English-Turkish Cognates and False Cognates
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Vlatko Broz Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb [email protected]
UDK 81’373.42 81’373.612.2 81’23:165.194 Izvorni znanstveni ~lanak Prihva}eno za tisak 14. 10. 2008. Vlatko Broz Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Zagreb [email protected] 'LDFKURQLF ,QYHVWLJDWLRQV RI )DOVH )ULHQGV A number of internationalisms originating from Latin have different meanings in English from their cognates in other European languages. This paper presents the results of an in- vestigation of words such as actually, eventually, etiquette, fabric, billion, chef, preservative, sensible, sympathetic, biscuit in Oxford English Dictionary. All these words have retained more or less the same meaning in German, Spanish and Croatian (each taken in this re- search as a representative of three major linguistic branches of the Indo–European language family), whereas English shows a departure from the original meaning. The causes for the shift in meaning are explained through the cognitive mechanisms of metonymy and meta- phor and a tentative period is determined when these semantic changes were under way in the course of the development of the English language. ,QWURGXFWLRQ Although the topic of false friends has been exploited for almost a century (Koessler and Derocquigny 1928, Ivir 1968, Nilsen 1977, Chamizo Domínguez and Nerlich 2002)2, ever since Koessler and Derocquigny gave them this name back in 1928, there is still new light that can be thrown on this topic, espe- 1 This is a revised version of a paper read in the general section of the 10th International Cognitive Linguistics Conference 2007 (July 15–21) in Krakow, Poland. 2 Exploring the topic of false friends also has a long tradition in Croatia. -
Evidence for the Parasitic Model of Vocabulary Development
The automatic cognate form assumption: Evidence for the parasitic model of vocabulary development CHRISTOPHER J. HALL Abstract The Parasitic Hypothesis, formulated to account for early stages of vocabu- lary development in second language learners, claims that on initial exposure to a word, learners automatically exploit existing lexical material in the L1 or L2 in order to establish an initial memory representation. At the level of phonological and orthographic form, it is claimed that significant overlaps with existing forms, i.e. cognates, are automatically detected and new forms are subordinately connected to them in the mental lexicon. In the study re- ported here, English nonwords overlapping with real words in Spanish (pseu- docognates), together with noncognate nonwords, were presented to Spanish- speaking learners of English in a word familiarity task. Participants reported significantly higher levels of familiarity with the pseudocognates and showed greater consistency in providing translations for them. These results, together with measures of the degree of overlap between nonword stimuli and transla- tions, were interpreted as evidence for the automatic use of cognates in early word learning. 1. Introduction1 1.1. The role of cognates in vocabulary development The facilitating role of cognates in the L2 vocabulary learning process has long been recognized (cf. Sweet 1972 [1899]). Cognates are words in two or more languages which share phonological and/or orthographic form, and normally (but not necessarily) are also related semantically. Ringbom (1987: 41) makes the commonsense observation that “[w]hen both phonological and semantic similarity work together, the effect is like that of a magnet attracting a new word to be stored in the learner’s mental lexicon when he meets it for the Þrst time”. -
E-Proceeding of the 4Th World Conference On
E-PROCEEDING OF THE 6TH WORLD CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATION OF KNOWLEDGE 2020 UTILITY OF FRENCH AND ITALIAN LOANWORDS FOR THE LEARNERS OF TURKISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Kazuhito Uni Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities Universiti Teknologi Malaysia [email protected] ABSTRACT French is one of the primary donor languages to Turkish. In this study, a vocabulary survey was conducted to propose the usefulness of frequently used French and Italian loanwords in Turkish for speakers of English, French, Italian, and Spanish learning basic Turkish. The Oxford 3000 was used as the primary reference for the 3,000 most frequently used English words, and the author analyzed the frequency of their Turkish equivalents. A total of 201 French and Italian loanwords retaining phonetic and semantic similarities with their English equivalents were identified from the study’s list of Turkish equivalents of the 3,000 most frequently used English words. For instance, similar Turkish words of Latin origin were akademik (academic), dramatik (dramatic), ekonomik (economic), and organik (organic). Similar Turkish words of Greek origin were biyoloji (biology), enerji (energy), kategori (category), sempati (sympathy), teknoloji (technology), and teori (theory). Therefore, the findings indicate that the Turkish words examined assist English, French, Italian, and Spanish speakers in learning basic Turkish vocabulary. Field of Research: English, French, Italian, Latin, similarity, Turkish ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Characteristics of Turkish Vocabulary The Turkish language belongs to the Turkic branch of the Uralic language family (Crystal, 2010). It is closely related to Azerbaijani, the national language of Azerbaijan (Johanson & Csató, 1998). The native vocabulary of Turkish and Azerbaijani is significantly different from that of Indo-European languages. -
A Comparative Study of the Phenomenon of False Friends in SMG and CSG
Universidad de Málaga Facultad de Filosofía y Letras Departamento de traducción, traductología e interpretación A comparative study of the phenomenon of false friends in SMG and CSG PhD thesis submitted by Constantinia Chatzopoulou Supervised by Pedro José Chamizo Domínguez AUTOR: Constantinia Chatzopoulou http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-4008 EDITA: Publicaciones y Divulgación Científica. Universidad de Málaga Esta obra está bajo una licencia de Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial- SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cualquier parte de esta obra se puede reproducir sin autorización pero con el reconocimiento y atribución de los autores. No se puede hacer uso comercial de la obra y no se puede alterar, transformar o hacer obras derivadas. Esta Tesis Doctoral está depositada en el Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (RIUMA): riuma.uma.es Intralinguistic false friends: A comparative study of the phenomenon of false friends in SMG and C(S)G Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................... iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................................ General Introduction -
ED311449.Pdf
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 311 449 CS 212 093 AUTHOR Baron, Dennis TITLE Declining Grammar--and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-1073-8 PUB DATE 89 NOTE :)31p. AVAILABLE FROM National Council of Teachers of English, 1111 Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 10738-3020; $9.95 member, $12.95 nonmember). PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Viewpoints (120) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *English; Gr&mmar; Higher Education; *Language Attitudes; *Language Usage; *Lexicology; Linguistics; *Semantics; *Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS Words ABSTRACT This book contains 25 essays about English words, and how they are defined, valued, and discussed. The book is divided into four sections. The first section, "Language Lore," examines some of the myths and misconceptions that affect attitudes toward language--and towards English in particular. The second section, "Language Usage," examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. Section 3, "Language Trends," examines some controversial r trends in English vocabulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The fourth section, "Language Politics," treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from special attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious, or sex-specific elements of vocabulary to the broader issues of language both as a reflection of the public consciousness and the U.S. Constitution and as a refuge for the most private forms of expression. (MS) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY J. Maxwell TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U S. -
Language Use in the Ottoman Empire and Its Problems
LANGUAGE USE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND ITS PROBLEMS (1299-1923) by Yelda Saydam Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M. Phil. in the Faculty of Humanities (Department of Greek and Centre for Islamic Studies) at the University of Johannesburg Supervisor: Prof. B. Hendrickx Co-supervisor: Dr A. Dockrat Johannesburg 2006/7 Abstract The Ottoman Empire, an imperial power that existed from 1299 to 1923, was one of the largest empires to rule the borders of the Mediterranean Sea. Ottoman Turkish was used especially between the 16th and 19th centuries during the Ottoman Empire. This ornamented, artificial language separated the general population from intellectual and palace elite and a communication problem followed. Although the minorities of the Ottoman Empire were free to use their language amongst themselves, if they needed to communicate with the government they had to use Ottoman Turkish. This thesis explains these language differences and the resulting problems they created during the Empire. Examples of original correspondence are used to highlight the communication differences and the difficulties that ensured. From this study, the author concludes that Ottoman Turkish was not a separate language from Turkish; instead, it was a variation of Turkish in inexistence for approximately 600 years. I Preface My family and I came to South Africa from Turkey during August 2002 for my husband’s sabbatical as a post-doctoral fellow at University of The Witwatersrand. We both took a years leave from our jobs when we came to South Africa. I was working for Havva Özişbakan High School in İzmir, Turkey as a Turkish Language and Literature teacher. -
Recognizing Cognates and Interlingual Homographs: Effects of Code Similarity in Language-Specific and Generalized Lexical Decision
Memory & Cognition 2004, 32 (4), 533-550 Recognizing cognates and interlingual homographs: Effects of code similarity in language-specific and generalized lexical decision KRISTIN LEMHÖFER and TON DIJKSTRA University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands In four experiments, we investigated how cross-linguistic overlap in semantics, orthography, and phonology affects bilingual word recognition in different variants of the lexical decision task. Dutch– English bilinguals performed a language-specific or a generalized lexical decision task including words that are spelled and/or pronounced the same in English and in Dutch and that matched one-language con- trol words from both languages. In Experiments 1 and 3, “false friends” with different meanings in the two languages (e.g., spot) were presented, whereas in Experiments 2 and 4 cognates with the same meanings across languages (e.g., film) were presented. The language-specific Experiments 1 and 2 replicated and qualified an earlier study (Dijkstra, Grainger, & Van Heuven, 1999). In the generalized Experiment 3, par- ticipants reacted equally quickly on Dutch–English homographs and Dutch control words, indicating that their response was based primarily on the fastest available orthographic code (i.e., Dutch). In Experi- ment 4, cognates were recognized faster than English and Dutch controls, suggesting coactivation of the cognates’ semantics. The nonword results indicate that the bilingual rejection procedure can, to some ex- tent, be language specific. All results are discussed within the BIAϩ (bilingual interactive activation) model for bilingual word recognition. In a foreign country where an unfamiliar language is nition. Through such words, a wealth of studies in the last spoken, words such as hotel, taxi, and café can often still decade have revealed that during the initial stages of word be recognized because they possess the same or a similar identification by bilinguals, word candidates from several spelling and meaning across languages. -
JOURNAL of LANGUAGE and LINGUISTIC STUDIES The
Available online at www.jlls.org JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTIC STUDIES ISSN: 1305-578X Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16(2), 711-728; 2020 The acquisition of discourse-pragmatic rules for null and overt first-person subjects by Greek learners of Turkish Aytaç Çeltek 1 Kırıkkale University, Turkey APA Citation: Çeltek, A. (2020). The acquisition of discourse-pragmatic rules for null and overt first-person subjects by Greek learners of Turkish. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 16 (2), 711-728. Doi: 10.17263/jlls.759278 Submission Date:06/05/2020 Acceptance Date:28/05/2020 Abstract In Turkish, null and overt arguments do not show the same distributional properties at discourse level. There are discourse-pragmatic factors affecting this distribution (Kerslake, 1987; Ruhi, 1996; Turan, 1995; Çeltek & Oktar, 2014; Çeltek Kaili, 2017). Previous studies suggest that the acquisition of argument realization system in second language (L2) poses a major acquisition problem for adult L2 learners, especially the properties that constrain the native use of null and overt subjects at the syntax-discourse interface are reported to cause persistent difficulty. Based on this assumption, this study investigates this problematic area in L2 acquisition from a discourse- pragmatic view. More specifically, the purpose of the present study is to inspect the acquisition of the following discourse-pragmatic rules governing the use of null and overt first-person subjects in L2 Turkish oral narratives produced by first language Greek speakers: a) salient referent, b) switch focus, c) contrastive focus, d) pragmatic weight, e) epistemic parenthetical. The data were collected via three oral narrative tasks. -
A Short History of Lexicography Studies in Turkey and International Lexicography Symposiums
A SHORT HISTORY OF LEXICOGRAPHY STUDIES IN TURKEY AND INTERNATIONAL LEXICOGRAPHY SYMPOSIUMS Şükrü Halûk AKALIN* Having approximately a thousand-year-old history, Turkic lexicography begins with Diwan Lugat at-Turk, the famous dictionary written by Mahmud al- Kashgari in the 11th century. Written in order to teach the Turkic language to Arabs, and to demonstrate that the Turkic language and Arabic are neck and neck, this first Turkic dictionary is a work of art that is comprised of all Turkish cities and languages, and that provides significant information with regards to the Turkish communities from thousand years ago. Prepared in Khwarezm approximately sixty years after Diwan Lugat at-Turk, Muqaddimat al-Adab is a work of art that might be beneficial to those desiring to learn Arabic. The work written by Zamakhshari, who has a prominent place in the Arabic dictionary tradition even though he is of Turkish descent, contains an interesting language material for Khwarezm Turkic. Comprised of compilations about the vocabulary and oral literature works of Cumans, people who lived in the north of Black Sea, Codeks Cumanikus is thought to have been prepared in late 13th century. The first section of the work, in which the language material of Cumans is presented with Latin letters, is comprised of the Cuman Turkic vocabulary and grammar rules. Persian and Cuman Turkic counterparts of Latin words are provided in this section, which is referred to as “Italian section” in Turkology literature as it is considered that it may have been prepared by Italians. Alongside these first dictionaries, Bahshayish Lugat, which is estimated to have been written in the 10th century, and bilingual dictionaries from Arabic or Persian to Turkish were prepared. -
Phraseological False Friends in English and Slovene and the Metaphors Behind Them Marjeta Vrbinc University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
Phraseological False Friends in English and Slovene and the Metaphors behind them Marjeta Vrbinc University of Ljubljana, Slovenia The interest in false lexical equivalence reflects the interest in language contact, the observation of which always leads to the conclusion that formally identical and similar words and word combinations in different languages do not necessarily overlap semantically. Dictionaries of false friends deal with one- word lexical items, but false-friend relationship can also be established in phraseology. The aim of this paper is to look at phraseological components of English and Slovene lexicons with a view to identifying and describing the false semantic equivalence between idioms in these two languages. When studying false lexical equivalence, the closeness or sameness of form has been made tertium comparationis. Several phraseological units that are the same or similar in form but different in meaning in English and Slovene are analysed in the paper. Some of these pairs of idioms show certain common features, such as comparison, emotion, spoken or written communication. Phraseological false friends are illustrated by examples and similarities and differences between the idiom in English and the phraseological false friend in Slovene are commented upon. Since phraseological as well as lexical false friends represent a great problem in communication, translation and lexicographic treatment, it is necessary to first raise awareness of the lexical traps into which non-native speakers of English as well as any other language may easily fall, regardless of their level of linguistic knowledge. It is, therefore, essential to find and treat these pairs of idioms appropriately and acquaint learners with them by including them in course books, in bilingual, general and especially phraseological dictionaries. -
Pdf List of False Cognates, with Which Persian Chamizo Dominguez, P
English and Persian Cognates/Pseudo Cognates-A Cross-Linguistic Investigation [PP: 21-34] Amin Marzban Department of Foreign Languages, Sepidan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sepidan, Iran Shahrzad Chahardahcherik Department of Foreign Languages, Sepidan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sepidan, Iran ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Different world languages have a lot of contact with each other and have had The paper received on: different influences on one another. Cognates, words which are similar across 15/01/2015 two or more languages in some aspects, especially with regard to Accepted after peer- pronunciation, portray an interesting and relevant aspect of foreign/second review on: language translation and research. This study intended to identify a type of 28/02/2015 cognate words called false cognates in Persian and English, words which have Published on: the same form in two languages but represent different meanings, and tried to 07/03/2015 study and determine the historical relations between English and Persian words. It also aimed to trace their route back from Proto Indo-European Keywords: languages to the modern languages. To this end, the related literature was gone Back borrowing, through and a sufficient corpus of information has been revealed. Afterwards, Borrowing, authentic monolingual dictionaries in both Farsi and English languages were Cross-linguistic consulted to provide definitions for the cognates and allow for their cross- investigation linguistic comparison. The findings revealed that most of such problematic False cognates, cognates with different meanings in Farsi and English as found through this True cognates, study are likely to be confusing and deceptive for Farsi-speaking EFL learners. -
TKT Module: 1 Describing Language: Lexis – Teacher's Notes
TKT Module: 1 Describing language: Lexis – Teacher’s Notes Description This activity covers the TKT Module 1 Part 1 syllabus area of concepts and terminology for describing language relating to lexis. Teachers consider the various aspects of lexis that learners may need to know and do a practice activity. Time required: 60 minutes Materials . Participant’s Worksheet 1 (one per pair) required: . Participant’s Worksheet 2 (one for each participant) . Participant’s Worksheet 3 (cut into strips, 1 set per pair) . Participant’s Worksheet 4 (cut into strips, 1 set per pair) . Sample Task (one for each participant) Aims: . To provide an opportunity for participants to discuss lexis: types of meaning, word formation, word groupings and register. To provide practice in completing tasks in which lexis is the testing focus. Procedure 1. Before the session, copy Participant’s worksheets 3 and 4 so there is one copy of each for every pair of participants. Cut each worksheet into strips and keep the sets of strips together. 2. (10 minutes) On the board write the following letters arranged in a circle on the board. A C R V B A U Y O L. Ask participants to arrange the letters so make a word which has something to do with language learning (vocabulary). Write this on the board. Elicit another word which means the same as vocabulary (lexis) and write this on the board. 3. Give each pair a copy of Participant’s worksheet 1. First, ask them to fold over the box at the very bottom of the worksheet (they don’t need to look at this until Step 7).