J o u r n a l o f A d v a n c e s i n S o c i a l S c i e n c e a n d H u m a n i t i e s

JASSH 5 (8), 989-1010 (2019) ISSN (O) 2395-6542

Conflict of Interest Arrangement Bureaucratic in the Regional Expansion in

Suraji

PhD Student Ghazali Shafie Graduate School of Government, Universiti Utara Malaysia

Muhamad Ali Embi

Professor of the College of Law, Government and International Studies, Universiti Utara Malaysia

DOI: DOI:10.15520/jassh58448

ABSTRACT

This study aims to describe, analyze and assess exhaustively the implementation of institutional arrangement and the placement of local apparatus resources in the expansion area as well as the conflict of interest in the arrangement of regional institutions and placement of local apparatus resources and settlement of conflict of interest in regional institutions arrangement and the placement of local apparatus resources in the expansion area Pangandaran District. This study applies case study approach as qualitative method by interviewing seven participants that are involved in regional expansion from various occupations. The gap of this study is the existence of the conflict of interest in the institutional arrangement and apparatus placement resource in the new regional expansion. This study found that there is a conflict association that caused the lack of development in regional expansion. The resolutions were as follows: (a) Establishment of a joint forum on a regular basis between the regent, council presidium and community leaders to discuss the plan and program areas. (B) The Regent accommodates the council presidium proposal, and put the appropriate and qualified officials. (C) Improve the performance of the region and increase cooperation in order to avoid misunderstanding by the local governments. Theoretically, this study is hoped could strengthen the conflict theory in the new district of regional expansion. On the other hand, the government’s role is hoped in arranging and managing the institution as well as apparatus resource in regional expansion by inventing the laws and policies to execute it.

Keywords: Conflict of interest, institutional, apparatus resources, regional expansion, Indonesia

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INTRODUCTION development. Secondly, the trends of homogeneity (ethnic, language, religion, Basically, the policy of regional expansion urban-rural, income level, and etc.). Thirdly, was a new concept in Indonesian regional the existence of fiscal spoilt that was autonomy policy that was capable to deliver guaranteed by the laws (provided public the best services to the welfare of society. allocation fund/DAU, profit share from This is due to the high demand policy natural resources and the availability of regarding the regional expansion in and Regional Income Source (PAD). And lastly, outside Java that triggered the demands on the rent-seeking motive from the elites the expansion itself with several reasons (Fitriani, dkk, 2005) among others: Firstly, the motives of Due to the policy, the development of governmental administration regency/city nowadays and the total effectiveness/efficiency are recalling the provinces in Indonesia can be seen in the regional region that was so wide, has following table: prevalent population but a left behind

Table 1 : The Development of Regional Expansion in Indonesia 1999-2019 The Number of Regional 1999 Improvement Rate 2019 Autonomy Province 26 8 34 Regency 234 186 420 City 59 35 94 The total of regional 319 205 548 autonomy Source: The Ministry of Internal Affairs (2019)

Based on the above table, it can be seen that responded the issue of public welfare and moderately during 16 years there are 20 new service improvement. The expansion was autonomy regions have been emerged every conducted without a proper planning, year, namely: out of 34 provinces, there are religious, ethnical based, subjective and also 8 improvement rates from 26 provinces an instant elite interest to share power and (27.9%) and in terms of regency/city public positions.(Sudi Fahmi, 2009) government out of 420 provinces, there are According to Eko Prasojo (2012), the 186 improvement rates from 234 provinces expansion issues were not only dominated (65.2%). by political interest, but also due to the After the expansion policy implemented central government’s inconsistency in several studies, it was concluded that the applying rules on the expansion. implementation of regional extension had Furthermore, Eko Prasojo said that the failed. This was due to the regional discussion of regional expansion and new expansion implementation have not regional forming, the subjectivity elements

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that are more dominant than primordialism 3. The regional readiness in implementing the elements, political party, local and national autonomy actually showed the trends of elite interest are tend to utilize that mostly the lack of performance of regional conditions for the sake of getting more votes expansion and also the emergence of in public election. corruption in the regional expansions. (The The issues of regional expansion that took Ministry of Internal Affairs, 2017) place in Indonesia generally showed the Apart from those factors, the problems in following problems: regional expansion were the emergence of 1. The regional apparatus resource quality was elite and public interest conflicts in the far from the expectation both from implementation to be a new autonomy educational aspect, experience, performance region. The facts have showed that regional standards, regulation understanding and also extension policy took place in most of the managers’ and employees’ placement Indonesian provinces whereby those were were not compatible with their competences. not separable from the conflicts as the 2. The limits of regional expansion in following table: formulating vision and mission, institutional main tasks and conducting the regional institutional wheels were very minimum.

Table 2 : Conflict of Indonesian Regional Extension Process Province/ Conflicts Occurred Extension Regency/City year Nunukan Regency Bulungan Regency 1999 Singkawang City Bengkayang Regency 1999 Lampung Regency City 2000 Lhoksukon Regency Lhoksumawe City 2001 Kepulauan Riau Province Pros Counter Discussion 2002 Papua Barat Province Pros Counter Discussion 2002 Batu Barat Sumut Province Pros Counter Discussion 2002 Tapanuli Province Pros Counter Discussion 2003 Kampar Regency The seizure of three villages with the 2004 Regions Ogan Regency Ogan Regency 2005 Natuna Regency The battle for Anambas territory 2006 Lampung Selatan Regency Pesawaran Regency 2007 Sorong Selatan Papua Maybart Regency Papua Barat 2007 Sumbawa Regency Seizing of the Sumbat Tribe 2007 Konawe Regency Konawe Regency 2008 Daerah Hulu Sungai Utara Grabbing the Balangan Stag 2009 Banjar City Jabar 2010

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Papua Barat Manukwari Teluk Bintuni Regency 2002 Musi Rawas Regency Lubuk Linggau City 2009 Daerah Ciamis Banjar Regency 2010 City Batu Regency 2011 Moro Wali Regency Morowali Regency 2013 Musi Waras Regency Musi Waras Utara Regency 2014 Sumber: Source: The Ministry of Internal Affairs (2019)

The above data has showed that several regional expansion had referred to provinces and regencies/cities of expansion Regulation No.32/2004 on Regional process were not separable from the Government (amended Regulation conflicts. There were various conflicts that No32/2014), Governmental Regulation (PP) occurred among regions. For instance, asset number 78 of 2007 on procedures of seizure conflict that happened in capital forming, deletion, regional incorporation regency (Nunukan Regency), population- and Regulation number 43 in 1999 on State migration conflict (Sengkawang City), Civil Apparatus (later amended Regulation APBD conflict (Lampung Province), pros no.5/2014). The principle was a reference in and cons conflict of expansion (Riau Island, the implementation of regional expansion West Papua, Batu regency of North and a placement of regional apparatus that , Tapanuli Province), Ethnic, emphasized competences, qualifications, Religion and Race conflict (Polewali performances, transparencies, objective Mamasa Regency), conflict of mining principles and freedom in political natural wealth seizure (Sumbawa Regency), interventions and Corruption, Collusion and conflict of tourism location seizure (Batu Nepotism (KKN). However, whatever City). The conflicts of expansion above have happened the model has triggered the showed that the interest occurred between interest conflicts. The facts have showed pros and cons supporters as well as the that regional expansion policy took place in interest conflicts with capital regency with almost all Indonesian provinces whereby it various backgrounds such as region seizure, was not separable from interest conflicts in natural resources seizure, tourism location, institutional management and placement of population-migration as well as race or regional apparatus resources. It can be seen religion conflicts. (The Ministry of Internal as the following table below: Affairs, 2017) In terms of management of institution and placement of apparatus resources, the

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Table 3 : Scopes of Conflicts in Regional Expansion (Regencies/Cities) Capital Region Extension Region Year West Papua Manukwari Teluk Bintuni Regency 2002 Musi Rawas Regency Lubuk Linggau City 2009 Tasikmalaya Regency Tasikmalaya City 2009 Kerinci Regency Sungai Penuh City 2009 Ciamis Regency Banjar Regency 2010 Malang City Batu Regency 2011 Ciamis Regency 2012 Source: Source: The Ministry of Internal Affairs (2019)

The table above has showed that there were The conflict of interest in institutional several regencies/cities occurred the conflict management and regional apparatus in the implementation of regional expansion. resource placement became a crucial factor For instance, the determination and to be discussed in this research. This placement of SKPD position (Bintuni Bay), discussion was expected to resolve the interest of official movement and regulation problems and give a proper solution that is incompliance in position determination suitable with the state administration (Lubuk Linggau Ciity), and capital regional discussion among others on regional apparatus that were not wanted to be moved expansion policy, regional autonomy, in the regional expansion (Tasikmalaya bureaucracy, governmental performance, City), educational issues, funds, family institution, leadership, apparatus resources, matters, conflict of educations and training conflict solution and the improvement of delivery participants, involvement in initial regional public services. expansion and also position interest (Sungai This research was different with the research Penuh City, Banjar Rehency, Batu discussion that was conducted by the Regency). In addition, conflicts of interest of previous experts and the academicians. This institutional management, placement and research focused on the conflict of interest determination of Regent position, Regional in the institutional management and regional Secretary (SEKDA), SKPD determination, apparatus resource placement in the regional and regional apparatus placement were the expansion. In the existing dynamics have conflicts within extension presidium showed that the expansion was full of (Pangandaran Regency). interest both official, political parties, public In that context, the above issues generally figures and national interests. The objective have showed that institutional management of an expansion was to approach and to and regional apparatus resource placement deliver an optimum public service. that referred to the existing regulations have However, the process of becoming an emerged interest conflicts in the regional autonomy region was inseparable of the expansion as well as the regional non- conflict of interest. Hence, the regional readiness in managing an autonomy region. expansion that resulted in conflicts should

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return according to regulations that national governmental level. Therefore, the available. This research focused on the power in regional government is really institutional management and regional depend on the national government pleasure apparatus placement and conflict of interest to decentralize. According to Daniel J. of institutional main tasks of formulation, Elazar (1995), decentralization was not an structure, organization, determination of independent system, but a series of a unity Regional Government/SKPD organizational of a bigger system. Miftah (2015) said that staffing, determination of Regent Position, decentralization was national governmental Sekda, SKPD, determination of SKPD interest that form a nationalism spirit that structure position, and placement of regional was not narrowed by regional sectarian apparatus employees. spirit. The understanding was delivered a confirmation that decentralization was a LITERATURE REVIEW general regional demand. This was called an extension as an effort of delivering authority The conceptual study was initiated by a to the region to be an autonomy region. decentralized concept according to Smith The regional expansion context was (1985) whereby it was a political synergized by a regional decentralization phenomenon that involved administration and autonomy that were a reform demand and government. Decentralization was an and regional needs. However, its authorization whereby it delegates to a lower implementation was not proportional with level power region whether one of the expectation at which it was the governmental hierarchies in the state objectives of an extension policy. According government or similar offices in a large to Tryatmoko (2010), governability local organization, while in general, issue was not only marked by weakness or decentralization was divided into two types extension of a regional expansion results, namely: territorial decentralization and but also a public ability weakness in functional decentralization. Functional supporting local political and economic decentralization meant an authorization that development. Furthermore, Tryatmoko then transfers to a functional organization highlighted the issue of governmental policy (technical) that directly related to public. effectiveness in governing cover public Rondinelli and Cheema (in Sarundjajang, involvement in decision making and also 1997) stated that decentralization was a control governmental run. In this case, delegation of specific functional regional expansion needed to pay attention responsibilities to organization outside of and continuously controls and evaluates the governmental bureaucracy structure and it implementation step by step. was indirectly controlled by Central One of important factors of unsuccessful Government. regional expansion became a new autonomy The problem of a power relation between was institutional management in running central government and regional government service tasks as well as regional in the united states is it consolidated in development. The concept that could be

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reviewed in answering expansion issues to synchronize the needs and ability to were among others of institutional capacity achieve the objectives. In this subject, concept. The institutional capacity was a Grindle (1997) stated that an institutional strategic approach in development plans in capacity had activity dimensions, focus and materializing a good governance based on: types among others such as: (1) human (1) capacity in implementing policies and resources development dimension that governmental functions, (2) accountability focused on professional personnel and and transparency in decision making, (3) technical ability and also activities such as participation in a democracy process, (4) training, direct practice, work condition and care of poverty and welfare equalization, (5) recruitment; (2) organizational strengthening commitment towards a market-oriented dimension that focused on the management economic policy. to improve successfully the roles and To respond the readiness of the regional functions and also activity types such as expansion to be an autonomy region could incentive system and personnel equipment be referred from Keban (2000) opinion that and (3) institutional reform dimension that stated as the attempts to strengthen the focused on institution and system and also ability of regency and city region both as an macro structure with activity types such as institution as well as an apparatus individual economic political rules, policy and could refer to the ability development that regulation of change and also constitutional covered: (1) composing strategic planning reform. and policy formulation; (2) organizational design; (3) management approach; (4) moral The above conflict classification can be and work ethic and (5) accountability. viewed from the number of people and Meanwhile, the individual development group facets who interact then occurred covered: (1) ability to perform jobs’ dispute. This could be observed in our living compatibility with job’s needs; (2) ability to environment and wider environment. face the future; (3) guidance of the job’s However, we need to contemplate whether motive that suitable with the job’s needs; each conflict was something good or a (4) personality guidance at work. disruption. About this case, there were two The concept was in line with Grindle’s aspects that we could contemplate. Firstly, a (2007) opinion in which it stated that an conflict was an indication of something institutional capacity was an effort that wrong or a problem that needed to be aimed to develop a strategy variation in determined. Secondly, a conflict created a order to improve efficiency, effectiveness widening undermine consequences. In and responsiveness in a governmental general, conflict would occur anywhere as performance namely: efficiency in time and long as there happened interaction or resources that were needed to achieve an relation among humans both individual with objective; effectiveness in form of business individual as well as group to group in doing feasibility that conducted for the desired something. In its development, conflicts results; and responsiveness referred to how related to a strategic position that often

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emerged that behind the conflict there was them and issue of resource allocation that an interest. The interest somehow could be owned by a region for their needs in regional happened in short, medium and long terms. development. Therefore, a good government For whatsoever association, there were two was a government that was able to manage main SMU groups namely those who have “regional conflict sources” by delivering an authoritative domination of position and service and welfare or satisfaction to public those who should obey to the authority so that the needs of political expression, users. If one in a quasi-group developed a inter-public competition and the needs of jointly class awareness on a jointly interest, treasure resource that shared profit justice the organizing activity that chase the interest could run effectively. would emerge an interest group. Even Furthermore, related to an effective though members of an interest group that government in relation with a regional was conflict in nature was taken from the conflict Zartman also proposed that the same quasi-group, not all people in the same ongoing conflict in a state region is needed quasi-group should join an interest group an effective governmental role in which the that was conflicted in nature to chase its effective government would depends on a class interest. national consensus whereby it jointly agreed An interest meant an individual desire or as a jointly norm. The norm was then aspiration to focus consciously on one thing strengthened jointly (jointly recognized) and based on various backgrounds of social, supported by a political regime that economic and culture. For instance, on an legitimate ruling and also the existing power animal protection: interest of children regime that enact them. protection, interest of a healthy justice In understanding a conflict of interest issue creation. Principally, the various interess in an institutional management and that emerged could be viewed from the apparatus resources, there were several existence of an interest group that has public administration theories that proposed various numbers. An interest conflict group several models, conceptual framework or gathered and changed whereby it scattered different paradigms. Martin Laffin (1997) the interest in the community that become a proposed three models namely: agency unity to struggle in order to be a part of model, bureaucratic politics and public policy that delivered group advantage institutionalism. Agency model viewed the and struggled public interest. relation between political institution and William Zartman (1997) said that bureaucracy as a conflict of interest in which governmental management was one of bureaucracy party was a party that is methods to manage a violence conflict in a mastering the information. Consequently, country that needed to pay attention the information flow became asymmetric. regarding a welfare issue or citizen This fact became a source of bureaucracy satisfaction to the government in case of bargaining power during the interaction with service, citizen expression to participate in a a political institution. On the other hand, a public region, noted competition among political institution had an authority of

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bureaucracy agents and their incentive used in social research whereby it reflects pattern. The meeting point between these the study of community life, history, two power sources was a phenomenon that behavior, as well as on organizational became an agency model as a main functionalization. The qualitative approach discussion in understanding a political aims to collect and to analyze descriptive institution interaction versus bureaucracy. data in the form of both writing and oral The second model, the bureaucratic politics expression of people as well as observed viewed relationship between political behavior. Moreover, the research problem institution and bureaucracy as inter- will be answered through explanation of individual bargaining in which the attitude research questions based on the data in the was determined by the attendance of field that has been interpreted with the bureaucratic affiliation and participants who theory approach that formulated in the attend in the interaction. Meanwhile, the debatable theory. There are at least two effectiveness of political strategy was much fundamental factors that must be done by a determined by controlling resources and a researcher for various research experiences. persuasive ability level of each actor in the Firstly, constructs arguments for obtaining process of interaction. Lastly, the third and selecting data, and; secondly, interprets model, institutionalism interpreted actor and summarizes the findings. This research behavioral patterns that involved in the is purposely designed to be able to "get at interaction process in which it comes from a once interpreted" the data based on the historical process and specific institution. research problems without ignoring the The basic assumption of this model as social consideration to minimize the subject’s reality was a social construction and the refraction sensitively. organization that played a vital role in the reconstruction process of the social reality. Sources of Data Primarily, the data includes the results of METHODOLOGY direct observation at the study site that include the data on regional performance Types of research reports, BPS, reports on each SKPD, This research applied qualitative approach Ministry of Home Affairs and Governors with descriptive analysis. This qualitative decisions regarding the decisions of the approach allows the emergence of subject- regent, SK’s regent on the determination and subject communication and a shared arrangement of SKPD, SK on echelon understanding of social phenomena by both regulation, SK determination of SKPD, SK researchers and participants (Cresswell, placement of employees, area, the 1995; Babie, 2004). A qualitative Government concerning the regional methodology is a basic methodology in structure. Meanwhile, the secondary data government science research (Garna, 2001). includes the results of interviews with According to Gordon (1991), Strauss and sources of information (participants) directly Corbin (1997), qualitative research is widely that involved in the research problem, which

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consists of Officials Regent, Secretary, Categorization by determining the categories Expedition Presidents, Kadin SKPD, of data obtained and then put the data in Representatives of relevant officials, their respective categories. Community Leaders, Academics, NGOs, and citizens. Lastly, other sources of data Data analysis techniques come from District archives, District The data analysis in this study reveals what conditions before and after the regional data still needs to be discovered, what division, the District of origin documents, hypotheses need to be tested, what questions and other data related to the research need to be answered, and what methods problem. should be used to find new information and what errors should be corrected (Nasution, Research scope 1988). Testing data was done by using the The scope of study was conducted in triangulation technique that is, check, Pangandaran Regency, Province. recheck, and cross-check to the data that was Pangandaran was chosen as the scope of the obtained (Moleong, 1998, p.178). study due to its wide region of the Ciamis’ Triangulation technique is a data matching district (Bappeda Report, 2012, 2013). The procedure through several different sources society partially comes from the people who to obtain the valid data. It can be done on are immigrated to Pangandaran. Likewise, several important aspects of data such as Pangandaran was defined as an area that has data sources, methods, investigations and a prosperous treasure of natural resources theories. Triangulation that used the source and tourist’ attractions that has attracted the is done by (1) comparing the research data outsiders to explore this area, despite of its with the result of the interview; (2) big population. comparing what several people have said in public with what they have said personally; Method of collecting data (3) comparing what people say about the Data collection techniques that will be used research situation with what people say all in this research is by appling semi-structured the time; (4) comparing one's statement and interviews such as observing community perspective with the opinions and views of participation (participant observation), others; (5) comparing the results of reviewing documents based on sources and interviews with the contents of a related data types, conducting field reviews with document. The checked method is done by direct observation regarding the research synchronizing the first data with the second issues and social interactions. The words are data, synchronizing again with the third data arranged by action while comparing written and so on with the first data respectively. sources (the documents), field notes, maps Technically, each of these data will be cross- and statistical data. Furthermore, the data checked with the other data to ensure the collected will then be processed through the accuracy and the correctness of the data. following activities: (1) Processing through the activities of the preparation of units. (2)

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RESULT AND DISCUSSION to the elite and public interest. This was due to the regulations in the extension was very Institutional Management weak and emphasizing a formal regulation The implementation of an extension that only. occurred in Indonesia constitutionally and The effects of a weak and formal extended public demand was to deliver an equal regulation resulted the implementation of service and welfare in each extended region. government in Pangandaran Regency had In the occurring extension, the important nut run well, or even far from autonomy aspect in institutional management was a principles of region among others such as: management for a new autonomy region and (1) the government of Pangandaran Regency the importance of the roles in order to work in the initial of government focused on suitable with vision, mission and personnel transfer and regional apparatus institutional main tasks namely extension staffing from the capital Regency to work procedures and management in Pangandaran Regency; (2) organizational implementing a good governance so that the structure of Pangandaran Regency regional expansion could run well, advanced Government had not wholly optimized and strong. services to the public and needed an SOPD In the work mechanism of regional management maximally; (3) there is no expansion and the implementation of synergy of license service or other public regional government run by regional services; 4) in the composing of KUA PPAS officials was not separable from work of 2014 there was delay due to SOPD procedures according to the applied forming and position staffing in July 2013 regulations. The work procedures in this and the amount of budget accepted in 2014 context was related to an extension process was not known; 5) the limited office of Pangandaran Regency. In the extension equipment in Regional Secretariat, Regional process, obviously only formally i.e. refer to Office and Regional Technical Institution; Regulation Number 23/2004 and 6) The program and Activity Composing Governmental Regulation No 78 of 2007 and also Budget Activity Planning had namely indicator of score survey 350 out of difficulties and obstacles; 7) the weakness of population indicator of 95, indicator value of information system due to not maximally economic ability 85, indicator value of utilized the information technology whereby economic potential 90 and indicator value of that one established a networking; 8) financial ability 80 with recommendation of accountability system was not implemented Pangandaran Regency to be extended. The whereby it increased regional authority regulations have not been a strong principle misused that cause inefficiency, of an extended region to be an advanced leakage/corruption, collusion and nepotism regency due to disavow institutional aspects that harm the regions 9) trends of Regent and regional apparatus. In the Position are less communication with the implementation, the extension of public, especially Pangandaran Presidium Pangandaran Regency is more emphasized that triggered the conflict of interest.

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Placement of Regional Apparatus Pangandaran as a region that wants to be As the attempts to strengthen the regional advanced and welfare. expansion in Pangandaran Regency to be an Meanwhile, since the beginning the autonomy region, the placement of regional extended promotion for echelon was apparatus should be conducted to improve conducted jointly into a structural position. regional performance. The effort of regional In addition, the employee placement rightly apparatus placement was conducted several and exactly based on the efforts to motivate aspects that consisted of regional apparatus employees to get satisfaction from the jobs. educational level, recruitment, promotion, The employee promotion in a specific remuneration and work discipline. In the position could be a promotion for employees implementation and regional apparatus, the related if the position that is managed educational level in the Government of currently had a bigger level, more Pangandaran Regency was dominated by responsibility and more authority than the bachelor degrees and college scholars in all previous position. Otherwise, it could be a levels and also Diploma and Senior High demotion if the position had a lower level, School educational level. Hence, the less responsibility and less authority than the educational facet had not fulfilled feasibility previous position. The problem in the as an autonomy region. This issue really promotion was also due to the capital affects the performance and work ethos in Regency (Ciamis Regency) sent the related the Government of Pangandaran Regency. officers were regarded as less professional Whereas, data showed that the development and not suitable with the applied regulation. of apparatus of Pangandaran Regency is The remuneration policy in Pangandaran very limited both in budget and activities to regency had not been materialized due to the strengthen the regional apparatus such as budget availability and also the education and training. concentration to bureaucracy management For the recruitment process, the officials of that was imperfect. To materialize a good Pangandaran Regency came from capital governance in Pangandaran Regency regency (Ciamis Regency) or Pangandaran properly is by violating discipline regulation district of origins. The selection process was for officers as well as ordinary employees only conducted in a simple way namely by should be enforced. The further importance an interview and willingness to transfer to of work discipline for apparatus of the new regency of Pangandaran. In the Pangandaran Regency was an accuracy to recruitment process, there was happened implement the task and service to the public. dissatisfaction and problems among Hence, the policy of new cultural work officials, chief and capital Regency. The discipline in the regional expansion would solution of the problems could be overcome be materialized as expected to Pangandaran by the efforts to deliver explanation if Regency expansion. Pangandaran Regency conducts the The determinant factor of the policy of approach to the employees with new hope of regional apparatus resources placement in Pangandaran Regency was education and

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feasible budget availability. The limits very Political tolerance was based on the influence the performance and the quality of regulations and commitment to regional regional apparatus and bureaucrats to work advance instead of individual effort, group maximally and professionally. Pangandaran and instant interests. Regency as a new autonomy region can be A conflict of interest was a situation of a more advanced than other regions if it personal interest that has a difference with strengthened by human resources and an organizational interest, however, the budget in improving a bureaucracy role. The existence often adheres as well as join with limits of education and budget also an organizational interest where they are influenced the position of promotion incorporated and also taking advantages process, regional apparatus recruitment, from policy and management that running remuneration, and work dicipline. within. The weakness of a public staffing Generally, the placement of regional system in Indonesia was often began by a apparatus resources in regional expansion of conflict of interest and this was occurred in Pangandaran Regency had not been optimal almost all functions of human resources. due to the limited human resources and Recruitment process, placement, promotion, problems if local elite interest and also mutation, development and evaluation often bureaucracy officials emerged in experienced bias due to those were determination, placement process in each contaminated by a conflict of interest. SKPD, recruitment process and the transfer A process of regional institutional from capital regency (Ciamis) to the new management in regional expansion of regency of Pangandaran. Pangandaran Regency was not separable from a conflict of interest. Conflict of Conflict of Interest in Managing interest occurred in a strategic position as Institution well as a strengthening effort both from an In the dynamic of regional expansion as a institutional facet, regional potentials and new autonomy institution, the regional human resources that was existed in institutional management could emerge an Pangandaran Regency with public figures institutional conflict. The conflict that who were less satisfied from the triggered emerged related to the interest of post- conflicts in managing the expansion of regional institutional determination to be a Pangandaran Regency. For instance, an new autonomy region such as conflict of institutional regulation made by the interest in composing and determining government of Pangandaran Regency that institutional number, institutional main task was regarded double such as Regent formulation, bureaucracy structure Regulation Number 2 of 2013 and Number 3 management and SOPD management that of 2014 on institutional main task, Work occurred in Pangandaran Regency. The Order and Regional Apparatus Organization, problems occurred due to a readiness to be problems of Regent performance, SPOD an autonomy region or extended region that determination and district number was less ready politically and technically.

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determination from 14 into 10 districts and occurred was the people who asked also determination of Pangandaran capital. the presidium’s extension as a For the implementation, the actors in struggle place of Pangandaran regional institutional management that extension to participate in triggered a conflict of interest was determining the officials and the dissatisfaction of Pangandaran extension condition in Pangandaran after presidium, NGO’s, public figures, and became the new region. bureaucracy elites. This was due to the 2. The determination process of perception difference, miscommunication Regional Secretary of Pangandaran and also regent roles in management and Regency was not separable from a implementation of Regional Government seizure interest. This was proven was still regarded as less sufficient. In almost 9 (nine) months from the addition, there is also the determination of status of Regional Secretary vacant. personnel who occupy the position that full The vacant occurred on the interest of interest from bureaucracy elites, political between Regent Official and parties and regional elites. Presidium for the placement of Regional Secretary placement. Conflict of Interest in the Placement of 3. The determination process of The Apparatus Resources Chief’s office and regional institution When the implementation of expansion of Pangandaran Regency at which became an autonomy region, Pangandaran there happened an opinion difference Regency’s interests and conflicts occurred between Regent Official and during the determination of regional Extension Presidium. The extension apparatus resources. The conflicts that presidium was proposed nine offices, occurred were related to the determination while Regent Official was proposed 7 and placement of strategic position in offices and 4 boards that worked bureaucracy of government of Pangandaran suitably with institutional main tasks Regency that started since the forming and processes respectively. process of new region and formally became 4. In the implementation placement of new regency. Conflict of interest on regional employees, Pangandaran Regency got apparatus placement were among others as employees’ devolution from the stated below: capital regency to be the personnel in 1. In the process of real suggestion of the new Autonomy Regional Regent position that has been Government. In the placement proposed, there were emerged the process, the civil servants (PNS) various interests, conflicts and also moved to Pangandaran Regency at various organizations, groups and which there happened problems and elites. They were political parties, conflict of interest. Conflict of presidium’s extension and interest among civil servants from bureaucracy. The dispute that capital Regency (Ciamis) were not

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willing to be moved to the improving public services, welfare and government of Pangandaran Regency equality development in the region. In this and also problem conflict of districts case, it was policy of regional apparatus of origin to occupy strategic position management that should be adjusted with and employee recruitment from management in institutional level, at which official relative’s element. it was based on competence, work’s discipline, remuneration, promotion and Conflict Resolution recruitment whereby it was based on In the conflict resolution if interest of assessment, test and precise feasibility. The institutional management and apparatus proper management of regional apparatus resource placement as followed: resources were expected to be able to deliver 1. The establishment of a routine jointly the answer and explanation on the forum among Regent, Presidium framework of regional expansion of Council and placement of human performance improvement. Moreover, the resources to discuss regional plans extended regions should be strong, advanced and programs. and optimal based on the extension 2. The Regent accomodated proposal of objectives. Presidium Council and would place Conflict of interest in the management of the right officials and fulfilled institution and position placement in the requirements and regional boys. regional expansion in this case of conflict of 3. Improve regional perfromance and interest related in the efforts of institution to improve co-operation with the related conduct the improvement and the parties in order to avoid empowerment of regional apparatus for the misunderstanding conducetd by regional expansion. The governmental regional government. bureaucracy was an institution that is able to 4. Optimization of a more aspirative deliver the political roles in resolving regional institutional roles conflicts that emerged among people and a 5. The establishment of jointly team group of people. The relationship between among Presidium Council, Public political institution and bureaucracy as Figures and Regional Government conflict of interest in which the bureaucracy party was a party that mastering CONCLUSION information. Consequently, the information flow became asymmetric. These facts were The era of decentralization, regional the sources of bureaucracy bargaining power autonomy and regional expansion demands when interacting with a political institution. in Indonesia should be based on the If conflict of interest in the management of institutional aspect in determining the regional apparatus resources would regional expansion to work in regional strengthen the institution, it could be advance according to expansion objective handled well suitable with the regulations by namely: improving human resources, using a comprehensive approach so that the

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