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Seven Queer Brothers Narratives of Forbidden Male Same-Sex Desires from Modernizing Finland 1894-1971

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Seven Queer Brothers Narratives of Forbidden Male Same-Sex Desires from Modernizing Finland 1894-1971 Seven Queer Brothers Narratives of Forbidden Male Same-Sex Desires from Modernizing Finland 1894-1971 Sandra Hagman Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Florence, January 2014 European University Institute Department of History and Civilization Seven Queer Brothers Narratives of Forbidden Male Same-Sex Desires from Modernizing Finland 1894-1971. Sandra Hagman Thesis submitted for assessment with a view to obtaining the degree of Doctor of History and Civilization of the European University Institute Examining Board Professor Giulia Calvi, (EUI) Professor Laura Downs, (EUI) Professor Matti Peltonen, (University of Helsinki) Professor Jens Rydström, (University of Lund) © Sandra Hagman, 2014 No part of this thesis may be copied, reproduced or transmitted without prior permission of the author [I] ABSTRACT From 1894 to 1971, “same-sex fornication” was a crime in Finland. However, a wide variation can be seen in the degree to which same-sex relations were controlled during the existence of the law. From the 1930s onwards, the number of convictions started to rise, reaching its peak in the early 1950s and dropping sharply in the latter half of the 1960s. This research studied the ways in which male same-sex desire was perceived, controlled and lived through during the first seventy years of twentieth-century Finland. The longitudinal-type analysis provided the perspective to view the transformations in discourses on male sexual practices and their impact on actual policing. The research question was elaborated through the microhistorical narratives of seven men who had been convicted of same-sex fornication in different decades of the twentieth century. The theoretical basis of the dissertation was queer theory. The main sources were same-sex fornication court case documents which were read together with legal, medical and moral writings, and newspaper and tabloid articles. By combining micro- and macro-dimensions, the research was able to reveal the changing attitudes towards male sexual intimacy in Finnish society, and by comparison to European historiography the study showed the roots of these attitudes. Until the late 1920s, the Hirschfeldian view on male sexual intimacy was dominant in Finland as well as in other Nordic countries. However, the dissertation shows how in the 1930s Finnish medical and legal authorities adapted the Nazi German perception of homosexuality as a transmittable disease, which increased control over male-male sexual practices in Finland at the same time that they became decriminalized in other Nordic countries. In Finnish agrarian society, male sexual practices were tolerated and not labeled, and boys were not viewed as possible victims of sexual abuse. Men who exclusively and extensively sought sex with other men or boys were called manlovers until the Second World War and the immediate post-war period, when sexual presentations of Finnish men were nationalized, and homosexual practices were constructed as unmanly and dangerous. Homosexual emancipation took place fast alongside the “sexual revolution” in the latter part of the 1960s. [II] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Institutional thanks First, I wish to thank the various sources of funding who recognized the importance of this research. I thank the Finnish Academy for its generous funding for the period of 2009-2013, in which I developed the thesis at the European University Institute. I am also grateful to the North Carelian Regional Fund, Joensuu University (currently University of Eastern Finland) and SETA ry (SETA –LGBT rights in Finland) for their grants. I also acknowledge the economic support of the European University Institute of funding my trips to archives and conferences. I am grateful for having had the possibility to study in the PhD program at the European University Institute and do history in such an inspiring and academically stimulating environment. I want to thank the numerous staff of the institute whose contribution made the work at the institute so pleasant; Mensa staff, Language center, Bar Fiasco, and the library, particularly for its interlibrary loan service. Thanks also to the staff at the HEC department, especially Kathy Wolf Fabiani for their help and flexibility. Thanks to Kulttuuriosakunta Makasiini for a working space in Helsinki. I am also truly grateful to Sara Tropper, who proofread the thesis and helped in editing. This research was largely done in archives. During the years I went to the County Archives of Oulu, Vaasa, Joensuu, Hämeenlinna, Mikkeli and Turku, and to the city archive of Tampere, and Helsinki Lutheran Church’s central register. Thank you all for your collaboration. Most of the time I spent in the National Archive of Finland, whose staff was always helpful. Special thanks to archivist Pertti Vuorinen who seems to know the archive to the core, and helped me generously with that knowledge. Academic thanks First of all, I thank my supervisor, Professor Giulia Calvi for her sharp-eyed comments on the thesis over the years, and for the enthusiasm that she showed towards my research. I also wish to express my gratitude to Professor Matti Peltonen who agreed to work as the external reader of my thesis. His enormous knowledge of twentieth-century Finnish history has been an impressive source of inspiration during the years. Of the EUI professors I wish to thank Professors Steve Smith, Bartolome Yun Casalillas, Dirk Moses, Antonella Romano and Gerhard Haupt for having read and commented on my thesis during the years. My compliments also to Professor Marjatta Hietala for the time and interest she showed in my project. I also thank the members of the jury, to Professor Jens Rydstöm and Professor Laura Downs. At my former university, the University of Joensuu, I wish to extend my warmest wishes to Professor Tapio Hämynen who suggested that I study criminal records as I wanted to study the history of homosexuality for my history BA project. He told me already then, as was his custom, [III] that “this can be developed into a PhD”. As a third-year undergraduate student, the idea of a PhD felt anything but possible. However, I continued to investigate same-sex fornication records for my master’s thesis, which I completed in the faculty of social policy. At that point, Professors Eeva Jokinen and Pirkkoliisa Ahponen helped me to proceed in academic life. I am very thankful to Dr. Jussi Vähämäki who was the second reader of my master’s thesis and pushed me to develop my knowledge of Michel Foucault. I am especially thankful to Kati Mustola for having helped me to locate sources and for the nice discussions over lunch or a cup of coffee through the years. It has been a pleasure to speak with someone who has worked in the field for so long, and who shares the same academic interest. I am also thankful to Dr. Tuula Juvonen for her help at the beginning of the project, and to Dr. Jan Löfström for having given me his notes for sources and literature. Private thanks I am thankful to the EUI’s Finnish community, with whom we had great parties and times together. As we were in Florence for five years, the list is long, including Jan Kunnas and Leena Karjalainen, Miika Tervonen, Ere Nokkala, Arto and Miia Kokkinen, Johannes Lessing, Milla Vaha, Maria Vaalavuo, Veera Miltzner, Ohto Kanninen, Justiina Dahl, Ismo and Henna Puhakka, Matti and Vera La Mela, and Kaarlo Havu. Kiitos 2007-2012! Special thanks to Mariana La Barca Pinto, Maria Halle, and Johan Christensen for your friendship in good and bad times. You really became my “amici del cuore” during the years, and nothing can change that! Thanks also to your better parts: Jaime, Piotrek and Elisa. Also Sven Mesinovic, Đurđa Hrženjak, Fredrik Stöcker and Sarah Werhaegen, thank you for your friendship during the years! In addition, I want to thank Alexander Krüger and Konstantinos Eleftheriadis for many inspiring conversations on queer studies at the Badia terrace and elsewhere. Because of you I did not feel too queer with my topic at the Institute! Particularly warm wishes to all HEC 2009 researchers and Professor Calvi’s supervisees, with whom I went through the adventure of the PhD. I also wish to thank the people from Fiesole for having taken our family into their lives during the five years of our stay in the village. All ”le mamme e i babbi” with whom we made theatre, took the pizza turn at the Casa del Popolo, spoke endless hours in the local park and organized children’s parties. Special thanks to Paola Gamberini, Virginia Manco, and Cecilia de Sio. Grazie mille per aver preso la mia famiglia nella vostra vita Fiesolana! Life in Fiesole changed remarkably when getting to know Merita Marashi, Zdravko Subotic, Matilda Kola and Martina Subotic, and later the rest of the Marashi Gang. Grazie per la vostra grande amicizia. Voi siete meravigliosi e mi mancate ogni giorno! I want to send my warmest thanks to all my Finnish friends who believed in my project and in my capacities as the so-called “gay investigator”. Special thanks to Me Tietty: Kaisu, Lotta, Rauni, Satu, Laura, Varpu, Outi S., Outi P. and Aksu . Warmest thanks also to Jouni, Mikko, Tuomas and Annina for having stood by me over the years and for not having drunk the magic bottle of my [IV] graduation! My hearty thanks to Anne for your friendship and support since 1992! Thanks to my colleagues at the Child Welfare office in Itäkeskus Helsinki, for having patiently lent an ear to my thesis problems and for having taken care of my clients while I was busy with the thesis. My warmest wishes to my clients too, many of whom have gone through, and overcome, experiences towards which a writing a PhD seems like child’s play.
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