1 war gerade OSZE-Vorsitzende, Außenminister Solo- erst zu Ende gegangen, und wir waren mon Passy, leiteten die Gespräche, und auf dem Weg zu einem Abschlussemp- viele Teilnehmerstaaten waren ebenso hochrangig vertreten. Im Jahr zuvor hatte ich eng mit dem US-Botschafter bei der OSZE, Steve Minikes, zusammengearbei- * Persönlicher Beauftragter des Amtierenden tet, um die Organisation zu überzeugen, OSZE-Vorsitzenden für die Bekämpfung des eine erste Konferenz auf die Beine zu stel- Antisemitismus Organisation für Sicherheit und Zusammen- len, die schließlich im Juni 2003 in Wien arbeit in Europa (OSZE) stattfand. Damit war Antisemitismus zu [email protected] 1 Rabbi Andrew Baker einem wichtigen Thema geworden. Ob forderten, saßen hier zudem mit europä- es jedoch weitere Veranstaltungen geben ischen Regierungen an einem Tisch. Die würde, war lange Zeit unklar, bis die OSZE-Verpflichtungen waren zwar recht- deutsche Delegation in der Abschlusssit- lich nicht einklagbar, wurden aber nach zung ankündigte, eine zweite Konferenz ihrer Verabschiedung von den Teilneh- ausrichten zu wollen. merstaaten, in denen sich das Problem Nun hatten wir diese Konferenz und besonders akut darstellte, durchaus ernst die so wichtige Berliner Erklärung2, die genommen. Die langwierige interne De- zum Abschluss der Konferenz veröffent- batte um den genauen Wortlaut der Ber- licht wurde. In der Berliner Erklärung liner Erklärung zeigte, dass die Staaten von 2004 wird das ODIHR dazu aufge- verstanden hatten, dass es auf jedes Wort rufen „antisemitische Vorfälle im OSZE- ankam, und man sich in Zukunft auch Raum genau zu verfolgen und dafür al- daran halten würde. le verfügbaren verlässlichen Informatio- Nur wenige Wochen nach der Ber- nen heranzuziehen.“3 Das ODIHR wird liner OSZE-Konferenz veröffentlichte außerdem dazu aufgefordert „im gesam- die Europäische Stelle zur Beobachtung ten OSZE-Raum Informationen über be- von Rassismus und Fremdenfeindlichkeit währte Praktiken zur Verhütung und Be- (EUMC) ihren ersten Bericht zum An- kämpfung des Antisemitismus systema- tisemitismus in der Europäischen Uni- tisch zu sammeln und zu verbreiten und on.4 Dieser Bericht umfasste zwei Tei- die Teilnehmerstaaten auf Ersuchen bei le. Der erste Teil basierte hauptsächlich ihren Bemühungen im Kampf gegen den auf den begrenzten, aus Ereignismeldun- Antisemitismus zu beraten.“ gen und Meinungsumfragen verfügbaren Ich fand dieses Ergebnis sehr ermuti- Daten, die von den EUMC-Beobachtern gend, doch Christian Strohal wirkte un- in den Teilnehmerstaaten zusammenge- zufrieden. „Uns mehr Aufgaben zu geben tragen worden waren. Der zweite Teil ist natürlich einfach“, erklärte er. „Aber war eine Zusammenstellung von Inter- werden wir auch die notwendige Unter- views mit führenden Vertreter*innen eu- stützung bekommen, diese umzusetzen?“ ropäischer jüdischer Gemeinden. Diese Infolge der Berliner Konferenz und Gespräche vermittelten ein alarmieren- der Erklärung rückte das Problem des des Bild und offenbarten ein Ausmaß Antisemitismus zunehmend ins Zentrum an Angst, das es so seit Jahrzehnten der Aufmerksamkeit, und erstmals wur- nicht mehr gegeben hatte. Einige der Ge- den Anstrengungen unternommen, ernst- sprächspartner stellten gar die Zukunft haft dagegen vorzugehen. Die OSZE des jüdischen Gemeindelebens in Frage war dafür in gewisser Hinsicht prädesti- und verwiesen dabei auf die Zunahme niert. Die Bekämpfung des Antisemitis- antisemitischer Vorfälle und die halbher- mus stand einerseits im Einklang mit zige Reaktion staatlicher Stellen. Die dem Mandat der menschlichen Dimensi- EUMC selbst gab zudem an, die Arbeit on. Die Vereinigten Staaten, die beson- ihrer Beobachter sei dadurch erschwert, ders lautstark stärkere Anstrengungen dass die meisten ohne eine Definition 2 Die OSZE und der Kampf gegen den Antisemitismus in Europa von Antisemitismus arbeiten mussten Zivilgesellschaft zur Konferenz. Für sie und die übrigen sich auf ganz unter- alle brachte die Konferenz nützliche schiedlichen Definitionen stützten. 5 Empfehlungen hervor. Nur zwei Wochen In diesem Beitrag blicke ich auf we- nach der Konferenz organisierte die Par- sentliche Wendepunkte im Kampf gegen lamentarische Versammlung der OSZE den Antisemitismus zurück. Dazu will eine Sondersitzung im Rahmen ihrer ich zunächst zwei Aspekte näher betrach- Wintertagung in Wien, wo die Parlamen- ten: die Sicherheitsbedenken jüdischer tarier*innen das Problem des Antisemitis- Gemeinden und die Bedeutung einer ge- mus diskutieren konnten. meinsamen Definition von Antisemitis- Wir waren davon ausgegangen, dass mus. Anschließend betrachte ich Finan- sich das ganze Jahr über weitere Gele- zierung, Entscheidungsfindung und das genheiten ergeben würden, die Empfeh- Konsensprinzip als Herausforderungen lungen bei den Ergänzungstreffen zur im OSZE-Kontext. Zuletzt zeige ich Mög- Menschlichen Dimension, den Sitzungen lichkeiten für den neuen OSZE-Vorsitz des Ständigen Rates und den anstehen- auf, der OSZE im Kampf gegen den An- den Länderbesuchen der Persönlichen tisemitismus wieder eine führende Rolle Beauftragten aufzugreifen und weiterzu- zu geben. entwickeln. Durch die erneute Beteili- gung der Parlamentarischen Versamm- lung, deren Resolutionen Vorboten der Der Umgang mit den ersten Antisemitismus-Konferenzen der Sicherheitsbedenken jüdischer OSZE gewesen waren, sollten die Bemü- Gemeinden hungen einen weiteren wertvollen Für- sprecher erhalten. Im Februar 2020 veranstaltete der albani- Leider wurden diese Pläne durch sche OSZE-Vorsitz in Tirana eine Konfe- die Corona-Pandemie jedoch jäh ausge- renz zur Bekämpfung des Antisemitismus bremst. Obwohl wichtige Implementie- im OSZE-Raum. Er folgte damit der vom rungstreffen zur Menschlichen Dimen- italienischen Amtierenden Vorsitzenden sion immerhin noch virtuell stattfin- im Jahr 2018 begründeten und vom den konnten, waren die üblichen Side slowakischen Vorsitz 2019 fortgeführten Events und informellen Zusammenkünf- Tradition, diese Konferenzen in den ers- te von zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisatio- ten Monaten des Jahres abzuhalten. An nen und Teilnehmerstaaten, die inzwi- der gemeinsam mit dem ODIHR organi- schen auch eine bedeutende Komponen- sierten Konferenz in Tirana nahmen auch te sind, unter diesen Umständen nicht die Parlamentarische Versammlung der mehr möglich. Über eine Zeitspanne OSZE und der Hohe Kommissar für na- von mehreren Jahren, inklusive dem Jahr tionale Minderheiten (HKNM) teil. Zu- 2019, zeigen die Daten zu antisemiti- dem kamen Vertreter*innen anderer in- schen Vorfällen eine Zunahme oder Sta- ternationaler Organisationen, OSZE-Teil- gnation.6 Einige Schwankungen lassen nehmerstaaten und Vertreter*innen der sich wahrscheinlich auch auf veränderte 3 Rabbi Andrew Baker Praktiken in der Berichterstattung und rascht und entmutigt, wenn ich bei mei- dem Erfassen von Daten zurückführen. nen Treffen mit Regierungsvertreter*in- Antisemitismus und Verschwörungstheo- nen erfuhr, wie wenig tatsächlich getan rien, die Juden mit dem Coronavirus in wurde, und welche Ausreden dafür be- Verbindung bringen, haben sich in allen müht wurden, warum nicht mehr unter- sozialen Medien weiter verbreitet. nommen wurde. Ein Beispiel ist ein Tref- Im Jahr 2009 und den Folgejahren er- fen in Den Haag, wo mir mitgeteilt wur- hielt ich die Möglichkeit, als Persönlicher de, die Regierung könne kein erweitertes Beauftragter des Amtierenden OSZE-Vor- Sicherheitskonzept für Synagogen anbie- sitzenden für die Bekämpfung des Antise- ten, ohne nicht auch Kirchen und Mo- mitismus im Rahmen mehrerer
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