SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 111 A MONOGRAPH OF THE EAST AMERICAN SCAPHOPOD MOLLUSKS BY JOHN B. HENDERSON Of Washington, District of Columbia WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1920 ADVERTISEMENT. States National Museum The scientific publications of the United the Bulletins. consist of two series, the Proceedings and issued m 1878, are The Proceedings, the first volume of which was publication of original, and intended primarily as a medium for the of the National Museum, usually brief, papers based on the collections geology, and anthro- presentincr newly acquired facts in zoology, animals, and revisions pology, including descriptions of new forms of are issued annually and dis- of limited groups. One or two volumes organizations. A limited number tributed to libraries and scientific form, is distributed to specialists of copies of each paper, in pamphlet as soon as printed. and others interested in the different subjects, the tables of contents of the The dates of publication are recorded in . volumes. „ issued m 1875, consist ot a The Bulletins, the first of which was comprising chiefly monographs ot series of separate publications general systematic treatises (occa- laro-e zoological groups and other works, reports of expeditions, and sionally in several volumes), faunal collections, etc. ihe majority catalogues of type-specimens, special quarto size has been adopted m a of the volumes^re octavos, but a regarded as indispensable. few instances in which large plates were containing papers relating to Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes and known as the Contribu- the botanical collections of the Museum, has been published as bulletins. tions from the National Herbarium, Bulletin series. The present work forms No. Ill, of the William deC. Ravenel, Administrative Assistant to the Secretary, National Museum. in charge of the United States Washinoton. D. C, June 20, 1920. ^^^ TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. 1 Introduction 7 of the Scaphopoda Classification ^ Dentaliidae Family g Dentalium Genus g Synopsis of the subgenera of Dentalium ^^ Family Siphonodentaliidae - ; , „ Siphonodentaliidae Synopsis of genera of the family J^ Entalina Genus -j^q Siphonodentalium Genus ^^ Genus Cadulus -j^^ of the subgenera of Cadulus Synopsis ^^ Scaphopoda List of the East American ^^ ' '. ." " ' 1- Geographical distribution ; ' -V 16 horizontal and bathymetnc distribution Table showing ^^ of the species Systematic consideration 22 Genus Dentalium 22 Dentalium - Subgenus 22 species of the subgenus Dentalium Key to the ^^ Antalis Subgenus 34 of the groups of Antalis Synopsis ^^ group of Dentalium occidentale Key to the ^^ the group of Dentalium antillarum Key to ^^ group of Dentalium ceratum Key to the ^^ group of Dentalium bartletti Key to the ^^ Heteroschisma Subgenus ^g Subgenus Fissidentalium • en species of the subgenus Fissidentalium Key to the ^^ - Subgenus Graptacme gg species of the subgenus Graptacme Key to the ^^ Subgenus Laevidentalium -_ „„ Lae^adentallum species of the subgenus Key to the ^^ Episiphon Subgenus 'J.' ", 77 subspecies of the subgenus Episiphon Key to the ^^ ' ' Bathoxiphus " • 1 Subgenus ' V ' 81 species of the subgenus Bathoxiphus Key to the ^^ - - Subgenus Compressidens ; Compressidens g3 species of the subgenus Key to the ^^ Subgenus Fustiaria g7 Family Siphonodentaliidae gy 1 Genus Entalina ' " U i'- 87 species of the genus Entaima Key to the ^^ Genus Siphonodentalium gg Subgenus Siphonodentalium - ''"'V.''' - 89 subgenus Siphonodentalium - key to the species of the Subgenus Pulsellum '"\"u 93 subgenus Pulsellum Key to the species of the VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Systematic consideration of the species—Continued. Family Siphonodentaliidae—Continued. Page. Genus Cadulus 95 Key to the subgenera of Cadulus 95 Subgenus Polyschides 96 Key to the species of the subgenus Polysc hides 97 Subgenus Platyschides 104 Subgenus Gadila 130 Subgenus Cadulus 141 Explanation of plates 151 Index 173 A MONOGRAPH OF THE EAST AMERICAN SCAPHOPOD MOLLUSKS. By John B. Henderson, Of Washington, District of Columbia. INTRODUCTION. Diirinjj: the latter part of the eighteenth and the first quarter of the nineteenth century many species of the ahundant shallow water mollusks of the western Atlantic, especially of the larger and more conspicuous Antillean forms, were described by European naturalists. Between 1820 and 1840 several American naturalists, notably Conrad and vSay, added a number of species to the American list, their material coming mostly from the Atlantic and Gidf coasts of the United States. At that time there had been little or no dredging done, nor, indeed, had any attempt been made at systematic, nmch less intensive, collecting. Only those easily accpiired mollusks were known that lived either in the shallow water of bays or that had been cast upon exposed beaches. As the American Scaphopods lire below tidal range and are rarely found upon beaches they almost wholly esca])ed the notice of the earlier collectors. A few Dentalia, probably from Antillean beaches, had, however, found place in foreign collections and were described in the careless manner of the time, usually with doubtfid or no locality records attached. Such species were Dentalium serrdstriatum of Tiirton, published in 1819 as coming from Dublin Bay, and also D. nehulosum of Deshayes in 1825. In 1834 Guilding described D. semisiriolatum and D. sowerhyi as positively Antillean species, and these stand as the first recorded of our Dentalia that may be accepted 'with reasonable assurance. Chenu, in the first volume of his imposing series of Illustrations Conchyliologiques, appearing jibout 1843, gives excellent figures of his own and of Deshayes's species of Dentalium, some of which may belong to the western Atlantic. These are Dentalium nehulosum Deshayes (already referred to), D. translucidum Chenu, J9. nmericanum Chenu, D. pictei (Deshayes) Chenu, D. ensiforme Chenu, and a few others that are suspiciously like some well-known West Indian forms. There are good reasons, to be later discussed, for rejecting them all for our present list. 2 BULLETIX 111, UXITED STATES XATIOXAL MUSEUM. During the decade from 1S40 to 1850 five undoubtedly valid American species were added to Guilding's accepted two. These were Orbigny's B. antiUarum, D. disparile, and D. dominguensis (Cadulus) 1846, from Antillean shores, excellently figured in his report upon the moUiisks in Sagra's Natural Histors' of Cuba; Philippi's D. texasianum from Galveston, 1848, and Conrad's D. eboreum, 1846, from Tampa. These are all from definite localities, Philippi's specimens having been sent him b}' Roemer. About this time ("1840-1850) there was considerable activity among students of the molluscan fauna of New England. Gould published his Invertebrates of Massachusetts in 1841, in which he referred a New England Dentalium to the Dentalium dentale of Lin- naeus, and two years later Mighels, in another list of New England shells, added D. entale of Linnaeus. Both these names were destined to be cast aside and restored many times by subsequent writers, who believed or not that these American shells v. ere merely western examples of the Earopean species of Linnaeus. In 1850, then, there were eight positively known species of Scap- hopods from the western Atlantic, two of which were regarded as identical with European forms. The following year, William Stimp- son published his Shells of New England, in which he disposed of D. dentale Linnaeus as an American species, in favor of iiis own D. occidentale. The species already referred to by Mighels as entale linnaeus he redescribed the same year as D. striolatum, as he doubted the identity of the American and the European shells. From 1851 to 1879 there were no direct additions to the short American Scaphopod list. In 1860 Sowerby published a monograph of the Dentalia in his Thesaurus Conchyliorum. Among the new species therein described three are of interest to us, as having been accepted later on as identical with American forms. These are D. filum. D . fistula, and Siphonodentalium lohatuia. In 1870 Jeffreys published D. gracile Dnd in 1877, Cadulus cyUndratus, and D. ensi- culus (from European waters), species later considered as also Ameri- can moUusks. All these six species are northeastern Atlantic. The first large and impor-tant addition to our Scaphopod list came in 1879 as a result of the work of the Challenger. Doctor Boog Watson published in that year in the Journal of the Linnean Society a preliminary descriptive list of Scaphopoda (among others) obtained by that famous expedition (1872-1876). AH the new American species described therein were obtained from four Challenger stations only, located between Prince Edward Islands on the north and Fernando Noronha on the south, ami in depth from 25 to 450 fathoms. In 1885 these various species were repu]>lished and figured in Wat- son's massive report upon the Challenger Scaphopods and Gastero- pods. For care and fidelity in description and in the thoroughness . EAST AMERICAN SCAPHOPOD MOLLUSKS. 3 of his methods Doctor Wiitson set an entirely new pace in systematic work. The additions to the western Atlantic Scaphopocls therein made, including his own new species and those of others regarded by him as American as well as European, are as follows: DfjitaUum capillosum Jeffreys SiphcnodentaliuTn tytthum Wat- (1876). son. Dentalium entalis orthrum Wat- SipJionodentalium tetraschistum son. Watson. Dentalium circumcinctum Watson. Cadulus vulpidens Watson. DentaliuTn compressum