Data Collection Survey of Disaster Risk Management Sector in Jamaica and Saint Lucia

Home , Hurricane Janet, Karleen, Outline of meteorology

JAMAICA OFFICE OF DISASTER PREPRAREDNESS AND EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT (ODPEM) SAINT LUCIA NATIONAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT OFFICE (NEMO)

DATA COLLECTION SURVEY OF DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT SECTOR IN JAMAICA AND SAINT LUCIA

FINAL REPORT

APRIL 2014

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)

CTI ENGINEERING INTERNATIONAL CO., LTD. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD.

Currency Exchange Rate JMD 1.00 = USD 0.0094 = JPY 0.957 USD 1.00 = JMD106.79 = JPY 102.20 XCD 1.00 = USD 0.3720 = JPY 38.018 USD 1.00= XCD2.688 = JPY 102.20 (AS OF, 31 March 2014)

Location Map of Survey Area

Table of Contents

Location Map of Survey Area

CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE OF THE SURVEY ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Survey ...... 1 1.2 Objective of the Survey ...... 1 1.3 Coverage of the Survey ...... 2 1.4 Work Program ...... 2 1.5 Survey Team Members and Staffing Schedule ...... 3 1.6 Schedule of Field Survey...... 4 1.6.1 Overall Schedule ...... 4 1.6.2 Survey in Jamaica ...... 4 1.6.3 Survey in Saint Lucia ...... 5 CHAPTER 2 SURVEY IN JAMAICA ...... 6 2.1 Basic Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions ...... 6 2.1.1 Basic Parameters of Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions ...... 6 2.1.2 Outline of Natural Conditions ...... 6 2.1.3 Outline of Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 8 2.2 Basic Information on Natural Disaster ...... 12 2.2.1 Database of Disasters ...... 12 2.2.2 Condition of Disaster Data in Jamaica ...... 14 2.3 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management Administration ...... 17 2.3.1 Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management ...... 17 2.3.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management ...... 20 2.3.3 Progress of Hyogo Framework for Action ...... 34 2.3.4 Issues on Disaster Risk Management Administration ...... 36 2.4 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management by Type of Disaster ...... 37 2.4.1 Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster ...... 37 2.4.2 Flood Disaster ...... 45 2.4.3 Sediment-related Disaster ...... 52 2.4.4 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster ...... 57 2.4.5 Subjects related to Integrated Disaster Risk Management ...... 68 2.5 Assistance by Donors in Disaster Risk Management Sector ...... 76 2.5.1 Assistance from Japan ...... 76 2.5.2 Assistance by Other Donors ...... 76 2.5.3 Notable Projects assisted by Donors ...... 80 2.6 Direction of Improvement and Assistance for Disaster Risk Management Sector and Support 81 2.6.1 Direction of Improvement of Disaster Risk Management Sector ...... 81 2.6.2 Recommendation on Possible Urgent Projects and Others ...... 85 2.6.3 Further Note about Possible Urgent Projects ...... 89 CHAPTER 3 SURVEY IN SAINT LUCIA ...... 98 3.1 Basic Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions ...... 98 3.1.1 Basic Parameters on Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions ...... 98 3.1.2 Outline of Natural Conditions ...... 98 3.1.3 Outline of Socio-Economic Conditions ...... 100 3.2 Basic Information on Natural Disasters ...... 103 3.2.1 Database on Disasters ...... 103 3.2.2 Situation of Disaster Data in Saint Lucia ...... 105 3.3 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management Administration ...... 107 3.3.1 Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management ...... 107 3.3.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management ...... 109

i 3.3.3 Progress of Hyogo Framework for Action ...... 116 3.3.4 Issues in Disaster Risk Management Administration ...... 117 3.4 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management by Type of Disaster ...... 118 3.4.1 Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster ...... 118 3.4.2 Flood Disaster...... 124 3.4.3 Sediment-related Disaster ...... 130 3.4.4 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster ...... 135 3.4.5 Subjects related to Integrated Disaster Risk Management ...... 148 3.5 Assistance by Donors in Disaster Risk Management Sector ...... 155 3.5.1 Assistance from Japan ...... 155 3.5.2 Assistance by Other Donors ...... 155 3.5.3 Notable Projects assisted by Donors ...... 157 3.6 Recommendation for Improvement of Disaster Risk Management ...... 158 3.6.1 Direction of Improvement of Disaster Risk Management Sector ...... 158 3.6.2 Recommendation on Possible Urgent Projects and Others ...... 162 3.6.3 Further Note about Possible Urgent Projects ...... 164 Appendix 1. Interview List 2. Information List 3. Attendance List 4. Photo in Jamaica 5. Photo in Saint Lucia 6. Photo for Seismic Resistance 7. Outline of CDEMA

List of Figures Figure 2.1.1 Topography of Jamaica ...... 7 Figure 2.1.2 Geology of Jamaica ...... 7 Figure 2.1.3 Outline of Meteorology in Kingston Jamaica ...... 8 Figure 2.1.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management...... 10 Figure 2.1.5 Hierarchy of Local Administration ...... 11 Figure 2.2.1 Record of Disasters in Jamaica by EM-DAT（1900-2012） ...... 13 Figure 2.2.2 Comparison of Total Damage and Economic Loss ...... 16 Figure 2.3.1 National Disaster Committee ...... 20 Figure 2.3.2 Sub-Committees in National Disaster Committee ...... 20 Figure 2.3.3 Parish Disaster Committee ...... 21 Figure 2.3.4 Community Disaster Committee ...... 21 Figure 2.3.5 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Preparedness ...... 23 Figure 2.3.6 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Early Warning and Response ...... 24 Figure 2.3.7 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Initial Damage Assessment ...... 25 Figure 2.3.8 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Disaster Assessment ...... 26 Figure 2.3.9 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Recovery and Rehabilitation ...... 27 Figure 2.3.10 Organizational Chart of ODPEM ...... 28 Figure 2.3.11 Organizational Chart of the Meteorological Service ...... 30 Figure 2.3.12 Organizational Chart of the Water Resources Authority ...... 31 Figure 2.3.13 Organizational Chart of the National Works Agency ...... 33 Figure 2.4.1 Automatic Weather Stations ...... 38 Figure 2.4.2 Relationship among Relevant Agencies on Meteorological Observation and Early Warning System ...... 40 Figure 2.4.3 Evaluation of Probable Storm, Storm Surge and High Wave Hazard ...... 42 Figure 2.4.4 Expected Inundation Area in Montego Bay ...... 43 Figure 2.4.5 Types of Flood in Jamaica ...... 45 Figure 2.4.6 Hydrological Observation by WRA ...... 46 Figure 2.4.7 Flood Early Warning System in Rio Cobre River ...... 47 Figure 2.4.8 Relationship among Relevant Agencies of the Flood Early Warning System ...... 48 Figure 2.4.9 Flood Prone Areas in Jamaica ...... 49 Figure 2.4.10 Distribution of Landslides in Jamaica ...... 52 Figure 2.4.11 Tectonic Plates in Caribbean Region ...... 57 Figure 2.4.12 Expected Scales of Earthquakes ...... 57 Figure 2.4.13 Earthquakes in and around Jamaica ...... 58 Figure 2.4.14 Liquefaction caused by the 1692 Earthquake ...... 58 Figure 2.4.15 Earthquakes Awareness Week Programs ...... 60 Figure 2.4.16 Seismic Observation Network ...... 60 Figure 2.4.17 Hazard Map around Kingston ...... 61 Figure 2.4.18 A part of Investigation about Micro Zonation around Kingston ...... 61 Figure 2.4.19 Tsunami Monitoring and Relation among the Agencies during Tsunami Warning ...... 64 Figure 2.4.20 Communication System for Tsunami（Draft） ...... 65 Figure 2.4.21 Procedure for Tsunami Alert (Draft) ...... 66 Figure 2.4.22 Disaster Risk Area along Coast ...... 66 Figure 2.4.23 Community-based Disaster Risk Management Activities by IDB and CIDA ...... 72 Figure 2.4.24 Situation of Base Stations in Hurricane Sandy in 2012 ...... 74 Figure 2.6.1 Main Improvement Target of Sub Component 1-1 and 1-2 ...... 94

iii Figure 2.6.2 ODPEM Existing Emergency Communications Network ...... 95 Figure 2.6.3 Information Communication Path Improved by Sub Component 1-3 ...... 96 Figure 2.6.4 Pilot Early Warning System in Portmore ...... 97 Figure 3.1.1 Topography of Saint Lucia ...... 99 Figure 3.1.2 Geology of Saint Lucia ...... 99 Figure 3.1.3 Outline of Meteorology in Saint Lucia ...... 100 Figure 3.1.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management ...... 102 Figure 3.2.1 Record of Disasters in Saint Lucia by EM-DAT（1900-2012） ...... 104 Figure 3.3.1 Organization Structure of NEMO ...... 109 Figure 3.3.2 Proposed Organization Stricture of NEMO Secretariat shown in the Annual Report of NEMO in 2012 ...... 111 Figure 3.3.3 Organization Structure of WRMA ...... 113 Figure 3.3.4 Organization Structure of MIPST ...... 114 Figure 3.4.1 Data Viewer of Automatic Weather Stations (Hewanorra International Airport) . 118 Figure 3.4.2 Meteorological Observation Network by WRMA ...... 119 Figure 3.4.3 Evaluation of Probable Storm, Storm Surge and High Wave Hazard ...... 122 Figure 3.4.4 Conceptual Diagram for Flood Warning and Evacuation System introduced in CADM2 ...... 125 Figure 3.4.5 Flow of Information Flood for Warning and Evacuation System introduced in CADM2 ...... 125 Figure 3.4.6 Equipment for Flood Warning introduced in CADM2 ...... 126 Figure 3.4.7 Flood Hazard Map prepared in CADM2 ...... 126 Figure 3.4.8 Distribution of Landslides(Left) and Damages by Hurricane ”Thomas”(Right) . 130 Figure 3.4.9 Classification of Sediment-related Disasters ...... 132 Figure 3.4.10 Tectonic Plates in the Caribbean Region ...... 135 Figure 3.4.11 Expected Scales of Earthquakes ...... 135 Figure 3.4.12 Depth of Seismic Center in Eastern Caribbean Region ...... 136 Figure 3.4.13 Earthquake Observation Network ...... 138 Figure 3.4.14 Communication System during Earthquake ...... 139 Figure 3.4.15 Earthquake Hazard Map in Caribbean ...... 139 Figure 3.4.16 Tsunami Simulation Result in Atlantic Ocean ...... 141 Figure 3.4.17 Communication System for Tsunami（Draft） ...... 143 Figure 3.4.18 Tsunami Decision Matrix During Tsunami（Draft） ...... 144 Figure 3.4.19 Estimated Tsunami Inundation Height（Non- Official）...... 144 Figure 3.4.20 Estimated Inundation Area（Non-Official） ...... 145 Figure 3.4.21 Volcanic Hazard Map ...... 146 Figure 3.4.22 Hazard map of Landslide (Left) and Road Network in Saint Lucia (Right) ...... 148 Figure 3.6.1 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.1 ...... 164 Figure 3.6.2 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.2 ...... 165 Figure 3.6.3 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.3 ...... 165 Figure 3.6.4 Site Location Map of Candidate Bridges ...... 166

List of Tables Table 1.4.1 Work Program of the Survey ...... 3 Table 1.5.1 Members of the JICA Survey Team ...... 3 Table 1.5.2 Staffing Schedule ...... 4 Table 2.1.1 Basic Parameters of Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions in Jamaica ...... 6 Table 2.1.2 Change in Population of Jamaica ...... 8 Table 2.1.3 Nominal GNI and GDP per Capita in Jamaica ...... 8 Table 2.1.4 Central Government Agencies in Jamaica ...... 9 Table 2.1.5 Local Administrative Divisions in Jamaica ...... 10 Table 2.2.1 Database and Information Accumulating Disaster Data in Jamaica ...... 12 Table 2.2.2 Record of Disasters in Jamaica by EM-DAT（1900-2012） ...... 13

iv Table 2.2.3 Largest Ten Nature Disasters in Jamaica in Terms of Number of Deaths ...... 13 Table 2.2.4 National Scale Disaster in Recent Years ...... 15 Table 2.3.1 National Objectives and Outcomes in Vision 2030 Jamaica ...... 17 Table 2.3.2 Priority Actions for Strategy “Improve Resilience to all Forms of Hazards”...... 18 Table 2.3.3 National Budget and Budget for Disaster Risk Management in Jamaica ...... 19 Table 2.3.4 Government Agencies Responsible for Disaster Risk Management ...... 22 Table 2.3.5 Approved Budget of ODPEM for the Last Five Years ...... 28 Table 2.3.6 Structure of the Meteorological Service ...... 29 Table 2.3.7 Budget of the Meteorological Service for the Last Two Years ...... 30 Table 2.3.8 Proposed Projects by WRA (2014-2017) ...... 32 Table 2.3.9 Budget of the Water Resources Authority for the Last Two Years ...... 32 Table 2.3.10 Budget of the National Work Agency for the Last Two Years ...... 33 Table 2.3.11 Achievement of Priority Actions in HFA in Jamaica ...... 35 Table 2.4.1 Past Storm Surge Disasters in Jamaica ...... 41 Table 2.4.2 Classification of Sediment-related disasters (Japan's general classification) ...... 53 Table 2.4.3 Typical Earthquakes in Jamaica ...... 59 Table 2.4.4 Outline of the Earthquake Unit at UWI Mona Campus ...... 59 Table 2.4.5 History of Tsunami Disaster in Jamaica ...... 63 Table 2.4.6 Risk due to Climate Change in Past 10 Years（Road Disaster） ...... 68 Table 2.5.1 Japanese Assistance to Disaster Risk Management Sector in Jamaica ...... 76 Table 2.5.2 Recent Assistance on Disaster Risk Management Sector by Donors in Jamaica .....77 Table 2.6.1 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-1) ...... 90 Table 2.6.2 Expected Distribution of Radio Terminals ...... 90 Table 2.6.3 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-2) ...... 91 Table 2.6.4 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-3) ...... 92 Table 2.6.5 Expected Distribution of Receivers with Alarm Device ...... 93 Table 2.6.6 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-4) ...... 93 Table 3.1.1 Basic Parameters on Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions in Saint Lucia ...... 98 Table 3.1.2 Change in Population of Saint Lucia ...... 100 Table 3.1.3 Nominal GNI and GDP per Capita ...... 100 Table 3.1.4 Central Government Agencies in Saint Lucia ...... 101 Table 3.1.5 Local Administrative Divisions in Saint Lucia ...... 102 Table 3.2.1 Database and Information Accumulating Disaster Data in Saint Lucia ...... 103 Table 3.2.2 Record of Disasters in Saint Lucia (EM-DAT, 1900-2012） ...... 104 Table 3.2.3 Largest Ten Natural Disasters in Jamaica in Terms of Number of Deaths ...... 104 Table 3.2.4 National Scale Disaster in Recent Years ...... 105 Table 3.3.1 National Budget and Budget for Disaster Risk Management in Saint Lucia ...... 107 Table 3.3.2 Responsible Government Agencies in Disaster Risk Management ...... 110 Table 3.3.3 Budget of NEMO for the Last Four Years ...... 112 Table 3.3.4 Budget of Meteorological Service for the Last Four Years ...... 113 Table 3.3.5 Budget of Water Resources Authority for the Last Two Years ...... 114 Table 3.3.6 Budget of MIPST for the Last Four Years ...... 115 Table 3.3.7 Achievement of Priority Actions in HFA in Saint Lucia ...... 116 Table 3.4.1 Record of Meteorological Disaster in Saint Lucia ...... 120 Table 3.4.2 Typical Earthquakes in Saint Lucia ...... 137 Table 3.5.1 Japanese Assistance to Disaster Risk Management Sector in Saint Lucia ...... 155 Table 3.5.2 Recent Assistance on Disaster Risk Management Sector by Donors in Saint Lucia ...... 155

v Abbreviation (General) Abbreviation Name AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials WB World Bank C/P Counterpart EU European Union FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GFS Global Forecasting System GIS Geographic Information System GNI Gross National Income GPS Global Positioning System GPV Grid Point Value GTS Global Telecommunication System HF High Frequency HFA Hyogo Framework for Action IDB Inter-American Development Bank IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ODA Official Development Assistance OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Center SMS Short Message System UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization USGS United States Geological Survey VHF Very High Frequency WMO World Meteorological Organization

vi Abbreviation (Jamaica) Abbreviation Name DRRC Disaster Risk Reduction Center EQU Earthquake Unit FD Forest Department JCF Jamaica Constabulary Force JDF Jamaica Defense Force JFB Jamaica Fire Brigade JIS Jamaica Information Services JSIF Jamaica Social Investment Fund MAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MCTEM Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining METS Meteorological Services MFAFT Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade MFP Ministry of Finance and Planning MGD Mines and Geology Division MIIC Ministry of Industry, Investment and Commerce MLGCD Ministry of Local Government & Community Development MLSS Ministry of Labor and Social Security MNS Ministry of National Security MOE Ministry of Education MOH Ministry of Health MOJ Ministry of Justice MTE Ministry of Tourism & Entertainment MTWH Ministry of Transport, Works & Housing MWLECC Ministry of Water, Land, Environment & Climate Change MYC Ministry of Youth & Culture NDC National Disaster Committee NEPA National Environment and Planning Agency NSDMD National Spatial Data Management Division NWA National Works Agency ODPERC Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Relief Coordination ODPEM Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management OPM Office of the Prime Minister PC Parish Council PIOJ Planning Institute of Jamaica SDC Social Development Commission SIJ Statistical Institute of Jamaica UWI University of West Indies WRA Water Resources Authority

vii Abbreviation (Saint Lucia) Abbreviation Name DPND Department of Planning and National Development FD Forest Department LUCELEC Saint Lucia Electricity Services Limited MAFPFRD Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production, Fisheries and Rural Development MCBDICA Ministry of Commerce, Business Development, Investment & Consumer Affairs MEHDL Ministry of Education, Human Resources Development and Labour MEITC Ministry of External Affairs, International Trade and Civil Aviation MFEAPSS Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs, Planning and Social Security MHNS Ministry of Home Affairs and National Security MHWHGR Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations MIPST Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport MLA Ministry of Legal Affairs MPDHU Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and Urban Renewal MPIB Ministry of the Public Service, Information and Broadcasting MSDEST Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology Ministry of Social Transformation, Local Government and Community MSTLGCE Empowerment MTHCI Ministry of Tourism, Heritage and Creative Industry MYDS Ministry of Youth Development & Sports NEMO National Emergency Management Office OPM Office of the Prime Minister PPS Physical Planning Section SDF Social Development Fund SLASPA Saint Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority SLFS Saint Lucia Fire Service SLMS Saint Lucia Meteorological Service SLPS Saint Lucia Police Services SMS Survey and Mapping Section WASCO Water and Sewerage Company WRMA Water Resources Management Agency

viii ix

CHAPTER 1 OUTLINE OF THE SURVEY 1.1 Background of the Survey Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles, which stretch out along the eastern part of the Caribbean Sea, are susceptible to disasters such as large-scale hurricane and flood. Due to the relatively small-scale economy of counties in the area, the effects of disaster often extend to the entire country. In Jamaica, which is a part of Greater Antilles, there happen floods almost every year due to hurricanes and tropical storms, which cause severe human and economic losses. During the tropical storm Nicole in 2010, the economic loss reached to almost 21 million USD which is equivalent to about 6.3% of the GNP besides casualties, due to the floods occurred in the whole country. Jamaica has put an effort to the disaster management since the establishment of the Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) in 1993. Jamaica has adopted the recommendations of the strategic objectives and priority actions of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), as well as the building of the disaster resilient nation and communities are being focused on. Technical assistance for improving the early warning system as well as the preparation and effective usage of flood hazard map would therefore be desired. On the other hand, in Saint Lucia, which is a part of Lesser Antilles, effort on improving disaster management has been made since the establishment of the National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) in 2000. Possible increase in disaster risk due to climate change and the associated sea level rise is a great concern to Saint Lucia. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) supported the Caribbean Disaster Management Project, Phase 1 in 2002-2006 and Phase 2 in 2009-2012, which covers the surrounding countries including Saint Lucia. During the phase 2 of the project, the CADM2 system, which consists of flood hazard mapping, early warning system and community-based disaster management was introduced in pilot sites in each of the target countries. In order to disseminate the CADM2 to the entire county, further assistance would be desired. Under the above circumstances, the governments of Jamaica and Saint Lucia have sought JICA’s assistance on disaster risk management sector and have requested technical assistance for comprehensive disaster risk management, which includes not only policy and administrative aspects but also countermeasures from both structural and non-structural viewpoints. Dealing successfully with the vulnerability to disasters would be one of the key strategic areas of the JICA’s assistance to Jamaica and Saint Lucia. In order to promote effective support by JICA in the disaster risk management sector for the eastern Caribbean countries including Jamaica and Saint Lucia, it is necessary to clarify the needs for assistance of relevant agencies, by conducting a survey on the existing institutional framework of disaster risk management. The present survey was therefore conducted, focusing mainly on flood, storm/storm surge, landslide and earthquake disasters. 1.2 Objective of the Survey To identify the needs and priority areas for improving disaster risk management in Jamaica and Saint Lucia, information on government policy, plans, institutional situation of disaster risk management as well as the current situation of disaster are collected and analysed. The types of disaster focused in this survey are flood, storm/storm surge, landslide and earthquake. The expected outputs of the survey are as follows.  Identification and clarification of issues on the disaster risk management for flood, storm/storm surge, landslide and earthquake disasters in Jamaica and Saint Lucia  Recommendation on priority areas to be supported for improving the disaster risk management for flood, storm/storm surge, landslide and earthquake disasters in Jamaica and Saint Lucia

1.3 Coverage of the Survey (1) Target Areas The target areas of the survey are the whole countries of Jamaica and Saint Lucia. (2) Main Agencies for Disaster Management (a) Jamaica Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) (b) Saint Lucia National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) (3) Contents of the Survey In order to achieve the objectives of the survey shown in Section 1.2, the JICA Survey Team conducted the survey shown below. 1) Collection of basic information on natural and socio-economic condition 2) Collection of disaster data 3) Survey on policy, plan, institution of disaster management 4) Survey on current condition of disaster risk management by type of disaster 4-1) Meteorological observation and storm/storm surge disaster 4-2) Flood and landslide disaster 4-3) Earthquake and Tsunami disaster 4-4) Road disaster, Community-based activities and education on disaster, etc. 5) Survey on activities by donors 6) Recommendation

1.4 Work Program Table 1.4.1 shows the work program of the Survey.

Table 1.4.1 Work Program of the Survey Duration Work Item 2013 2014 December January February March April 1 Preparation of work plan and discussion Preparation of work plan R1 Preparation of Inception Report （IC/R) R2 Discussion with JICA on IC/R ←IC/R 2 Collection of basic information on natural and socio-economic 11 3 Collection of disaster data 11 4 Survey on present situation of disaster risk management administration 4.1 Survey on policy framework for disaster risk management 111111111111 4.2 Survey on institutional framework for disaster risk management 1 1111111 5 Survey on present situation of disaster risk management by type of disaster 5.1 Meteorological observation and meteorological disaster 111111111111 5.2 Flood and sediment-related disaster 111111111111 5.3 Earthquake and tsunami disaster 111111111111 5.4 Road disaster, Community-based activities and education on disaster, etc. 111111111111 6 Survey on activities by donor 6.1 Support by JICA 111111111111 6.2 Activities by Other Donors 111111111111 7 Recommendation for improvement of disaster risk management Discussion on direction of improvement 11 R3 Preparation of Draft Final Report （DF/R)

R4 Discussion with JICA on DF/R DF/R→ R5 Preparation of Final Report （F/R) Schedule for Field Survey Report to JICA Dominican Republic Office Survey in Jamaica Survey in Saint Lucia [Remarks] Field Survey Work in Japan Discussion on Report

1.5 Survey Team Members and Staffing Schedule (1) Survey Team Members Table 1.5.1 Members of the JICA Survey Team Name Assignment Hajime TANAKA Team Leader / Flood Management Tadanori KITAMURA Deputy Team Leader / Meteorology and Hydrology Kimihiko KOTOO Sediment-related Disaster Oki SHINDO Earthquake and Tsunami

(2) Staffing Schedule The staffing schedule is shown in Table 1.5.2.

Table 1.5.2 Staffing Schedule 2013 2014 Assignment Name December January February March April 2.0 Team Leader / Flood Management Hajime TANAKA

2.0 Deputy Team Leader / Tadanori KITAMURA Meteorology and Hydrology Field 2.0 Work Sediment-related Disaster Kimihiko KOTOO

2.0 Earthquake and Tsunami Oki SHINDO

0.1 0.2 Team Leader / Flood Management Hajime TANAKA

0.1 0.2 Deputy Team Leader / Meteorology Tadanori KITAMURA Work in 0.1 0.1 Japan Sediment-related Disaster Kimihiko KOTOO

0.1 0.1 Earthquake and Tsunami Oki SHINDO

Reporting Inception Report Draft Final Report Final Report

1.6 Schedule of Field Survey

1.6.1 Overall Schedule The following shows the overall schedule for the field survey. 1) January 10, 2014 Dominican Republic (Report to JICA Office) 2) January 11, 2014 to February 7, 2014 Survey in Jamaica 3) February 9, 2014 to March 4, 2014 Survey in Saint Lucia 4) March 5, 2014 to March 6, 2014 Dominican Republic (Report to JICA Office) 1.6.2 Survey in Jamaica The field survey in Jamaica was conducted as follows 1) Week-1: January 13, 2014 to January 17, 2014 Kick-off meeting, and meeting with relevant agencies on disaster risk management 2) Week-2: January 20, 2014 to January 24, 2014 Meeting with relevant agencies on disaster risk management 3) Week-3: January 27, 2014 to January 31, 2014 Meeting with relevant agencies on disaster risk management, and field reconnaissance at high risk areas of disaster 4) Week-4: February 3, 2014 to February 7, 2014 Collection of additional information, discussion on the improvement of the disaster risk management sector, and warp-up meeting 5) Supplementary: March 3, 2014 to March 6, 2014 Collection of additional information, and Discussion on improvement of disaster risk management sector

During the field survey in Jamaica, 72 meetings with relevant agencies on disaster risk management were held. The list of the meetings and the list of collected documents are presented in Appendix-1 and Appendix-2, respectively. 1.6.3 Survey in Saint Lucia The field survey in Saint Lucia was conducted as follows 1) Week-1: February 10, 2014 to February 14, 2014 Kick-off meeting, meeting with relevant agencies on disaster risk management, field reconnaissance at CADM2 site and areas affected by the disaster in December, 2013 2) Week-2: February 17, 2014 to February 21, 2014 Meeting with relevant agencies on disaster risk management 3) Week-3: February 24, 2014 to February 28, 2014 Collection of additional information, field reconnaissance at high risk areas of disaster, discussions on the improvement of the disaster risk management sector, and wrap-up meeting 4) Week-4: March 3, 2014 to March 4, 2014 Collection of additional information During the field survey in Jamaica, the 44 meetings with relevant agencies on disaster risk management were held. The list of the meetings and the list of collected documents are presented in Appendix-1 and Appendix-2, respectively.

CHAPTER 2 SURVEY IN JAMAICA 2.1 Basic Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions 2.1.1 Basic Parameters of Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions Basic parameters on socio-economic and natural conditions in Jamaica are shown in Table 2.1.1below. Table 2.1.1 Basic Parameters of Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions in Jamaica Basic Parameters Population 2.70 million (2010) Area 10,990 km2 Capital Kingston Largest City Kingston GDP 209 hundred million US$ (2008) GDP per Capita 7,776 USD (2008) GNI 13,342 million USD (2010) GNI per Capita 4,700 USD (2010) Economic Growth Rate 0.6% (2010) Balance of Current Account -48,126.53 million USD (2010) Aid Total Receipts 141.23 million USD (2010) Economic classification High- middle-income countries (DAC , World Bank ) Independence 06 August 1962 Currency Jamaican Dollar (JMD): 1 USD = 104.72JMD (October 2013 ) Climate Tropical climate Administrative division 3 County, 14 Parish Race African 90.9% , mulatto 7.3% , Indian 1.3% , other Language English is the official language. Religion Christian 65.3% , others Major industry Tourism, Mining (Alumina and Bauxite), Sugar, Bananas, etc. Major Development Index Average HDI Index 0.727 (2011) Percentage to live with less than -% USD2 in 1 day Females: 98.3% Literacy Rate (15-24 years ) Males: 92.1% (2009) Primary Education Enrolment Rate 82.0% (2010) Infant Mortality 15.7 people (2011) (per 1,000 birth) Maternal Mortality 110 people (2010) (per 100,000 birth ) HIV Infection Rate 1.7% (2009) Percentage of Available Water 93.0% (2010) Service Utilization Rate of Improved 80.0% (2010) Sanitation Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Data Book (Jamaica), Wikipedia (http://Ja.Wikipedia.Org/wiki)

2.1.2 Outline of Natural Conditions (1) Topography and Geology Jamaica, with an area 11,424 km2 (almost the same size as Akita Prefecture), is one of the four islands in Greater Antilles located north-western of the Caribbean Sea. The country is mountainous and a hilly, with the highest peak of 2,258 m located at the Blue Mountain on the eastern part. The coastline is varied and there are many good harbours. The island is broadly divided into the east mountains area, the central valley and plateau area, and the coastal plain. There is a chain of mountains from southeast to north-westward and they

are formed in the stratum which consists of eruptive rock and metamorphic rock. There is a plateau with an altitude of 1,000 m or more, which consists of folding limestone in the northern part of the Blue Mountain, and there is a plateau of the karst which consists of limestone in two- thirds of the island.

Source: maps.com Figure 2.1.1 Topography of Jamaica

Source: Geoscience World Figure 2.1.2 Geology of Jamaica (2) Meteorology The Jamaica Island is located between north latitude 17 degrees and 18 degrees, and belongs to the oceanic subtropical climate belt. Temperature ranges between 25 and 35 degrees centigrade throughout the year. The lowest temperature occurs in January and February; whereas the hottest appears in July and August. The rainy season appears in May to October, and the rest is the dry season. Although the mean annual rainfall of the island is about 2,000 mm, precipitation differs locally. Annual average rainfall is less than 1,000 mm in the southern coastal area and northern part of the island, although more than 7,500 mm in an area of the Blue Mountain was observed.

Source: climatemps.com Figure 2.1.3 Outline of Meteorology in Kingston Jamaica 2.1.3 Outline of Socio-Economic Conditions (1) Political Situation Jamaica attained independence as the Commonwealth of Nations in 1962 after Jamaica achieved autonomy from the United Kingdom (UK) in 1959. Two main political parties: namely (the PNP (People’s National Party) which pushes for greater autonomy and democratic socialism, and the JLP (Jamaica Labour Party) which is conservative-centrist) experience change of government by democratic election since that time. In addition, some smaller political parties also exist. (2) Population According to the study of the World Bank, population was estimated at 2.70 million in 2012. Fifty-two % (52%) of the population lives in urban area (see Table 2.1.2). Population ratio in urban area is increasing year by year. Table 2.1.2 Change in Population of Jamaica Indicator_Name 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 Population, total 2350600 2423043.61 2534068.68 2617495.22 2675800 2712100 Population growth (annual %) 0.63 0.70 0.96 0.49 0.48 0.21 Urban population 1147844.99 1209399.22 1294772.25 1358459.08 1391763.85 1414522.88 Urban population (% of total) 48.83 49.91 51.09 51.90 52.01 52.16 Rural population 1202755.01 1213644.39 1239296.42 1259036.14 1284036.15 1297577.12 Rural population (% of total population) 51.17 50.09 48.91 48.10 47.99 47.84 Source: World Bank, World Data Bank (3) GNI and GDP Provisional value of nominal GNI and GDP per capita are over 5,000 USD as shown in Table 2.1.3. Table 2.1.3 Nominal GNI and GDP per Capita in Jamaica Indicator Name 2010 2011 2012 GNI per capita, Atlas method (US$) 4,570 4,760 5,140 GDP per capita (US$) 4,942 5,391 5,540 Source：GNI – World Bank, World Data Bank, GDP - IMF, World Economic Outlook database

(4) Government Agencies and Administrative Boundary The central government agencies in Jamaica are shown in Table 2.1.4. Relevant lower organizations for this study are also shown in this table. Figure 2.1.4 shows the relevant government agencies on disaster risk management. Table 2.1.4 Central Government Agencies in Jamaica Central Government Agencies Relevant lower organizations for this study 1) Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) 2) Jamaica Information Services (JIS) Ministry of Foreign Affairs and - Foreign Trade (MFAFT) Ministry of Justice (MOJ) - 1) Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) Ministry of National Security (MNS) 2) Jamaica Defense Force (JDF) Ministry of Finance and Planning 1) Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIOJ) (MFP) Ministry of Tourism & Entertainment - (MTE) Ministry of Labour and Social 1) Public Assistance Division Security (MLSS) Ministry of Education (MOE) - 1) Emergency, Disaster Management and Special Service Unit Ministry of Health (MOH) (EDMSS) Ministry of Youth and Culture - (MYC) Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries - (MAF) Ministry of Industry, Investment and - Commerce (MIIC) Ministry of Science, Technology, 1) Mines and Geology Division (MGD) Energy and Mining (MSTEM) Ministry of Transport, Works and 1) National Works Agency (NWA) Housing (MTWH) 1) Meteorological Services (METS) 2) Climate Change Division (CCD) Ministry of Water, Land, 3) Water Resources Authority (WRA) Environment and Climate Change 4) National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA) (MWLECC) 5) National Spatial Data Management Division (NSDMD) 6) Forest Department (FD) 1) Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Ministry of Local Government and (ODPEM) Community Development (MLGCD) 2) Jamaica Fire Brigade (JFB) 3) Social Development Commission (SDC)

OPM

MSTEM MWLECC MFP

UWI MGD FD

EQU DRRC WRA METS NEPA NSDMD PIOJ

MLGCD MNS MTWH MLSS MoH

SDC ODPEM JFB JDF JCF NWA

SDC‐P JFB‐P PCs JCF‐P NWA‐P MLSS‐P MoH‐P

OPM = Office of Prime Minister FD = Forest Department MSTEM = Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining WRA = Water Resources Authority MWLECC = Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change METS = Meteorological Service MEP = Ministry of Finance and Planning NEPA = National Environmental and Planning Agency MLGCD = Ministry of Local Government and Community Development NSDMD = National Spatial Data Management Division MNS = Ministry of National Security PIOJ = Planning Institute of Jamaica MTWH = Ministry of Transport, Works and Housing SDC = Social Development Commission MLSS = Ministry of Labor and Social Security ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management MOH = Ministry of Health JFB = Jamaica Fire Brigade JDF = Jamaica Defense Force JCF = Jamaica Constabulary Force UWI = University of the West Indies NWA = National Works Agency EQU = Earthquake Unit PCs = Parish Councils DRRC = Disaster Risk Reduction Center MGD = Mines and Geology Department #### Department in Ministry #### Attached Agency of Ministry. #### University #### P means officer at Parish level. Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.1.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management On the other hand, there are three Counties, which are divided into 14 parishes as local administrative divisions. Each of them has parish Council. However, the number of districts and population of Saint Andrew Parish included in those of Kingston City as shown in the following table. Table 2.1.5 Local Administrative Divisions in Jamaica Population Number of County Parish Capital Area (km2)* (2012)* District 1 Hanover Lucea 450.4 69,874 176 2 Saint Elizabeth Black River 1,212.4 150,993 415 Cornwall 3 Saint James Montego Bay 594.9 184,662 267 4 Trelawny Falmouth 874.6 75,558 136 5 Westmoreland Savanna-la-Mar 807.0 144,817 377 6 Clarendon May Pen 1,196.3 246,322 406 7 Manchester Mandeville 830.1 190,812 412 Middlesex 8 Saint Ann Saint Ann's Bay 1,212.6 173,232 414 9 Saint Catherine Spanish Town 1,192.4 518,345 432 10 Saint Mary Port Maria 610.5 114,227 189 11 Kingston Kingston 21.8 666,041 401 12 Portland Port Antonio 814.0 82,183 160 Surrey 13 Saint Andrew Half Way Tree 430.7 (Included in Kingston) 14 Saint Thomas Morant Bay 742.8 94,410 195 Total 10,990.5 2,711,476 3,980 Note: Kingston and Saint Andrew put as one local administration. Source *：Statistical Institute of Jamaica

Hierarchy of local administration is represented by Parish – Constituency – Division – District. The minimum unit of census is the District. Both Constituency and Division are the units for election, and no administrative organization exists at the Constituency and Division. The member of assembly at Constituency is elected as national level, while that at Division is elected as local level. Social Development Committee (SDC) defines the Community, which consists of some districts. It is smaller than the Division. The number of Community is about 830. It should be noted that the Community in Jamaica means a group of settlements,

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.1.5 Hierarchy of Local Administration

2.2 Basic Information on Natural Disaster 2.2.1 Database of Disasters While classifying the natural disasters in Jamaica, the information about the history, frequency, the scales (amount of damage, affected population, etc.), and noteworthy disaster were arranged on the basis of the available disaster database from web-site. (1) Summary of Database The disaster data in Jamaica can be obtained from the following sources on the internet. The features for each of the sources are shown in Table 2.2.1. Table 2.2.1 Database and Information Accumulating Disaster Data in Jamaica Database Name and Target Data Note Source URL Providing Institute - Numerical values, such as the amount of damage, are arranged Natural disaster and for every country and area DesInventar man-made disaster - There are many target disasters http://online.desinventa （OSSO focusing on Central and survey items. r.org/desinventar/#JAM Corporation American area - Data sources are clear. -20101111 /Colombia） since 1973. However, DB has many blanks. - There is record of a small-scale disaster. Natural disaster and - Numerical values, such as the EM-DAT man-made disaster amount of damage, are arranged （Louvain Catholic all over the world for every country and area http://www.emdat.be University/ since 1900. There - It records focusing on a Belgium） are many registered catastrophic natural disaster. data since 1970. - GLobal IDEntifier (GLIDE) number is numbered s same as Natural disaster and GLIDE Number disaster number in EM-DAT. http://glidenumber.net/ man-made disaster （Asian Disaster - Numerical values, such as the glide/public/search/sear all over the world Centre/ Japan） amount of damage, are not ch.jsp since 2000. arranged. The disaster situation is summarized in the text. Dartmouth Flood Flood disaster - Satellite imagery data is Observatory situation all over fundamentally used as sauce. http://www.dartmouth.e （Dartmouth the world since - Numerical values, such as the du/~floods/ College/ US） 1985. amount of damage, are arranged. Source：JICA Survey Team

Among the above, EM-DAT database which covers the whole world has the longest data registration period, and its arrangement situation of numerical values, such as the amount of damage, is also good. Due to this, the outline of the disaster in Jamaica was checked focusing on the database of EM-DAT. (2) Disaster Record by EM-DAT The number of affected people and deaths, and the total amount of damage were totalled in each natural disaster from the disaster history of whole Jamaica from 1900 to 2012 by EM-DAT. The results are shown in Table 2.2.2 and Figure 2.2.1. The largest ten natural disasters in Jamaica in terms of number of deaths by EM-DAT are listed in Table 2.2.3.

Table 2.2.2 Record of Disasters in Jamaica by EM-DAT（1900-2012） Number Killed Affected Est. Type of Disaster of Damage Disaster （1000US$） Drought Drought 3 0 100,000 6,500 Earthquake (seismic activity) Earthquake (ground shaking) 1 1,200 90,000 30,000 Bacterial Infectious Diseases 2 16 300 0 Epidemic Parasitic Infectious Diseases 1 3 280 0 Viral Infectious Diseases 2 30 0 0 Unspecified 8 643 296,372 87,440 Flood Flash flood 1 15 551,340 30,000 General Flood 4 72 56,000 51,000 Mass movement dry Landslide 1 40 0 0 Mass movement wet Landslide 1 53 0 0 Unspecified 1 4 0 1,000 Storm Tropical cyclone 28 604 1,579,705 2,645,640 Note：Numbers in the table indicate total sum in1900-2012. Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain - Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team

Number of Disasters Number of Deaths

Number of Amount of Affected People Damage

Note：Ratio in the table indicate total sum in1900-2012. Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team Figure 2.2.1 Record of Disasters in Jamaica by EM-DAT（1900-2012）

Table 2.2.3 Largest Ten Nature Disasters in Jamaica in Terms of Number of Deaths (EM-DAT 1900-2012) Est. Damage Type of Disaster Date Killed （Reference） US1000$ Earthquake (seismic activity) 1907/1/14 1,200 30,000 Flood 1900/1/6 300 No Data Storm 1951/8/17 154 56,000 Storm 1912/11/18 142 No Data Flood 1940/11/18 125 No Data Flood 1937/11/23 111 No Data Storm 1903/8/10 65 No Data Storm 1917/9/22 57 No Data Flood 1986/5/15 54 76,000 Mass movement wet 1909/11/4 53 No Data Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team

2.2.2 Condition of Disaster Data in Jamaica (1) Definition of Disaster Type Definition of disaster type in ODPEM follows the definition of UN-ISDR which is thought as international standards. In this definition, kinds of events which are cause of disaster like Hurricane and Storm is not classified as disaster type in these databases, （especially in DesInventar described below）. (2) Contents of Disaster Database in ODPEM There are three main databases in ODPEM. The features of each database are described below. In addition, these databases have their features, and they do not link each other. 1） Disaster Catalogue（ODPEM） Past disaster data are registered in Jamaica. The database was updated until 2000, but not updated since 2000. 2） DesInventar（ODPEM） UWI scientists have input disaster related information since the 1990’s. Information in disaster assessment report possessed by ODPEM and PIOJ was input in 2012 with UN-ISDR assistance systematically. The data sources are different according to periods, and the current situation is indicated in following. - 1900-1972 No data input. - 1973-2002 The contents is consist of reviewed data input by UWI scientists, Gleaner Archives （a newspaper company）and disaster information in ODPEM. The information is parish scale. - 2003-2010 Community scale information is input from initial disaster assessment report arranged by ODPEM. And Parish scale information is input from disaster assessment report arranged by PIOJ. PIOJ’s disaster assessment is arranged in case of large scale disaster in contrast with ODPEM assessment report which is arranged in case of small scale disaster. For this reason, when there is no description of the information on a Parish level on a database, this disaster can be assumed as small-scale disaster, from a national scale viewpoint. - 2011-2013 Not input yet. DesInventar can be input to more types of damage data than EM-DAT, however the work is also more. Data input is operated at present as follows. - Parish disaster coordinators input disaster information in each parish. - ODPEM officer releases the data after checking input information by reference to initial assessment result. 3） GIS-based database（ODPEM） The main purposes of this database are 1) Review in development application and tool for estimation from the view point of disaster risk in EIA review, 2) tool for promoting attention of disaster risk in kinds of development planning. ODPEM inputs disaster data to GIS database from data sources in WRA（flood), MGD（landslide and sediment disaster）and UWI-earthquake unit（earthquake）. However road disaster data in NWA cannot be shared.

NSDMD (National Spatial Data Management Division) which is responsible for special data administration coordinates disaster data collection for the National Emergency Response GIS Team (NERGIST). This scheme is intend to obtain high accuracy spatial information by dispatching a GIS engineer to the disaster site with NSDMD coordination in disaster time. There are about 30 roster engineers who belong to different agencies. Roster engineers are dispatched to do the survey work for a certain period but do not do normal work after the disaster. The GIS information includes location data of past disaster and survey data for disaster risk management. It includes digital data of community based hazard map organized by ODPEM as well. (3) Past Significant Disaster in Jamaica Large scale disasters identified and selected nationwide based on disasters assessed and reported by PIOJ after 2000, and disasters identified as large scale in the interview survey are tabulated below. Table 2.2.4 National Scale Disaster in Recent Years Date Hurricane Damage Economic Loss Deaths Source Name (Million USD)※ (Million USD)※ May-Jun. 1986 (Heavy Rain) 76 N/A 54 EM-DAT 12 Sep. 1988 Gilbert 1 N/A 49 EM-DAT 28 Oct. 2001 Michelle 53.3 1.5 1 PIOJ Report 22 May. 2002 (Heavy Rain) 45.8 5.4 0 PIOJ Report 8 Sep. 2004 Ivan 358.5 221.0 15 PIOJ Report Jul.-Aug. 2005 Dennis & Emily 85.2 11.6 0 PIOJ Report 13 Oct. 2005 Wilma N/A N/A 0 PIOJ Report 20 Aug. 2007 Dean 205.6 123.8 6 PIOJ Report 28 Aug. 2008 Gustav 200.2 13.9 10 PIOJ Report 28 Sep. 2010 Nicole 227.2 12.4 16 PIOJ Report 22 Oct. 2012 Sandy 103.4 4.1 1 PIOJ Report ※The amount of damage of the days is used as it is.

Three disasters especially identified in the table are summarized in below.

Hurricane Ivan (2004) Category5. The damage was the most in recent years and large damage was identified in all area. The damage was large especially to houses, and the amount was 168.9 million USD, which is almost one-half of all direct damages. Agricultural damage was also big as well. The maximum rainfall was more than 700mm in three days, and maximum wind speed was 180km/h(50m/s). Hurricane Dean (2007) Category4. House damage was 85.2millionUS$ which was almost half of the total direct damage of 205.6 million USD. Maximum rainfall was 331.5mm in two days, but no big flood occurred in this hurricane. There was no detail wind speed data, but maximum wind speed 205km/h（57m/s） was recorded and weather observation facilities were blown away. Hence, storm wind damage was supposed to be more than rainfall damage. Hurricane Nicole (2010) Not categorized in Jamaica. Traffic damage (road & bridges) was 198millionUSD which was almost equal to the total damage of 227.2 million USD. Maximum wind speed was 120.7 km/h （34m/s）, but rainfall was more than 1,000mm in five days in one site. Hence, flood and landslide damages to infrastructure were supposed to be larger than storm wind damage.

Total damages and loss from the above three hurricanes are as graphically shown in the following figure.

Source：Survey Team Figure 2.2.2 Comparison of Total Damage and Economic Loss Haiti earthquake in 2010 can be regarded as an historical event. Consideration for earthquake measure has become higher in neighbouring: however, public awareness has not permeated among residents. For this reason, ODPEM is putting a lot of energy into the educational activities about earthquakes. (4) Issues Issues on the disaster database are as described below. 1） Update of DesInventar DesInventar has not been updated since 2011, so that data input shall be made as soon as possible. Review is also needed about the current protocol of data input with the Parish disaster coordinator. 2） Enhancement of Disaster Risk Information Disaster data corrected as GIS data in ODPEM is limited at the current situation. Risk assessment in each disaster types should be wide in scope. This is the problem for related sector agencies in each disaster types as well.

2.3 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management Administration The present situations of disaster risk management: namely (1) present policy framework for disaster risk management; and (2) present institutional framework for disaster risk management are as described below. 2.3.1 Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management (1) Outline of Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management The national policy for disaster risk management has shifted from the post-disaster approach to the pre-disaster approach to attain the aims of reducing disaster risks in an integrated manners, considering all stages of disaster risk management. The government has been promoting the mainstreaming and an integrating disaster risk management with more emphasis on preparedness and by integrating the public, private, technical and scientific and voluntary sectors as well as the central and local governments and communities into its disaster risk management structure, in order to develop disaster resilient societies. As for the administration of disaster risk management in Jamaica, the National Disaster Committee (NDC) and the Office of Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) were established based on the Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Act of 1993. Under the Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management, the related legislation on disaster risk management and the disaster risk management master plan and action plans have been prepared. The Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management ACT was reviewed in 2009, and new legislation acts may emphasize ODPEM’s role on enforcement and make demarcation among relevant government agencies including the Parish Council. It is, therefore, necessary for ODPEM to strengthen the capacity of personnel, especially, the technical ones. (2) Significance of Disaster Risk Management in the National Development Plan The “Vision 2030 Jamaica” which is the National Development Plan holds up the four (4) goals and fifteen (15) outcomes as shown in Table 2.3.1. Among them disaster risk reduction as well as adaptation to climate change is one of the fifteen (15) outcomes, which indicates that the disaster risk management take the important position in the National Development Plan. Table 2.3.1 National Objectives and Outcomes in Vision 2030 Jamaica National Goals National Outcomes 1. Jamaicans are 1. A Healthy and Stable Population empowered to 2. World-Class Education and Training achieve their fullest 3. Effective Social Protection potential 4. Authentic and Transformational Culture 2. The Jamaican society 5. Security and Safety is secure, cohesive 6. Effective Governance and just 7. A Stable Macro Economy 7. An Enabling Business Environment 3. Jamaica’s economy 8. Strong Economic Infrastructure is prosperous 9. Energy Security and Efficiency 10. A Technology-Enabled Society 11. Internationally Competitive Industry Structures 4. Jamaica has a 13. Sustainable Management and Use of Environmental and Natural Resources healthy natural 14. Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change environment 15. Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Source: Vision 2030 Jamaica, 2009. The following four strategies are set in order to achieve “Hazard Risk Reduction and Adaptation to Climate Change” in Vision 2030 Jamaica.  Improve Resilience to all Forms of Hazards

 Improve Emergency Response Capability  Develop Measures to Adapt to Climate Change  Contribute to the Effort to Reduce Global Rate of Climate Change The proposed indicators outcomes are cost of damage caused by disasters as % percentage of GDP and loss of lives due to disasters. The targets set are 1) the cost of damage caused by disasters is reduced from the current 3.3% to less than 1% in 2030, and 2) loss of lives due to disasters is less than 10. It should be understood that the disaster risk management is targeting both prevention of deaths by disasters and reduction of economic losses by disasters. As shown in Table 2.3.2, in Vision 2030 Jamaica, the key actions related to Strategy “Improve Resilience to all Forms of Hazards” are presented. It is implied that the following themes: 1) Risk mapping on flood disasters in flood plain, 2) Reduction of risk against storm surge along coastal area, 3) Enhancement of resilient community are given higher priority, in terms of the National Development Plan. Table 2.3.2 Priority Actions for Strategy “Improve Resilience to all Forms of Hazards” Responsible Priority Sector Strategies Key Actions Agencies Undertake hazard risk management for coastal ODPEM, NEPA Create and strengthen communities national platforms and Undertake comprehensive mapping of the flood plains WRA establish the foundation throughout the island for hazard risk reduction Strengthen Democracy and Governance in Communities ODPEM, SDC by engaging in related to Disaster Response (including gender issues) multi-stakeholder dialogue Undertake Storm Surge Hazard Mapping for Coastal ODPEM, SDC, Communities JSIF Source: Vision 2030 Jamaica, 2009. (3) Budget for Disaster Risk Management (a) General The fiscal year in Jamaica starts from April and ends in March of the following year. The Proposed budget is usually prepared by December and is approved by April. In case that the approval is delayed, pooled fund is used for the emolument of public officials. The expenditure is categorized into Recurrent, Capital A, and Capital B as follow:  Recurrent: Recurrent expenditure including emolument, allowance, small scale equipment and operation and maintenance  Capital A: Capital investment by Jamaican Government, which includes share of Jamaican Government for ODA projects  Capital B: Capital investment by donors Accounting books for recurrent and for others are separated. Budget for capital cannot be utilized for recurrent. The amount of recurrent tends to be almost constant year by year. Therefore it is difficult to get approval for sudden increase in operation and maintenance cost under the recurrent in case that large scale equipment is installed. It should be noted that it is difficult to drastically increase the number of public official, because of the recommendation by IMF that the total emolument for public officials should not exceed 9% of GDP. The national budget for Parish council is allocated through MLGCD. The Parish council can utilize revenue from liquor and land tax by itself. However, other incomes depend on the national budgets. (b) Budget for Disaster Risk Management The national budget and budget for disaster risk management in the last two years, on the basis

of information provided by MFP, are shown in the following table. The items specified as “Disaster Management” in the budget table by MFP are extracted as the budget for disaster risk management. In this sense, for example, the budget for Meteorological Service is not included in the budget for disaster risk management in the table. Table 2.3.3 National Budget and Budget for Disaster Risk Management in Jamaica 2012-2013 (mil. J$) 2013-2014 (mil. J$) Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B National Budget (A) 612,428 374,765 211,711 25,953 520,887 370,504 124,093 26,289 Budget for DRM (B) 3,624 284 250 3,090 3,945 297 881 2,767 ODPEM 276 226 50 0 439 230 50 159 (MLGCD) NWA 3,270 0 200 3,070 2,789 0 181 2,608 (MTWH) MLSS 0 0 0 0 650 0 650 0

MOE 20 0 0 20 0 0 0 0

MOH 59 59 0 0 68 68 0 0

(B/A) Share of DRM 0.6 0.1 0.1 11.9 0.8 0.1 0.7 10.5 % Source: MFP Recently, the national budget of Jamaica is about J$500 to 600 billion, whereas the budget for disaster risk management is about JD 3 to 4 billion or about 0.6 to 0.8% of the national budget. However, the share of disaster risk management in terms of Capital B (Capital investment by donors) reaches to about 10% of its national total. (c) Disaster Fund The disaster fund in Jamaica is basically managed by ODPEM. ODPEM prepares a report for the disaster fund at each year. Actual usage of the disaster fund is about JD 250million/year (USD 2.5 million/year) in the recent years, which is equivalent to the amount of recurrent expenditure for ODPEM. The disaster fund is basically utilized not only for response but also for preparedness. When the disaster fund is utilized, it is counted as Capital A. The use of the disaster fund is usually proposed by ODPEM. However, it is necessary for ODPEM to obtain approval from the Financial Committee for the disaster fund.

2.3.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management (1) Framework of Disaster Risk Management The disaster risk management in Jamaica is conducted at three levels: national, local and community. At the national level there is the National Disaster Committee whose chairman is the Prime Minister. The deputy chairman is the minister of MLGCD which is supervisory authority. The director of ODPEM is the coordinator of the National Disaster Committee and manages the Sub-Committees (refer to Figure 2.3.1 and Figure 2.3.2).

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.3.1 National Disaster Committee

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.3.2 Sub-Committees in National Disaster Committee At local level there is the Parish Disaster Committee whose chairman is the Mayer. The Parish Disaster Coordinator arranges the activities in the Parish Disaster Committees. The Parish Emergency Operation Center (PEOC) is set at the time of emergency (Figure 2.3.3). At community level there is the Community Disaster Committee, which leads the activities for disaster risk management with the unit of community.

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.3.3 Parish Disaster Committee

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.3.4 Community Disaster Committee (2) Role of Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management The general framework of disaster risk management in Jamaica is along the disaster risk management cycle which consists of prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response and rehabilitation / reconstruction. On the basis of the information available through web-sites, responsible government agencies in each stage of the disaster management cycle are summarized as shown in Table 2.3.4.

Table 2.3.4 Government Agencies Responsible for Disaster Risk Management Disaster Relevant Government Agencies Management Cycle Total coordination Common - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management

Prevention / Identification of Risk (Risk Mapping etc.) Mitigation - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (All type of disaster) - WRA: Water Resources Authority (Flood) - MSTEM-GMD: Mines and Geology Division, Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining (Landslide , Storm Surge) - University of West Indies at Mona (Earthquake, tsunami, landslide) - NSDMD: National Spatial Data Management Division, Ministry of Water, Land, Environment & Climate Change (Spatial information) Non-Structural Measures - NEPA: National Environment and Planning Agency (Spatial planning / Regulation of land use) - MLGCD: Ministry of Local Government and Community Development (Earthquake and water resistant structures) - MWLECC-FD: Forest Department, Ministry of Water, Land, Environment & Climate Change (Watershed management) - MAF: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries (Reduction of damage in agricultural product) Structural Measures - NWA: National Works Agency (Infrastructure for road and flood control) Preparedness Early Warning System - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (All type of disaster) - MWLECC-METS: Meteorological Services, Ministry of Water, Land, Environment & Climate Change (Meteorological Disasters, Tsunami) - WRA: Water Resources Authority (Flood) Preparation of Evacuation Place and Relief Materials - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management and local government Awareness JIS: Jamaica Information Services ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Response Coordination - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Emergency Operation - JFB: Jamaica Fire Brigade, JCF: Jamaica Constabulary Force, and others Emergency Medical Services - MOH: Ministry of Health and others Public Assistance - MLSS: Ministry of Labour and Social Security and others Rehabilitation/ Coordination Reconstruction - ODPEM: Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Disaster Assessment - PIOJ: Planning Institute of Jamaica Rehabilitation and Reconstruction - NWA: National Works Agency (Infrastructure for road and flood control) - Other responsible agencies for infrastructure Source: JICA Survey Team based on relevant information

The relationship among the relevant government agencies is schematically presented in Figure 2.3.5 - Figure 2.3.9, on the basis of information obtained through interviews with various agencies.

Pre‐Disaster Stage (Mitigation/Prevention, Preparedness except early warning)

Flood Sediment Disaster 2 WRA Advice Storm surge B 1 Control of MGD DRRC Development Risk Identification NEPA Earthquake Structural EQU Measures B ODPEM Advice 5 Technical Watershed support A NWA Regional Coordinator Management SDC FD 3 Support Enforcement of C Building Code NWA‐P SDC‐P PC Parish Disaster Coordinator D 4 E Support Support Enhancement of Community Community Disaster NGOs Management

Emergency Response Unit

UWI = University of the West Indies SDC = Social Development Commission EQU = Earthquake Unit ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency DRRC = Disaster Risk Reduction Center Management MGD = Mines and Geology Department NWA = National Works Agency FD = Forest Department PCs = Parish Councils WRA = Water Resources Authority NGOs = Non Governmental Organization NEPA = National Environmental and Planning Agency #### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

1. Risk identification is jointly conducted by ODPEM and technical agencies such as WRA, MGD, EQU and DRRC. The technical agencies give technical support to ODPEM (A). 2. NEPA is responsible for control of development. ODPEM and technical agencies give advice to NEPA (B). 3. Parish Council is responsible for enforcement of Building Code. 4. At community level, community disaster management is enhanced. Regional coordinator of ODPEM supports activities in Parish Council (C). Parish Disaster Coordinator coordinates the community disaster management (D). SDC and NGOs support the community activities (E). 5. NWA is responsible for structural measures to mitigate hazard. FD is responsible watershed management together with NEPA.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.3.5 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Preparedness

Early warning and Response Stage

OPM = Office of Prime Minister ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency MLSS = Ministry of Labor and Social Security Management MOH = Ministry of Health JFB = Jamaica Fire Brigade UWI = University of the West Indies JCF = Jamaica Constabulary Force EQU = Earthquake Unit PCs = Parish Councils WRA = Water Resources Authority NEOC = National Emergency Operation Center METS = Meteorological Service PEOC = Parish Emergency Operation Center

#### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

1. Monitoring of hazard is conducted by technical agencies such as METS, WRA and EQU. Warning is provided from these technical agencies to ODPEM and HQ of relevant ministries (A) . Warning is also directly provided to Media( B). Then, Media disseminate information to the public (C). 2. ODPEM set NEOC when disaster occurs or is expected to occur. ODPEM transmits the warning to PEOC (D) and receives information of disaster situation from PEOC (E). The disaster satiation is shared with agencies responsible for the monitoring of hazard and warning (F), which is reflected to the level of warning. The disaster situation is also informed to Media (G). ODPEM coordinates activities by relevant ministries (H). Overall situation of disaster is reported to OPM from ODPEM (I). 3. Parish Council set PEOC when disaster occurs or is expected to occur. The warning is transmitted to emergency response unit of community through representative of community ( J, K). Disaster situation at community level is report to representative of community, and then reported to PEOC (L, M). PEOC coordinates activities by local representative of relevant ministries (N). The local representative of relevant ministries support the emergency response at community level (O).

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.3.6 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Early Warning and Response

Initial Damage Assessment (within a few weeks after incident) in Response Stage

Flood Sediment Disaster WRA Storm surge HQ A 1 MGD DRRC Technical support Initial Damage MLSS Earthquake Assessment PIOJ MoH EQU NWA ODPEM D Site Survey H B report Site Survey

PC NWA‐P MLSS‐P Parish Disaster Coordinator Site Survey MoH‐P E G report Site Survey C Local Rep. Community F Site Survey

Emergency Response Unit

MLSS = Ministry of Labor and Social Security PIOJ = Planning Institute of Jamaica MOH = Ministry of Health ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency UWI = University of the West Indies Management EQU = Earthquake Unit NWA = National Works Agency DRRC = Disaster Risk Reduction Center PCs = Parish Councils MGD = Mines and Geology Department WRA = Water Resources Authority #### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

1. ODPEM is responsible for Initial Damage Assessment. Technical agencies such as WRA, MGD, EQU and DRRC supports ODPEM (A). ODEPM sends team to the site where disaster occurred (B). The team conduct survey at community level with coordination of disaster coordinator of Parish Council (C). PIOJ sometimes join the team (D). The local representative of relevant ministries and agencies also conduct the survey (E, F). The result of survey is reported to ODPEM (G, H).

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.3.7 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Initial Damage Assessment

Impact Assessment (within a few months after incident) in Recovery/Reconstruction Stage

MFP Budget Allocation Donors assistance 1 G F Impact Assessment Report A Technical support PIOJ E Flood Report C Sediment Disaster Damage and Loss Survey HQ WRA Storm surge Other relevant ODPEM Report MGD DRRC MDAs MLSS B MoH Earthquake Regional Coordinator NWA EQU

Parish Disaster Coordinator NWA‐P MLSS‐P MoH‐P

Community Local Rep. Damage and Loss Survey by sector D Emergency Response Unit

MEP = Ministry of Finance and Planning PIOJ = Planning Institute of Jamaica MLSS = Ministry of Labor and Social Security ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency MOH = Ministry of Health Management UWI = University of the West Indies NWA = National Works Agency EQU = Earthquake Unit PCs = Parish Councils DRRC = Disaster Risk Reduction Center MGD = Mines and Geology Department #### ‐ P means officer at Parish level. WRA = Water Resources Authority

1. PIOJ is responsible for Impact Assessment. Technical agencies such as WRA, MGD, EQU and DRRC supports PIOJ (A). ODPEM reports the results of Initial Damage Assessment to PIOJ ( B). Damage and loss survey is basically conducted by relevant ministries (C), through their local representatives (D). The results of damage and loss survey are reported to PIOJ and compiled by PIOJ. The result of Impact Assessment is reported to MFP (F). PIOJ also seeks donor assistance, on the basis of the Impact Assessment (G).

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.3.8 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Disaster Assessment

Recovery / Reconstruction Stage 2 MFP Budget Allocation Donors assistance A

PIOJ 1 Recovery and Reconstruction HQ

ODPEM Other relevant Regional Coordinator NWA MDAs

Parish Disaster Coordinator NWA‐P

Community Local Rep.

Emergency Response Unit

MEP = Ministry of Finance and Planning NWA = National Works Agency PIOJ = Planning Institute of Jamaica PCs = Parish Councils ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management #### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

1. Recovery and Reconstruction are implemented by relevant ministries and agencies. 2. MFP is responsible for budget allocation. Assistance by donors is provided through PIOJ (A).

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.3.9 Relationship among Relevant Government Agencies at the Stage of Recovery and Rehabilitation (3) Organization and Budget of ODPEM The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM) is the responsible agency for disaster risk management in Jamaica. Its jurisdiction covers not only response for disaster but also preparedness, prevention/mitigation, rehabilitation/reconstruction1. Its origin is The Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Relief Coordination (ODIPERC) established in 1980, and the name was changed to the current one, on the basis of the Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management Act in 19932. The Vision and Mission of ODPEM are as follows 2.  Vision: A proactive world-class agency building a disaster resilient nation  Mission: ODPEM is committed to leading the process of reducing the impact of disaster on Jamaica through Comprehensive Disaster Management.

1 WB-GFDRR: Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes, Jamaica (2010). 2 ODPEM Web-site (http://www.odpem.org.jm/)

The activities of ODPEM are overseen by the Board of Management which is appointed by Prime Minister. MLGCD is the supervisory authority of ODPEM. ODPEM has the following divisions (Figure 2.3.10) 2.  Corporate Services Division  Human Resources Division (HRD)  Preparedness and Emergency Operations Division (PEOD)  Mitigation, Planning and Research Division (MPRD)  Projects Implementation, Development and Monitoring Division

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.3.10 Organizational Chart of ODPEM The current number of staffs in ODPEM is 68, 30 of which are technical experts. The ratio of technical experts is rather small. It is pointed out that there are the following problems.  There are cases that trained staffs move to other working places with better conditions.  Temporary staffs can be hired for projects supported by donors. However, it is difficult to keep hiring such staffs after the projects. Table 2.3.5 shows the approved budget of ODPEM for the last five years. Table 2.3.5 Approved Budget of ODPEM for the Last Five Years No Item 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 21 Compensation for staff 77,811 81,800 84,380 96,138 101,738 22 Travel Expenses and Subsistence 17,000 17,000 17,000 22,505 25,391 Rental of Property, Machinery and 23 Equipment 10,000 3,030 3,030 5,009 5,151 24 Public Utility Service 6,000 10,631 10,631 20,596 23,110 25 Purchase of Goods and Services 13,000 13,000 13,000 63,086 64,536 29 Awards and Indemnities 0 350 350 1,450 0 70 Contribution to CEDMA 17,000 4,500 5,014 5,014 5,500 31 Purchase of Equipment 265 0 0 6,375 4,353 1702 Relief Supplies 5,000 28,700 5,000 10,000 10,000 1773 National Disaster Fund 50,000 50,000 7,000 100,000 50,000 1116 Purchase of Equipment 2,700 0 24,121 0 0 909 Purchase of Property and Building 250,000 0 0 0 0

Total 448,776 209,011 169,526 330,173 289,779 Unit: J$ mil. Source: ODPEM

(4) Organization and Budget of Other Relevant Government Agencies related to Disaster Risk Management As for the other relevant government agencies related to disaster risk management, organizations and budgets of the Meteorological Service (METS), the Water Resources Authority (WRA) and National Works Agency (NWA), which are the information is available, are presented below. (a) Meteorological Service (METS) The meteorological observation in Jamaica is implemented by the Meteorological Service of Jamaica which is one of the lower organizations of the Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change (MWLECC). The mission statement of the Meteorological Service is as follows.  The Mission of the Meteorological Service is to take full advantage of man's present knowledge of weather and climate; to take steps to improve significantly that knowledge and to foresee and prevent potential man-made changes in climate that might be adverse to the well-being of humanity. The Meteorological Service has three branches as shown in Table 2.3.6. The organizational chart is presented in Figure 2.3.11. Table 2.3.6 Structure of the Meteorological Service Branch Section Responsibility Administration and Support Service Branch personnel, office management, accounting services Rader Section Monitoring of rainfall within a range of nearly 500 km by radar Monitoring of upper atmosphere (as part of Caribbean Rawinsonde Upper-Air Station Network) Synoptic Sub-Station Meteorological observation at Sangster international airport in Weather Branch Montego Bay Located in Norman Manley i National International Airport Meteorological Centre Weather forecasting services for general dissemination Instruments and Equipment Section Maintaining all meteorological and other related machinery Data Acquisition Maintains an island wide network of rainfall and climatological Section stations Data Processing Gathers, archives and analyses climatological data with a view to Climate Branch Section monitoring and assessing the climate of the island Providing crop water requirements, design criteria for hydrologists Applied Meteorology and engineers, and climatological information for resolving weather Section related legal and insurance issues Source: http://metservice.gov.jm/aboutus.asp

Source: METS Figure 2.3.11 Organizational Chart of the Meteorological Service Meteorological Service (METS) mainly conducts 24-hour observation of precipitations to grasp the overall meteorological situation in Jamaica. However, METS seeks to provide much more various types of meteorological services in consideration of adaptation to climate change. More detail information in space and time would be required in future. The followings are of special interest to METS.  Effective use of information of meteorological radar as a tool for short-term prediction of weather  Long-term prediction of drought ( 3 months) Table 2.3.7 shows the budget of Meteorological Service for the last two years. Table 2.3.7 Budget of the Meteorological Service for the Last Two Years 2012-2013 2013-2014 No Item Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B 21 Compensation for staff 109,487 104,111 5,376 0 117,416 117,416 0 0 Travel Expenses and 22 Subsistence 25,030 20,031 4,999 0 25,637 25,637 0 0 23 Rental of Property, 3,452 0 0 3,820 3,820 0 0 Machinery and Equipment 3,452 24 Public Utility Service 10,644 10,644 0 0 11,588 11,588 0 0 Purchase of Goods and 25 Services 13,172 12,473 699 0 18,276 18,276 0 0 30 Grants and Contributions 15,560 15,560 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Purchase of Equipment 15,209 14,783 426 0 14,629 14,629 0 0

Total 192,554 181,054 11,500 0 191,366 191,366 0 0 Unit: J$ mil. Source: MFP

(b) Water Resources Authority (WRA) Activities of the Water Resources Authority (WRA) which is one of the lower organizations of the Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change (MWLECC) are authorized by under the Water Resources Act. The responsibilities of WRA are: a) Water resources monitoring; b) Assessment of water resources; c) Management of water rights; and d) Water quality monitoring. Although WRA does not have authority for flood management at this moment according to the current legislation, WRA supports other governmental agencies in technical aspects. The organizational chart of WRA is shown in Figure 2.3.12. Table 2.3.8 presents the list of proposed projects by WRA in 2014 – 2017.

Board

Managing Dir

Exec. Secretary

Senior Senior Corporate Services Secretary Tech Services Secretary Director Deputy MD Corporate/ Strategic Planning, programming, monitoring, evaluation and Reporting

Resource Monitoring Resources Planning Allocation & Information/Communication Data Collection & Investigation Regulation s and Technology Senior Hydrologist Chief Hydrologist Senior Hydrogeologist Manager Quality Assurance Water resource master planning Permits & Licences Finance/Accounts Administration HRM Technical Bulletins Assessment/investigation records/register Prepare financial reports Maintain vehicle fleets Recruit technical asist. to Dev. Approval Proces compliance (conditions of Budget Asset inventory Train/develop Floodplain mapping licence) Payroll Maintain office environment Evaluate Drought/Flood forecasting/assessment Pre/Post Monitoring Computer Unit Information Center Maintain ledgers Security Quality Management Water quality/pollution studies GIS Public awareness Prepare statutary reports Registry Personnel Functions Climate change Accounts/HR Water education programme Stationery/office supplies Aquifer risk/vulnerability mapping Website/Web.dbase Repository & dessimination inventories Telelogging Hardware/Network maintenance of tech information Telephone operation Reports/Technical Papers Programming Customer satisfaction Procurement monitoring

Region1 Region2 Region3 Collect, compute, analyse data: Collect, compute, analyse data: Collect, compute, analyse data: - Streamflow, groundwater, - Streamflow, groundwater, - Streamflow, groundwater, - rainfall, sediment, water quality - rainfall, sediment, water quality - rainfall, sediment, water quality Collect GW, SW abstraction data Collect GW, SW abstraction data Collect GW, SW abstraction data Collect well construction data Collect well construction data Collect well construction data Populate hydrological database populate hydrological database populate hydrological database Maintain hydromet stations maintain hydromet stations maintain hydromet stations Prepare reports prepare reports prepare reports Supervise observers supervise observers supervise observers FWS support FWS support FWS support

Source: WRA Figure 2.3.12 Organizational Chart of the Water Resources Authority

Table 2.3.8 Proposed Projects by WRA (2014-2017)

Programmes/Projects Time Scale V2030 Justification Funding National 2014 2015 2016 2017 Source Outcome Routine monitoring of surface and ground Core Function mandated by Section 4(3) of the Water A.1.1 water under normal and extreme conditions ------13,14 National Resources Act 1995 and maintenance of stations and equipment Updating Water Resources Management Core Function mandated by Section 4(3) of the Water A 1.2 Information system (WRMIS) ------13,14 National Resources Act 1995 Maintenance of WRA computer network, Critical to efficient operations of the WRA and must be A.1.3 facilities ------13 National routinely done Solar System Implementation for Rio Cobre CAPITAL A, Critical for enhancing flood warning A.1.4(A) Flood Warning Systems (Fws) and Water ------14 National capability and operational efficiency by reducing down Resources Authority (WRA) Servers time due to JPS power failures. To upgrade and expand the National CAPITAL B, Critical for enhancing reliability of water National A.1.6(B) Hydrologic Network ------13,14 resources data collected and informing the planning International decisions to be made Development of aquifer vulnerability maps/ National In support of core function mandated by Section 4. A.2.1 Identify Water Quality Control Zones. ------13,14 3(d) of the Water Resources Act 1995 Critical for providing information on the reliability on A.2.2 Determination of the reliable yield for ------13 National surface water sources not monitored but are ungauged surface sources in the entire island. considered for water supply development. Critical tool for managing the water quality of the A.2.3 ------13 National Upgrade of the Water Quality Atlas. ground an surface resources Provide technical support to public and private Core Function mandated by Section 4. 3(e) of the A.3.1 sector agencies and NGOs. ------13 National Water Resources Act 1995 Controlled allocation and Licensing of surface Core Function mandated by Section 4(3) of the Water A.3.2 and ground water; monitor abstractions and ------15 National Resources Act 1995 maintain register of licenses Strengthen Technical Capabilities through Institutional building and staff strengthening through National A.4.1 subject specific training and subscription to ------13 on line and other courses International online research publications Participate in Local/International National Exchange of information and technology and for staff A.4.2 ------13, 14 Seminars/Workshops/Conferences International to present research and project results Increase Public Awareness of water resources Core Function mandated by Section 4(3) of the Water A.5.1 status, protection and conservation needs and ------13,14 National Resources Act 1995 project WET activities. Source: WRA Table 2.3.9 shows the budget of the Water Resources Authority for the last two years. Table 2.3.9 Budget of the Water Resources Authority for the Last Two Years 2012-2013 2013-2014 No Item Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B 21 Compensation for staff 104,256 100,256 0 4,000 103,404 99,563 0 3,841 Travel Expenses and 22 23,430 23,340 0 90 24,540 23,340 0 1,200 Subsistence Rental of Property, 23 1,838 1,638 0 200 1,895 1,895 0 0 Machinery and Equipment 24 Public Utility Service 5,989 5,833 0 156 5,726 5,726 0 0 Purchase of Goods and 25 12,653 12,653 0 0 15,058 11,603 0 3,455 Services 30 Grants and Contributions 10,284 185 0 10,099 13,205 185 0 13,020 31 Purchase of Equipment 2,176 2,176 0 0 2,115 2,115 0 0

Total 160,626 146,081 0 14,545 165,943 144,427 0 21,516 Unit: J$ mil. Source: MFP

(c) National Works Agency (NWA) The National Works Agency (NWA) which is one of lower organizations of the Ministry of Transport, Works and Housing (MTWH) is implementing projects for road construction and flood control. The Vision and Mission of NWA are as follows.

 Vision: The National Works Agency will create a world class, safe, quality main road network, meeting the needs of our clients in the towns, communities and districts where they vacation, work and live.  Mission: To plan, build and maintain a reliable, safe and efficient main road network and flood control system, which: Protect life and property; Support the movement of people, goods and services; Reduce the cost of transportation; Promote economic growth and quality of life; and Protect the environment. The organizational chart of NWA is shown in Figure 2.3.13.

Source: NWA Figure 2.3.13 Organizational Chart of the National Works Agency Table 2.3.10 shows the budget of the National Works Agency for the last two years. Table 2.3.10 Budget of the National Work Agency for the Last Two Years 2012-2013 2013-2014 No Item Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B Total Recurrent Capital A Capital B 21 Compensation for staff 851,702 851,702 0 0 754,072 754,072 0 0 Travel Expenses and 22 236,666 236,666 0 0 223,340 223,340 0 0 Subsistence Rental of Property, 23 Machinery and 700 700 0 0 750 750 0 0 Equipment 24 Public Utility Service 64,775 64,775 0 0 69,255 69,255 0 0 Purchase of Goods 25 1,295,040 206,640 0 1,088,400 1,395,298 443,464 10,000 941,834 and Services Grants and 30 5,953,305 0 4,599,305 1,354,000 4,401,680 4,500 2,943,180 1,454,000 Contributions Purchase of 31 95,345 80,195 0 15,150 308,121 218,121 90,000 0 Equipment 32 Land and Structures 6,736,828 0 0 6,736,828 8,872,077 0 0 8,872,077

Total 15,234,361 1,440,678 4,599,305 9,194,378 16,024,593 1,713,502 3,043,180 11,267,911 Unit: J$ mil. Source: MFP

2.3.3 Progress of Hyogo Framework for Action In the World Conference on Disaster Reduction on January 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 was adopted. Each country including developing countries has the responsibility on sustainable development and protection of life and property in the country, and has been working on enhancing capacity on disasters, especially for five priority areas for the action. According to the HFA Report by the Jamaican government in 2013, the achievement of the priority actions in HFA is shown in Table 2.3.11. In the field survey, by referring to the information shown in the HFA Report, interview to relevant organizations and site visits will be conducted in order to identify and clarify the issues on disaster risk management.

Table 2.3.11 Achievement of Priority Actions in HFA in Jamaica Achieve- Priority Action Indicator ment* National policy and legal framework for disaster risk reduction 1 4 exists with decentralised responsibilities and capacities at all levels. Ensure that disaster risk Dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement reduction is a national 2 disaster risk reduction plans and activities at all administrative 3 and a local priority with 1 levels a strong institutional Community participation and decentralisation is ensured through the basis for 3 4 delegation of authority and resources to local levels implementation. A national multi sectorial platform for disaster risk reduction is 4 4 functioning. National and local risk assessments based on hazard data and 1 vulnerability information are available and include risk assessments 3 for key sectors. Identify, assess and Systems are in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on 2 4 monitor disaster risks key hazards and vulnerabilities 2 and enhance early Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards, with 3 4 warning outreach to communities. National and local risk assessments take account of regional / trans 4 boundary risks, with a view to regional cooperation on risk 4 reduction. Relevant information on disasters is available and accessible at all 1 levels, to all stakeholders (through networks, development of 4 Use knowledge, information sharing systems etc.) innovation and School curricula, education material and relevant trainings include 2 4 3 education to build a disaster risk reduction and recovery concepts and practices. culture of safety and Research methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost 3 3 resilience at all levels benefit analysis are developed and strengthened. Countrywide public awareness strategy exists to stimulate a culture 4 4 of disaster resilience, with outreach to urban and rural communities. Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environmentally 1 related policies and plans, including for land use natural resource 4 management and adaptation to climate change. Social development policies and plans are being implemented to 2 3 reduce the vulnerability of populations most at risk. Economic and productive sectorial policies and plans have been 3 3 Reduce the underlying implemented to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities 4 risk factors Planning and management of human settlements incorporate 4 disaster risk reduction elements, including enforcement of building 4 codes. Disaster risk reduction measures are integrated into post disaster 5 2 recovery and rehabilitation processes Procedures are in place to assess the disaster risk impacts of major 6 3 development projects, especially infrastructure. Strong policy, technical and institutional capacities and mechanisms 1 for disaster risk management, with a disaster risk reduction 4 perspective are in place. Strengthen disaster Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all preparedness for 2 administrative levels, and regular training drills and rehearsals are 4 5 effective response at all held to test and develop disaster response programmes. levels Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to 3 3 support effective response and recovery when required. Procedures are in place to exchange relevant information during 4 5 hazard events and disasters, and to undertake post-event reviews *1: Achievement 5 indicates full achievement. Lower number shows lower achievement. Source: National Progress Report 2011-2013, Jamaica.

2.3.4 Issues on Disaster Risk Management Administration The identified issues on disaster risk management administration are as follows. 1) Early ratification and enforcement of new disaster risk management law The new law would enhance the authority of ODPEM in disaster risk management. It is desirable to ratify and enforce the new law, in order to implement solid disaster risk management. 2) Enhancement of institutional capacity considering current constraints under limited budget for human resources in the public sector - Need more technical staffs in ODPEM It is difficult to drastically increase the number of public officials due the recommendation by IMF under the current economic situation. In the disaster risk management sector, it is necessary to promote collaboration with other agencies with technical capability as well as to increase the number of technical staffs by rationalizing management staffs. 3) Ensuring enough budget for operation and maintenance of equipment for disaster risk management activities It is usually difficult to suddenly increase the budget for operation and maintenance which is a part of recurrent expenditure. It is, therefore, necessary to prepare some measures to secure proper budget for operation and maintenance, when relatively large scale equipment compared to the existing ones will be introduced.

2.4 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management by Type of Disaster 2.4.1 Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster (1) Meteorological Observation (a) General Meteorological observation is fundamental to achieve one of the priority targets in the national development plan, which is the reduction of disaster risk as well as adaptation to climate change. The meteorological observation in Jamaica is implemented by the Meteorological Service of Jamaica (METS) which is one of the lower organizations of the Ministry of Water, Land, Environment and Climate Change (MWLECC). However, there is no law to define the authority on meteorological observation. Part of the meteorological observation is conducted by the Water Resources Authority (WRA) in relation to water resources management. METS consists of the weather branch and the climate branch as technical sections. The Weather Branch maintains a continuous Hurricane Watch during the hurricane season and is responsible for the issuance of severe weather warnings. Data for forecasts are obtained locally from observation points at the surface, as well as from the radar station, and internationally through telecommunication links with regional and international centres and via stationary and polar orbiting satellites. METS seeks to provide much more various types of meteorological products in consideration of adaptation to climate change. The organization and budget of METS are shown in Section 2.3.2. (b) Meteorological Monitoring System METS is managing and operating the following observation equipment.  1 Meteorological Radar  2 Synoptic Stations  49 Automatic Weather Stations  100 Rainfall Stations  1 Upper-Air Observation Station Meteorological Radar A meteorological radar is set at Cooper’s Hill in the north of Kingston. Before 1999 the Japanese system was used. However, the current radar system, which is S-Band with 480km in observation range and is made by Enterprise Electronics Corp., USA, was established in 1999. The company no longer exist, which makes maintenance of the radar difficult due to the difficulty in obtaining the spare parts. The current system cannot observe precipitation in the north-eastern part of Jamaica due to the existence of the Blue Mountain. There is a proposal to install a new radar system in the PPCR project which is supported by the World Bank and is going to start in 2014. However, detail specification has not yet been fixed. Synoptic Station Synoptic stations are installed at Norman Manley International Airport and Montego Bay International Airport. Automatic Weather Station The following different types of automatic weather stations are installed by project basis (refer to Figure 2.4.1).  NESA (supported by EU)  Micro Com (Private sector in US)  Davis (Private sector in US)

These systems utilize satellite data transmission, which enable the user to monitor the data via the internet. However, since the specifications of data and system are different from each other, it is difficult to integrate the entire dataset. The analysis and forecast of weather is, therefore, not efficiently conducted by utilizing the observation data. Rainfall Station The observation is basically only for 24 hours of total precipitation, and depends on volunteers without compensation. Upper-Air Observation Station No observation is conducted at present.

Source: METS Figure 2.4.1 Automatic Weather Stations National Meteorological Centre at Norman Manley International Airport The national meteorological centre is operated on a round-the-clock basis. It operates synoptic stations and automatic weather stations. The observed data are input and transmitted to the Washington Centre by AMHS (Aviation Messaging Handling System). The data are shared worldwide. The center receives the observation data of the radar system. The data are analyzed by the staff members of the center and are utilized for weather forecast. Information on the location of hurricane is shared with the Hurricane Center at Miami and integrated as the hurricane information for the entire Caribbean area. Information from Observation Network outside the Country In the National Meteorological Centre at Norman Manley International Airport, weather information for the entire Caribbean area is downloaded from AMHS and is utilized for preparing the weather map. The information on Hurricane is obtained from the Hurricane Center in Miami.

(c) Numerical Modelling related to Meteorology and Its Usage In the National Meteorological Centre at Norman Manley International Airport, the predicted values with 50km grid under GFS (Global Forecasting System) by NOAA are downloaded and downscaled to 5-10km grid by using SmartNet, software originated in Finland. The National Meteorological Centre desires to use a variety of numerical prediction model in future. In addition to the predicted values and the weather map prepared with information from AMHS, the observation by radar and automatic weather stations are referred for weather forecasting. The staff members in the centre prepare the information to be provided to Media as weather forecast. (d) Coordination with Relevant Organizations on Early Warning Information provided by the Meteorological Service In normal situation, weather forecasts at 5am, 4pm and 12am are placed in the web-site of the Meteorological Service and are provided to Media by e-mail or facsimile. When a severe weather warning is issued, the weather information is to be provided due to the internal rules of severe weather order (See next page). Information on hurricane is also provided on the basis of the information from the hurricane centre in Miami. However, the information on real time short -term rainfall intensity is not provided. Information through ODPEM The information provided by the Meteorological Service when severe weather warning is issued is rainfall and wind speed with the unit of Parish. The frequency of provision of the weather information is determined by the established procedure. The information provided by the Meteorological Service is transmitted by mobile phone or e-mail. Then, ODPEM transmits the information to the listed persons by mobile phone or e-mail. The main receivers of the information are a) all Parish councils, b) Police (HQ), c) Fire service (HQ), d) MOE (HQ), e) JUTC, f) NWA, g) WRA. The receivers of information form ODPEM are mainly the HQ of the relevant agencies, and each of the relevant agencies transmits the information to local level agencies. Figure 2.4.2 shows the relationship among the relevant agencies of meteorological observation and early warning system. Information communication from the Metrological Service to community is to inform to defined list members via cell phone, email or fax. The detail is not clear but it may take less than 30 minutes to inform in case without any disconnection.

Necessary Information for Warning by the Meteorological Service The Meteorological Service refers real time information on flood situation, when it issues warning. If actual flood is detected, “Flood Watch” is changed to “Flood Warning”, according to the current practice. It is, therefore, necessary to enhance information sharing with ODPEM which is responsible for grasping the situation of disaster. Utilization of Early Warning on Meteorological Hazard According to the information obtained during the site survey, the information on hurricane is used for decision on evacuation for the communities around the river mouth of Rio Minho River. The communities have been previously affected by severe storm surge before. The people in the communities start to prepare for the evacuation a few days before the hurricanes arrive.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.4.2 Relationship among Relevant Agencies on Meteorological Observation and Early Warning System (2) Meteorological Disaster (a) General As shown in Section 3.2, the meteorological disaster such as storm, storm surge, and high wave due to hurricane is one of the most severe disasters which have brought the largest affected people and economic losses in Jamaica. Especially, storm surge disasters have caused large damages as shown in Table 2.4.1.

Table 2.4.1 Past Storm Surge Disasters in Jamaica

Source: N. Harris, Mines and Geology Division, Jamaica, The Use of Nowcasting Technology for Natural Hazard Mitigation: The Jamaican Experience. (b) Observation of Tide Tide observations of tide had been conducted by the National Land Agency. However, the Meteorological Service has been observing the tide since 2012. There are two tidal gauging stations: Port Antonio and Montego Bay. These were installed with support from the Chinese Government. The observation was supposed to be with real time data transmission by satellite. However, the data are now manually collected from the data logger. There is a tidal gauge at Port Royal near Kingston, which was installed by the National Land Agency but it is now not functioning at present. It is going to be rehabilitated by the PPCR project with supported from WB. According to the Meteorological Service, it is necessary to install more tidal gauges, particularly four stations along the south coast urgently. (c) Evaluation of Risk According to the results of risk evaluation of strong wind and earthquake for the entire Jamaica, which was supported by IDB in 2009, the annual average damage by strong wind is larger than the damage by earthquake. With regard to storms, storm surges and high waves, the evaluation of probable hazard has been done in the Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project (CDMP) (see Figure 2.4.3). As an example, it is estimated that the probable storm surge and high wave with 100-year return period around Kingston reach to 2.4m and 5.7m, respectively. In Montego Bay, the expected inundation area has also been examined as one of outputs of CDMP as shown in Figure 2.4.4. The risk evaluation for multi-hazards (storm surge, flood, strong wind and earthquake) is conducted at Port land Cottage, Morant Bay and Manchoinel. However, such evaluation is still very limited. As for risk evaluation for storm surge, the evaluation only by empirical method or by project –basis supported by donors can be seen. It is necessary to enhance technical capability for evaluating risk associated with storm surge.

Jamaica 19 N The projection of the illustrations is Plate Carrée, a square grid of latitude and longitude. Resolution is 30 Probable arc-seconds. North-South distances are true to scale. East-West distances are stretched 4.6% at 17 degrees Storm Effects North, and stretchedRoss 5.8% Wagenseil at 19 degrees North. All model results were calculated using great-circle distances basedfor on CDMP the WGS84 datum. Points of Interest: January 2000 1. Montego Bay: intense shoreline development. 1 Montego 2. Kingston: Capital city and major port. Bay 3. Port Esquivel: Oil terminal on shallow bay 4. Rocky Point: Railway and Jamaica bauxite terminal on shallow bay Port Esquivel 2 Kingston 75.75 W Note: Waves and surges for Rocky 3 Points of Interest are reported Point from the nearest cell offshore. 78.75 W 4 Portland Note: High-resolution studies have been done for Montego Bight Bay and Kingston. See http://www.oas.org/en/cdmp/ MILES

DEGREES 100

1 KILOMETERS N CDMP 100 17 N

50 This set of maps is part of Section 2 of the Atlas of Probable Storm Effects in the Caribbean Sea, which was sponsored by the Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project (CDMP), a joint effort of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the US Agency for International Development (USAID). These maps are a result of new techniques for modeling storms and estimating the probabilities of storms, developed in part under the patronage of CDMP. Refer to the Atlas for explanatory materials. 0.5 •WINDS represent sustained 1-minute winds at 10 m above the surface, and include both surface friction and topographic effects 50 at a resolution of 30 arc-seconds. Friction factors derive from a Level I land-cover classification, with water, forest and open land predominating. If using wind damage models or building codes 25 which internally include surface friction or topographic corrections, the nearest open-water wind 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr speed from one of these maps may be used as input. Careful judgement is advised in reading and applying the values Wind •SURGES include astronomical tide and setups from pressure, wind and wave, but not wave runup. Surges over land are shown as elevation above sea level, not water depth. Wave •WAVES are the heights of wave crests above the storm surge level in open water. Shoreline Surge effects do not appear at this resolution. 0 0 0

19 N Waves Surges 19 N

100-Year Ross Wagenseil 100-Year Ross Wagenseil for CDMP Return Time Return Time for CDMP January 2000 January 2000 Jamaica Jamaica 1 1 1. Montego Bay: 6.9 m 1. Montego Bay: 1.4 m

2. Kingston: 5.7 m* 2. Kingston: 2.4 m 75.75 W 2 2 75.75 W 3. Port Esquivel: 6.6 m* 3. Port Esquivel: 5.0 m 3 3 nearby, up to 6.1 m onshore to

78.75 W 78.75 the northeast. 4. Rocky Point: 6.6 m* 4 78.75 W 4 4. Rocky Point: 3.3 m * Possibly invalid:input data lacks detail. MILES MILES DEGREES 100 KILOMETERS DEGREES 100 1

1 KILOMETERS 100 100 N CDMP N CDMP 17 N 17 N 50 50

Wave Heights 0.5 Surge Heights 50 0.5 50 25 25 Meters1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr Meters12 345 6 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr Wind Feet Wind 51015 20 25 Wave Feet 5 10 15 20 Wave 0 0 0 Surge Surge 0 0 0 Min Max Min Max Source: http://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/reglstrm/jamaica.ppt Figure 2.4.3 Evaluation of Probable Storm, Storm Surge and High Wave Hazard

Source: Storm Surge Mapping for Montego Bay, Jamaica, 1999. Figure 2.4.4 Expected Inundation Area in Montego Bay (d) Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction NEPA determines the setback along coast and rivers as one of the non-structural measures. According to information obtained during the site visits in the survey, the Parish Council would like to regulate settlement in the vulnerable area in the downstream reach of Rio Minho River. However, it is actually difficult for the communities which rely on fishery to relocate from the coastal area. For example, many relocated families after hurricane Ivan in 2004 have come back to the original places of above. As for the structural measures, NWA recently elevated the access road to Norman Manley International Airport to minimize damage due to storm surges. (3) Issues in Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster The identified issues on meteorological observation and meteorological disaster are as follows. 1) Refinement of meteorological monitoring It is important to grasp more accurate precipitation distribution by installation of automatic stations and integration of all monitoring data including radar. It is necessary to establish an integrated platform for all monitoring data. 2) Enhancement of weather forecasting capacity Further training on weather forecasting is required to improve accuracy of weather forecast by employing multiple models for METS staffs.

3) Refinement of meteorological information The prediction of hazard associated with meteorological condition would be improved by providing the weather information with more accurate and higher resolution in space and time. 4) Sharing information on situation of disaster with ODEPM The warning level provided by the Meteorological Service refers to the actual situation of disaster. In order to issue more accurate warning, it is necessary to share the information on situation of disaster with ODPEM. 5) Establishment of real time tidal observation network In order to grasp the situation of storm surge due to hurricane, it is necessary to establish a tidal observation network. Real-time monitoring is desirable. 6) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for storm surge Areas where risk map for storm surge has been prepared are very limited. It is necessary to upgrade and expand the risk assessment, starting from the relatively high risk area identified by preliminary screening.

2.4.2 Flood Disaster (1) General Since Jamaica is located in the hurricane belt, floods caused by storms of tropical cyclones and hurricanes are the major natural disasters. According to the records of disasters, flood and storm surge disasters show the largest in casualties and amount of damage. Flood damage in the middle and upper reaches are caused by floods including flash flood and debris flow; whereas in the downstream reach damages are caused by river floods and storm surges. It should be noted that there are two typical types of floods in Jamaica: 1) Flood by surface flow, and 2) Flood associated with groundwater in karst area, whose time scale is a few months.

•Surface water • Groundwater induced depression induced •Riverine flooding depression flooding

•Storm Surge •Urban Runoff

Source: WRA Figure 2.4.5 Types of Flood in Jamaica (2) Current Condition of Flood Mitigation (a) General To promote the disaster risk management against flood disasters, there should be a high need for introduction of necessary measures such as enhancement of monitoring system, flood hazard map and flood warning system as well as identification of priority protection area on the basis of flood disaster risk assessment. However, there is no authorized agency for flood risk management in Jamaica at this moment. Amendment of the Water Resources Act under discussion should clarify the authority on flood risk management in future. According to the material on the amendment in 2006, it is proposed that WRA is responsible for flood early warning, flood risk mapping and preparation of flood management plan, whereas NWA is responsible for implementation of flood control projects. WRA has no official authority for flood management at this moment. However, it supports ODPEM for flood early warning. The flood control is basically limited to the measures which are related to road and bridges, which is implemented by NWA. NWA also started to prepare national drainage master plan for major cities. The organization and budget of WRA and NWA are shown in Section 2.3.2.

(b) Observation Hydrological Observation by WRA WRA has 26 rainfall stations, 125 gauging stations and 291 groundwater stations (refer to Figure 2.4.6). Data loggers are used at the 26 rainfall stations, where data is periodically collected. There are three types of gauging stations: 1) manual observation, 2) manual observation + recorder with paper, and 3) manual observation + data loggers.  At manual observation stations, a gauge keeper observes the water level twice a day  At the stations with manual observation + recorder with paper, observation of water level by float is conducted and data are recorded on recording paper. The recording paper is periodically collected.  At the stations with manual observation + data loggers, observations of water levels by floats are conducted and the data are recorded by the data logger of Stevens Company in the USA and periodically collected. Installation of this type of station started in 1998, and totally there are 60 stations. However, 14 stations are not functional because the solar panels have been stolen. Hydrological observation in Jamaica has been focusing mainly on water resources management and water use. It is, therefore, not optimized for flood management. It is urgently required to establish the observation system for flood management.

26 rain gauges 125 stream gauges 291 monitoring wells 12 rain gauges 35 stream gauges 92 wells 6 rain gauges 8 rain gauges 39 stream gauges 54 stream gauges 146 wells 53 wells

Source: WRA Figure 2.4.6 Hydrological Observation by WRA Hydrological Database of WRA The collected meteorological and hydrological data as well as water quality data collected by the Environmental Health Unit of MOH are stored in the web-based database managed by WRA. Data can be viewed freely and downloaded. The web-based database has been developed by the engineer in Saint Lucia. It is utilized by Grenada, Martinique, Barbados, Saint Lucia, Guyana and Jamaica. (c) Early Warning and Evacuation System Flood Early Warning System The real-time flood early warning system is set only in the Rio Cobre River. Its primary purpose is to regulate the traffic system during storm events along the National Road A1 which is a key transportation rout from north to south. The system was introduced in the beginning of 1990. The current system with VAISALA Company was established three years ago.

Source: WRA Figure 2.4.7 Flood Early Warning System in Rio Cobre River The system consist of the four rainfall stations, one gauging station, two repeater stations and one base station at WRA. However, the rainfall station at Rose Hall cannot send the data because the antenna has been stolen. At Bog Walk, there is a sensor for measuring water levels and a system with real-time data transmission. The system, which uses both radio transmission and GSM was improved since renovation three years ago. The information transmitted to the base station at WRA is stored in the server in the computer room in WRA. The data can be viewed through the web-page (http:://floodwarning.dyndns.org /stations.php). During severe weather, the staff in charge obtains information thorough the web-site, and then informs the situation of rainfall, water level and warning level to the person in charge in WRA and ODPEM by mobile phone or e-mail. There is no back-up power in the computer room of WRA. In case of power interruption, data cannot be received from the system. It is necessary to install a back-up power source. Figure 2.4.8 shows the relationship among the relevant agencies on flood early warning system in Rio Cobre River. The detail is not clear but the information is provided to police and fire service which regulate flooded national road at almost same time without no disconnection by black out.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.4.8 Relationship among Relevant Agencies of the Flood Early Warning System in Rio Cobre River. Community –Based Flood Warning System The existing community-based flood warning systems were introduced by a donor in the 1990s. There are seven systems in nationwide. The community-based flood warning system in Jamaica has the following features.  Gauging station is set near the target community. The gauge is colored according to the flood warning level.  The observers (a few staffs) in the community check the water level. Once the water level reaches to some warning level, the information is transmitted by the transmitters (a few staffs) in the community to the Parish Disaster Coordinator, Regional Coordinator of ODPEM as well as the community The system has been introduced through the following procedures.  Hydrological survey by WRA  Setting of water level gauges  Training by WRA and ODPEM (reading the gauge and information transmission)  Transfer of systems to ODPEM  Operation and maintenance by ODPEM (WRA supports the maintenance of the gauge)

Almost all of the existing flood warning systems are not functioning since a long time has past after the installation in the 1990s. The system installed in Spanish Town in the Rio Cobre River was revived by Help Age International. The float is attached beside the gauge, and automatic switch for siren is set. The siren wails when the water level reaches to the critical level. However, it is necessary to check if the sound can be heard at the necessary area for warning. The siren is set at safe place so that there is almost no risk to be stolen, and maintenance is good. The linkage with the flood early warning system in the upper reach of the Rio Cobre River is not yet established. It is desirable to revive the other existing systems too. (d) Evaluation of Flood Hazards Floods in the country are caused by high rainfall intensity (1,500 mm in the plain area and 3,500 mm in the mountain area) and steep topographic conditions, and are exacerbated by human activities like poor land use. According to the natural conditions, the occurrence of flash flood and debris flow affected by slope failures is also supposed to be high. Severe flooding in the low-lying coastal area is caused by storm rainfall and also possibly by storm surge during hurricane. It is pointed out that 1.Saint Thomas, 2.Saint Andrew, 3.Portland and Saint Mary around the Blue Mountain in the eastern part of the country as well as 4.Saint Catherine, 5.Clarendon, and 6.Saint Ann in the middle are flood prone areas. Figure 2.4.9 shows the flood prone areas identified by WRA.

⑥

③ Flood Prone Areas ①Blue Moutain South Basin (Saint Thomas) ⑤ ④ ②Kingston Basin (Saint Andrew) ② ③Blue Mountain North Basin (Portland &Saint Mary) ① ④Rio Cobre Basin (Saint Catherine) ⑤Rio Minho Basin (Claredon) ⑥Dry Harbour Basin (Saint Ann)

Source: WRA Figure 2.4.9 Flood Prone Areas in Jamaica Hazard mapping has been conducted through the community-based disaster risk management by ODPEM. However, it is mainly based on experience of communities, not based on the flood simulation/analysis except some rivers. It is necessary to introduce flood analysis for preparing flood hazard maps. It should be noted that there has been no technical support from CDEMA for preparing flood hazard maps.

(e) Non-Structural Measures There are 120 rivers in Jamaica, and 26 watershed management units set by the Watershed Protection Act. The forest area in Jamaica has been decreased to about 30% of land area. It has been pointed out that lowered water holding capacity in watershed by diminishment of the forest area, unregulated landuse and increased bare land have been making flood and sediment-related disasters worse. Early implementation of proper watershed management is desired, especially for 10 priority watersheds. NEPA determines the setback along coasts and rivers as one of the non-structural measures. When new development is planned, it is necessary to obtain approval from NEPA. NEPA formulates a committee that consists of relevant agencies. ODPEM is one of the committee members and gives advice from the view point of disaster risk management. However, it is said that the assessment of risk area at local level is not enough, especially for impact assessment of downstream of the planned development area. (f) Structural Measures NWA is responsible for the structural measures against flood disaster. NWA prepares plans and implements projects, and conducts operation and maintenance for major rivers. However, the main focus of NWA has been flood control works related to road disasters. NWA is now preparing the National Drainage Master Plan with support by IDB. In the master plan, the drainage improvement plans for Kingston, Spanish Town, May Pen, Montego Bay, Santa Cruz, Port Maria and Falmouth have been formulated.(The time of completion is not determined yet but the contents are almost completed.) However, the master plan does not cover all major cities. NWA wishes to expand the plan to other major cities in future. According to NWA, the funding source for implementation of specific proposed projects in the master plan has not yet been found after completion of the master plan by IDB donation. NWA considers the following projects among 38 projects identified in the master plan.  No.1- Nightingale Grove  No.3&No. 4- Port Maria  No.8- Falmouth  No.11- North Gully (Montego Bay)  No.13- Santa Cruz It is expected that the following two projects will be implemented within the on-going road projects.  No.19- Hagley Part Road (Kingston)  No.23- Constat Spring Road (Kingston) (g) Flood Management Plan for Individual River Basin According to WRA, there is no flood management plan for individual river basin. The national water resources master plan was prepared in 1990 and based on the master plan, water resources are managed by 26 water resources districts. The master plan is now under revision, which is expected to be completed in the following year. The main point in the revision is the consideration of environmental flow. Flood management is not considered in both the master plan of 1990 and the new revision. However, WRA thinks that the water resources master plan should include the aspect of flood management if the authority of flood management is given to WRA. (3) Issues on Flood Disaster The identified issues on flood disaster are as follows.

1) Early ratification and enforcement of amendment of Water Resources Act The authority of flood management is not clear in the current legislation, and WRA which has basic capability for flood management does not have an official mandate for flood management at present. Early ratification of the amendment of the Water Resource Act is necessary to clearly define the mandate of each agency related to flood risk management. 2) Establishment of proper monitoring stations for flood management The existing gauging stations of WRA are mainly for water resources management and water use. In order to promote flood risk management, it is necessary to establish the observation system for flood management. 3) Reactivation of community-based flood warning system by introducing contemporary technology as well as training It is necessary to reactivate the community-based flood warnings system, by introducing relatively low cost improvement such as setting a siren for dissemination of warning, introducing GSM for real-time transmission of information, as well as by review of protocol and conducting training for communities. 4) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for flood in major flood plain area Flood risk assessment is one of the priority measures specified by Vision 2030 Jamaica. However, the river basin where flood risk assessment has been conducted is limited. It is necessary to promote flood risk assessment and risk mapping. 5) Early implementation of flood control projects for the priority urban center specified in national drainage master plan and expansion of the national drainage master plan to include more urban centers It is necessary to implement the flood control project for the priority urban center specified in the national drainage master plan. Furthermore, the national drainage master plan should expand to include more urban centers.

2.4.3 Sediment-related Disaster (1) Outline of Sediment-related Disasters Amount the natural disasters, sediment-related disasters are said to be greatly affected by the topography, geology and climate of the target area, and this trend is also seen in Jamaica. Topography of the country can be divided into three landform regions, the eastern mountains, the central valleys and plateaus, and the coastal plains. The eastern mountains are formed by a central ridge of igneous and metamorphic rocks running northwest to southeast. Mean annual rainfall of the island is roughly 2000 mm, however, annual rainfall of over 7500 mm was recorded in one area of the eastern mountains, while the most remarkable in sediment-related disaster in the region. Jamaica is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters in the world, and nearly half of the population is living in areas of high risk for natural disasters. Sediment-related disasters among the natural disasters are said to be greatly affected by the topography, geology and climate of the target area; therefore, detailed information regarding such fields was obtained and they were utilized for this final report. Data for sediment-related disasters is managed by the agencies concerned in Jamaica, and some studies on data of sediment-related disasters are being carried out in the University of the West Indies (UWI). Landslides are concentrated at location of steep slopes according to the distribution map of major landslides in Jamaica presented by UWI as shown in Fig 3.4.4. Occurrence of slope failures in the densely populated areas of the capital Kingston is also remarkable, and may indicate the current situation that the slope is destabilized by urban development.

Source: Landslides in Jamaica Causes and Controls: Overview, UWI, 2013. Figure 2.4.10 Distribution of Landslides in Jamaica Large-scale landslides and debris flow can be seen in the catchment area of rivers. However, small scale landslides, "falling rocks from the steep slopes" and "collapse of the steep slopes" can be seen along the road. According to the information obtained from the Parish Disaster Coordinator of Saint Catharine, landslide occurs to a range including the roads in Thompson Town (reconnaissance surveys could not be performed, but explanation was received using the photograph). Collapse of embankment due to deficiency of drainage facilities was also observed, and some of such cases appear to be judged as "landslide" by the local engineers. (2) Sediment-Related Disaster Risk Management Early warning is one of the non-structural measures (some deletion) for disaster preparedness and relatively simple countermeasures among hard component were mainly applied in Jamaica. As shown in Table 3.4.3, sediment-related disasters are divided into three types of "Debris Flow", "Landslide", and "Steep Slope Failure". Engineering measures for disaster risk management preparedness are shown in the table below. Engineering for disaster preparedness shall be

selected on the basis of the classified type of sediment-related disasters.

Table 2.4.2 Classification of Sediment-related disasters (Japan's general classification) (1)Mudflow (2)Landslide (3)Slope Collapse Image figure figure Image

phenomenon and damage [Features] [Features] [Features] Mass movement of top soils Movement of relatively Collapse of steep slopes in The feature of a with water in high speed large amount of land mass short period of time. The along steep slopes of in low speed along gentler collapse often occurs in the hillside and river bed slopes than the other in area of poor geological mainly caused by a large general. Landslide is condition. Heavy rains and amount of rains in long mainly associated with earthquakes sometimes cause duration and/or flash flood, movement of groundwater this phenomenon. etc. etc.

main countermeasure [Structure Measures] [Structure Measures] [Structural Measures] countermeasure countermeasure Mountain stream, erosion Horizontal drilling , Framework, rock bolt , control , bridge embankment, well、piling, anchor , etc. main construction, etc. anchor , etc. [Non-structure [Non-structure Measures] [Non-structure Measures] Relocation, Detour, Measures] Relocation, Detour, Regulation Relocation, Detour, Regulation passing regulation Source: MLIT in Japan and others

Hazard maps on the sediment-related disasters have been prepared through collaborative effort, in which Mines and Geology Division and University of the West Indies played a central role in Jamaica. Confirmation of the latest version of the hazard map and consideration of issues on disaster preparedness has been performed through the collection of reports and documentations on sediment-related disasters in this study. The applications of flood control data to the disaster risk management for sediment-related disasters are to be considered when flood control data is available. However, data on only very limited area is available at this study stage. Many technical as well as diagnostic investigations of landslides have been made by the donor (or the hired consultant). Risk map were found, but more extensive documentation of disasters such as hazard maps seem to be non-existent at present. (a) Classification of Sediment-related Disasters Engineering measures against sediment-related disasters are selected on the basis of the classification of the disasters, i.e., "debris flow", "landslide" or "steep slope failure" as shown in Table 3.4.3. Engineering measures do not work properly when the measures are inappropriately selected by miss judgment of the type of sediment-related disaster. Accurate classification of the sediment-related disaster is essential to carry out proper engineering measures. As the result of site reconnaissance, however, it has been confirmed that the measures employed in the country were not properly applied. Large-scale landslides and debris flow can be seen in the catchment area of the rivers, however small scale sediment-related disasters such as "falling rocks from steep slopes" and "the collapse

of steep slopes" can be seen along the roads. (b) Priority Area of Disaster Risk Management for Sediment-related Disasters Implementation of countermeasures for sediment-related disasters has been carried out in some areas including the metropolitan area by MGD and NWA. Prioritization of countermeasures was supposed to be proposed on the basis of feasibility as well as risk management of the countermeasures after extraction of proposed measures. However, no prioritization could be made because only a limited numbers of effective measures against sediment-related disasters were planned. For prioritization the following may be considered in case of the technical assistance for sediment disaster area in the future. ・A large number of sediment-related disasters occurred in the eastern and central parts of the country. Roads and residential areas at those parts are assumed as one of the priority areas of risk management considering hindrance to daily life activities. ・Ensuring the transportation path is a priority to disaster response in order to speed up the evacuation of victims and transportation of important goods and other daily necessities.

(c) Utilization of Hazard Maps A hazard map has been prepared on the basis of information extracted from the field data and the map is being utilized for disaster management of the area including the City of Kingston, the capital city of Jamaica. Hazard maps have been prepared in limited areas of the country and not nationwide. Activities to make those maps available to local residents specifically in some parts of urban and disaster prone areas of the country have been initiated. The preparation of hazard maps at the national level and promotion of utilization of those maps for regional activities have also been conducted. As mentioned before, hazard maps for sediment-related disasters were prepared through the collaborative effort of organizations, and the Mines and Geology Division and the University of the West Indies have played a central role, in Jamaica. Disaster preparedness for sediment-related disasters is generally performed in the respective basins. The applications of flood control data to disaster risk management for sediment-related disasters may be considered when flood hazard map is available. However, data of only limited area is available in this study stage. Following are the main hazard maps for sediment-related disasters prepared in Jamaica. ・ Landslide susceptibility maps ( Hazard Map) of Portland Cottage, Morant Bay and Manchioneal, which were prepared using an aerial photograph in the Multi-Hazard Mapping Project funded by the World Bank. ・Mossaic (Management of Slope Stability in Communities) Project for the preparation and use of hazard map is performed by the World Bank for landslides in urban areas such as Kingston. The implementation of engineering measures is scheduled on the basis of the project plan (d) Capability of Survey and Forecast for Sediment-related Disasters Capability of survey and forecast for sediment-related disasters has been studied and the following were identified: ・MGD has some experience on the implementation of displacement measurement of buildings in a simple method where the building stands in a moving land mass in the High Gate area of North Central. However, the research capacity appears to be insufficient due to the limited experience, and manpower. ・Necessity of early warning forecasting system of landslide has been recognized. However, for

proper operation of the early warning system for landslides, improvement of the weather observation system is necessary. The prediction and early warning of sediment-related disasters is expected to improve because of the utilization of climate data which appears to be insufficient present but will accumulate in the future. Monitoring of the movement of landslide mass and the capacity for analysis of landslide mechanism seem to be insufficient at present; however, these capabilities are expected to improve in the future.

(e) Technical Guidance Building standards have been enacted in Jamaica, No technical guidance for sediment-related disaster has been confirmed. Technical specification and manuals for civil engineering are being applied on the basis of AASHTO of the United States as well as the British Standard. However, the design criteria for roads, bridges and tunnels are still being prepared with collaboration of the Association of Engineers in Jamaica. The operation and maintenance manual of these facilities are also being prepared in cooperation with the said Association.

(3) Issues for Sediment-related Disaster Following issues are considered for sediment-related disaster. 1) Establishment of Sediment-related Disaster Policy in terms of Management of River Basin Establishment of measures for reduction of sediment in a river basin is required in terms of proper management of the basin by formulating policies for sediment-related disaster. 2) Enhancement of Meteorological Data It has been recognized that sediment-related disasters occur so closely related to amount of rainfall including other meteorological conditions. Therefore, enhancement of meteorological data will likely reduce the risk of sediment-related disasters. 3) Improvement of Communication Network in Disaster Disaster risk increases due to poor communication network in evacuation and post-disaster recovery when sediment-related disaster occurs. The risk reduction is made by increasing the reliability of the network. 4) Accumulation of Disaster Data and Construction of Database Construction of database is required by accumulating disaster data (geophysical data and photos etc.). The database of sediment-related disasters can be utilized for the analysis by a similar application software of Disaster Management Application which was developed by NWA for road disasters. 5) Development of Hazard Map for Sediment-related Disaster MGD and UWI are currently playing the main role of preparing hazard maps (Multi-Hazard Mapping and Mossaic Project of urban area were carried out by the World Bank). Hazard maps, prepared based on aerial photographs have covered a limited area of the country, but it is desirable to cover the whole country in the future. Furthermore, improvement of the accuracy of the hazard map is expected through by site reconnaissance and enhancement of the database of sediment-related disasters. 6) Thorough Regulation of Landuse Non-structural measures to prevent the construction of any buildings shall be applied in high risk areas of sediment-related disasters.

7) Capacity Building of Human Resources Measures against sediment-related disasters have not been fully implemented due to lack of human resources who are familiar with sediment-related disasters. Capacity building of the human resources who are familiar with the sediment-related disasters is important.

2.4.4 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster (1) Earthquake Disaster (a) Mechanism of Earthquakes Jamaica, one of the four islands of the Greater Antilles, is a large mountainous island located in the north-western Caribbean Sea. The island of Jamaica lies at the north eastern tip of the Nicaraguan Rise on the northern edge of the Caribbean Plate which is separated by the Cayman Trench from the North American Plate where Cuba Island lies. Depth of the Cayman Trench reaches 7,000m. The Caribbean Plate has been in stable in geologic time span since the Late Jurassic (159-144 Ma: Mega annum: million years from the present) of Mesozoic era. The island of Jamaica began to be formed from around 105 Ma during the Early Cretaceous of Mesozoic due to island arc volcanism of the Cayman Trench which began to thrust under the Nicaraguan Rise. The Caribbean Plate, however stable on the interior, is still in motion today with an average rate of about 2-3 cm/year along the Cayman Trench. The westward motion of the Caribbean Plate combining the eastward motion of the Cocos Plate which lies in the eastern ridge of the Pacific next to the Caribbean Plate, the western margin of the Caribbean Plate is being consumed at a net rate of about 10 cm/year according to the USGS data as of 2008. Earthquake is generated by these activities of the plates

Source: Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region by American Museum Figure 2.4.11 Tectonic Plates in Caribbean Region

Source: Geology of Caribbean 1988 by Oceanographic Institution Figure 2.4.12 Expected Scales of Earthquakes

(b) Situation of Earthquake Hazard A large number of earthquakes are recorded because of active movement of plates around Jamaica Islands. Seismic activity in Jamaica is relatively weak compared with that of the Lesser Antilles and Haiti as shown in Figure 3.4.3. However seismic activities in Jamaica is significant in the eastern part of the island, in particular, earthquake is occurring in significant numbers in comparison with the continent of North America and South America Liquefaction is anticipated in the coastal reclaimed area around Kingston. Typical four earthquake disasters are shown below. 7 Jun 1692 ：The earthquake caused liquefaction and subsoilfluction which changed the coastal line in Port Royal（near the Airport）. More than 2000 people died. 14th Jan 1907：About 1000 people died in Kingston due to the M6.5 earthquake. Buildings and Infrastructure were seriously damaged. 1st Mar 1957 ：3 people died in Montego Bay due to the earthquake. 13th Jan 1993：Buildings and Infrastructure around Kingston were severely damaged by the M5.4 earthquake.

Source: Seismic Research by the Earthquake Unit, UWI Figure 2.4.13 Earthquakes in and around Jamaica

Figure 2.4.14 Liquefaction caused by the 1692 Earthquake

Table 2.4.3 Typical Earthquakes in Jamaica Maximum Year DateIntensity Places Affected Observed Damage (EMS) * 1667 - VIII - Landslide 1688 1-Mar VII Port Royal Houses and ships damaged Port Royal, Kingston, Vere 3,000 dead; buildings collapsed; liquefaction, 1692 7-Jun X Plains. Also felt strongly island- subsidence, landslides and water ejected wide 1771 3-Sep VII Port Royal, Kingston Damage to structures, felt on boats in port. 1812 11-Nov VIII Kingston Several people killed; walls fell, buildings damaged Kingston; Spanish Town, St. 1824 10-Apr VII Catherine; Old Harbour, Loud noise accopmanied shock; some houses fell Clarendon 1839 5-Nov VII Montego Bay, St.James Government buildings declared unsafe due to damage 1,000 dead; fire over 56 acres; most buildings collapsed; water mains broken; landslides and slumps; 1907 14-Jan IX Kingston, Port Royal localized tsunami; statues rotated; near total destruction of damage - est. 2 million pounds sterling in damage Buildings cracked, doors and windows out of plumb; 1914 3-Aug VII Eastern Jamaica clocks stopped; stocks in drug stores broken Landslides; many homeless; breakages of 1943 15-Jul VII St. Elizabeth merchandise in shops 4 dead; ladnslides; bridges damaged; rotation of Montego Bay, St. James and spires and monuments; springs increased flow and 1957 1-Mar VIII felt island-wide muddied ; utility poles and lines broken; breakages of items off shelves 2 dead; items thrown off shelves and broke; most Kingston and St. Andrew. Also were frightened; heavy furnitures shifted; water 1993 13-Jan VII felt island-wide splashed out of containers and pools; much non- structural damage; few cases of structural damage Central Jamaica - Felt Moderate to heavy structural damage on most strongest at Aenon Town and vulnerable structures; some people had to be dug out 2005 12-Jun VII Top Alston in Clarendon; Silent of collapsed dwelling; minor injuries from falling Hill, Manchester; Wait-a-bit objects and Lemon Walk, Trelaw ny Source：Seismic Research by the Earthquake Unit, UWI

(c) Earthquake Response Agency ODPEM is responsible for earthquake education, contact and response, and the emergency center. The Earthquake Unit at UWI Mona campus（in Kingston） is responsible for collecting basic data and observation. All earthquake research reports in UWI Mona are compiled, but not in ODPEM. The UWI Disaster Risk Reduction Center conduct studies about Micro zonation.

Table 2.4.4 Outline of the Earthquake Unit at UWI Mona Campus UWI Mona Campus 状況 Organization Faculty of Science and Technology, Geography & Geodesy Department Budget 29,000,000JMD(Approximate) Distributed by MGD/ Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining Human Resources Teachers:6 persons, Students:6 persons Source：Seismic Research by the Earthquake Unit, UWI

Since Haiti was heavily damaged by a big earthquake in 2010, ODPEM put much effort into earthquake education and earthquake measures (aseismic retrofitting). ODPEM holds Earthquake Awareness Week which contains seminars and social study field trip (for elementary school students) in every January. UWI exerts efforts to disseminate knowledge about earthquake and tsunami via mass media. On the other hand, evacuation drills are held two times year in elementary or secondary schools. One drill is for fire, and another is for earthquake

Source：ODPEM Figure 2.4.15 Earthquakes Awareness Week Programs (d) Earthquake Observation Framework The Seismic Research Unit at the UWI Mona campus（in Kingston） is responsible for collecting basic data and observation. UWI receives observation data via internet or radio from monitoring facilities in real time. Due to the solar system and battery for blackout, they do not fail to catch data. However monitoring facilities work for 24 hours, but UWI Mona staffs are not. Therefore, if earthquake happens during midnight or early morning, delay of communication is anticipated. In addition, they installed acceleration meters in important buildings in Kingston for their research. ODPEM is responsible for earthquake after the event but they do not observe.

Source: Seismic Research by The Earthquake Unit, UWI Figure 2.4.16 Seismic Observation Network

(e) Emergency Response Protocol An earthquake emergency response plan (draft) has been organized. If an earthquake happens, UWI informs ODPEM immediately. After ODPEM receives the information, ODPEM informs the Fire Department, mass media, and other agencies. Press Release would be published in about 5minutes. UWI sometimes informs the mass media directly. However there are few big earthquakes in Jamaica basically, reported as normal news, but mass media rarely broadcasts flash news. (f) Situation of Hazard Map and Other Studies OAS made hazard map by micro zonation around Kingston in 2001. However, the accuracy is not high and the research area is limited, so that the UWI Disaster Risk Reduction Center had researched again with the most recent finding in Kingston. They have a plan to enlarge the research area to the whole Jamaican country in future.

Source：Kingston Metropolitan Area Seismic Hazard Assessment, OAS Figure 2.4.17 Hazard Map around Kingston

Source：Disaster Risk Reduction Center, UWI Figure 2.4.18 A part of Investigation about Micro Zonation around Kingston

(g) Situation of Aseismic Retrofitting ① Building In Jamaica, Jamaican Standard is used as design criteria. The Jamaican Standard was created by the Jamaica Institute of Engineers. The building standard of Jamaica is revised every three years, and the revision work is still in progressing at present. Although the old standard was carried out based on the Caribbean Uniform Building Code, a new thing is carried out based on International Building Code. Although the old standard was carried out based on the Caribbean Uniform Building Code, the new one is carried out based on International Building Code. The contents of the new standard are increasing in such as an environmental area and aseismic reinforcement area sharply. Moreover, although the former was without legal force, this new standard is due to have legal force from March 31, 2014. (Some government officials have said that there is a high possibility that legal enforcement will be delayed.) Revision of earthquake-resistant criteria has become the center of attention among disaster prevention relevant ministries and agencies, and the expectation is great. MLGCD is the Competent Authority for approval of a building. The engineer of each Parish Council performs actual business. However, engineers are extremely insufficient (For example, only one person in Kingston City.). The check organization of a building has a big problem. In addition, construction standards can be purchased by the Bureau of Standard. Since the old design criteria do not have a legal force, it is inferred that the earthquake-proof situation of a building is not high in the present condition. However, it is surmised that they also have a building equipped with sufficient earthquake resistant performance since the design of many private buildings design have been entrusted to the overseas contractor. So far, no retrofitted building exists. (Refer to the photos in the Appendix for the current condition of buildings)

② Infrastructure On the civil design standard, the inside rule of NWA is defined for every structure classification (ban on external carrying out). The rule provides direction to use various western country standards for their design. In order that NWA may play a central role to design with European and American standards, it is surmised that the earthquake resistance of a structure is not greatly inferior. However, since bridge falling prevention equipment is not installed in bridges, superstructure has possibility to fall at the time of an earthquake. Moreover, they argue about the necessity for the seismic measure to lifelines, such as waterworks, electricity, gas, and a roads.

(2) Tsunami Disaster (a) Mechanism of Tsunami Tsunami is caused by the sudden change of undersea topography due to volcanic activity and earthquakes, and it is different from high tide which is generated by storm surge and high waves caused by the decrease in atmospheric pressure and high winds. Tsunami is mostly generated by an earthquake caused by the movement of Caribbean plate in this area. Therefore it is supposed that there is Tsunami damage around the earthquake occurrence area, whose seismic center is on the seabed. (b) History of Tsunami Disaster The past tsunami disasters in Jamaica are shown in Table 3.4.4. Cayman Trench in Jamaican island is a lateral fault: it is hard to think that a big tsunami is induced by it. For this reason, although the cause of tsunami has many unknown, an active fault and a landslide are conjectured as causes of Tsunami.

Table 2.4.5 History of Tsunami Disaster in Jamaica

(c) Tsunami Response Agency An emergency response plan about tsunami is under development. ODPEM and MET Office respond together actually. The Met Office observes only tidal level as basic data. Other information comes from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. There are no research reports about tsunami in Jamaica. In addition, there are no hard countermeasures such tsunami bank.

(d) Tsunami Observation Framework There are only two points of tidal level data and information from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center as tsunami monitoring data. In future, tsunami warning and information in Jamaica will be integrated in the tsunami program in Caribbean Tsunami Warning Center in the Puerto Rico Program. However it is still in the experimental stage and it has not worked yet.

(e) Emergency Response Protocol The emergency response plan about tsunami is under construction. ODPEM and MET Office response together actually. As actual situation, when earthquake with possibility of generating tsunami happens, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center informs via E-mails to MET Office （weather station at Norman Manley International Airport, 24hours operation） and ODPEM (not 24hours operation). When tsunami warning is announced, the computer receiving the E-mail makes the alarm. After that, the Met Office Director and the ODPEM Director discuss about the response policy immediately, and decide whether or not the warning should be announced or not. The METS and ODPEM share inform to the mass media. It takes less than 10 minutes at the latest to inform from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center to METS and ODPEM. It may take less than 30 minutes to inform to relevant agencies and mass media after receiving tsunami information email, but the detail is not clear due to few case examples. It may take more time to inform Parish and local offices after that. Relation between agencies about tsunami monitoring and warning is shown in Figure 2.4.19

Source：Survey Team Figure 2.4.19 Tsunami Monitoring and Relation among the Agencies during Tsunami Warning

Source：Draft Jamaica Tsunami Warning Information Dissemination Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures Figure 2.4.20 Communication System for Tsunami（Draft）

Source：Draft Jamaica Tsunami Warning Information Dissemination Protocol and Standard Operating Procedures Figure 2.4.21 Procedure for Tsunami Alert (Draft)

(f) Situation of Hazard Map and Other Studies There are no hazard maps and damage estimation about tsunami in Jamaica. However, ODPEM identifies high disaster risk area along coast from the view point of geography, as shown in following figure. Tsunami evacuation drill is not performed.

. Source：ODPEM Figure 2.4.22 Disaster Risk Area along Coast

(3) Issues about Earthquake and Tsunami Problems about earthquake and tsunami are shown below.

【Earthquake and Tsunami Observation】 1） Formulation and Implementation of Earthquake and Tsunami Master Plan in All Jamaica and KMA (Kingston Metropolitan Area) Formulation and implementation of earthquake and tsunami master plan is desired in all Jamaica, especially in KMA which has 40% of the population in Jamaica. 2） Upgrading and Expanding of Earthquake Monitoring Equipment Especially, district spaces are not enough for the installation of seismic observation apparatus. Upgrade and expansion are required. 3） Upgrading and Expanding of Caribbean Tsunami Observation Network The tsunami observation network in the Caribbean Sea is not fully working. Update and expansion are required in future. 4） Improvement of Earthquake Monitoring Framework The present condition of observation is not enough because it is not a 24-hour system and there is no power supply source for emergency situation. Solid structure of earthquake information transfer for 24hours is required.

【Aseismic Retrofitting】 1） Implementation of Seismic Diagnosis and Improvement of Seismic Resistance Critical buildings like hospitals, fire station, police department, etc. are supposed to have a certain level of seismic resistance. Based on the field survey and interview, however, actual resistance is not clear. Seismic Diagnosis is required. At the same time, since Jamaica has no case of seismic retrofitting and experience, it is required for the persons of each concerned agency and the engineers to have the experience in Jamaica. Lifelines like water supply, electricity, gas and road requires not only Seismic Diagnosis but also consideration about seismic measures in infrastructure planning. Additionally, bridge falling prevention equipment is required because there are no such equipment even in relatively new bridge. 2） Capacity Enhancement for Building Standard Supervisor Although the new building standard is under completing, it is difficult to work with it due to no past results in Jamaica. For this reason, the education of supervisors and capacity strengthening by training are required.

2.4.5 Subjects related to Integrated Disaster Risk Management (1) Disaster Control of Road A large number of road disasters with various types occurred under severe climatic conditions of hurricane and earthquakes in Jamaica. Road disasters are concentrated in the mountainous-valley area of the eastern region in particular; road disasters associated with sediment-related disasters are seen in many cases such as capital Kingston where steep topography is remarkable. Basic information about a construction of road, bridges and additional information of maintenance of the road were collected during the information collection of road disaster and disaster preparedness. Collection of information of design criteria, guidelines and specification of road infrastructure was made. (a) General Status of Road Disaster Status of Road Disaster Situation of sediment-related disasters in recent years is as shown in Table 2.4.6. Information regarding the numbers of occurrences of each type (falling rocks, collapse, rock collapse, landslides, debris flow, etc.), cause of disasters (rainfall, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.), scale, other related details of the disaster, etc. was supposed to be obtained through relevant agencies. However, no such information was collected. It was expected to receive, because no data was available in Jamaica. Since the maintenance level and specifications may vary according to region, information regarding road was collected and organized in order to understand the characteristics of the road, such as the development history of each region. Also, the budget and planning, specific contents, existence of reflection of disaster prevention measures in the planning and design stages of the road were surveyed. Table 2.4.6 Risk due to Climate Change in Past 10 Years（Road Disaster）

Source: A Case Study of Urban Area in Jamaica by National Spatial Data Management Division. MWLECC Small scale landslides, "falling rocks from steep slopes" and "collapse of the steep slopes" were confirmed along the road as a result of the site survey. According to the information obtained from the Disaster Coordinator, landslide occurred to a range including the roads in Thompson

Town. Slope failures of the road embankment were also seen, and some of such cases appear to be caused by mechanism similar to "landslide".

Engineering Measures for Road Disaster Early warning, one of components of non-structural measures is likely a main countermeasure for sediment-related disaster; relatively simple countermeasures of slope stability works among hard component are mainly applied. Design criteria of roads and bridges, compliance of standards and initiatives were confirmed. Since the maintenance level and specifications may vary according to region, information regarding development of road was collected and organized in order to understand the characteristics of the road. General condition of engineering measures against road disaster is as follows. ・Retaining wall of wet masonry (Height of 3 to 8 m) and gabion are major measures for slope protection, however surface protection by vegetation is most common. ・Some cases of renovation of road drainage are seen; however, insufficient drainage is still seen in many cases. (b) Important Issues on Countermeasures for Road Disaster Classification of Road Road of nearly 22,000km in total length in Jamaica are mainly classified into three: Main road under government control, Parish road under Parish control, and Others. Main roads are classified into four, A, B, C and urban roads on the basis of importance to transportation in the country. Main road are 5,006 km in total length as of 2007, and lengths of Urban, A, B and C roads are 220km, 844km, 717km and 3225km, respectively, according to the NWA. Policy, Principle and Budget Framework Improvement with focus on disaster prevention measures for the existing road and improvement of the road network connecting different parts of the country crossing the mountainous range is important in Jamaica. Information regarding policies, principles and budget of national and local government were collected to confirm the status of road disaster preparedness against sediment-related disaster. NWA is dealing with plan, construction, and maintenance of the main road in road projects. An overview of budgetary information, etc. which were collected in the field survey are as follows. ・Amount of yearly expenditures related to the road ranges 1.0 ~ 1.5 billion Jamaica dollars. Most of the cost comes from government funds which depends on the tax assessment on automobiles and fuels. ・Excess of expenditures is compensated with funds from the Ministry of Finance. Implementation System and Development of Countermeasures Information regarding functional recovery of road closure incidents was collected and organized to check the duration of recovery and difficulties. Since the maintenance level and specifications may vary according to region, information regarding road development was collected and organized in order to understand the characteristics of the road, such as the development of each region Investigation procedures as well as measures for road disaster preparedness and functional recovery plan (type of countermeasures, scale, budget, duration) from road closures, and recognition of disaster (pre-traffic control), and emergency retraction system established when disaster occurs were confirmed.

The role of the NWA which is doing all the restoration of the road disaster response is as follows. ・Disaster Response stage - Carrying out operations such as road closure as needed. -Investigating the disaster situation of rivers involving road, and roads. ・Disaster recovery, Reconstruction stage -Restoration of the road affected by the disaster, the river infrastructure. ・Disaster Mitigation stage - Implementation of road development, the river improvement project. Technical Guidance Technical specification and civil engineering manuals are being applied on the basis of AASHTO of the United States as well as British Standard; however the design criteria of roads, bridges and tunnels are being prepared with collaboration of the Association of Engineers in Jamaica. Bridges had been designed on the basis of the water level in return period of 50 years;, however, return period of 100 years were applied in recent year according to the government officials. Bridges which seem to have insufficient inflow capacity of less than above mentioned design criteria were seen in some area. (c) Issues on Road Disaster Issues on road disasters are as follows: 1) Development of Hazard Map for Road Disaster NWA has developed the Disaster Management Application (2013) which is supposed to be used during disaster to respond to the judgment on detour etc. in some locations of the urban area (no longer used in actual disaster situation present). Preparation of nation-wide hazard maps with high precision could be expected with enhancement of the database of road disasters across the country in the future. 2) Database of Roads Constructions works as well as disaster records of roads and bridges are indispensable for the maintenance of these facilities, and construction of database is important on the basis of these records. 3) Capacity Building of Human Resources Maintenance of roads, bridges and others has not been fully implemented due to lack of human resources who are familiar with road disasters. Capacity building of human resources who are familiar with the structure of the road is important.

(2) Public Education for Disaster Risk Management, Community-based Disaster Risk Management (a) Public Education for Disaster Risk Management ODPEM and the Sub-committee（Public Education Information and Training）in Community Disaster Committee are conducting public education campaign for building awareness of natural hazards among stakeholders, and it is reported that the University of West India has training programs on various areas related to disaster reduction. The public education campaign on disaster management aims as disaster risk management and as part of the preparedness of “Building Disaster Resilient Communities” in order to promote the smooth functioning of disaster management at all levels, national, parish and community. ODPEM is implementing education on disaster risk management at community level. Evacuation drills for fire and earthquake are conducted in elementary and middle school twice a year. (b) Community-based Disaster Risk Management The community-based disaster risk management which is aiming to build disaster resilient communities is to conduct early disaster warning system, study on vulnerability to disasters and disaster risks, training and drilling, integrated hazards and vulnerability assessments. The community disaster management plan is being supported by the Regional Coordinator of ODPEM and Disaster Committee member of Parish council. Community-based disaster management practiced in many places and there is information transmission of disaster by media. It is reported that the country, assisted by the IDB and CIDA has been actively conducting community-based disaster management. The WB also assists in this area. (See P80) ODPEM has extracted 145 communities with high risk as the priority communities, among about 830 communities in the country, as follows:  75 communities CIDA and IDB supported disaster risk management in the communities prioritized by ODPEM (Shown in Source: ODPEM Figure 2.4.23). However, at the community supported by IDB, only hazard map was prepared. USAID is now supporting to implement the rest activities necessary for disaster risk management. The hazard map prepared has been stored in GIS system.  30 communities NGO such as the Red Cross and Help Age International supported the activities.  10 communities NGOs (CRS: Catholic Relief Service) supported the activities. It mainly focuses on urban areas.

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.4.23 Community-based Disaster Risk Management Activities by IDB and CIDA ODPEM intends to implement the community-based disaster risk management for the remaining high risk communities, if budget is secured. According to the interview during the survey site visits, the mechanism of information transmission has been established. Mobile phone is usually used for communication. However, when the mobile phone does not work for some reasons, radio communication by police is the only way for the communication. It is desirable that sole use of radio network for disaster risk management among Parish and communities be established. In forest area, the Forest Department (FD) is implementing the conservation and reforestation plan for forest areas which includes education for local people. (c) Issues in Public Education for Disaster Risk Management and Community-based Disaster Risk Management The identified issues in public education for disaster risk management and community-based disaster risk management are as follows. 1) Enhancement of resilience to disaster ODPEM focuses on education for disaster risk management as one of Millennium Development Goals and disseminates disaster preparedness information to wide-spread people via TV media, presentation meeting to schoolchild and citizens, and publication and deliberation of brochure about disaster risk management, which should be expanded. 2) Expansion of community-based disaster risk management It is necessary to expand the community-based disaster risk management, especially for remaining communities with high priority. 3) Improvement of emergency communication method at local level (Parish and Community) Mobile phone is the main method for communication during emergency. Since it is possible for the mobile phone network to be down during disaster, it is necessary to secure a more reliable communication method such as radio communication.

(3) Communication Network for Disaster Risk Management (a) Existing Communication Network by ODPEM ODPEM established the sole use of radio communication network for the entire country for emergency communication to relevant agencies. There are nine repeater stations which utilize steel tower managed by the Power Company. Since the current system is analogue with only simplex communication available, which is not convenient to use, it is not fully utilized. The periodical test communication with specific Parish is kept in order to prepare for emergency, however. Currently, main method for emergency communication is mobile phone due to inconvenience of radio communication. There is experience that such mobile phone network broke downs during Hurricane Sandy (Shown in Figure 2.4.24). It is important to secure back-up communication method. There is no system established for simultaneous transmission communication, which may be necessary for tsunami warning. ODPEM is now implementing a pilot system for simultaneous transmission of communication in Port More. (b) Public Safety Network proposed by NWA NWA is introducing ITS (Intelligent Transportation System), which employs own optic fiber network as well as optic fiber network for the entire country (private property). It is used for signal control and regulation of traffic system. A part of the ITS was made in Belgium and US. The information network by NWA uses IP for individual object. The existing telemetry system can be connected to the NWA system, if IP is applied for the telemetry system. NWA proposes that such optic fiber network would be expanded to the Public Safety Network. It integrates 1) Road management system, 2) disaster management system and 3) criminal management system. Pilot activities of the Public Safety Network are on-going. (c) Direction of Improvement of Communication Network by ODPEM ODPEM has intention to connect to NWA’s optic fiber network in future, in order to communicate with relevant agencies. However, the development of the optic fiber network nationwide may need more time and fund. For short-term measures, it is proposed to upgrade the existing radio communication network to the digital network. The digital network enables two-way communication, which makes the communication much easier. It also can be connected to the optic fiber network, which promises future integration with the Public Safety Network proposed by NWA. It is recommended to install mobile repeater stations in order to prepare for damage of the fixed repeater stations by earthquake etc. It is necessary to establish simultaneous transmission of communication for early warning for tsunami. (d) Issues in Communication Network for Disaster Risk Management The identified issues in communication network for disaster risk management are as follows. 1) Improvement of radio communication as backup communication system It is inevitable to prepare the radio communication system, in order to prepare for the case that mobile phone network is down during emergency. It is necessary to upgrade the existing system to digital system for effective use. 2) Establishment of nationwide communication network for disaster risk management, in collaboration with national public safety network for long-term view It is expected that many agencies would connect to the Public Safety Network. It is desirable to employ the Public Safety Network for disaster risk management.

3) Eestablishment of early warning system with simultaneous transmission communication It is necessary to establish simultaneous transmission communication for early warning for tsunami.

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.4.24 Situation of Base Stations in Hurricane Sandy in 2012

(4) Basic Information on Disaster Risk Management (a) Basic Information on Social and Natural Conditions for Disaster Risk Management GIS database has progressed. NSDMD determines the standard for GIS data. There is a GIS section in many agencies. The spatial data managed by NSDMD can be used freely by for government agencies. In project supported by donors, the data can be used without cost. The frequency of revision of data depends on the agencies that create data. There are agencies which do not provide data freely. For example, the data on cadastre are not free. In the workshop held on January 22, 2014 organized by the WB, it was pointed out that the data sharing among agencies is not enough. It was also pointed out that the existing DEM on the basis of IKONOS is not appropriate for analysis for flood and storm surge in low-lying area. It is expected that NSDMD will obtain LIDER data with support from the Caribbean Community Climate Change Center. However, its coverage area is limited. It is desirable to prepare more LIDER data. NSDMD needs aero photos for identifying change in urban area. (b) Issues in Basic Information on Disaster Risk Management The identified issues on basic information for disaster risk management are as follows. 1) Promotion of further data sharing among relevant agencies For effective implementation of disaster risk management, it is necessary to promote data sharing. The technical aspect for data sharing has been improved by activities by NSDMD activities. It is necessary to improve the institutional aspect. 2) Preparation of more accurate elevation data along low-lying coastal and riverine areas where expected degree of hazard is high Many disasters such as flood, storm surge and tsunami occur in low lying area. It is inevitable to use highly accurate elevation data, in order to grasp the disaster risk in low lying area.

2.5 Assistance by Donors in Disaster Risk Management Sector 2.5.1 Assistance from Japan The assistances to the natural disaster fields of Jamaica in the past are shown in Table 2.5.1. Table 2.5.1 Japanese Assistance to Disaster Risk Management Sector in Jamaica National Financial Assistance Financial Assistance (Grant) Name (Loan) 1979：Disaster Emergency Aid（Localized heavy rain、Japan Red Cross、¥JPY 50 million） 1986：Disaster Emergency Aid(Flood disaster、¥JPY 21million） Fiscal Year 1988： 1988：Disaster Emergency Aid（Hurricane、¥JPY 27million Emergency ※Dispatch Japan Disaster Relief Team, JDR） Jamaica Reconstruction Plan, 2010-2011: Providing Software, developing Database, and ¥JPY 2,500 million Workshop by CARICOM supporting Specialist (¥JPY 3million) 2012: Hurricane damage recovery plan(public hospital and high school)(¥JPY 18million) 2013:Two Senior Volunteers Source：Ministry of Foreign Affaire HP http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/jisseki/kuni/ JICA Knowledge site: http://gwweb.jica.go.jp/KM/KM_Frame.nsf/NaviProMain?OpenNavigator

For Jamaica the grant aids were provided from the second half of 1970 to the first half of 1980 and the repayable aid of loan was provided in 1980. Since then there was no large scale aid for the disaster risk management field. After 2002, the “JICA Caribbean Disaster Management Project Phase 1 and 2” were conducted at Caribbean countries and the CDEMA has done technical assistance to other member countries about the preparation of a flood hazard map and the formulation of community-based disaster risk management plan using the hazard map. From 2010 to 2011, the technical assistance for developing database for disaster in ODPEM and training on GIS by local consultants as well as procurement of software was implemented with assistance of the expert for CARICOM. A senior volunteer on disaster risk management was dispatched to ODPEM in July 2013. He has been assisting for preparation of hazard maps. Other senior volunteers have been also dispatched to NWA from 2009. They have been assisting for recovery of damaged road and bridges. Japanese government also supported the recovery of the damaged public hospital and school by hurricane Sandy in October 2012 by applying the schemes of Grant assistance for Grass-Roots Human Security Projects. 2.5.2 Assistance by Other Donors According to HFA Report by the Jamaican government in 2013, recent assistance on the disaster risk management sector by donors are as shown in Table 2.5.2. In addition to the projects shown above, the following projects supported by donors are shown in the estimate of expenditures in 2013/20143.  Ministry of Education  Repairs to Secondary Schools (USAID) (Tropical Storm Nicole )  Ministry of Transport, Works and Housing  Palisadoes Shoreline and Road Project (China EXIM BANK)  Tropical Storm Nicole - KMA Drainage Project (CDB)  Ministry of Science, Technology, Energy and Mining

3 MOFP Web-site ( http://www.mof.gov.jm/budgets)

 Integrated Management of the Yallahs/Hope River Watershed Management Area (Global Environmental Facility)  Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction (EU)  Ministry of Local Government & Community Development  Community-Based Landslide Risk Management (Japan Social Development Fund/IBRD) Table 2.5.2 Recent Assistance on Disaster Risk Management Sector by Donors in Jamaica HFA Budget Existing Project assisted by Donor Donor Duration Priority (USD) Action* Participatory Community Development and CIDA (J$42 million) J$ 54.5 Monitoring to improve the lives of vulnerable and IDB (US$12.5 2009 - 2011 3 million populations million) Enhancing Emergency Storage Capacity and J$ 0.024 USAID 2008 - 2011 5 Distribution Capacities million Expanding ODPEM Dedicated Emergency IDB (64,500) and J$ 0.073 Telecommunications Network and early Government of 2008 - 2011 2 million warning capabilities Jamaica (8,300) Knowledge and Awareness Building UNICEF J$2 million 2008 - 2011 3 Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management J$2.75 CDEMA and FAO N/A 4 into the Agricultural and Tourism Sectors million Community Mitigation – Developing IDB (111,500) and J$ 0.128 Government of million N/A 4 Community Risk Management Program Jamaica (16,800) Incorporate hazard information into the J$ 0.208 Partially through IDB Development approval process at the national million 2009 - 2011 5 and WB and Parish Levels J$2.8 Enhance the Damage Assessment Process CIDA and USAID million 2008 - 2011 5 (est.) Enhance the utilization ICTs in Disaster Risk J$5.2 CDEMA N/A 2 Management million *：Number in the table correspond to the priority action shown in Table 2.3.11. CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency, IADB: Inter-American Development Bank, USAID: US Agency for International Development, UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund, CDEMA: Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency, FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization Source: National Progress Report 2011-2013, Jamaica.

UNDP Jamaica Office 1) UNDP assists Jamaican government in order to achieve Vision 2030 Jamaica and. Millennium Development Goals. The priority areas for the support are as follows:  Poverty reduction and achieving the Millennium Development Goals  Democratic governance  Environmental sustainability and energy security 2) Disaster risk management is included in environment section. The priority area is disaster risk management for earthquake. 3) In order to promote effective support, periodical meetings with UN family (FAO, IAEA, PAHO, UNDP, UNEP and UNESCO) are held. There are occasional meetings with other donors in Western Caribbean countries. 4) On-going projects are as follows:

 Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management  National Protected Area Project  Crisis Prevention & Recovery WB 1) The priority areas for assistance in Jamaica are as follows, in consideration of the national development plan.  Support economic stability  Promote growth through three results：strengthening human capital, criminal and violence prevention, and promotion of rural development.  Promote sustainable growth 2) Disaster risk management is categorized as cross cutting theme together with adaptation to climate change. The following projects are on-going:  Community based Landslide Risk Reduction  Support under the Pilot Program for Climate resilience (PPCR)  Making Jamaica Stronger Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project 3) Coordination with other donors is promoted for effective investment for implementation of projects. 4) Formulation of project requires more than one year with step by step procedure, which enables coordinating with other donors. IADB 1) Strategy of future assistance for Jamaica  The priority areas are water, energy, education, public safety, transportation and PPP.  There is no assistance for disaster risk management sector at this moment. There is no plan about assistance for disaster cycle, but it has possibility to assist disaster reduction area. 2) Direction of present assistance for disaster risk management sector  On-going project related to disaster risk management is only a part of PPCR (IDB component) with WB (IDB regards this project as climate change project, which is not disaster risk management project.). 3) There are periodical meetings with other donors. It is welcome to cooperate with JICA. CIDA 1) CIDA assists the entire CARICOM. 2) The target areas include the entire disaster management cycle and comprehensive disaster management. 3) Cooperation with other donors and CEDMA is considered when projects are implemented. 4) Community-based disaster risk management is one of major areas for assistance, since vulnerable communities are affected by natural disaster. 5) CIDA participates in meetings with other donors and international organizations. Cooperation with UNISDR 1) ODPEM positively communicates UNISDR with good combination. USISDR reviews the DRMP of JAMICA periodically. The national strategy (Vision 2030 Jamaica, Disaster risk management master plan and action plan) for disaster risk management is together with UNISDR.

Cooperation with CDEMA Communication with ODPEM is good because Mr. Ronald Jackson who is current Director General of CDEMA was the previous Director General of ODPEM. In addition, because the Annual Caribbean Conference on CDM which was organized by CDEMA has been held 4times in Jamaica (4th in 2009, 5th in 2010, 7th in 2012 and 8th in 2013), the relationship should be good. The ODPEM Director attends the Technical Advisory Committee meetings held by CDEMA 3 or 4 times a year. Jamaica provides technical assistance to 4 countries in which Jamaica is in charge of Caribbean North-Western（Bahama, Belize, Turk & Caicos and Haiti）in CARICOM. The outline of CDEMA is shown in Appendix7.

2.5.3 Notable Projects assisted by Donors The notable projects, which are going to start soon and are assisted by donors, are as follows. Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR) (WB, IADB) It is the project with four years, which is going to start in 2014. There are the following three components. a) Component-1 (supported by WB) a-1) Improvement of climate data a-2) Platform for risk information a-3) Climate change scenario b) Component-2 (supported by IADB) b-1) Implementation of adaptation to climate change in Rio Minoh river basin b-2) Promotion of consideration of climate change in planning c) Component-3 (supported by IADB) c-1) Investment to adaptation measures According to the draft appraisal report of the component-1, the followings would be implemented. a) Replacement of meteorological radar at Cooper Hill (METS) b) Installation of 68 Automatic weather stations with real time data transmission (METS) c) Installation of 15 Automatic gauging stations with data logger (WRA) d) Replacement of tide gauge at Port Royal (METS) e) Training on data management, quality management

Assisted Projects through Community Climate Change Center Although details are not known, it is expected that LIDER data for specific area would be provided. It is expected that 0.5 – 1.0mil USD would be used for providing the LIDER data.

2.6 Direction of Improvement and Assistance for Disaster Risk Management Sector and Support 2.6.1 Direction of Improvement of Disaster Risk Management Sector Direction of improvement of disaster risk management sector is shown below, on the basis of the identified issues shown in the previous sections and discussion with relevant agencies. (1) Enhancement of Emergency Operation by ODPEM a) Mid to Long-Term View 1-a-1) Establishment of nationwide communication network for disaster risk management, in collaboration with the national public safety network (NWA, ODPEM) ODPEM would connect to the Public Safety Network, which integrates the optic fiber network organized by NWA and the radio communication network managed by relevant agencies, in order to share necessary information on disaster risk management. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 1-b-1) Upgrade of ODPEM emergency communication network (ODPEM) The existing radio communication network is upgraded to the digital network. The digital network enables two-way communication, which makes the communication much easier. It also can be connected to the optic fiber network, which promises future integration with the Public Safety Network proposed by NWA. It is recommended to install mobile repeater stations in order to prepare for damage of the fixed repeater stations by earthquake etc. 1-b-2) Improvement of communication network for disaster risk management at local level (ODPEM) Emergency communication between the Parish Emergency Operation Center that is set during disaster and the communities, as well as the communication network at community level during disaster, would be improved. 1-b-3) Introduction of early warning system (ODPEM) Early warning system for tsunami and storm surge by ODPEM would be introduced by means of FM radio and sirens. (2) Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 2-a-1) Provision of elaborate meteorological information (METS) More spatially distributed and short-term rainfall information would be provided to public, by integration of monitoring of radar and automatic weather stations 2-b-2) Risk evaluation of storm surge in all critical areas in entire country (ODPEM) Risk evaluation of storm surge in all critical areas in entire country would be conducted, and measures for risk reduction would be recommended. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 2-b-1) Installation of real-time tidal gauging stations (METS) In order to grasp the situation of storm surge due to hurricane as well as tsunami, it is necessary to establish tidal observation network. Real-time monitoring is desirable for contribution to tsunami monitoring network in the entire Caribbean region. 2-b-2) Ensuring implementation of PPCR (METS) The proposed projects in term of meteorological observation under PPCR would be surely implemented.

2-b-3) Improvement of management of meteorological data (METS) The capability of METS for managing meteorological database would be enhanced, in order to promote effective use of meteorological data. (3) Flood Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 3-a-1) Integrated water resources management with flood risk considered (WRA) When the amendment of Water Resources Act is approved and the authority of flood management becomes clear, it would be necessary to prepare the master plan for flood risk management by WRA. It is expected that the master plan will be an integrated water resources management plan with flood risk considered. The major issues on flood risk management are the lack of basic information on flood, especially basic data for flood, as well as lack of capability for flood analysis. 3-a-2) Implementation of national drainage master plan (NWA) The flood control project for the priority urban center specified in the national drainage master plan would be implemented. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 3-b-1) Ensuring Implementation of PPCR (WRA) The proposed projects in terms of hydrological observation under PPCR would be surely implemented. 3-b-2 ) Pilot Project of Flood Risk Management for Selected Area (ODPEM, WRA) The amendment of Water Resources Act should be approved before the flood risk management plan is fully established. The pilot project for capacity building for flood management would be implemented. WRA and ODPEM will jointly implement the following components of the pilot project.  Identification of flood prone area and appropriate location of flood monitoring  Installation gauging stations and rainfall stations, monitoring of flood events  Analysis of flood events (hydrological analysis, flood inundation analysis)  Preparation of flood risk map  Setting criteria for early warning  Establishment of flood early warning system It is desirable to select flood risk areas with two typical types of flood: flood by surface water and flood by groundwater typical in karst area. Magnitude of expected damage is also important factor for selecting the pilot areas. Duplication of installing water level gauges by PPCR should be avoided. 3-b-3) Reactivation of Existing Community -Based Flood Warning System (ODPEM) It is necessary to reactivate the community-based flood warnings system, by introducing relatively low cost improvement such as setting a siren for dissemination of warning, introducing GSM for real-time transmission of information, as well as by review of protocol and conducting training for communities 3-b-4) Promotion of national drainage master plan (NWA) The national drainage master plan prepared by NWA would be reviewed. The implementation and expansion of the master plan would be promoted.

(4) Sediment-related Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 4-a-1) Rehabilitation of watershed in long-term to reduce sediment production and sediment load in river system (NEPA, FD, NWA) The policy for managing sediment-related disaster would be established. Rehabilitation of watershed in long-term view to reduce sediment production and sediment load in river system would be implemented. 4-a-2) Identification of high risk area of sediment- related disasters (MDG, UWI) The river-basins with high risk for sediment-related disasters would be identified in nationwide. 4-a-3) Preparation of risk map of sediment-related disasters (MDG, UWI) Risk maps would be prepared for the river-basins with high risk for sediment-related disasters b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 4-b-1) Enhancement of technical capability of assessment for sediment-related disasters (MDG, UWI) Technical capability to cope with sediment-related disaster is not enough both for MGD and UWI, especially for classification of sediment-related disaster. It should be enhanced to identify proper measures against sediment-related disaster. 4-b-2) Pilot project for landslide hazard mapping in the basin of landslide susceptibility area (MDG, UWI) Since, relevant agencies such as MGD and UWI do not have enough technical capability on landslide, the accuracy of hazard mapping is low. It should be enhanced. (5) Road Disaster Management a) Mid to Long-Term View 5-a-1) Establishment of communication system and technical capability to ensure reliability of information for effective measures (NWA) The road disaster management system would be established, by ensuring the ICT by NWA. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 5-b-1) Review and refinement of technical guideline for construction of road in slope and mountainous area (NWA) The design criteria for road in mountainous area and slopes would be reviewed, since there are cases of collapse of embankment for road construction in mountainous area and slopes. (6) Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 6-a-1) Formulation of national master plan for earthquake disaster (ODPEM, UWI, MLGCD) The risk assessment for earthquake and tsunami disaster nationwide, especially for Kingston metropolitan area, which includes evaluation of hazard, vulnerability and risk, would be implemented. Recommendation on risk reduction such as retrofitting of critical buildings would be made. 6-a-2) Enhancement of earthquake monitoring system (UWI) The existing earthquake monitoring system would be expanded, and 24-hours monitoring and notification system for earthquake would be established.

6-a-3) Implementation of retrofitting for critical buildings and infrastructure (ODPEM, MLGCD etc.) Critical buildings and infrastructure would be retrofitted. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 6-b-1) Review and adaptation of protocol for earthquake and tsunami disaster (ODPEM) The protocols for earthquake and tsunami disaster are reviewed and adapted. Trainings for adaptation are also implemented. 6-b-2) Ratification and enforcement of building code and its adaptation by government staffs (ODPEM, MLGCD) Capacity of government staffs for adapting new building code, especially for earthquake-resistant design, should be enhanced. 6-b-3) Introduction of simulator of earthquake (ODPEM) In order to promote awareness for earthquake disaster, simulator of earthquake would be introduced. 6-b-4) Pilot project for assessment of earthquake risk (ODPEM, MLGCD etc.) Assessment of earthquake risk for critical buildings such as hospitals, fire stations, police stations, ODPEM, OPM, KSAC, PetroJam and major lifelines in Kingston metropolitan area would be preliminarily conducted. Recommendation for retrofitting would be provided.

2.6.2 Recommendation on Possible Urgent Projects and Others As a result of the discussion with ODPEM on the possible urgent projects to be assisted, on the basis of the direction of improvement of disaster risk management sector, the followings are recommended.  A. Possible urgent project,  B. Possible other individual experts,  C. Another project requested by ODPEM for urgent Implementation.

A. Possible Urgent Project Project for Improvement of Disaster Risk Management in Jamaica (tentative)

Component-1: Enhancement of Emergency Operation System (Equipment) 1-1: Upgrading National Disaster Communication Network (ODPEM） 1) Digital Trunked Repeater Networking Stations with IP backbone System - 6ch Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater Fixed Station: 1 set - 4ch Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater Fixed Station: 8 sets - 4ch Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater Transp. Station: 2 sets - Transportable Integrated Conventional Radio Link: 2 sets - Infrastructure Support ( 1System Management Terminal, 21 IP Backbone Link, 20 VPN Router, 20 Radio over IP Interface, 20 Wi-Fi system, 2 VSAT system) 2) Upgrading of Command Station: 1set（EOC@ODPEM） 3) User Equipment (Radio): 1,291 devices 4) Responder Tracking and Reporting System (Satellite system) Tracking devices, BGAN Unit 5) Geo-Spatial Data Collection Devices Rugged Computers, Android Tablets, GPS Devices 1-2: Emergency Communication System at Parish and Community Level (ODPEM) 1) Control Station: 16 sets (15 EOC @ Parish Council & 1 Offshore Key） 2) Community Operation Station: 63 sets (4-5 in a Parish) 1-3: National Early Warning Network (ODPEM） 1) Management Server: 1 set 2) Broadcast Encoder: 10 sets (Major FM Radio Stations) 3) Major Siren Station: 15 sets (Pilot for Critical Areas for Coastal Disasters) 4) Alert Receiver: 60 devices 5) Software License (1 year) : 1 license 6) Smartphone Application (Android & Apple devices): 1 set 1-4: Combined Telecom Maintenance Center (ODPEM） 1) Equipment for Maintenance - Spectrum Analyzer, Service Monitor, Field Tool Kit, Workshop Tool Kit, Workshop, Maintenance software 2) Spare Parts

Component-2: Equipment for Risk Communication (Equipment) 2-1: Real-time Tide Gauge (METS) 1) Real-time Tide Gauge: 4 places 2) Other Supporting Equipment (Server, Solar system etc.) 2-2: Flood Monitoring System in Selected Pilot River Basins (WRA) 1) A few rain gauges and stream gauges with GSM capability for each of the pilot basin : 3 basins Possible area/basin (2 for flash flood, 1 for depression flood) For flash flood: Port Maria, Rio Cobre, Yallas, Rio Grande, Annotto Bay For depression flood: Moneque, New Market, Chiglnell (Simple and small river basins with frequent flood damage would be selected.) 2-3: Monitoring Devises for Seismic Oscillation at Selected Critical Buildings in KMA (UWI) 1) Accelerometers: 6 sets 2) Other Supporting Equipment (Server, Solar system etc.) 2-4: Equipment for Disaster Risk and Hazard Mapping (ODPEM) 1) GIS Server: 1 set 2) Plotter: 1set 3) Large Format Scanner: 1set 4) GIS Software License: 1 set 2-5: Equipment for Enhancing Awareness for Earthquake Disaster（ODPEM） 1) Earthquake Simulator (Car): 1 set 2) Miniature Model for Earthquake Response: 1 set

Component-3: Capacity Enhancement for Disaster Risk Management (Dispatch of Experts) 3-1: Information and Communication Technology for Disaster Risk Management (ODPEM) 1) Training for ICT for Disaster Risk Management 2) Introduction of Japanese Technology on ICT for Disaster Risk Management 3) Recommendation on Improvement of ICT for Disaster Risk Management and Information Sharing with Relevant Agencies 3-2: Flood Analysis and Flood Early Warning System (ODPEM, WRA) 1) Training on Hydrological Analysis and Flood Inundation Analysis 2) Training on Preparation of Flood Risk Map 3) Training on Setting Warning Criteria for Flood 4) Demonstration of the above Items in Pilot Areas 5) Recommendation on Flood Risk Management 3-3: Earthquake Risk Assessment（ODPEM, UWI, Other Relevant Agencies） (1) Earthquake Risk Assessment for Critical Buildings 1) Training on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Buildings 2) Preliminary Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Buildings in KMA 3) Recommendation on Retrofitting the Selected Critical Buildings as well as Earthquake Risk Assessment for Buildings (2) Earthquake Risk Assessment for Critical Infrastructure 1) Training on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Infrastructure 2) Preliminary Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Infrastructure in KMA 3) Recommendation on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Infrastructure

(Remarks) 1. The items and quantity of equipment listed above are basically based on the proposal from the Jamaican side. In the study at the next stage, such as the preparatory study for possible project, it is necessary to optimize the items and quantity for the equipment. 2. ODPEM recommends to use NxDN, which is a protocol for digital mobile communication and has been developed jointly by Icom Incorporated and Kenwood Corporation (both are Japanese companies).

B. Possible Other Individual Experts

1. Expert for Community-Based Flood Warning (ODPEM) 1) Supporting Planning for Community-based Flood Warning and Evacuation 2) Activation (Training etc.) of Community-based Flood Warning System at the Pilot Sites where Flood Monitoring System would be installed

2. Expert for Sediment-Related Disaster (MGD, UWI) 1) Enhancement of Technical Capability of Assessment for Sediment-related Disasters 2) Supporting Preparation of Landslide Hazard Mapping and Engineering Geology Mapping in Pilot Basins 3) Supporting Risk Assessment of Debris Flow in Pilot Basins [Reference] Requested Accompanying Equipment from MGD - SMARTSEIS: 1set - Hammer switch to supply energy source: 1set - KOR-IT core hand drilling machine: 1set - Uniaxial compressive strength equipment: 1set - GPS Units: 1set - Digital MENS inclinometer: 1 set

3. Expert for Road Design (NWA) 1) Review and Refinement of Technical Guideline for Construction of Road in Slope and Mountainous Area

4. Expert for Drainage Planning and Design (NWA) 1) Review of Existing Drainage Plan and Design 2) Recommendation on Implementation and Expansion of National Drainage Master Plan

5. Expert for Enforcement of Building Code (MLGCD) 1) Training for Adaptation to New Building Code, Especially for Earthquake-related Matter

6. Expert for Meteorological Database (METS) 1) Review of Existing Database for Meteorological Data 2) Recommendation of Improvement of the Database

C. Another Project Requested by ODPEM for Urgent Implementation [Pilot Project for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Retrofitting in KMA (Tentative)]

Component-1: Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Facilities in KMA (Dispatch of Experts) 1-1: Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Facilities in KMA（ODPEM, UWI, Other Relevant Agencies） (1) Earthquake Risk Assessment for Critical Buildings 1) Training on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Buildings 2) Preliminary Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Buildings in KMA 3) Recommendation on Retrofitting the Selected Critical Buildings as well as Earthquake Risk Assessment for Buildings (2) Earthquake Risk Assessment for Critical Infrastructure 1) Training on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Infrastructure 2) Preliminary Earthquake Risk Assessment for Selected Critical Infrastructure in KMA 3) Recommendation on Earthquake Risk Assessment for Infrastructure

Component-2: Pilot Retrofitting (Building) 2-1: Retrofitting Selected Buildings as Pilot Project（ODPEM, MLGCD, Other Relevant Agencies） 1) A few selected buildings, which are identified as very critical against earthquake disaster on the basis of the activity 1-1, would be retrofitted as pilot project.

2.6.3 Further Note about Possible Urgent Projects

Component-1: Enhancement of Emergency Operation System

1-1: Upgrading National Disaster Communication Network (ODPEM） This sub component is, as shown in Figure 2.6.1, introduced in order to improve information communication among ODPEM and relevant agencies from national scale to Parish scale in early warning and response stage mainly. (1) Current Situation ODPEM established the sole use of radio communication network for the entire country for emergency communication to relevant agencies. There are nine repeater stations which utilize steel tower managed by the Power Company （See Figure 2.6.2）. Since the current system is analogue with only simplex communication available, which is not convenient to use, it is not fully utilized. The periodical test communication with specific Parish is kept in order to prepare for emergency, however. Currently, main method for emergency communication is mobile phone due to inconvenience of radio communication. There is experience that such mobile phone network broke downs during Hurricane Sandy. It is important to secure back-up communication method. (2) Expected Improvement by This Project It is proposed to upgrade the existing radio communication network to the digital network in this component. The digital network enables two-way communication, which makes the communication much easier. Stable communication will be established to improve current condition which depends on unstable cell phone communication in emergency. It also can be connected to the optic fiber network, which promises future integration with the Public Safety Network proposed by NWA. Good usability digital network system also enables reduction of cell phone charge to reduce cell phone use for disaster risk management activities. (3) Beneficiaries Direct beneficiaries are ODPEM and disaster risk management relevant agencies from national scale to Parish scale. This component also benefits all Jamaican people more than a little to stabilize and get more efficient in communication for disaster risk management in all over the country. (4) Expected Equipment Expected donated equipment is shown in Table 2.6.1 which is based on ODPEM’s proposal and negotiation with stakeholders. (5) Expected Administrator for Equipment Expected donated equipment is administrated by ODPEM Combined Telecom Maintenance Center proposed in component 1-4. (6) Estimation for Equipment ODPEM’s preliminary estimation cost is 3.6mil US$（without design management cost and service cost etc.）.

Table 2.6.1 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-1) Item Outline User Digital-Trunked Repeater and IP Router This is upgrading existing analog repeater 1) network （ Analog → Digital (AD administrated by ODPEM to digital-trunked repeater ODPEM coexistence）） and establishing IP router network. This targets Copper Hill repeater station which is 6-Chn Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater Fixed high-traffic near capital area. This station should have Station：1 more channel than other stations. 4-Channel Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater This targets the existing repeater stations other than a

Fixed Station：8 Copper Hill repeater station. In preparation for the case where a fixed repeater 4-Channel Digital-Trunked UHF Repeater station is downed by some reasons at a disaster, this Transportable Station：2 introduces a transportable repeater station. Cross band radio link：2 Infra Support（1 System Administration, 21 IP These are infrastructure support needed in backbone system, 20 VPN Router, 20 establishment of digital Digital-Trunked repeater Radio-IP Interface, 20 Wi-Fi systems, 2 stations and the IP router network. Satellite communication for backup） This is upgrading radio command station established at Upgrade of Fixed Radio Command Station：1 2) NEOC (National Emergency Operation Center) in ODPEM （EOC in ODPEM） ODPEM to Digitalized. This introduces the digitized radio terminal. ODPEM supplies widely the related organization of a country See 3) Radio Terminal：1,291 and a Parish level which needs communication for Table 2.6.2 disaster management. Communication with a related organization is secured by this. The purpose of this item is to complement national radio communication system for disaster response. At the time of emergency disaster response, nd Tracking System for Emergency Disaster ODPEM monitors the position information on disaster 4) ODPEM Response by Satellite Communication response pursuer by tracking. Grasp of a thereby more exact disaster generating situation is attained. This enables grasp of a more exact disaster situation. 5) Spatial Data Correction Equipment The purpose of this item is to complement 4). ODPEM

Table 2.6.2 Expected Distribution of Radio Terminals

Source: ODPEM

1-2: Emergency Communication System at Parish and Community Level (ODPEM) This sub component is, as shown in Figure 2.6.1, introduced for countermeasure when the communication is broken between parish and community in disaster response stage mainly. (1) Current Situation According to the hearing in local site, the communication in Parish and a community level is also mobile phone in an emergency. When a mobile phone circuit is downed, communication among Parish, a community and in communities is severed. However, the alternative of mobile phones, such as radio, is rarely fixed on Parish and a community level. Under the present circumstances, it depends on the radio contact of the police in many cases. However, since a number of police radio is limited, this situation has disturbed efficient emergency response. For this reason, introduction of the radio communications for among Parish-community and inside of community (disaster response groups) is required. (2) Expected Improvement by This Project Communication depending on the mobile phone communication with a high risk of being downed in disaster between PEOC (Parish Emergency Operation Center) in each Parish and communities is secured. (3) Beneficiaries Beneficiaries are disaster risk management relevant staffs in parish level and community with high disaster risk. (4) Expected Equipment Expected donated equipment is shown in Table 2.6.3 which is based on ODPEM’s proposal and negotiation with stakeholders. Table 2.6.3 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-2) Item Outline User Fixed Control Station：16 The fixed control station is established in PEOC (Parish （Each One Station in 15 Parish Emergency Operation Center) in Parish Council. Communication Parich 1) EOC + 1 high risk coastal with the community is secured in disaster by base point. Moreover, Council area） the disaster situation in a community level is perceived exactly. The portable control station is stationed in the community with a high disaster risk in Parish. Portable Control Station：63 Prioritized 2) In case of disaster in neighbor community, portable control station （4-5 stations in one Parish） Community can be moved to the community. This secures communication for the disaster response activities.

(5) Expected Administrator for Equipment Expected donated equipment is administrated by ODPEM Combined Telecom Maintenance Center proposed in component 1-4. (6) Estimation for Equipment ODPEM’s preliminary estimation cost is 1.0mil US$（without design management cost and service cost etc.）.

1-3: National Early Warning Network (ODPEM） This sub component is introduction of emergency alert system in order to distribute early warning about tsunami or storm surge etc. to wide spread area.（concurrent alert announcement by FM radio and alert announcement to important area by siren） This pathway of communication would be, as shown in Figure 2.6.3, immediate pathway from ODPEM to citizens directly, which has not existed yet. (1) Current Situation Systems which carry out information communication to a large area urgently in an instant, such as tsunami warnings, have not established. Now, ODPEM is introducing the broader-based multiple address system on trial in the Portmore city. (Refer to Figure 2.6.4). In preparation for the disaster of the coastal area where it is apprehensive about tsunami, high tide, etc., it is necessary to build an information simultaneous notice system by ODPEM. (2) Expected Improvement by This Project The alarm sent from ODPEM is transmitted to Parish by a mobile phone or e-mail. Then, it is transmitted to a community representative, the representative of a community disaster response unit, and residents. However, in order to concern many persons, instant information communication is difficult. By implementation of this component, the information communication of ODPEM becomes possible to a resident level directly. (3) Beneficiaries Direct beneficiaries are citizens in fifteen areas which has high disaster risk and all Jamaican nations. (4) Expected Equipment Expected donated equipment is shown in Table 2.6.5 which is based on ODPEM’s proposal and negotiation with stakeholders. Table 2.6.4 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-3) Item Outline User This is introduced at NEOC (National Emergency 1) System Administration Server：1 Operation Center) in ODPEM for system ODPEM administration. They are introduced in 10 representative FM radio Broadcast Encoder（for Representative 2) stations which cover all Jamaica to broadcast with FM ODPEM FM Radio Station）：10 radio wave. Installation of Siren for High Risk Sirens with FM radio receiver are introduced in 15 area 3) Parish Council Coastal Area：15（Pilot） selected in high risk coastal area as pilot. Major Facilities Receiver with alarm： They are introduced in selected important facilities as 4) Administrator 60（Pilot） pilot. See Table 2.6.5 5) Software License：1 This is introduced to go on system. ODPEM To develop smartphone application , it makes 6) Smartphone Application：1 smartphone with the application to receive warning ODPEM automatically.

(5) Expected Administrator for Equipment Expected donated equipment is administrated by ODPEM Combined Telecom Maintenance Center proposed in component 1-4. (6) Estimation for Equipment ODPEM’s preliminary estimation cost is 1.2mil US$（without design management cost and service cost etc.）.

Table 2.6.5 Expected Distribution of Receivers with Alarm Device

Source:ODPEM

1-4: Combined Telecom Maintenance Center (ODPEM） This sub component is in order to administrate and maintain the equipment introduced in sub component 1-1, 1-2 and 1-3 steadily. (1) Expected Equipment Expected donated equipment is shown in Table 2.6.6 which is based on ODPEM’s proposal and negotiation with stakeholders.

Table 2.6.6 Expected Donated Equipment (Component 1-4) Item Outline User Maintenance Equipment They are introduced for administration & Spectral analyzer, Service Monitor maintenance. ODPEM Outdoor Tool Kit, Work Shop Tool Kit Administration software is also introduced for large Work Shop & Maintenance Software amount of radio terminals for relevant agencies.

Spare parts are prepared for maintenance & repair in Spare Parts ODPEM advance.

(2) Estimation for Equipment ODPEM’s preliminary estimation cost is 0.7mil US$（without design management cost and service cost etc.）.

Early warning and Response Stage Main Improved Area in Sub Component 1-1

Monitoring of Hazard 1 OPM I Flood Meteorology/ tide Report A WRA warning METS warning HQ A Earthquake F Disaster MLSS EQU situation MoH Coordination JFB JCF ODPEM NEOC H B G 2 E D warning Disaster warning situation report 3 JFB‐P JCF‐P PC PEOC N MLSS‐P Parish Disaster Coordinator MoH‐P J M report Coordination warning Mass Media Local Rep. Community L K report warning warning O C Emergency Response Unit Support Disaster situation Main Improved Area in Sub Component 1-2 OPM = Office of Prime Minister ODPEM = Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency MLSS = Ministry of Labor and Social Security Management MOH = Ministry of Health JFB = Jamaica Fire Brigade UWI = University of the West Indies JCF = Jamaica Constabulary Force EQU = Earthquake Unit PCs = Parish Councils WRA = Water Resources Authority NEOC = National Emergency Operation Center METS = Meteorological Service PEOC = Parish Emergency Operation Center

#### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.6.1 Main Improvement Target of Sub Component 1-1 and 1-2

Note: ’Proposed’ means just proposed, not existing now. Source: ODPEM Figure 2.6.2 ODPEM Existing Emergency Communications Network

Early warning and Response Stage

#### ‐ P means officer at Parish level.

Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 2.6.3 Information Communication Path Improved by Sub Component 1-3

Source: ODPEM Figure 2.6.4 Pilot Early Warning System in Portmore

CHAPTER 3 SURVEY IN SAINT LUCIA 3.1 Basic Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions 3.1.1 Basic Parameters on Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions Basic parameters on socio-economic and natural conditions in Saint Lucia are shown in Table 3.1.1. Table 3.1.1 Basic Parameters on Socio-Economic and Natural Conditions in Saint Lucia Basic Parameters Population 0.17million (2010) Area 620 km2 Capital Castries Largest City Castries GDP 1.8 billion USD (2008) GDP Per Capita 10,819 USD (2008) GNI 1,157.90 million USD (2010) GNI Per Capita 6,200 USD (2010) Economic growth rate 4.4 % (2010) Balance of current account -182.81 million USD (2010) Aid total receipts 41.15 million USD (2010) Economic classification High- Middle-income countries (DAC , World Bank ) Independence 22th Feb 1979 Currency East Caribbean dollar (XCD) 1 USD=2.70XCD (Oct 2013) Climate Tropical climate Administrative division 11 district Race African 90.0%, Mulatto6.0% Indian3.0%, other Language English is the official language. Religion Christian 100% Major industry Agriculture centering on banana export and Tourism Major Development Index Average HDI index 0.723 (2011) Percentage to live with less than $2 in 1 day - % Literacy rate (15-24 years ) - % Primary education enrollment rate 88.2 % (2010) Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 birth) 13.8 people (2011) Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 birth ) 35 people (2010) HIV infection rate - % Percentage of available water service 96.0 % (2010) Utilization rate of improved sanitation 65.0 % (2010) Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Data Book (Saint Lucia), Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia) 3.1.2 Outline of Natural Conditions (1) Topography and Geology The island of Saint Lucia, located at 13°59´ N, 61° W, is a small island situated in the Lesser Antillean. There is Martinique Island across Saint Lucia Strait in the northern part of the Saint Lucia Island and there is St. Vincent across the Saint Vincent Strait in the southern part of the island. Saint Lucia is a volcanic island and the highest peak is the Jimmie Mountain with an altitude of 951 m. It has rich tropical rain forests with a mountain. The Petit Piton Mountain (748 m) and Grotesque Piton Mountain (798 m) in the south in Soufriere in the southwest part of an island were registered into world heritage as a piton management area in 2004 Geology of Saint Lucia Island consists almost entirely of volcanic origin with the oldest rocks dating back to the Early Tertiary period. These are composed mainly of andesites, rhyolite and basalt. Limestone deposits formed during the Lower Miocene period are sporadically observed in the island. Volcanic activity continues in the Lesser Antillean including Saint Lucia. The Sulphur Springs, known as the Qualibou Caldera which is 6 km in diameter, is believed to have been formed following the collapse of a large volcanic cone

Source: maps.com Figure 3.1.1 Topography of Saint Lucia

Source: Management of Watershed and Coastal Area （WRM, MAFF） Figure 3.1.2 Geology of Saint Lucia (2) Meteorology The island of Saint Lucia lies in the tropical maritime zone within the north-east Trade Wind belt. Since tropical summer heat softens by the trade winds, Saint Lucia is climate which is easy to endure generally. Annual mean air temperature is 28-degree Centigrade, and there is almost no seasonal variation. Climate of the island can be defined by two seasons, one wet and one dry. The dry season runs from January to May and the wet from June to November. The orographic influence of rainfall is quite pronounced with amounts varying from about 1,265 mm in the relatively flat coastal regions to about 3,420 mm in the elevated interior region.

Source: prestburyworldwideresorts.co.uk Figure 3.1.3 Outline of Meteorology in Saint Lucia 3.1.3 Outline of Socio-Economic Conditions (1) Political Situation Saint Lucia attained independence in 1979 UK. Saint Lucia parliament is a two-party system. UWP (United Workers Party) which is conservative and SLP (Saint Lucia Labour Party）which is democratic socialism are strong. Although the Saint Lucia Labour Party managed politics since 1997, the unification Labour Party which advocated training of agriculture, tourist business, and light industries won, and political power took the place in the general election in 2006. In the general election in November 2011, opposition party SLP which investigated the corruption problem of the governing party UWP wrested political power for the first time five years, and Anthony party leader was inaugurated as the prime minister. (2) Population According to the study of the World Bank, estimated population is 180 thousand in 2012（See Table 3.1.2). Population ratio is decreasing in urban area year by year and increasing in rural area in contrast Table 3.1.2 Change in Population of Saint Lucia Country_Name Indicator_Name 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 St. Lucia Population, total 131032.00 141934.00 150994.00 160217.00 170149.00 180870.00 St. LuciaPopulation growth (annual %) 1.861.261.350.981.470.89 St. Lucia Urban population 37335.47 41798.71 43701.89 41669.56 36039.94 30692.19 St. Lucia Urban population (% of total) 28.49 29.45 28.94 26.01 21.18 16.97 St. Lucia Rural population 93696.53 100135.29 107292.11 118547.44 134109.06 150177.81 St. Lucia Rural population (% of total population) 71.51 70.55 71.06 73.99 78.82 83.03 Source: World Bank, World Data Bank (3) GNI and GDP Provisional value of nominal GNI and GDP per capita are over 5,000 US$ as shown in Table 3.1.3. Table 3.1.3 Nominal GNI and GDP per Capita Indicator Name 2010 2011 2012 GNI per capita, Atlas method (US$) 6,510 6,720 6,530 GDP per capita (US$) 7,244 7,268 7,276 Source：GNI – World Bank, World Data Bank, GDP - IMF, World Economic Outlook database

100

(4) Government Agencies and Administrative Boundary Central Government Ministries in Saint Lucia are shown in Table 3.1.4. Relevant lower organizations for this study are also shown in this table. Figure 3.1.4 shows the relevant government agencies on disaster risk management. Table 3.1.4 Central Government Agencies in Saint Lucia Central Government Agencies Relevant lower organizations for this study Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) 1) National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) Ministry of the Public Service, Information and - Broadcasting (MPIB) Ministry of Legal Affairs (MLA) - Ministry of Home Affairs and National Security 1) Fire Service (SLFS) (MHNS) 2) Police Services (SLPS) Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production, Fisheries - and Rural Development (MAFPFRD) Ministry of Commerce, Business Development, - Investment & Consumer Affairs (MCBDICA) Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and 1) Saint Lucia Meteorological Service (SLMS) Transport (MIPST) 1) Department of Planning and National Development Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs, Planning (DPND) and Social Security (MFEAPSS) 2) St.Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority (SLASPA) Ministry of External Affairs, International Trade - and Civil Aviation (MEITC) Ministry of Tourism, Heritage and Creative - Industry (MTHCI) Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and 1) Physical Planning Section (PPS) Urban Renewal (MPDHU) 2) Survey and Mapping Section (SMS) Ministry of Social Transformation, Local Government and Community Empowerment 1) Social Development Fund (SDF) (MSTLGCE) Ministry of Education, Human Resources - Development and Labour (MEHDL) Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and - Gender Relations (MHWHGR) Ministry of Youth Development & Sports (MYDS) - Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, - Science and Technology (MSDEST) 1) Forest Department (FD) 2) Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) 3) Water and Sewerage Company (WASCO) 4) St.Lucia Electricity Services Limited (LUCELEC)

101

OPM MFEAPSS MSDEST MAFPFRD

DPND FD SLASPA NEMO WRMA WASCO LUCELEC

MHNS MIPST MPDHU MSTLGCE MEHDL MHWHGR MTHCI

SLPS SLFS SLMS PPS SMS SDF

OPM = Office of Prime Minister NEMO = National Emergency Management Office MHNS = Ministry of Home Affairs and National Security SLFS = Fire Service MAFPFRD = Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production, Fisheries and Rural SLPS = Police Services Development SLMS = St Lucia Meteorological Service MIPST = Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport DPND = Department of Planning and National Development MFEAPSS = Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs, Planning and Social SLASPA = St.Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority Security PPS = Physical Planning Section MTHCI = Ministry of Tourism, Heritage and Creative Industry SMS = Survey and Mapping Section MPDHU = Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and Urban Renewal SDF = Social Development Fund MSTLGCE = Ministry of Social Transformation, Local Government and FD = Forest Department Community Empowerment WRMA)= Water Resources Management Agency MEHDL = Ministry of Education, Human Resources Development and WASCO = Water and Sewerage Company Labour LUCELEC = St.Lucia Electricity Services Limited MHWHGR = Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations #### Department in Ministry #### Attached Agency of Ministry. MSDEST= Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology #### University Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 3.1.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management There are 17 local government councils in Saint Lucia. Castries is divided into five councils, although there is only one mayor. There is a mayor also in Gros Islet, Vieux For and Soufriere. Chairperson is assigned in other councils. Both mayor and chairperson are appointed by the central government. Part of salary for the mayor is paid by the government, whereas no salary is paid by the government to the chairperson. There are communities but there is no clear community boundary defined officially, which is more segmentalized than council. Table 3.1.5 Local Administrative Divisions in Saint Lucia Local Government Council District for Statistics Area (km2) Population (2011) 1 Castries Central 2 Castries North 3 Castries East Castries 79.5 66,262 4 Castries South 5 Castries Southeast 6 Anse La Raye/Canaries Anse La Raye/Canaries 46.9 8,368 7 Soufriere Soufriere 50.5 8,550 8 Choiseul Choiseul 31.3 6,154 9 Laborie Laborie 37.8 6,763 10 Vieux-Fort South Vieux-Fort 43.8 16,434 11 Vieux-Fort North 12 Micoud South Micoud 77.7 16,434 13 Micoud North 14 Dennery South Dennery 69.7 12,715 15 Dennery North 16 Babanneau Gros-Islet 101.5 25,443 17 Gros-Islet 合計 539.0 167,123 Source: Local Government Council -MLGCD, Area and Population-Office of Saint Lucia, Annual

102

3.2 Basic Information on Natural Disasters 3.2.1 Database on Disasters While classifying the natural disasters in Saint Lucia, the information about history, frequency, the scales (amount of damage, affected population, etc.), and noteworthy disaster were arranged on the basis of the available disaster database from web-site. (1) Summary of Database The disaster data in Saint Lucia can be obtained from the following sources on the internet. The feature for each of the sources is shown in Table 4.2.1. Table 3.2.1 Database and Information Accumulating Disaster Data in Saint Lucia Database Name and Target Data Note Source URL Providing Institute EM－DAT Natural disaster and - Numerical values, such as http://www.emdat.be （Louvain Catholic man-made disaster all the amount of damage, are University/ Belgium） over the world since arranged for every country 1900. There are many and area registered data since - It records focusing on a 1970. catastrophic natural disaster. GLIDE Number Natural disaster and - GLobal IDEntifier http://glidenumber.n （Asian Disaster Center/ man-made disaster all (GLIDE) number is et/glide/public/searc Japan） over the world since numbered s same as h/search.jsp 2000. disaster number in EM-DAT. - Numerical values, such as the amount of damage, are not arranged. The disaster situation is summarized in the text. Dartmouth Flood Flood disaster situation - Satellite imagery data is http://www.dartmout Observatory all over the world since fundamentally used as h.edu/~floods/ （Dartmouth College/ US） 1985. sauce. - Numerical values, such as the amount of damage, are arranged. National Geophysical Data Earthquake and - Mainly scientific basic data http://www.ngdc.noa Center (National Geophysical Volcano all over the a.gov/ngdcinfo/onlin Data Center/US） world eaccess.html Source：JICA Survey Team

In these, EM-DAT database that covers whole world has the longest data registration period, and its arrangement situation of numerical values, such as the amount of damage, is also good. Due to that, the outline of the disaster in Saint Lucia is checked focusing on the database of EM-DAT. (2) Disaster Record by EM-DAT The number of affected people and deaths, and the total amount of damage were totalled in each natural disaster from the disaster history of whole Saint Lucia from 1900 to 2012 by EM-DAT. A result is shown in Table 4.2.2 and Figure 4.2.1. The largest ten natural disasters in Saint Lucia in terms of the number of deaths by EM-DAT are listed in Table 4.2.3.

103

Table 3.2.2 Record of Disasters in Saint Lucia (EM-DAT, 1900-2012） Number Killed Affected Est. Type of Disaster of Damage Disaster （1000US$） Drought Drought 1 0 0 0 Earthquake (seismic activity) Earthquake (ground shaking) 1 0 0 0 Flood Flash Flood 1 0 2,000 0 Mass movement wet Landslide 1 0 175 0 Unspecified 1 0 3,000 1,290 Storm Tropical cyclone 13 97 81,950 1,135,455 Note：Numbers in the table indicate total sum in1900-2012. Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team。

Number of Number of Disasters Deaths

Amount of Damage

Number of Affected People

Note：Ratio in the table indicate total sum in1900-2012. Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team Figure 3.2.1 Record of Disasters in Saint Lucia by EM-DAT（1900-2012）

Table 3.2.3 Largest Ten Natural Disasters in Jamaica in Terms of Number of Deaths (EM-DAT, 1900-2012) Est. Damage Type of Disaster Date Killed （Reference） US1000$ Storm 1988/9/11 45 1,000,000 Storm 1980/8/1 18 No Data Storm 1963/9/25 10 3,465 Storm 2010/10/30 10 500 Storm 1980/7/31 9 87,990 Flood 2013/12/23 6 No Data Storm 1994/9/10 4 No Data Storm 2007/8/17 1 40,000 Source：Accumulation from EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, Universite Catholique de Louvain – Brussels ( http://www.emdat.be ) by JICA Survey Team

104

3.2.2 Situation of Disaster Data in Saint Lucia (1) Definition of Type of Disaster Definition of disaster type in NEMO follows the rough classification by NEMO itself. Number of disaster types and the explanation are limited compared to EM-DAT or DesInventar used in Jamaica. The types of disaster are EARTHQUAKE / FIRE / LANDSLIDE / MEDICAL/OIL SPILL / STORM AND FLOOD / OTHER in NEMO database. (“Medical” records epidemic like influenza, dengue fevers etc. as natural disaster.) (2) Contents of Disaster Database Disaster Catalogue is continuously updated by NEMO director own effort in Saint Lucia. The data is recoded since 1700s. During disaster, the Director assesses the situation and report to related agency periodically. The recipients are mainly CDEMA and OPM. On the other hand NEMO reports to donors or humanitarian support agency etc. Damage Assessment Reports are organized in 3 phases after disaster event. They are First Phase （by 48hours）, Second Phase（by one week）, Third Phase（by a few months）. The third phase of Damage Assessment Report is used for a report which is mainly about economic loss estimated by MEFAPSS. MEFAPSS disaster report about economic loss relies on donation of foreign agency in large part. However, the estimation of economic loss is not enough in point of tourist business in disaster assessment; Nevertheless, tourist business is the main business in Saint Lucia. Outline of past large scale disaster damage is listed below. Large scale disasters in this table are selected from a) National scale disaster which NEMO listed the disaster damage amount in their database after 2000, or b) Disaster mentioned as large scale in the interview. Table 3.2.4 National Scale Disaster in Recent Years Date Hurricane Damage Economic Loss Deaths Source Name millionUS$※ millionUS$※ 22 Sep. 2002 Lili 7.5 N/A 0 NEMO Report 7 Jul. 2003 (Tropical Wave) 1.1 N/A 0 NEMO Report 9 Sep. 2004 Ivan 2.6 N/A 0 NEMO Report 30 Oct. 2010 Thomas 225.1 111.0 7 MFEAPSS Report

24 Dec. 2013 (Christmas 75.9 13.5 6 WB（Contemporary） Heavy Rain) ※The amount of damage of the days is used as it is. EC$2.7=1US$ estimated.

Summary of especially distinguished three disasters in this table is given below. Hurricane Thomas (2010) The damage was the most in recent years and large damage was identified in all areas. The damage was large in infrastructure especially, and the amount was 145.0million USD. The maximum Rainfall was more than 668mm/24hours, and maximum wind speed was 160km/h(44m/s). The damage by hurricane Thomas is so serious, there are some broken roads and bridges which remain untouched. Christmas Heavy Rain (2013) Not categorized in Saint Lucia. Infrastructure damage was 70.6millionUSD which was almost direct damage in total damage 75.9million USD. Maximum rainfall was 224mm/3hours, and it caused flood in various sites like Bexon, Marc, Anse la Raye, Vieux Fort. There are extensive damages such as superstructure of bridge flushed away, and which is hurried up to rebuild.

105

(3) Issues Issues on the disaster database are described below. 1） Elaboration of Economic Loss Estimation with Consideration of Saint Lucian Business Structure in Disaster Assessment It is strange that the tourist business is the main business in Saint Lucia. Disaster management could be more effective to elaborate disaster assessment with consideration of characteristic business structure in Saint Lucia.

106

3.3 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management Administration The present situation of disaster risk management administration is: (1) present policy framework for disaster risk management; and (2) present institutional framework for disaster risk management. 3.3.1 Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management (1) Outline of Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Management The national policy for disaster risk management has shifted from the post-disaster approach to the pre-disaster approach to attain the aims to reduce disaster risks in an integrated manner, considering the whole stages of disaster risk management. The government aims to attain an integrated disaster risk management by emphasising preparedness and main streaming of disaster risk management. Present disaster risk management administrations in Saint Lucia followed the Disaster Preparedness and Response Act of 2000, which was established based on the CDERA Model Disaster Management. The National Emergency Management Office (NEMO) was established based on the act. In 2006, the Disaster Management Act was established. Accordingly, NEMO has been promoting the disaster risk management and preparedness, response and disaster management. The National Emergency Management Plan (NEMP) in 2006 consists of the following six documents.  General Guidelines  9 Policy Documents  7 Guidelines  4 Standard Emergency Operation Procedures  26 Emergency Management Plans  7 Sector Emergency Management Plans (2) Significance of Disaster Risk Management in National Development Plan National Vision Plan (2008) shows visions for national development. However, there is no description specific to disaster risk management in it. It implies that there had not been enough consideration for disaster risk management in the national development plan. The disaster risk management has been more significant in the development plan, after Hurricane Tomas hit the country in 2010. (3) Budget for Disaster Risk Management (a) General Fiscal year in Saint Lucia starts from April and ends in March of the following year. The expenditure is categorized into Recurrent and Capital.  Recurrent: Recurrent expenditure including emolument, allowance, small scale equipment and operation and maintenance  Capital B: Capital investment (b) Budget for Disaster Risk Management The national budget and budget for disaster risk management in the last three years, on the basis of information provided by MFEAPSS, are shown in the following table. There is no item specified as “Disaster Management” in the budget table by MFEAPSS. The budget for NEMO and one for infrastructure which is clearly related to disaster risk reduction such as rehabilitation projects, river training and slope stability is counted as the budget for disaster risk management. In this sense, for example, the budget for Meteorological Service is not included in the budget for disaster risk management in the table. Table 3.3.1 National Budget and Budget for Disaster Risk Management in Saint Lucia

107

2011-2012 (1000 EC$) 2012-2013 (1000 EC$) 2013-2014 (1000 EC$) Total Recurrent Capital Total Recurrent Capital Total Recurrent Capital National Budget (A) 1,337,807 895,382 442,425 1,457,859 962,938 494,921 1,327,405 947,089 380,316 Budget for DRM (B) 42,124 561 41,563 57,445 671 56,773 31,036 663 30,372 NEMO 622 561 62 671 671 0 682 663 18 MIPST 26,865 0 26,865 36,316 0 36,316 15,000 0 15,000 WRMA 0 0 0 1,561 0 1,561 1,554 0 1,554 MFEAPSS 14,637 0 14,637 18,896 0 18,896 13,800 0 13,800 (B/A) Share of DRM 3.1 0.1 9.4 3.9 0.1 11.5 2.3 0.1 8.0 % Source: MFEAPSS

Recently, the national budget of Saint Lucia is about EC$1,300 – 1,400 million, whereas the budget for disaster risk management is about EC$30 - 40 million or about 2 - 4% of the national budget. However, the share of disaster risk management in terms of Capital reaches to about 10% of its national total. (c) Disaster Fund There is no disaster fund in Saint Lucia. Part of contingency in the national budget is utilized for emergent budget when disaster occurs.

108

3.3.2 Institutional Framework for Disaster Risk Management (1) Framework of Disaster Risk Management The National Emergency Management Organization (NEMO) is the responsible agency for disaster risk management in Saint Lucia. Its jurisdiction covers not only response for disaster but also preparedness, prevention/mitigation, rehabilitation/reconstruction4. It was established on the basis of the Disaster Preparedness and Response Act in 2000. Vision and Mission of NEMO are as follows5.  Vision: A nation highly resilient to hazard impacts and adaptable to hazard risks.  Mission: The role of the National Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO) is to develop, test and implement adequate measures to protect the population of Saint Lucia from the physical, social, environmental and economic effects of both natural and man- made disasters. Its responsibility is to ensure the efficient functioning of preparedness, prevention, mitigation and response actions. The organizational structure of NEMO is as shown in Figure 3.3.1. NEMO belongs to the Office of the Prime Minister and the chairperson of NEMO is the Prime Minister. The Cabinet Secretar is the deputy chairperson of NEMO, and manages NEMAC that consists of ministers, police, Red Cross, SLASPMA etc. The director of NEMO together with the NEMO Secretariat coordinates the activities of NEMO. NEMO is supported by 10 National Disaster Committees and 18 local disaster committees as shown in the figure.

Source: Gov. of Saint Lucia, National Emergency Management System (2011). Figure 3.3.1 Organization Structure of NEMO The District Committees of NEMO are supported by volunteers. There is a leader and about 10 core members registered for each committee. In some districts, the chairperson of the district doubles as leader of the district committee of NEMO.

4 Gov. of Saint Lucia, National Emergency Management System (2011). 5 NEMO web-sire (http://www.nemo.gov.lc/home/default.aspx)

109

(2) Role of Government Agencies on Disaster Risk Management General framework of disaster risk management in Saint Lucia is along the disaster risk management cycle which consists of prevention/mitigation, preparedness, response and rehabilitation / reconstruction. On the basis of the information available through web-sites, responsible government agencies in each stage of the disaster management cycle are as summarized in Table 3.3.2. Table 3.3.2 Responsible Government Agencies in Disaster Risk Management Disaster Management Relevant Government Agencies Cycle Total coordination Common -NEMO: National Emergency Management Office Prevention / Identification of Risk (Risk mapping etc.) Mitigation -MPDHU-PPS: Physical Planning Section, Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and Urban Renewal Non-Structural Measures -MPDHU-PPS: Physical Planning Section, Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and Urban Renewal (Spatial planning / Regulation of land use) -MPDHU: Ministry of Physical Development, Housing and Urban Renewal (Earthquake and water resistant Structures) -MSDEST-FD: Forest Department, Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology (Watershed Management) - MAFPFRD: Ministry of Agriculture, Food Production, Fisheries and Rural Development (Reduction of damage in agricultural product) Structural Measures -MIPST: Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (Infrastructure for road and flood control) Preparedness Early Warning System -MIPST- SLMS: St Lucia Meteorological Service, Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (Meteorological Disaster) -MSDEST-WRMA: Water Resources Management Agency, Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology ( Flood and drought) reparation of Evacuation Place and Relief Materials -NEMO: National Emergency Management Office Awareness -NEMO: National Emergency Management Office Response Coordination -NEMO: National Emergency Management Office Emergency Operation -SLFS: Saint Lucia Fire Service and others Emergency Medical Services -MHWHGR: Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations Public Assistance -MHWHGR: Ministry of Health, Wellness, Human Services and Gender Relations, (Red Cross) Rehabilitation/ Coordination Reconstruction -NEMO: National Emergency Management Office Disaster Assessment - MFEAPSS: Ministry of Finance, Economic Affairs, Planning and Social Security Rehabilitation and Reconstruction -MIPST: Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport -MSDEST: Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology -Other responsible agencies for infrastructure Source: JICA Survey Team based on relevant information

110

(3) Organization and Budget of NEMO Secretariat There are about 10 staff members in the NEMO Secretariat. Many volunteers support the NEMO Secretariat. Many of the members of national committees for emergency response are volunteers. For example, responsible person for emergency communication is a volunteer. There is no staff for the position of deputy director. According to the Annual Report of NEMO in 2012, the proposed secretariat structure of NEMO is as shown in Figure 3.3.2. It could be understood that many new positions are required. It is inevitable to secure necessary staff members for the NEMO Secretariat, in order for NEMO to be fully functioning as the coordinating body for all stages of disaster risk management.

Source: NEMO, 2012 Annual Report on the National Emergency Management System of Saint Lucia (2013) Figure 3.3.2 Proposed Organization Stricture of NEMO Secretariat shown in the Annual Report of NEMO in 2012 At present, activities of the NEMO Secretariat concentrate to education of disaster and public awareness in the preparedness stage and emergency operation in the response stage. According to the Annual Report of NEMO in 20126, the problem of NEMO is as follows.,  Management of ICT technology is insufficient. The ICT in NEMO are supported by other agencies (MIPST etc.) with ad-hoc basis.  The level of ICT environment is not enough as a secretariat of responsible agency for disaster risk management. According to assessment by World Bank, the level of ICT is Level 1, which requires urgent improvement.  It is necessary to allocate human resources for media, telecommunication, BCP and coordinator for mass event into NEMO.

6 NEMO, 2012 Annual Report on the National Emergency Management System of Saint Lucia (2013)

111

 Special knowledge on analysing risk mapping is required.  Human and financial resources for updating hazard and risk map. Table 3.3.3 shows the budget of NEMO for the last four years.

Table 3.3.3 Budget of NEMO for the Last Four Years No Item 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 101 Personal Emoluments 248,754 328,428 328,429 337,187 102 Wages 34,401 26,503 41,318 44,772 105 Travel and Subsistence 40,236 40,248 40,248 28,440 108 Training 3,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 109 Office and General Expense 17,575 18,000 18,000 18,000 110 Supplies and Materials 2,850 3,672 3,672 3,672 113 Utilities 45,000 39,751 98,440 94,980 114 Tools and Instruments 450 450 150 150 115 Communication 29,760 33,345 35,631 30,892 Operating and Maintenance 116 Service 40,000 40,000 45,000 45,000 117 Rental of Property 0 1,000 0 0 118 Hire of Equipment and Transport 500 1,122 1,872 1,872 Professional and Consultancy 132 Services 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 137 Insurance 24,000 24,000 53,500 53,500 Purchase of Furniture and 214 Equipment 23,114 61,522 0 13,385 Total 510,640 623,041 671,260 676,850 Unit: EC$ Source: MFEAPSS

112

Table 3.3.4 Budget of Meteorological Service for the Last Four Years No Item 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 101 Personal Emoluments 1,349,119 1,277,163 1,334,643 1,398,851 105 Travel and Subsistence 38,256 46,708 26,448 30,642 108 Training 50,000 35,000 35,000 10,000 109 Office and General Expense 10,300 6,800 6,800 8,740 114 Tools and Instruments 20,000 2,500 2,000 500 115 Communication 26,142 21,991 24,005 27,531 Operating and Maintenance 116 Service 36,500 17,000 17,000 3,000 118 Hire of Equipment and Transport 110,500 110,500 110,000 126,500 Esatb. Of Quality Management 205 System 150,000 0 150,000 100,000 Global Telecom Systems 206 Equipment Upgrade 0 0 0 100,000 Total 1,790,817 1,517,662 1,705,896 1,805,764 Unit: EC$ Source: MFEAPSS

(b) Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) The activities of Water Resources Agency (WRMA) which is one of the lower organization of the Ministry of Sustainable Development, Energy, Science and Technology (MSDEST) are authorized under the Water and Sewerage Act. The responsible areas of WRMA are as follows.  Management of water use permit  Promotion of sustainable use of water resources  Advice for water use and water resources conservation  Water resources assessment including survey and research  Formulation of watershed management plan  Formulation of water resources plan and water allocation  Technical advice for water resources  Advice for emergency related to water  Establishment of database for water resources management and management of information The organizational chart of WRMA is shown in Figure 3.3.3. Director

Senior Executive Water Resource Information Systems Officer (SEO) Specialist Manager

Secretary Field Scientist

Water Resource Driver/Office Attendant Officers

Office Cleaner

Source: WRMA Figure 3.3.3 Organization Structure of WRMA

113

Table 3.3.5 shows the budget of WRMA for the last four years.

Table 3.3.5 Budget of Water Resources Authority for the Last Two Years No Item 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 101 Personal Emoluments 442,032 433,845 511,541 497,686 105 Travel and Subsistence 56,520 56,520 56,520 56,045 109 Office and General Expense 3,480 3,480 3,480 3,550 110 Supplies and Materials 855 900 855 885 115 Communication 10,094 10,094 6,045 8,940 Operating and Maintenance 116 Service 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 137 Insurance 0 0 7,300 6,290 Early Warning System and Hydrological Monitoring for 201 Water Management and 0 0 1,561,150 1,553,902 Disaster Risk Reduction Total 532,981 524,839 2,166,891 2,147,298 Unit: EC$ Source: MFEAPSS

(c) Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (MIPST) The Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (MIPST) is responsible for the development of infrastructure. Vision and Mission of MIPST are as follows.  Vision: To be a flagship Ministry critical to the achievement of infrastructural and national development.  Mission: Creating an environment that fosters sustainable, social and economic growth of Saint Lucia through the development of: A superior road and transportation network, Advanced global communication services, Exceptional public utility services, Vigilant and well-equipped Meteorological services; and A dynamic regulatory framework that fulfils the diverse needs of our customers and stakeholders with a cadre of professional employees. The organization chart of MIPST is shown in Figure 3.3.4.

Honorable Minister

Permanent Secretary

Deputy Permanent Deputy Permanent Secretary (North) Secretary (South)

Chief Chief Chief Chief Information Director Information Financial Transport Electrical Meteorological Engineer Officer of Works Officer Analyst Officer Engineer Officer

Transport Electrical Meteorological Technical Communications IT Unit Senior Building Dept. Dept. Dept. Service Unit Accountant Unit Dept.

Accountants Department Source: MIPST Figure 3.3.4 Organization Structure of MIPST

114

Table 3.3.6 shows the budget of MIPST for the last four years.

Table 3.3.6 Budget of MIPST for the Last Four Years Item 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014 Recurrent 35,566,800 35,433,800 29,547,600 31,845,000 Capital 49,281,640 103,149,479 95,885,273 51,880,612 Total 84,848,440 138,583,279 125,432,873 83,725,612 Remarks: Budget for Ministry of Communication and d Works are shown for 2010-2011 and 2011-2012. Unit: EC$ Source: MFEAPSS

115

3.3.3 Progress of Hyogo Framework for Action In the World Conference on Disaster Reduction on January 2005, the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 was adopted. Each country including developing countries has responsibility on sustainable development and protection of life and property in the country, and has been working on enhancing capacity on disasters, especially for five priority areas for the action. According to HFA Report by Saint Lucia government in 2011, the achievement of the priority actions in HFA are as shown in Table 3.3.9. Table 3.3.7 Achievement of Priority Actions in HFA in Saint Lucia Achieve- Priority Action Indicator ment* Ensure that disaster 1 National policy and legal framework for disaster risk reduction exists with 4 risk reduction is a decentralised responsibilities and capacities at all levels. national and a local 2 Dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement disaster risk 3 1 priority with a reduction plans and activities at all administrative levels strong institutional Community Participation and decentralisation is ensured through the basis for 3 delegation of authority and resources to local levels 4 implementation. 4 A national multi sectorial platform for disaster risk reduction is functioning. 2 National and local risk assessments based on hazard data and vulnerability 1 information are available and include risk assessments for key sectors. 2 Identify, assess and 2 Systems are in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on key hazards 3 2 monitor disaster and vulnerabilities risks and enhance Early warning systems are in place for all major hazards, with outreach to early warning 3 communities. 3 National and local risk assessments take account of regional / trans boundary 4 risks, with a view to regional cooperation on risk reduction. 4 Relevant information on disasters is available and accessible at all levels, to all 1 stakeholders (through networks, development of information sharing systems 3 Use knowledge, innovation and etc.) education to build a 2 School curricula, education material and relevant trainings include disaster risk 3 3 culture of safety and reduction and recovery concepts and practices. resilience at all 3 Research methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost benefit 3 levels analysis are developed and strengthened. Countrywide public awareness strategy exists to stimulate a culture of disaster 4 resilience, with outreach to urban and rural communities. 3 Disaster risk reduction is an integral objective of environment related policies 1 and plans, including for land use natural resource management and adaptation 3 to climate change. Social development policies and plans are being implemented to reduce the 2 vulnerability of populations most at risk. 2 Reduce the 3 Economic and productive sectorial policies and plans have been implemented 1 4 underlying risk to reduce the vulnerability of economic activities factors Planning and management of human settlements incorporate disaster risk 4 reduction elements, including enforcement of building codes. 3 Disaster risk reduction measures are integrated into post disaster recovery and 5 rehabilitation processes 2 Procedures are in place to assess the disaster risk impacts of major 6 development projects, especially infrastructure. 3 Strong policy, technical and institutional capacities and mechanisms for 1 disaster risk management, with a disaster risk reduction perspective are in 3 place. Strengthen disaster Disaster preparedness plans and contingency plans are in place at all preparedness for 2 administrative levels, and regular training drills and rehearsals are held to test 3 5 effective response at and develop disaster response programmes. all levels Financial reserves and contingency mechanisms are in place to support 3 effective response and recovery when required. 3 Procedures are in place to exchange relevant information during hazard events 4 and disasters, and to undertake post-event reviews 3 *1: Achievement 5 indicates full achievement. Lower number shows lower achievement. Source: National Progress Report 2009-2011, Saint Lucia.

116

3.3.4 Issues in Disaster Risk Management Administration The identified issues in disaster risk management administration are as follows. 1) Enhancement of NEMO Secretariat Key staffs of NEMO should be employed by government in order to effectively utilize power of volunteers. It is necessary to realize promptly the enhancement of NEMO Secretariat, which has been proposed by NEMO.

117

3.4 Present Situation of Disaster Risk Management by Type of Disaster 3.4.1 Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster (1) Meteorological Observation (a) General The meteorological observation is a fundamental element to support both reductions of disaster risk as well as adaptation to climate change. The meteorological observation in Saint Lucia is implemented by Saint Lucia Meteorological Service (SLMS) which is one of lower organization of the Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (MIPST). In addition, the Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) is also implementing meteorological observation, in view of water resources management. SLMS and WRMA are exchanging the MOU which promotes the cooperation operation and maintenance for meteorological observation equipment. SLMS operates weather centre at Hewanorra International Airport and meteorological observation centre at George F.L. Charles International Airport as well as the main office in MIPST. The organization and budget of SLMS are shown in Section 3.3.2. (b) Meteorological Monitoring System SLMS is managing and operating the following observation equipment.  2 Synoptic Stations  17 Automatic Weather Stations WRMA also conducts meteorological observation. Synoptic Station Synoptic stations are installed at Hewanorra International Airport and George F.L. Charles International Airport. Automatic Weather Station The observed data by 17 automatic weather stations, which was introduced under assistance by WB in 2004, are received via HF radio communication, are then stored and viewed at Hewanorra International Airport and George F.L. Charles International Airport (refer to Figure 3.4.1). Many sensors are not functioning due to problems in battery. The computer that receives the data at George F.L. Charles International Airport is also not functioning.

Source: JICA Survey Team (taken at Hewanorra International Airport) Figure 3.4.1 Data Viewer of Automatic Weather Stations (Hewanorra International Airport)

118

Weather Centre at Hewanorra International Airport The weather centre at Hewanorra International Airport is operated on a round-the-clock basis. It operates synoptic station and automatic weather station. The observed data including 6hours total precipitation are inputted and transmitted to Washington Centre by GTS. The data are shared worldwide. There is also the meteorological observation stations set by CIMH, which transmit the observed data through satellite communication. The data can be seen from web-site. Meteorological Observation by WRMA WRMA operates 27 meteorological stations (2 automatic weather stations, 21 automatic rainfall stations, 4 manual rainfall stations) as shown in Figure 3.4.2. The data at automatic stations are stored by data logger, and periodically collected.

Source: http://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/reglstrm/st_lucia.ppt Figure 3.4.2 Meteorological Observation Network by WRMA Information from Observation Network outside Country As for information of meteorological radar, the observed data by the radar in Barbados are referred through the web-site of CIMH. In addition, the observed data by the radar at Martinique are also obtained by getting permission from the French government. The information of hurricane is obtained from the hurricane centre in Miami. (c) Numerical modelling related to meteorology and its usage In the weather centre at Hewanorra International Airport, the predicted values with 50km grid under GFS (Global Forecasting System) by NOAA are downloaded and utilized. Wingridd is used for data processing. The software for downscaling, which is called as Smart Net, was introduced. However, it is not fully utilized. The downscaled data with WRF by CIMH are referred through web-site. Other weather forecast available in web-site is also referred. In addition to the predicted values, the observation by radar in Barbados and Martinique as well

119

as automatic weather stations are referred for weather forecasting. The staffs in the centre prepare the information to be provided to Media as weather forecast. (d) Coordination with relevant organizations on early warning In the normal situation, weather forecasts at 6am, 12am and 6pm are provided to Media by e-mail or facsimile. During severe weather, the weather information is provided following established procedure. The information on hurricane is also provided on the basis of the information from hurricane centre at Miami. The data observed by AWS are usually not opened to the public. However, if asked, the data are provided. The emergency communication between the weather centre at Hewanorra International Airport and NEMO secured by HF radio, even if mobile phone and internet are down. NEMO Secretariat is not the main actor for early warning. The warning from SLMS is directly provided to media. After NEMO Secretariat receives the warning, it would confirm if NEMAC and District Committee has received the warning. (2) Meteorological Disaster (a) General As shown in Section 3.2, the meteorological disaster such as storm, storm surge, and high wave due to hurricane is one of the most severe disasters which have brought the largest affected people and economic losses in Saint Lucia. Record of meteorological disaster in Saint Lucia is shown in Table 3.4.1. Table 3.4.1 Record of Meteorological Disaster in Saint Lucia Number of Number of Amount of Year and Date Event Affected Remarks Deaths Damage People 2,000 - October 11, 1780 Hurricane preliminary October 11, 1780 Hurricane estimate Loss to shipping and October 21, 1817 Hurricane unknown damage to west coast villages August 11, 1831 Hurricane 11 September 11, Hurricane 13 1898 September 25, Rainstorm 1 1908 February 7, 1911 Rainstorm 11 November 7, 1933 Rainstorm 3 September 22, Hurricane Janet 1955 Hurricane July 10, 1960 6 EC$4 million Abby September 25, Hurricane EC$3/4 million 1963 Edith Tropical August 1, 1966 EC$3/4 million Depression Tropical Storm September 7, 1967 1 EC$2 million Beulah Hurricane August 29, 1979 Coastal damage David EC$250 million Hurricane August 3/4, 1980 9 6,000 (US$100 Allen million) Tropical Storm September 8, 1986 Danielle September 9/10, Tropical Storm 3 EC$230 million 1994 Debby October 26, 1996 Tropical Wave EC$12 million

120

Number of Number of Amount of Year and Date Event Affected Remarks Deaths Damage People One family (with 1 dead 3 families at Vannard, Anse la October 21, 1998 Tropical Wave 1 EC$621,500 displaced Raye.) Two families at Sunbuilt, Castries. November 19, Hurricane $16.9 million 1999 Lenny Became known for the 125 in evacuation order given September 22/23, Tropical Storm temporary $EC20.3 million for the village of Anse la 2002 Lili shelters Raye that the entire village ignored. EC$3 million to the July 7th 2003 Tropical Wave EC$3.07 million banana sector September 9th, Hurricane Ivan None 0 EC$6,981,800.00 2004 [cat 4] Hurricane August 17, 2007 1 None Unknown Dean October 6 – 16, Flood None None Unknown 11 days of rain 2007 October 30/31, Hurricane Significant flooding and 7 2,000 EC$900million 2011 Tomas landslides Source: NEMO Secretariat, Saint Lucia Disaster. Catalogue, 2011.

(b) Observation of Tide According to SLMS, there is no functioning tide gauge. Currently, SLMS utilizes the tide data observed by Martinique, which is located between Saint Lucia and Martinique. It is proposed that three tide gauges in Saint Lucia would be set by PPCR assisted by WB. (c) Evaluation of Risk As for the storm, storm surge and high wave, evaluation of probable hazard has been done in Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project (CDMP) (see Figure 3.4.3). As an example, it is estimated that the probable storm surge and high wave with 100-year return period around Castries reach to 0.6m and 6.1m, respectively. (d) Measures for Disaster Risk Reduction According to MPDHU, although the importance of land use regulation considering disaster risk as one of non-structural measures is recognized, there has been no actual measure applied. MSDEST pointed out that the coastal area management, which is expected to have risk for meteorological hazard, is not based on scientific knowledge.

121

St. Lucia 14.25 N The projection of the illustrations is Plate Carrée, a square grid of Probable Storm Effects latitude and longitude. Resolution is 30 arc-seconds. North-South distances are true to scale. East-West distances are stretched 2.9% at 13.6 degrees North, and stretched Points of Interest: 3.2% at 14.25 degrees North. All model results were calculated using great-circle distances 1. Castries: Airport & town with harbour. The based on the WGS84 datum. harbour does not show at this resolution, so wave 1 and surge readings are taken 1 cell to the north Castries

2. Dennery: Town and promontory facing east over W 60.65 shoaling bottom Ross Wagenseil for CDMP 3. Vieux Fort: Harbour and town facing west. 2 61.3 W January 2000 Dennery Note: Waves and surges for Points of Interest are reported from the nearest cell offshore. St. Lucia

3 20 MILES

30 KILOMETERS Vieux Fort ARC-MINUTES 15 N CDMP 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr 13.6 N

Wind 20 10 This set of maps is part of Section 2 of the Atlas of Probable Storm Effects in the Caribbean Sea, which was sponsored by the Caribbean Disaster Mitigation Project (CDMP), a joint effort of the Organization of American States (OAS) and the US Agency for Wave 10 International Development (USAID). These maps are a result of new techniques for modeling storms and estimating the probabilities Surge of storms, developed in part under the patronage of CDMP. Refer to the Atlas for explanatory materials. WINDS represent sustained 1-minute winds at 10 m above the surface, and include both surface friction and topographic effects at a resolution of 30 arc-seconds. Friction factors derive from a Level I land-cover classification, with water, forest and open land 5 10 predominating. If using wind damage models or building codes which internally include surface friction or topographic corrections, the nearest open-water wind speed from one of these maps may be used as input. Careful judgement is advised in reading and applying the values. •SURGES include astronomical tide and setups from pressure, wind and wave, but not wave runup. Surges over land are shown as elevation above sea level, not water depth. 0 0 0 •WAVES are the heights of wave crests above the storm surge level in open water. Shoreline effects do not appear at this resolution. 14.25 N Waves 14.25 N Surges 100-Year Return Time 100-Year Return Time St. Lucia St. Lucia

1. Castries: 0.6 m 1. Castries: 6.1 m 1 1 60.65 W 60.65

60.65 W 2. Dennery: 0.6 m 2. Dennery: 6.0 m Ross Wagenseil Ross Wagenseil forRoss CDMP Wagenseil for CDMP 3. Vieux Fort: 0.5 m 3. Vieux Fort: 5.9 m for CDMP 2 2 W 61.3 January 2000 61.3 W January 2000 January 2000

3 3 MILES 20 MILES 20 KILOMETERS 30 KILOMETERS 30 ARC-MINUTES ARC-MINUTES 15 N 15 N CDMP CDMP 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr 13.6 N 10yr 25yr 50yr 100yr 13.6 N 20 Wind 20 Wind 10 Wave Heights 10 Surge Heights Wave 10 Wave 10 Surge Surge

10 5 10 Meters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 Meters 12 3 45 6 Feet 51015 20 25 Feet 5 10 15 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Min Max Min Max Source: http://www.oas.org/CDMP/document/reglstrm/st_lucia.ppt Figure 3.4.3 Evaluation of Probable Storm, Storm Surge and High Wave Hazard (3) Issues in Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster The identified issues in meteorological observation and meteorological disaster are as follows. 1) Integrated management of Meteo-hydrological monitoring by SLMS and WRMA In order to effectively utilize available resources in Saint Lucia, cooperation between SLMA and WRMA would be enhanced. It would enable managing the meteo-hydrological data in an integrated manner. 2) Refinement of meteorological information The prediction of hazard associated with meteorological condition would be improved by providing the weather information with more accurate and higher resolution in space and time.

122

3) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for storm surge The areas where the risk map for storm surge has been prepared are very limited. It is necessary to upgrade and expand the risk assessment, starting from relatively high risk area identified by preliminary screening. 4) Preparation of guideline for coastal management on the basis of knowledge of coastal engineering It is necessary to implement development of coastal area as well as coastal area management, on the basis of scientific knowledge.

123

3.4.2 Flood Disaster (1) General Disasters caused by floods and storm surges are the major natural disasters in Saint Lucia. According to the record of disasters the storm/storm surges show the largest damage amount and the largest number of affected people followed by floods. The floods are resulted from the heavy rains, steep topography and unsuitable land use conditions and assumed to include flash floods and debris flows due to the natural conditions. In Saint Lucia there are 37 river basins and the water conservation capacities of which are decreasing due to the decreasing forest area and the increasing unsuitable land uses at the steep mountain slope area. The coastal areas have a high risk of damages caused by floods and storm surges during hurricanes and tropical storms. It is indicated that Denny Quarter at the Atlantic Ocean side and Anse La Ray Quarter at the Caribbean Sea side are high risk areas of flood and storm surge. (2) Current Condition of Flood Mitigation (a) General According to the Water and Sewerage Act amended in 2008, Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) has authority for formulating the Water Master Plan and Watershed Management Plan. The Water Master Plan mainly deals with water use and water allocation. On the other hand, the definition of Watershed Management Plan is not clear, especially if flood management is included or not. According to WRMA, the flood management as well as water and soil conservation and forest management are included in the Watershed Management Plan. The Ministry of Infrastructure, Port Services and Transport (MIPST) is responsible for development of all infrastructures including structural measures for flood management. The organization and budget of WRA and NWA are shown in Section 3.3.2. (b) Observation of Flood There is only one manual gauging station that is functioning. Other stations have been destroyed by floods. It is necessary to establish hydrological monitoring network with tolerance against flood damage as soon as possible. The observed daily data are stored in web-based database and excel. The web-based database has not yet been opened to the public. WRMA is now seeking proper database which is suitable for flood data whose data interval is short. (c) Early Warning and Evacuation System There exists only one flood warning system in Saint Lucia, which was introduced by CADM2. In CADM2, the flood warning and evacuation system was established for Corinth community in Glos Islet. One rainfall stations and two gauging stations were set as part of the system. When water level reaches to critical level, message by SMS is automatically sent to the representative of the community. Then, the representative (a few persons) would inform the warning to the community by the established communication network.

124

Source: NEMO Figure 3.4.4 Conceptual Diagram for Flood Warning and Evacuation System introduced in CADM2

Source: NEMO Figure 3.4.5 Flow of Information Flood for Warning and Evacuation System introduced in CADM2 During the survey, the site reconnaissance for the CADM2 site was conducted. The condition of the equipment introduced in CADM2 was fairly good. However, batteries for two gauging stations were not functioning. Since WRMA prioritized the observation of water level, the battery used for rainfall station was tentatively used for one of the gauging stations. According to NEMO, donors have proposed to establish flood warning systems in Dennary (WB), Soufriere (CDEMA) and Bexon (AusAID). These would be similar system as that introduced by CADM2, although siren might be additionally installed in some cases. Electrical substation in Union in the north of Castries has been frequently inundated during severe weather. LUCELEC has been bypassed the power by switching the system before hurricane hit. However, LUCELEC could not respond against the flood occurred in December

125

2013, because it was not by hurricane and was very difficult to be predicted. LUCELEC is now considering the introduction of flood warning system with water level gauge near the substation, so that the real-time information on flood can be monitored at the power control center of Cul de Sac.

Water level gauge set near Corinth community. Rainfall measuring device (Cover was removed) There is low risk for the gauge to be destroyed by flood, since it is noncontact type sensor. Source: JICA Survey Team Figure 3.4.6 Equipment for Flood Warning introduced in CADM2 (d) Evaluation of Flood Hazards There is only one flood hazard map by CADM2. In order to reduce damages by flood hazard, flood hazard mapping and warning system on the basis of flood observation and analysis should be prepared. Furthermore, priority measures should be examined, on the basis of the flood risk assessment. WRMA has intension to conduct flood risk assessment in future. It is necessary to enhance the capability of WRMA staffs for flood analysis, especially for flood inundation simulation.

Source: JICA Survey Team (taken at NEMO) Figure 3.4.7 Flood Hazard Map prepared in CADM2

126

(e) Non-Structural Measures Regulation of Land Use According to MPDHU, although the importance of land use regulation considering disaster risk as one of non-structural measures is recognized, there has been no actual measure applied. Flood Resistant Structures Many schools are located in disaster risk area, especially in flood prone area. According to MEHDL, it has been recognized that at least 15 schools in Canaries, Bexon, Anse La Raye, Soufiriere, Vieux etc. are located in high risk area against flood hazard. Actually, the schools in Canaries, Anse La Raye and Bexon have been damaged in the flood occurred in December 2013. In the Basic Education Enhancement Project (BEEP) assisted by CDB, the schools located in flood risk area have been changed to high-floored structure. (Some schools of 8 candidate schools to retrofit) In case that relocation of the schools locates in flood risk area is difficult, the high-floored structure would be alternative solution for reducing the risk. Securing Water Supply during Disaster In order to prevent secondary damages, securing the safe water supply should be prioritized. WACSO has intension to secure safe water during disaster be means of provision of water tank for the communities whose water intake is damaged. There are high needs for simple water purification equipment for utilization of surface water. It is important to secure stable water supply for tourism sector even during disaster, because Saint Lucia’ economy strongly relies on tourism sector. WASCO started to prepare Disaster Management Plan. However, database for facilities based on GIS has not yet been developed, which has made the hazard risk assessment of the sector difficult. In order to prepare the proper plan, assistance for developing the database could be required. Watershed Conservation Erosion of surface soil due to agricultural activities in mountainous area as well as sediment production by landslide and slope failure is one of big problems. Sedimentation in dam reservoir is also concerns. Technical assistance for reducing sediment production could be required. Forest Department (FD) manages about 40% of watershed area in the country. Reforestation and watershed conservation are the most important issues. FD is seeking restoration and conservation of forest area. FD also conducts the public education to enhance the awareness on importance of forest. The soil conservation of agricultural area is also important. Activities to enhance awareness of farmers have been conducted. (f) Structural Measures Flood Control in Urban Areas MIPST is responsible for the structural measures for flood disaster. Study on flood control for Castries and Anse La Raye was conducted in 2003. These have to be reviewed before its implementation because river and watershed condition could have been changed drastically by hurricane Tomas in 2010. Flood Control for International Airports i) Flood Situation in Hewanorra International Airport The runaway in Hewanorra International Airport became the present shape in the 1950s. At that time, the river course around the airport has changed. Since then, overflow from the river has often occurred during severe weather.

127

It was the first time that the control tower was inundated during the flood in December, 2013. In that flood, the overflow occurred further upstream compared to before, and it reached to the control tower. Although the inundation itself finished with a day, the impact of deposition of slit continued more than a week. There is no experience of flooding due to storm surge. ii) Assistance by WB for Flood Control in Hewanorra International Airport SLASPA requested the WB to assist to improve drainage within the airport. The measures for improvement on overflow from the river need to be confirmed to MIPST. It is not sure if MIPST has already requested WB for assistance. iii) Flood Situation in George F.L. Charles International Airport There were floods due to storm surge by Hurricane Tomas in 2010 and Hurricane Dean in 2006. The elevation of the stretch with about 600m around control tower and workshop is slightly lower than other portions. The inundation occurred at part of runaway. The depth of inundation was about 10cm around the control tower and about 30cm around the workshop. There is sometimes small inundation by heavy rainfall due to poor drainage. iv) Assistance by WB for Flood Control in George F.L. Charles International Airport SLASPA requested to WB to assist to improve drainage within the airport. The measures for improvement on storm surge need to be confirmed to MIPST. MIPST is responsible for the measures to prevent the inundation due to storm surge. (g) Flood Management Plan for Individual River Basin There are no water resources master plan and flood management plan in Saint Lucia. These should be formulated as soon as possible. AusAid started assistance for FD on rehabilitation and conservation of watershed from June, 2011. (3) Issues in Flood Disaster The identified issues in flood disaster are as follows. 1) Preparation of water resources/watershed management plan with consideration of flood and drought According to the Water and Sewerage Act amended in 2008, Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) has authority for formulating Water Master Plan and Watershed Management Plan. However, these plans have not yet been formulated. It is necessary to formulate these plans as soon as possible. The watershed management and flood management should be well considered in these plans. 2) Establishment of proper hydrological monitoring stations with tolerance against flood damage There has been no stable hydrological monitoring in Satin Lucia due to destruction of gauges during floods. Hydrological monitoring stations with tolerance against flood damage such as noncontact type sensor should be considered for reviving the hydrological observation network. 3) Expansion of CADM2 system for flood warning Flood warning system would be expanded nationwide. Similar system as CADM2 is expected to be used with some necessary modification such as additional siren etc. 4) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for flood in major flood plain area It is necessary to prepare flood risk map for flood prone area in nationwide. Hydrological data as well as capability on hydrological analysis, flood analysis should be enhanced. 5) Relocation or retrofitting of schools in flood prone are

128

Schools in high flood risk area would be relocated or changed to high-floored structure. 6) Promotion of watershed conservation It is necessary to promote reforestation and soil conservation in agricultural area, in order to reduce sediment production in watershed.

129

3.4.3 Sediment-related Disaster (1) Outline of Sediment-related Disaster Sediment related disasters among the natural disasters are said to be greatly affected by the topography, geology and climate of the target area and this trend is also seen in Saint Lucia. The island of Saint Lucia is a small island situated in the Lesser Antillean. Geology of St. Lucia Island consists almost entirely of volcanic origin with the oldest rocks dating back to the Early Tertiary period. These are composed mainly of andesites, rhyolite and basalt. Volcanic activity continues in The Sulphur Springs, known as the Qualibou Caldera which is 6 km in diameter, is believed to have been formed following the collapse of a large volcanic cone.

Source: Landslide Response Plan by NEMO Source:Central Statistical Office – ECLAC estimate of GoSL Figure 3.4.8 Distribution of Landslides(Left) and Damages by Hurricane ”Thomas”(Right) The island of St. Lucia lies in the tropical maritime zone. Wet season is from June to November. , The volume of rainfall in the wet season is determined mainly by the frequency and intensity of tropical disturbances such as heat waves, depressions, storms, hurricanes. These disturbances account for most of the recorded rainfall in that season. The orographic influence of rainfall is quite pronounced with amounts varying from about 1265 mm in the relatively flat coastal regions to about 3420 mm in the elevated interior region. Saint Lucia is one of the most vulnerable countries to natural disasters like other countries in the Caribbean Sea, and there are so many sediment-related disasters due to fragile layers of volcanic origin. According to Development of Landslide Hazard Maps for Saint Lucia and Grenada (The Caribbean Development Bank and CDERA published in February, 2006), Investigation on the sediment-related disasters were carried out from 2004 to 2005. Landslide Response Plan was prepared on the basis of the report mentioned above by NEMO in August, 2006. Sediment-related disasters of landslide were recorded around the peak (EL. 950 m) of the island according to the data in Landslide Response Plan. Following items are identified as a result of the site survey. ・Sediment disasters, have occurred on the basis of geological distribution, the gradient of the

130

slope, and rainfall and altitude, therefore many cases of landslides are seen in the valley of the terrain with steep slopes where a lot of rainfall is expected in Jamaica. ・Increasing sedimentation of the river and dam has become an issue due to a large amount of sediment inflow to the river and reservoir which are filled with accumulation of sediments composed of topsoil from bare land of forests and agricultural land, and land mass of landslides and slope failures. ・Affected areas of heavy rain of last Christmas is similar to those of Hurricane "Tomas" (2010), therefore the damage appears to accumulate in many areas. ・Survey on sediment-related disasters have been performed by mainly consultants of foreign donor and the donor has employment, therefore quite limited number of detailed data regarding sediment-related disasters exists except risk maps in the country

(2) Sediment-Related Disaster Risk Management (a) Classification of Sediment-related disasters Non-structural measures are likely a main countermeasure for disaster risk management, it is also assumed that relatively simple countermeasures among hard component are mainly applied in Saint Lucia. Sediment-related disasters are divided mainly into three types of "Debris flow", "Landslide", and "Steep slope failure". Sediment-related disasters are classified into 10 types in the CDEMA (CDERA) report as shown in Figure 3.4.9. According to the report, distribution map of only “landslide” is shown among 10 classifications of sediment-related disasters. Data of other types of sediment-related disasters were confirmed during the field survey. Engineering measures for disaster risk management shall be selected on the basis of the classified type of sediment-related disasters. Confirmation of the status of sediment-related disasters and disaster risk management was performed in this study, however, there appears to be no personnel concerned to this project and no engineer to be capable to recognize importance of the classification in this country. Sediment-related disasters due to hurricanes have occurred every year in Saint Lucia, and it is a major burden on the government for recovery. Hazard maps regarding the sediment-related disasters have been prepared in 2006 as mentioned above. In addition to check the hazard map of the latest version, issues of disaster risk management through a collection of reports and documentation on sediment-related disasters were considered in this study, however no data related to the sediment-related disaster hazard map was obtained in this study. It was assumed to have implemented a policy related to landslides in Watershed Management Plan and Water Master Plan, but any policy is not implemented substantially. Just have acknowledged the need, it is under re-consideration of the current development plan.

131

Source: Landslide Response Plan by NEMO Figure 3.4.9 Classification of Sediment-related Disasters (b) Priority Area of Disaster Risk Management for Sediment-related Disasters Implementation of countermeasures for sediment-related disasters is scheduled to be carried out. Infrastructures of airport, harbour and road together with government facilities as well as tourist facilities are most important target for disaster control. Prioritization of disaster risk management for sediment-related disasters was discussed with agencies concerned in consideration of information collected. Prioritization of disaster risk management for sediment-related disasters is also performed considering economic affordability of the country, its socio-economic status, and human resources, budget system Prioritization of countermeasures was made on the basis of risk management of the countermeasures. Results of the meeting are mentioned below. ・Affected areas of heavy rain of last Christmas is similar to that of Hurricane "Tomas" (2010), therefore the damage appears to accumulate in some areas and they are highest priority for restoration. Some of the projects are being carried out by World Bank as well as CDB and some of them are scheduled to be performed. ・Inspection of bridges more than 100 have been performed by MIPST in the island. In addition, implementation of the Disaster Assessment was performed after heavy rain of Christmas in December last year. As a result of the assessment, 13 points of the intersection with culvert and bridges mainly along main roads of the island were raised as a major disaster site. For the bridge, CDB and the World Bank have already committed construction of two places. Among the remaining 11 locations for the convenience of the funds is not, some of them are prioritized and requested the implementation of construction of bridge and it shows the 1-4 priority. Preliminary cost estimate have been done for these construction works.

132

・No land-use classification for non-structural measures to ban construction of any structures in high risk area for natural disasters exists. Priority Area of Disaster Risk Management for Sediment-related Disasters (c) Utilization of Hazard Maps “Landslide Response Plan” was prepared by NEMO on the basis of the hazard map obtained through aero-photo interpretation in Saint Lucia. Preparation of the hazard map at the national level and promotion of utilizing the map for regional activities were studied. Collection of information and confirming what sort of information really reaches the evacuees through what sort of course is performed. Following items are confirmed. ・Occurrence of landslide disasters has been recognized due to factors of geological distribution, the gradient of the slope, rainfall and altitude, therefore risk map was prepared on the basis of factors above by CDERA (predecessor of CDEMA) and CDB. Following Hazard maps are managed by the Survey and Mapping Section. ・Landslide: OAS (Organization of American States) 1985, Scale 1: 250,000 ・Wind Hazard Atlas, Coastal Hazard (including Storm Surge) CDB/CDERA 2003 ・Draught Hazard Map, World Bank 2007, Scale 1:25,000 (d) Capability of Survey and Forecast for Sediment-related Disasters Survey on sediment-related disaster are mostly done by consultants that donor and the donor has employment, prediction and research capabilities of domestic institutions for sediment disasters appears to be insufficient at present. Soil test is also carried out to know the durability of soil against weathering in the project of Forest Department, however classification of sediment-related disasters have not been performed in this study. However, prediction and early warning of the sediment-related disasters will be improved because of utilization of climate data being accumulated in the future. Monitoring of the movement of the landslide mass, analysis capacity of landslide mechanism seem to be insufficient at present, however these capabilities will improve in the future. (e) Technical Guidance Technical specification and manuals for civil engineering are applied on the basis of AASHTO of the United States as well as British Standards, however the design criteria is being prepared. In addition, the operational and maintenance manual of these facilities together with actual status of the operation were also surveyed Following four standards are utilized as civil engineering design criteria. ・Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) British ・AASHTO US ・British codes ・Overseas Road Notes (ORN) British

133

(3) Issues for Sediment-related Disaster Following issues are considered for sediment-related disasters. 1) Remedial works for damaged structures Remedial works of the structures, which have been frequently damaged by the disasters such as Hurricane Tomas (2010) and Christmas heavy rain of last year, are required to retrofit. 2) Enhancement of the communication network in disaster Disaster risk increases due to lack of communication network in evacuation and post-disaster recovery of the sediment-related disaster. The risk can be reduced by increasing the reliability of the communication network. 3) Accumulation of disaster data and Construction of database Construction of database is required by accumulating disaster data (geophysical data and photos etc.). Risk management for the sediment-related disaster will be carried out by using the database in more proper manner 4) Capacity building of human resources Measures for sediment-related disasters have not been fully implemented in lack of human resources who are familiar with the sediment-related disaster. Capacity building of the human resources who are familiar with the sediment-related disasters is important.

134

3.4.4 Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster (1) Earthquake Disaster (a) Mechanism of Earthquake The island of Saint Lucia is a small island situated in the Lesser Antillean Arc of the Caribbean Archipelago. Geology of St. Lucia Island consists almost entirely of volcanic origin with the oldest rocks dating back to the Early Tertiary period. These are composed mainly of andesites, rhyolite and basalt. Limestone deposits formed during the Lower Miocene period are sporadically observed in the island. Volcanic activity continues in the Lesser Antillean including St. Lucia. The island is located at eastern edge of the Caribbean plate, and subduction of the South America plate, which moves westward toward the Caribbean plate, is being continued, therefore seismic activity of this region are generated.

Source: Paleogeography of the Caribbean Region by American Museum Figure 3.4.10 Tectonic Plates in the Caribbean Region

Source: Geology of Caribbean 1988 by Oceanographic Institution Figure 3.4.11 Expected Scales of Earthquakes

135

Source：Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Study for Eastern Caribbean Region 2010 by UWI Seismic Research Unit Figure 3.4.12 Depth of Seismic Center in Eastern Caribbean Region

(b) Situation of Earthquake Hazard It is thought that the earthquake of such a large scale of seismic intensity is rarely generated in the island. But, since the plate has sunk directly under the island, a massive earthquake may occur in a deep domain. And the earthquake of the large scale with tsunami is more likely to occur in the eastern part in the Small Antilles trench. Typical earthquakes in Saint Lucia are shown in Table 3.4.2. There are not massive earthquake with large damage in recent years.

136

Table 3.4.2 Typical Earthquakes in Saint Lucia NUMBER NUMBER DATE EVENT COST COMMENT KILLED HOMELESS January 11, Earthquake (7.5) 1 Located East of Martinique - In 1839 Castries all public buildings and masonry houses were severely damaged with partial collapse in some cases. In Soufriere one person killed. February 2, 7.0 Earthquake 1906 May 21, Earthquake Building damage 1946 March 19, Earthquake 7.3 In Castries there was partial 1953 collapse of buildings previously damaged by the 1948 fire, and some damage to other buildings. New buildings designed to resist earthquakes were undamaged. Year of 1990 Series of EC$579,996.00 From February to November Earthquakes ranging in strength from 3.0 to 4.5. November Earthquake 7.3 None None Unknown 29, 2007 December Earthquake 5.3 None None Unknown Aftershock 11, 2007 Source：Saint Lucia Disaster Catalogue by NEMO (c) Earthquake Response Agency NEMO is responsible for earthquake education, contact and response, and emergency center. UWI Trinidad and Tobago campus Seismic Research Centre is responsible for correcting basic data and observation. Priority of earthquake measures is ‘Middle’ in Saint Lucian disaster management policy, which is less than the wind and flood measures of ‘High’. All earthquake research reports in UWI Trinidad and Tobago are intact, but not in Saint Lucia. （Although there is Volcanic Interpretation Center in Sulfur Springs, no data is stored there.）

(d) Earthquake Observation Framework UWI Trinidad and Tobago Campus Seismic Research Centre is responsible for collecting basic data and observation. Since there are no Seismic Research Centre staffs in Saint Lucia, UWI Trinidad and Tobago receives observation data via internet from monitoring facilities in real time. Since the monitoring facilities and staffs work for 24hours, they can report to the NEMO Director by cell phone when earthquake happens. NEMO which is responsible for earthquake only maintains the monitoring facilities for observation and research.

137

Source：Landslide Response Plan by NEMO Figure 3.4.13 Earthquake Observation Network

(e) Emergency Response Protocol The Earthquake Emergency Response Plan has been formulated. If earthquake occurs, UWI, which is in operation for 24 hours, shall inform the NEMO Director immediately. Upon receipt of the information the NEMO Director receives informs the occurrence to the NEMO staff members, the Prime Minister’s Office, fire service, mass media, and other agencies with posting to the NEMO Facebook site. In case of a very strong earthquake, the NEMO Director informs the Prime Minister directly. The Mass Media broadcast flash news about earthquake regardless of the earthquake scale. NEMO has to investigate the damage condition based on information from district committee and citizens soon after the event.

(f) Situation of Hazard Map and Other Studies There is no hazard map and no report on earthquake damage estimation in Saint Lucia. No hazard map is planned for formulation at present, and no evacuation drill has been held. An earthquake hazard map for Eastern Caribe has been prepared by UWI, but it is too large in scale and without micro- zonation to make it useful for any plan to reduce the seismic damage.

138

Source：Survey Team Figure 3.4.14 Communication System during Earthquake

Source：Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment Study for Eastern Caribbean Region 2010 by UWI Seismic Research Unit Figure 3.4.15 Earthquake Hazard Map in Caribbean

139

(g) Situation of Aseismic Retrofitting ① Building In Saint Lucia, the design criteria in the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS） Building Code is used. The OECS Building Code is composed of many building codes such as the Caribbean Uniform Building Code and so on. However, the standards are without legal force, and hence there is a possibility that some buildings have a weak structure. PPS which is responsible for the approval of building designs wish that the standards should have legal force in future. The latest edition with the Bureau of Standards is the 5th edition in 1999. However, the Caribbean Uniform Building Code and OECS Building Code cannot be purchased in Saint Lucia. To obtain copies of those codes, an official letter with reasons should be submitted to OECS if they are needed. OECS is presently revising the OECS Building Code for Saint Lucia. The main part to be revised is about seismic resistance. Although several years have passed since the revision work started, the date of completion could not be assured. Seismic resistance of existing buildings is assumed to be low because there is no legal basis as mentioned above. There is information that a fire station has been demolished due to earthquake damage in 2007. Since there has been no heavy earthquake damage in the past, public officials feel the need for aseismic retrofitting but it is not urgent. So far, no building has been retrofitted. does not exist from the above situations so far. (Refer to the photos in Appendix xxx regarding the current situation of buildings.)

② Infrastructure The civil design codes shown below have been used as accepted practice. Considering that MIPST may play the central role in designing structures in accordance with European and American standards, it is surmised that earthquake resistance of a structure is not greatly inferior. However, since bridge falling prevention equipment is not installed in bridges, the superstructure has possibility to fall during earthquake. Saint Lucia does not have its own standard as well. a) Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) (British standard) b) AASHTO (US Standard) c) British codes (British Standard) d) Overseas Road Notes (ORN) (British Standard)

140

(2) Tsunami Disaster (a) Mechanism of Tsunami Tsunami is caused by the sudden change of undersea topography due to volcanic activity and earthquakes, and it is different from high tide which is generated by storm surge and high waves caused by the decrease in atmospheric pressure and high winds. Tsunami is mostly generated by an earthquake caused by the movement of the Caribbean plate in this area. Therefore it is supposed that there is tsunami damage around the earthquake occurrence area, whose seismic center is on the seabed. There is concern about tsunami because there are high-active tectonic plates around the island, and the Lesser Antilles Trench is supposed to be the seismic center near the eastern part of the island. On the other hand, tsunamis generated offshore of Atlantic Ocean have the possibility of going towards the eastern coast of Caribe because tsunamis like the one generated by earthquake in Lisbon in Portugal in 1755, run up more than 10m in height in Saint Vincent near Saint Lucia.

Source：Far field tsunami simulations of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake: Implications for tsunami hazard to the U.S. East Coast and the Caribbean 2009 by Roy Barkan ,Marine Geology 264 109–122 Figure 3.4.16 Tsunami Simulation Result in Atlantic Ocean

(b) History of Tsunami Disaster Data on tsunami is few in Saint Lucia Island. The island may not be affected by tsunami due to the deep sea and steep slope topography around the island. However, a large number of inhabitants, increasing the population in the coastal area, will likely be affected by tsunami and high tide in the area. Particularly, the area affected in the past.

(c) Tsunami Response Agency The Emergency response plan for tsunami is under construction. Response agencies are not decided and, actually, the division of roles between SLMS and NEMO is obscure. However NEMO continues to conducts tsunami educational campaigns. The UWI Trinidad and Tobago Campus Seismic Research Centre is responsible for collecting basic data and observation. Since there are no agencies observing tsunami, the center they uses information from the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center.

141

The priority of tsunami measures is ‘Low’ in the Saint Lucian disaster management policy. The priority is less than wind and flood measures which are ‘High’ and earthquake measures ‘middle’. All tsunami research reports in UWI Trinidad and Tobago are intact, but not in Saint Lucia. （Although there is the Volcanic Interpretation Center in Sulfur Springs, but no data is stored there.） In addition, there are no hard countermeasures such as tsunami bank.

(d) Tsunami Observation Framework There are no tidal level data at the current situation. SLMS and the Fire Service obtain information from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center as tsunami monitoring data. In future, tsunami warning and information in Jamaica will be integrated with the Puerto Rico Program in the Caribbean Tsunami Warning Center. The program is still undergoing tests and has not worked yet.

(e) Emergency Response Protocol As already stated, the emergency response plan about tsunami is under construction. Response agencies are not yet decided and, actually, the division of roles between SLMS and NEMO is obscure. In the actual situation, when earthquake with possibility of generating tsunami happens, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center informs SLMS （the weather station at Hewanorra International Airport, 24hours operation）and the Fire Service (24hours operation) via E-mail. Although the actual response method after reception of tsunami information is not defined, SLMS shall inform the situation to the related agencies. The Fire Service which does not have a siren for tsunami warning will do evacuation guidance only in case of tsunami warning. Although the draft of the Tsunami Contingency Plan has a provision on tsunami warning, it is not clear as to which agency will announces the tsunami warning officially. The emergency response protocol in the Tsunami Contingency Plan（Draft）is shown in Figure 3.4.17

142

Source：Tsunami Contingency Plan （Draft） Figure 3.4.17 Communication System for Tsunami（Draft）

143

Source：Tsunami Contingency Plan （Draft） Figure 3.4.18 Tsunami Decision Matrix During Tsunami（Draft） (f) Situation of Hazard Map and Other Studies There are no hazard maps and official damage estimation about tsunami in Saint Lucia. The estimated inundation area in the Tsunami Contingency Plan（Draft） is shown in Figure 3.4.19 and Figure 3.4.20. NEMO conducts tsunami evacuation drill at one city once a year.

Source：Tsunami Contingency Plan （Draft） Figure 3.4.19 Estimated Tsunami Inundation Height（Non- Official）

144

Source：Tsunami Contingency Plan （Draft） Figure 3.4.20 Estimated Inundation Area（Non-Official）

145

(3) Volcanic Disaster The Qualibou Volcano in the southern part of Saint Lucia has not irrupted recently, so it is thought as a dormant volcano and no precaution is issued. The crater (caldera) has become as tourist spot as the “Sulfur Springs”. The UWI Trinidad and Tobago Seismic Research Centre observes the volcano. It had installed several kinds of monitoring equipment and conduct a survey two times a year in the field. Besides, the Sulfur Spring Interpretation Center observes Sulfur Spring continuously. Scientists presume that volcanic eruption can be predicted from the condition of Sulfur Springs. In case of finding indication, NEMO receives warning from UWI and other international research agencies, and NEMO informs to NEMAC, the district committees and the mass media. The Volcanic Hazard Map is shown below. Although scientists presume that there will be no eruption, catastrophic damage is expected if eruption ever happens.

Source：Volcanic Hazard Assessment for St Lucia by SRU, UWI Figure 3.4.21 Volcanic Hazard Map

146

(4) Issues about Earthquake and Tsunami Problems about earthquake and tsunami are described as follows. 1） Securement of Seismic Response Structure by Strengthening of Cooperation with Foreign Agencies At the moment, it is impossible for only Saint Lucian domestic agencies to respond to seismic events. By strengthening of the cooperation with UWI Trinidad and Tobago Seismic Research Centre, the structure of seismic response would be more solid. 2） Review, Agreement and Communization of Protocol about Tsunami Information Announcement for Relevant Agencies At the moment it is predicted that trouble and confusion will occur in emergency cases because division roles for giving tsunami information is obscure. Review of protocol, agreement and communization is required. 3） Early Completion of Seismic Standard It is required that the new standard with aseismic retrofitting is completed early together with the system of legal enforcement. On the other hand, the education of supervisors and engineers are required.

147

3.4.5 Subjects related to Integrated Disaster Risk Management (1) Road Disaster Road disasters which often occur together with sediment-related disasters, are greatly influenced by the climate and weather and topography and geology of the target area. The topography of Saint Lucia Island shows deeply precipitous mountain valleys with the peak (EL. 950 m) located in the center of the island, with slopes dissected by a number of rapids. Distribution of flat land along the coastline of the island is limited; steep cliffs can be seen on the west coast in particular. Risk maps of landslides in the country have also been prepared together with the hazard map prepared in 2004-2005. Information regarding road disasters has been collected and organized for the setting of countermeasures for road disasters.

Source: Landslide Response Plan by NEMO) Source: http://www.mappery.com/Saint Lucia-Island-Map Figure 3.4.22 Hazard map of Landslide (Left) and Road Network in Saint Lucia (Right) (a) General Status of Road Disaster Control Occurrence of Road Disaster The status of the road disasters has been surveyed on the basis of collected information from the agencies concerned. No detailed information regarding the number of occurrences (falling rocks, collapse, rock collapse, landslides, debris flow, etc.) of each type of disaster, cause of disaster (rainfall, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.), scale, detail of disaster content, etc. were obtained from relevant agencies. Followings were confirmed as a result of reconnaissance survey. ・Road disasters, have occurred due to geological distribution, gradient of slope, and rainfall and altitude. Therefore, many cases of landslides are seen in the valley of the terrain with steep slopes where a lot of rainfall is expected. ・Failure of road embankment often occur, because the drainage system along the roads

148

has not been properly performed. ・Destruction of bridges seem to be caused by misjudgement of water flow during disaster. ・The highway, connecting the capital city in northern part to the southern tip of the island where international airport (capable of jet liner taking-off and landing) is located, is often disconnected due to the occurrence of sediment-related floods and slope failures in the center of the island during heavy rains and hurricanes. ・There is a problem with communication between the south and the north during disasters (mobile phones are the main communication tool). Engineering Measures for Road Disaster Early warning, one of components of non-structural measures, would likely be the main countermeasure for sediment-related disaster; relatively simple countermeasures of slope stability works among hard components are mainly applied. The engineering measures at present are as follows. ・Retaining wall of wet masonry (3 to 8 m in height) and gabion are the major measures for slope protection, however, surface protection by vegetation is most common. ・Renovation of the road drainage system is seen in some cases, however, insufficient drainage is still seen in many cases. (b) Important Issues on Countermeasures for Road Disaster Classification of Road Roads of the island are classified into Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary by MIPST, which is responsible for the maintenance of all roads. Primary roads consist of those connecting the capital in the north to the international airport in the south, secondary roads are the other roads of secondary importance, and tertiary roads are composed of agriculture related roads. Policy, Principle and Budgetary Framework Saint Lucia is a volcanic island with an area of 617 km2 and population of 180,000. There is the road connecting the north and south of the island, but there is no road going around the island. Improvement focusing on disaster prevention measures of the existing road and improvement of the road network connecting the different parts of the country crossing the mountainous range is also important in Saint Lucia. Information about policies, principles and budget were collected to confirm the position of road disaster risk management in sediment-related disaster on the basis of national and local government policies. ・Policy related to sediment-related disaster in the watershed is set in the Watershed Management Plan and the Water Master Plan, and MIPST is responsible for the implementation of structural measures. ・EOC is convened by the Prime Minister when deemed necessary in the pre-strike meeting, due to closure of the airport as well as schools and roads etc. Representatives from each ministry stay and operate the disaster response 24 hours a day at NEMO. ・EOC arranges helicopters, ships and/or cars to retrieve the latest condition of the disaster sites in the post-disaster period. ・Emergency response is to be carried out based on the basic policy within source of Emergency Fund. Other funds of the government and funds of donors (World Bank, CDB, etc.) are utilized for the shortfall. Implementation System and Development of Countermeasures Sediment-related disasters are classified into several types (rock fall, slope failure, rock collapse, landslide, and debris flow, etc.). Collecting and organizing information obtained in

149

the course of survey are supposed to be useful for the disaster risk management in the future. However no data regarding sediment-related disaster was obtained during the Study Team’s visit to Saint Lucia. The followings were confirmed in the course of site survey. ・ MIPST has the responsibility of all road disaster recovery(Clearing of the road immediately after the disaster also be included). ・MIPST establishes the DRC (Disaster Recovery Center) within the body and deals with recovery procedures in the northern, eastern and southern parts of the island separately and correspondingly. ・MIPST is responsible for restoration work of all roads and bridges, etc. Clearing of roads immediately after disaster is carried out by contract with the contractor of the area of each of the three mentioned above. If the roads are impassable, there must be a corresponding alternative by vessels. Technical Guidance Technical specification and manuals for civil engineering are applied on the basis of AASHTO of the United States as well as British Standards. Following four standards are utilized as civil engineering design criteria. ・Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) British ・AASHTO US ・British codes ・Overseas Road Notes (ORN) British The technical standard and design criteria of Saint Lucia are being prepared. Implementation System and Development of Countermeasures Information regarding functional recovery of road closure incidents is collected and organized to check the duration of recovery and difficulties. Since the maintenance level and specifications may vary according to region, information regarding development of the road is collected and organized in order to understand the characteristics of the road, such as the development of each region Investigation procedures as well as countermeasures for the road disaster preparedness and functional recovery plan (type of countermeasures, scale, budget, duration) from road closures, and recognition of disaster (pre-traffic control), and emergency retraction system established when disaster occurs are confirmed.

(c) Issues for Road Disaster Following issues are considered for road disasters. 1) Remedial works for damaged structures Remedial or retrofitting works for structures of main roads, frequently damaged by disasters such as Hurricane Tomas (2010) and the Christmas heavy rain of last year (2013) are required. 2) Enhancement of communication network during disaster > Disaster risk increases due to poor communication network in evacuation and post-disaster recovery when sediment-related disaster occurs. The risk reduction is made by increasing the reliability of the network. 3) Database of roads and bridges Construction as well as disaster records of roads and bridges are indispensable for the

150

maintenance of these facilities, and construction of database is important on the basis of these records. . 4) Capacity building of human resources Maintenance of roads, bridges and others has not been fully implemented due to lack of personnel who are familiar with road disasters. Capacity building of human resources familiar with the structure of the road is important.

151

(2) Public Education for Disaster Risk Management, Community-based Disaster Risk Management (a) Public Education for Disaster Risk Management Public education for disaster risk management is conducted for the National, Parish and Community levels in order to promote the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) functioning smoothly at all levels as part of the preparedness for “Building Disaster Resilient Communities” which is the aim of the community-based DRM. It is necessary to know and confirm the contents and methods of the public education and training programs at each of the levels. NEMO implements public education for disaster risk management on ad-hoc basis due to lack of budget. NEMO has intension to implement it on program basis in future. MEHDL drafted school safety policy with the assistance of USAID. The school safety policy touches disaster response. MEHDL also implements public education program that includes education for disaster risk management in collaboration with NEMO supported by CDEMA. In the school curriculum, preparedness and response are mainly dealt with. Involvement of parents is an important issue. MEHDL proposes that the school that is used for emergency shelter be upgraded as smart shelter. The following functions may be attached in the shelter.  Rain harvesting facilities for water saving in normal time and securing water during disaster  Water filter and toilet  Emergency power supply  Solar and wind power generator  Storage for relief materials  Training in usage of smart shelter by NEMO and MEHDL (b) Community-based Disaster Risk Management The current situation of district committees of NEMO, which supports community activities, is as follows.  In some districts, chairperson of the district doubles as the leader of the district committee of NEMO. The leader of the district committee is a volunteer.  How active the district committee depends on the leader. There are cases that communication among communities is not good if they are far from each other.  Volunteers for Red Cross and those for NEMO are sometimes duplicated, which could make communication during disaster confusing. NEMO Secretariat is not so active for community-based disaster management at present. The Red Cross is implementing VCA (Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment) which could activate community activities. The VCA is implemented as follows.  VCA has been conducted for 15 communities with assistance by USAID.  The criteria for selecting the communities are 1) history, 2) vulnerability, 3) poverty, 4) magnitude of hazard, and 5) fullness of amenities.  The boundary of the community was set by referring recognition by local people.  The project activities were conducted after evening or Sunday.  In the project activities, CDRR (Community Disaster Risk Reduction Team) was organized.  The Red Cross has intention to expand VCA. However, there is financial constrain. Six communities requested Red Cross to support conducing VCA after the flood in December, 2013.

152

(c) Issues in Public Education for Disaster Risk Management and Community-based Disaster Risk Management The identified issues in public education for disaster risk management and community-based disaster risk management are as follows. 1) Enhancement of NEMO secretariat and District Committee It is necessary to enhance the institutional capability of the NEMO Secretariat and the District Committee, in order to smoothly implement emergency response activities. 2) Systematic expansion of VCA In order to activate disaster risk management at community level, VCA should be systematically expanded. 3) Making shelters smart (more functional) Schools, churches and community center are utilized as shelters as well as center for community activities. Since many schools are employed as shelter during disaster, they should be upgraded as the smart shelter which has more functionality. Community activities should also be activated by utilizing the smart shelter. (3) Evacuation, Rescue Activities and Communication Network for Disaster Risk Management (a) Evacuation and Rescue Activity NEMO implements evacuation drills for earthquake and tsunami. Evacuation drills for fire are conducted by the Fire Service. Signs for evacuation and siren have not been set yet, basically. Evacuation plans are not yet known by the public. As for the Fire Service, training for rescue activities, especially for flood disasters, seems to be not enough. It is necessary to enhance capability for rescue activities and the related equipment. (b) Communication Network for Disaster Risk Management ODPEM established sole use radio communication network for the entire country for emergency communication. The radio communication network is used when mobile phone network downs. There are two repeater stations with UHF/VHF: one at northern part of the country, another in the south. The communication between the two repeater stations uses UHF. The repeater station in the north utilizes steel tower managed by WASCO, whereas the one in couth utilizes SLASPA’s tower. At this moment, the repeater station in the north is damaged, which makes impossible for communication between the repeater stations. It is necessary to fix it promptly. The difficulty for NEMO is that that there are no permanent staffs for telecommunication. According to a volunteer for telecommunication for NEMO, it is desirable to set additional two repeater stations for securing stable communication among 18 base stations at district disaster committee. It is also desirable to upgrade the existing radio communication network to the digital network. (c) Issues in Communication Network for Disaster Risk Management The identified issues in communication network for disaster risk management are as follows. 1) Enhancement of rescue activity Training for rescue activity, especially for flood disaster, seems to be not enough. It is necessary to enhance capability for rescue activities. 2) Securing radio communication network It is necessary to fix the damaged repeater station promptly. It is inevitable to keep a staff for telecommunication in NEMO, in order to secure emergency communication. On the premises of

153

it, enhancement of telecommunication should be considered in future. (4) Basic Information on Disaster Risk Management A lot of spatial data are shared by SLING (Saint Lucia Integrated National GeoNode), which was developed in PPCR under assistance of WB. The data can be viewed and downloaded from http://sling.gosl.gov.lc/.

154

3.5 Assistance by Donors in Disaster Risk Management Sector 3.5.1 Assistance from Japan The assistances to the natural disaster fields of Saint Lucia in the past are shown in Table 3.5.1. Table 3.5.1 Japanese Assistance to Disaster Risk Management Sector in Saint Lucia National Name Financial Assistance (loan) Financial Assistance (Grant) Caribbean Disaster Management Project, International Emergency Assistance Phase 1 (Technical Assistance) about Damage of Hurricane Thomas 2002/8-2006/3 ¥JPY430 million Saint Lucia in Caribbean Countries(Aid Supply) Caribbean Disaster Management Project, 2010/11 ¥JPY 8million Phase 2：2009/1-2012/6 ¥JPY110 million (for Saint Lucia) Source：HP of the Ministry of Foreign Affair Japan. http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/jisseki/kuni/ JICA knowledge site: http://gwweb.jica.go.jp/KM/KM_Frame.nsf/NaviProMain?OpenNavigator For Saint Lucia there has not been any individual technical assistance project in the disaster management field. However, technical assistance for the preparation of a flood hazard map and application of the hazard map to the community based disaster management plan at the pilot area has been conducted through the JICA Study “Caribbean Disaster Management Project Phase 2 (2009-2012)”. It is necessary to confirm the effect of the technical assistance. And JICA donated aid supplies in Nov. 2010 as international emergency assistance to damage of hurricane Thomas in Oct. 2010. The contents of aid supplies are generator, reel code, simple water tank, water filter and plastic sheet (about 8million JPY). 3.5.2 Assistance by Other Donors According to HFA Report by Saint Lucia government in 2011, recent assistance on disaster risk management sector by donors are as shown in Table 3.5.2. Table 3.5.2 Recent Assistance on Disaster Risk Management Sector by Donors in Saint Lucia Budget HFA Priority Existing Project assisted by Donor Donor Duration (USD) Action* Additional Financing to the Saint Lucia Disaster 2008 - WB 3.96 million 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Management Project II 2011 2004 - 8.9 million Disaster Management Project II (DMP II) WB 2011 1, 2, 3, 4,, 5 Comprehensive Disaster Harmonized CDEMA/ CIDA / 1 Implementation Program (CDM HIP) DFID 2004 - 2.1 million Caribbean Risk Management Initiative UNDP 2010 1, 2 ,3 Enhancing Resilience to Reduce Vulnerability in Government of 2009 - 4.5 million 1,2,3,4,5 the Caribbean Italy 2011 2008 - 0.4 million Mainstreaming DRM in the OECS countries IADB 2011 Regional DRM Strategy for the Caribbean 2007 - IADB 0.8 million Tourism sector 2009 Regional Monitoring and Evaluation Framework 2009 - IADB 0.75 million for DRM in the Caribbean Tourism Sector 2012 *：Number in the table is corresponds to the priority action that is shown in Table 3.3.9. WB: World Bank, CDEMA: Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management Agency, CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency, DFID: Department for International Development, UK, UNDP: United Nations Development Programme, IADB: Inter-American Development Bank Source: National Progress Report 2009-2011, Saint Lucia As shown in Table 3.5.2, Priority 1 for DRM has been supported by donors. However, other priorities may need further assistance. There are no offices for other donors. The focal point of ODA is MFEAPSS. In MFEAPSS, there are the World Bank Unit and the EU Unit. MFEAPSS manages ODA projects and asks assistance by donors when severe disaster occurs. On the other hand, the focal point of CEDMA is NEMO.

155

UNISDR NEMO is periodically assisted by UNISDR. The policy for DRM follows the one by UNISDR basically. NEMO has a plan to participate in the international conference in May. WB The priority areas for assistance in Jamaica are as shown below, in consideration of national development plan. WB is preparing the Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project together with PPCR, which is expected to start within 2014. The project duration would be 3 to 5 years (refer to section 3.5.3 for details). The reconstruction project for the disaster by Hurricane Tomas on 30 October, 2010 is jointly implemented with CDB. WB conducted disaster assessment for the flood in December, 2013, and is proposing some projects in the following areas.  Drainage improvement at Hewanorra International Airport  Recovery of damaged roads  Provision of equipment for damaged school  Review of meteorological monitoring network.  Others CDB CDB assists education, housing, poverty alleviation as well as recovery from the disaster by Hurricane Tomas. Assistance of IADB, CIDA and DFID is conducted through CDB. CEDMA Assistance by CIDA and DFID for disaster risk management is conducted through CDEMA （Comprehensive Disaster Harmonized Implementation Program). On the other hand, CDEMA maintains the equipment donated in CADM2（the Caribbean Disaster Management Project Phase 2). The outline of CDEMA is shown in Appendix7.

AusAid The Forest Retaliation Project (June 2011~to March 2015) that aims at reforestation and water conservation is implemented. The early flood warning system by WRMA has also been supported by AusAid since October, 2013. Government of Venezuela Flood management projects (Dredging in bank and mouth) in Anse La Ray River（Grande Riviere de L’Anse La Raye）, which is proposed in Damage Assessment Report for Christmas heavy rain is expected to be assisted by the Government of Venezuela. On the other hand, Thomazo Bridge which is also damaged in this river is expected to be repaired by CDB.

156

3.5.3 Notable Projects assisted by Donors The notable project, which is going to start soon and is assisted by donors, is as follows. PPCR - DVRP (WB) PPCR Phase-1 started in November 2009 and completed in 2011. During the Phase-1, SPCR (Strategic Plan for Climate Resilience) was formulated and its implementation plan was also prepared. PPCR Phase-2 implements the implementation plan formulated in Phase-1. Adjustment for the implementation has been continued till now, and it has been decided that PPCR would be implemented together with DVRP (Disaster Vulnerability Risk Reduction) as PPCR-DVRP. The project is expected to start in 2014 and its duration would be 6 years. The funding source for the PPCR-DVRP is 17 million USD from CIF(Climate Investment Fund) and 23million USD from WB (IDA, IBRD). The PPCR-DVRP is managed jointly by PCU in MFEAPS and Sustainable Dev. & Env. Div. in MSDEST. Each of components of the project is implemented by the responsible agency. As for the meto-hydrology area, the followings are proposed with about 1.06million USD.  15 rain gauges (WRMA)  27 water level gauges (WRMA)  9 automatic weather stations (SLMS, WRMA)  3 tide gauges (SLMS)  Water quality kit, software and awareness activities (SLMS, WRMA) PPCR-DVRP would be implemented on the basis of the implementation plan shown in Vol.2 of the SPCR. However, there are some components that investment is smaller than the implementation plan. According to Sustainable Development and Environment Division in MSDEST, it is helpful if further assistance for such area are provided. The following areas are notable.  Improvement of institutional aspect  Coastal area management (review of methodology to determine setback considering climate change)  Building Code  Insurance related to climate change  Introduction of rainwater harvesting and renewable energy  Guideline for development of infrastructure in coastal area on the basis of knowledge of coastal engineering  Feasibility study for CAT funds

157

3.6 Recommendation for Improvement of Disaster Risk Management 3.6.1 Direction of Improvement of Disaster Risk Management Sector Direction of improvement of the disaster risk management sector is shown below, on the basis of the identified issues shown in the previous sections and discussion with relevant agencies. (1) General for Disaster Risk Management a) Mid to Long-Term View 1-a-1) Improvement and enhancement of disaster management organizations (NEMO) It is necessary to enhance the institutional capability of NEMO Secretariat and the District Committee, in order to smoothly implement emergency response activities. It is inevitable to secure necessary staff members for the NEMO Secretariat, in order to effectively utilize volunteers. 1-a-2) Enhancement of community disaster risk management utilizing smart shelter (well-equipped shelter) (NEMO, MEHRL, MIPST, MSTLGCE, Red Cross) Emergency shelters would be upgraded as the smart shelter which has more functionality such as storm resident structure, rain harvesting facilities, solar and wind power generator, storage for relief materials, toilet and showers. Community activities would also be activated by utilizing the smart shelter. 1-a-3) Enhancement of emergency communication system (NEMO) On the premise of keeping a staff for telecommunication in NEMO, enhancement of telecommunication should be considered in long-term view. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 1-b-1) Urgent recruitment of NEMO secretariat staffs (NEMO) Related to 1-a-1), the following three staff potions would be promptly filled.  Mitigation/prevention, preparedness coordinator  Telecommunication engineer  Community activity coordinator 1-b-2) Pilot project for smart shelter (NEMO, MEHRL, MIPST, MSTLGCE, Red Cross) Related to 1-a-2), pilot project for the smart shelter would be implemented by selecting some pilot schools. 1-b-3) Expansion of VCA with more systematic manner (Red Cross, NEMO, MSTLGCE) In order to activate disaster risk management at community level, VCA would be systematically expanded. 1-b-4) Ensuring existing emergency communication tool (urgent repair of existing radio communication) (NEMO) The damaged repeater station would be fixed promptly. 1-b-5) Strengthening rescue operation during disaster (Fire Service) Training for rescue activity, especially for flood disaster, seems to be not enough. The capability for rescue activities would be enhanced. 1-b-6) Refinement of Disaster assessment, especially for estimation of economic loss considering the St Lucia’s industrial structure (MFEAPSS, MTHCI and others) Saint Lucia has unique industrial structure, in which the tourism sector is one of the main industries. This should be reflected in disaster assessment so that effective measures for reducing risk would be implemented.

158

(2) Meteorological Observation and Meteorological Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 2-a-1) Provision of elaborate meteorological information (METS) More spatially distributed and short-term rainfall information would be provided to public, by integration of automatic weather stations 2-a-2) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for storm surge (MPDHU) The areas where the risk map for storm surge has been prepared are very limited. Upgrading and expanding of the risk assessment would be implemented, starting from the relatively high risk area identified by preliminary screening. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 2-b-1) Enhancement of collaboration between SLMS and WRMA and integration of meteo-hydro monitoring data (SLMS, WRMA) In order to effectively utilize available resources in Saint Lucia, cooperation between SLMA and WRMA would be enhanced. It would enable to manage the meteo-hydrological data in an integrated manner. 2-b-2) Ensuring implementation of PPCR-DVRP (SLMS, WRMA) The proposed projects in term of meteorological observation under PPCR-DVRP would be surely implemented. 2-b-3) Enhancement of technical capacity of handling meteorological data (SLMS) The capability of SLMS for managing and analyzing meteorological database would be enhanced. 2-b-4) Preparation of guidelines for coastal management on the basis of knowledge of coastal engineering (MSDEST, MIPST) It is necessary to implement development of coastal area as well as coastal area management, on the basis of scientific knowledge. (3) Flood Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 3-a-1) Preparation of water resources/watershed management plan with consideration of flood and drought (WRMA, WASCO, FD, MIPST) According to the Water and Sewerage Act amended in 2008, the Water Resources Management Agency (WRMA) has authority for formulating the Water Master Plan and the Watershed Management Plan. However, these plans have not yet been formulated. It is necessary to formulate these plans as soon as possible. The watershed management and flood management should be well considered in these plans. 3-a-2) Preparation of risk assessment for flood in major flood plain area (WRMA, MPDHU) It is necessary to prepare flood risk map for flood prone area in nationwide. Hydrological data as well as capability on hydrological analysis, flood analysis should be enhanced. 3-a-3) Relocation or retrofitting schools in flood prone area (MEHDL, MIPST) Schools in high flood risk areas would be relocated or changed to high-floored structure. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 3-b-1) Establishment of proper hydrological monitoring stations with tolerance against flood damage (WRMA)

159

There has been no stable hydrological monitoring in Satin Lucia due to destruction of gauges during floods. Hydrological monitoring stations with tolerance against flood damage such as noncontact type sensor should be considered for reviving the hydrological observation network. 3-b-2) Expansion of CADM2 system for flood warning (WRRA, SLMS, NEMO) Flood warning system would be expanded nationwide. Similar system as CADM2 is expected to be used with some necessary modification such as additional siren etc. 3-b-3) Enhancement of technical capacity for hydrological and flood analysis (WRMA) Technical capability of staff members in WRMA would be enhanced. 3-b-4) Preparation of inventory of water supply facilities and accumulation of damage data by flood (WASCO) Database for water supply facilities together with data for damage by disaster would be developed, in order to conduct effective recovery. 3-b-5) Ensuring implementation of PPCR-DVRP (WASCO) The proposed projects in terms of water supply sector under PPCR-DVRP would be surely implemented. 3-b-6) Enhancement of technical capacity for watershed conservation (MAFPFCRD, FD) Technical capacity for watershed conservation would be enhanced for promoting reforestation and soil conservation in agricultural area 3-b-7) Urgent Retrofitting of school damaged by Dec. 2013 disaster (MEHDL, MIPST) The school damaged by the flood in December 2013 would be retrofitted in case that it cannot be relocated. (4) Sediment-related Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 4-a-1) Upgrading and expansion of risk assessment for landslide (MPDHU, MIPST) Data on sediment–related disasters would be accumulated. The capability of survey on sediment-related disaster would be enhanced so that risk and hazard maps could be updated. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 4-b-1) Enhancement of technical capability of assessment for sediment-related disasters (MIPST) The engineer hired by donors usually survey sediment-related disaster. There are not many human resources for dealing with sediment –related disaster in Saint Lucia. Invited experts for survey and implementation of projects on sediment-related disaster would support seminars, lectures and practical training. (5) Road Disaster Management a) Mid to Long-Term View 5-a-1) Establishment of road network resilient to disaster (MIPST) Road network resilient to disaster would be established, through preparing design and construction considering situation of road disaster in Saint Lucia. b) Recommended short-term actions 5-b-1) Implementation of PPCR-DVRP project (structural measures) (MIPST) The proposed projects in terms of the road sector under PPCR-DVRP would be surely implemented. 5-b-2) Urgent Reconstruction of bridges damaged by the December 2013 disaster with enough

160

capacity for flood flow (MIPST) The bridges damaged by the flood in December 2013, which is located along major road, would be recovered with enough capacity for flood flow. 5-b-3) Enhancement of technical capability for design of road and bridge (MIPST) Technical capacity of MIPST for road and bridge planning would be enhanced. (6) Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster a) Mid to Long-Term View 6-a-1) Ensuring response for disaster (NEMO, SLMS) The response to earthquake and tsunami would be ensured by enhancing collaboration with UWI Trinidad and Tobago for the observation of earthquake and volcano. b) Recommended Short-Term Actions 6-b-1) Establishment of earthquake-resistance standards (MPDHU) Earthquake-resistance standards would be established. The training on it would also be provided.

161

3.6.2 Recommendation on Possible Urgent Projects and Others As a result of the discussion with Saint Lucia’s relevant agencies on the possible urgent projects to be assisted, on the basis of the direction of improvement of disaster risk management sector, the followings are recommended.  A. Possible urgent project, and  B. Possible other individual experts.

A. Possible Urgent Projects Project for Improvement of Disaster Risk Management in Saint Lucia (tentative)

Component-1: Reconstruction of Critical Structures damaged by Dec. 2013 disaster (Civil work and building) 1-1: Reconstruction of Bridges damaged by the December 2013 disaster (MIPST) 1) Enough capacity for flood flow against at least the same magnitude of hazard as the December 2013 disaster would be secured. The administrator should be MIPST. Amount of expected user is not only almost all Saint Lucian but also foreigners from international airport, because the bridge is in highway from the airport to Castries. 2) One or two bridges would be selected among them that with no assistance by other donors 1-2: Retrofitting of School damaged by the December 2013 disaster (MEHDL, MIPST) 1) Modification with floor elevated above ground level 2) One school (Bexon Primary School) is the candidate.

Component-2: Smart Shelter School (building and equipment) 2-1: Enhancement of shelter function of existing school (MEHDL, MIPST) 1) Installation of rainwater harvesting facilities (incl. filter for drinking), solar/wind power facilities, back-up generator, storage of relief materials, toilets and storm proof window/roof etc. 2) One school for each of eight school districts would be selected as pilot.

Component-3: Enhancement of Community-based Disaster Risk Management utilizing the Smart Shelter School (Dispatch of Experts) 3-1: Reactivation of community activity on disaster risk management (NEMO, MEHDL, MSTGLCE, Red Cross) 1) Preparation or review of community-disaster management plan Introduction of Japanese Technology on ICT for Disaster Risk Management 2) Training of community 3) The activity would be implemented at the community where the smart shelter would be introduced.

162

B. Possible Other Individual Experts

1. Expert for Rescue Operation (Fire Service) 1) Strengthening rescue operation during disaster

2. Expert for Disaster Assessment (MFEAPSS, MTHCI and others) 1) Refinement of disaster assessment, especially for estimation of economic loss considering the St Lucia’s industrial structure

3. Expert for Meteorology (database and meteorological analysis) (SLMS) 1) Enhancement of technical capacity of handling meteorological data

4. Expert for Coastal Engineering (MSDEST, MIPST) 1) Preparation of guideline for coastal management on the basis of knowledge of coastal engineering

5. Expert for Hydrology and Flood (WRMA)) 1) Enhancement of technical capacity for hydrological and flood analysis

6. Expert for Water Supply /Facilities (WASCO) 1) Preparation of inventory of water supply facilities and accumulation of flood damage data.

7. Expert for Soil and Water Conservation (MAFPFCRD, FD) 1) Enhancement of watershed conservation

8. Expert for Sediment-related Disaster (MIPST) 1) Enhancement of technical capability of assessment for sediment-related disasters

9. Expert for structural Engineering (road / bridge) (MIPST) 1) Enhancement of technical capability of design of road and bridge

163

3.6.3 Further Note about Possible Urgent Projects About a project with a high priority as candidates in possible urgent projects, important matters are shown below. Component-1: Reconstruction of Critical Structures damaged by Dec. 2013 disaster ・Administrative Ministry and the Current Situation of the Site All the restoration works of a road and a bridge are under jurisdiction of MIPST. MIPST carried out Damage Assessment after the Christmas heavy rain in December 2013, and selected ten bridges (or Calvert) for restoration. Among these, the World Bank and CDB are to support two bridges. MIPST has proposed 1～2 bridges where have a high priority as urgent restoration from the eight remaining bridges. The site information on each bridge is shown below. ① Candidate Bridge No.1（Culvert among Canelles-Micoud） The Candidate Bridge No.1 is located on the East Coast trunk road (International Airport ~ metropolitan area). Road classification is "Highway" which serves as a primary importance road in St. Lucia. This road is a trunk road to which the Castries metropolitan area is connected from the Beaufort International Airport, and is used by many passengers from St. Lucia or overseas. Although a metal culvert for drainage was installed in this point, the culvert was flowed out in Christmas heavy rain, and the road was scooped out about 10 m. Now, a detour has been installed. The preliminary cost estimation which MIPST computed are 2.7 million EC$ (about 100 million yen). Since this is the rough estimation supposing present condition restoration (small-scale culvert installation), when a comparable heavy rain occurs, there is a risk of the culvert's flowing out again. When a bridge is installed in order to improve drainage capacity, the scale is assumed as similar as Candidate Bridge No.3 (bridge length about 10 m) mentioned later. The rough cost estimation is 200 million yen or more in this case. In the design of a bridge, the design specifications (span, embedded length, etc.) should be taken into consideration based on hydrological analysis.

Figure 3.6.1 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.1

② Candidate BridgeNo.2（Volet Culvert） The Candidate Bridge No.2 is located on the East Coast trunk road (International airport ~ metropolitan area) as same as candidate bridge No.1. Road classification is "Highway" which serves as a primary importance road in St. Lucia. About φ3m culvert is installed in this point. The depth of water in the culvert at normal times is 0.5 m ~ 1.0 m. In the Christmas heavy rain, Calvert itself was not damaged but overtopped. It has not paved now. Although the vehicles can pass slowly in the present condition, rebuilding of the bridge for improvement in pavement and drainage capacity is considered by MIPST. The preliminary cost estimation is 1.1millionEC$ (about 40 million yen).

164

In the design of a bridge, the design specifications (span, embedded length, etc.) should be taken into consideration based on hydrological analysis too. In addition, according to a hydraulic analysis result, the construction scale may become larger, and the cost estimation may increase. A detour is needed when constructing this bridge.

Figure 3.6.2 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.2 ③ Candidate Bridge No.3（Piaye Bridge） The Candidate Bridge No.3 is located on the south-west Coast trunk road at southern part of Choiseul. In the Christmas heavy rain, the existed bridge with about 10m length (temporary bridge for military affairs) flowed out. Now, the temporary bridge of one lane equivalent to an existed bridge is installed. Although this road is also a road to which the metropolitan area is connected from an airport, since it is more circuitous than via the above-mentioned East Coast trunk road, users are restricted to the south-western St. Lucia resident and the visitor. The preliminary cost estimation is 5.2millionEC$ (about 200 million yen) by MIPST. A detour is needed when constructing this bridge.

Figure 3.6.3 Current Situation of Candidate Bridge No.3 The location of three bridges mentioned above is shown in the following page. ・Construction Machines in Saint Lucia At the time of restoration after a disaster, the contractor of each district is requested from Disaster Recovery Center (DRC) in MIPST, and repair work is carried out (See P151). For this reason, it is thought that supply of construction equipment and workers are possible within Saint Lucia. Moreover, a local equipment contractor told that equipment, such as an excavator, a damp truck, backhoe, a roller, and an agitating truck, are possible to prepare with no incident.

165

Castries Capital Area

Main Artery （Highway）

Candidate Bridge No.2 （Volet Culvert）

Candidate Bridge No.1 （Culvert among Canelles-Micoud）

Candidate Bridge No.3 （Piaye Bridge） Hewanorra

International

Airport In Vieux Fort

Source: http://www.mappery.com Figure 3.6.4 Site Location Map of Candidate Bridges

166

Component-2: Smart Shelter School ・Site Location of Smart Shelter The school which is the target of establishment of a smart shelter should be fundamentally selected in a safe area on disaster prevention. When selecting the school located in a flood prone area, it is desirable to relocate the school to a neighbouring safe area. When a move is difficult, the establishment of a high-floor structure is needed. Now, the measure towards introduction of the high-floor structure is taken within the St. Lucia government. About the wind-resistance and seismic resistance of existing buildings, detailed investigation will be needed from now on. Working expenses may increase according to the grade of reinforcement. ・Supposition of Use Duration of Smart Shelter The shelter is assumed as temporary (several days) use at the time of a disaster. However, in the past disaster example, preparation of a makeshift house was not enough, but a shelter is used as a dwelling for a long period, and there is a case which trouble produced in school management. For this reason, when a long-term refuge life is assumed, a measure is needed separately.

167

Appendix

1. Interview List 2. Information List 3. Attendance List 4. Photo in Jamaica 5. Photo in Saint Lucia 6. Photo for Seismic Resistance 7. Outline of CDEMA

1. Interview List

Interview List No. Date Day Visit Visitor＊１ No. Date Day Visit Visitor＊１ J 1 13-Jan Mon JICA T・Ki・Ko・S J 60 7-Feb Fri ODPEM T J2 Japanese Embassy T・Ki・Ko・S J61 NWC Ki J3 ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S J62 UWI Ko・S J4 ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S J63 Japanese Embassy T・Ki・Ko・S J 5 14-Jan Tue ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S J 64 3-Mar Mon JICA Ki J 6 15-Jan WRA T・Ki・Ko・S J65 ODPEM Ki J7 MGD T・Ki・Ko・S J66 ODPEM Ki J8 PIOJ T・Ki・Ko・S J 67 4-Mar Tue NWA Ki J9 NSDMD T・Ki・Ko・S J68 ODPEM Ki J 10 17-Jan Fri NWA T・Ki・Ko・S J69 ODPEM Ki J 11 20-Jan Mon ODPEM T・Ki J 70 6-Mar Thu NWA Ki J12 WRA T・Ki J71 ODPEM Ki J13 UWI Ko・S J72 ODPEM Ki J14 NWA T・Ko・S J73 JICA Ki J15 MET Service Ki S 1 10-Feb Mon JICA T・Ki・Ko・S J 16 21-Jan Tue NWA T・Ki・Ko・S S2 MFEAPSS T・Ki・Ko・S J17 ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S3 NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J18 NEPA T・Ko・S S 4 12-Feb Wed NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J19 ODPEM Ki S5 NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J20 ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S 6 13-Feb Thu NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J 21 23-Jan Thu ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S7 MFEAPSS T・Ki・Ko J22 NWA Ko S8 WB T・Ki・Ko J 23 24-Jan Fri FD T S9 NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J24 MET Service Ki・S S 10 14-Feb Fri SLASPA Ki J25 WB T S11 SLMS Ki J26 WRA T・Ki S12 WRMA Ki J27 MLGCD S S13 PPS Ko・S J28 NSDMD T・Ki S 14 16-Feb Sun SLMS T・Ki・Ko・S J29 ODPEM T・Ki S 15 17-Feb Mon MFEAPSS T J 30 27-Jan Mon ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S16 WASCO T J31 MET Service Ki S17 LUCELEC Ki J32 UWI T・Ko・S S18 Red Cross Ki J33 NWA T・S S19 MPDHUR Ko・S J 34 28-Jan Tue St.Mary Parish Council T・Ki・Ko S20 MEHDL T・Ki J35 MLGCD S S 21 18-Feb Tue MSDEST T・Ki J 36 29-Jan Wed Clarendon Parish Council T・Ki・Ko S22 Fire Service S J37 ODPEM S S23 FD T・Ko J 38 30-Jan Thu St.Catherine Parish Council T・Ki・Ko・S S24 NEMO T・Ko・S J39 Portmore Municipality Council T・Ki・Ko・S S25 WRMA Ki J 40 31-Jan Fri ODPEM T・Ki S 26 19-Feb Wed MIPST T・Ko・S J41 ODPEM T・Ki S27 WASCO T・Ko・S J42 UNDP T S28 MSTLGCE Ki J43 PIOJ Ki S29 MSTLGCE T・Ki・Ko J44 NWA S S 30 20-Feb Thu SLMS Ki J45 NWA Ko S31 MIPST T・Ko・S J46 UWI Ko・S S32 MTHCI T・Ki J 47 1-Feb Sat ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S33 Bureau of Standards S J 48 3-Feb Mon JICA T・Ki・Ko・S S 34 21-Feb Fri MEHDL T・Ki J49 CIDA T S35 SLASPA T・Ki J50 ODPEM Ki S 36 24-Feb Mon MFEAPSS T・Ki・Ko・S J 51 4-Feb Tue ODPEM T・S S37 MIPST Ko・S J52 MOFP Ki S38 SLMS Ki J53 JICA T・Ki・Ko・S S 39 26-Feb Wed MAFPFCRD T・Ki J54 ODPEM Ki S 40 27-Feb Thu MEHDL T・Ki J 55 5-Feb Wed KSAC T・Ki・Ko・S S 41 28-Feb Fri OPM T・Ki・Ko・S J56 NWA T・Ko S42 MFEAPSS T J 57 6-Feb Thu ODPEM T・Ki・S S43 NEMO T・Ki・Ko・S J58 ODPEM T・Ki・Ko・S S44 MIPST T・S J59 ODPEM T・Ki Notes）*1：T→Tanaka、Ki→Kitamura、Ko→Kotoo、S→Shindo

2. Information List

Collected Information List in Jamaica (1/4) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks 1. ODPEM Equipment Requirement to support National Operations and Programes 2. UNDP: Executive Summary, Seismic Risk Exploratory Mission, J01 JICA March25-2-8, 2013 3. UNDP: Seismic Risk Dialogue Forum, December 20, 2013 4. UNDP: Seismic Risk Dialogue Forum, January 8-9, 2014 1. Presentation material-ODPEM: Jamaica’s Disaster Management & Potential Areas for Cooperation 2. WMO: Guidlien for Implementation of Common Alerting Protocol (CAP)- Enabled Emergency Alerting 3. ODPEM Disaster Assessment Report (Early time Sample) 4. Disaster Catalogue 5. Jamaica DesInventatar_17_august_2012 6. ODPEM GIS Data List 7. ODPEM Previous Organization Chart 8. Introduction to Common Alterting Protocol (Video)ODPEM 9. Budget for Last Five years &Demand List for Each Job Position 10. Disaster Fund Report 11. ODPEM Radio system 12. ODPEM Proposed network upgrade 13. Copy of LIME hurricane status report 14. Cooper Hill Single sire Multi –Channel Trunked System Diagram 15. IDAS brochure 16. ODPEM COMMCOM 2014a-1.ppt 17. MODULE H1 REPORT on Telecommunications National Test 18. Earthquake NaSimex 2012 Radio Communication Exercise 19. Earthquake NaSimex 2012 BDRC Radio Team Rationale.docx 20. RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTIONS COMING OUT OF THE NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE AND_ TSUNAMI SIMULATION J02 ODPEM EXERCISE 2012 with track changes 21. Presentation – World Bank Workshop 22. Strategic Plan for DRR in Jamaica 2013-2015 23. NationalEmergencyOperationCenter_PART4 24. DRAFT CEDRA Protocol Document USAID PROJECT 25. BRDC_Summary (CIDA project) 26. Location map for CIDA and IDB Project for Community Disaster Management 27. Comminity-based Landslide Risk Reduction 28. Jamaica Community based Landslide Peoject 29. Terms of Reference for CDRM concept 30. ODPEM straetegic plan 2013-2015 31. ODPEM 3yr Operational Plan 32. Project in Annotto Bay Community Development & Environmental Accusation 33. Annotto Bay Proposed Priority Climate Change Actions for Improved Resilience 34. Drainage Study for Annotto Bay 35. Flood Warning System in Jamaica 36. Vulnerability Ranking Methodolgy by ODPEM 37. NWA Inception Report1 38. NWA Inception Report2 39. NWA Inception Report3 40. NWA Inception Report4

Collected Information List in Jamaica (2/4) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks

41. Emergency Afiliated Radio Service Presentation 42. Emergency Afiliated Radio Service Presentation No Picture 43. Jamaica proposal ALERT FM 44. ODPEM micrest budget V5 J02 ODPEM 45. ODPEM micrest budgetary PRICE V 3.00 46. ODPEM proposed DECOM MICREST 2014 V2.20 47. Role of Telecoms in Disaster Management 48. Emergency Afiliated Radio Service –Ref1 49. Emergency Afiliated Radio Service- Ref2 1. Briefing PIOJ 2. Briefing Vision2030 Jamaica 3. Briefing EU-CC&DRR project 4. ExectveSummary_ID Bproject 5. Overview_EU_CC&DRR project 6. IDB: INDICATORS OF DISASTER RISK AND DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT, Jamaica, 2009 7. IDB: CATASTROPHE RISK PROFILE, Jamaica, 2009 8. IDB: ALTERNATIVES OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS FOR RETENTION AND TRANSFER OF RISK, Jamaica, 2009 9. WB: Final Report, Coastal Multi-Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Assessments Towards Integrated Planning and Reduction of Vulnerability for Portland Cottage, Morant Bay and Manchioneal, Jamaica, 2010 10. WB: Hazard Assessment Report, Coastal Multi-Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Assessments Towards Integrated Planning and Reduction of Vulnerability for Portland Cottage, Mordant Bay and Manchioneal, Jamaica, 2010 11. WB: Vulnerability Assessment Report, Coastal Multi-Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Assessments Towards Integrated J03 PIOJ Planning and Reduction of Vulnerability for Portland Cottage, Morant Bay and Manchioneal, Jamaica, 2010 12. State of Jamaican Climate, Summary, 2012 13. State of Jamaican Climate, Full Document, 2012 14. Jamaica Strategic Program for Climate Resilience (SPCR), 2111 15. PIOJ: Review of Policy, Plans, Legislation and Regulations for Climate, 2012 16. Communication for Climate Change Resilience, 2012-2017 17. Report on Climate Change Knowledge, Attitude and Behavioral Practice Survey, 2012 18. Appendices for the Report on Climate Change Knowledge, Attitude and Behavioral Practice Survey, 2012 19. Risk and Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Development Project (RiVAMP), 2010 20. PIOJ: Socio-economic and Environmental Disaster Impact Assessment Handbook for Jamaica,2012 21. Impact Assessment Report (9reports). 22. Project Appraisal Report for PPCR (Draft) 23. PIOJ: Socio-economic and Environmental Disaster Impact Assessment Handbook for Jamaica,2012Presentation

Collected Information List in Jamaica (3/4) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks

1. Briefing material on NSDMD 2. Briefing material on LICJ 3. Charting Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Development in Jamaica 4. Geographic Information Systems in Schools Education Programe (GISSEP) 5. Status of NSDI Implementation in Jamaica (PPT) 6. Hazard and Risk Geospatial Data Requirements : Study of Urban J04 NSDMD Areas in Jamaica (PPT) 7. Jamaica’s National Emergency Response GIS Team (NERGIST) (PPT) 8. Geospatial Web Map (video) 9. NERGIST(video) 10. Proposal Lider for Jamaica 11. Lider Survey Priority Area(kmz File) 12. List of Datasets available 1. Presentation material- Water Resources Authority Jamaica 2. Flood Water Control Legislation in Jamaica 3. List of FEW 4. List of Gauging stations 5. KMZ files for gauging sts., rainfall sts, groundwater monitoring sts. 6. WRA Picture of Hydrological Observing Station 7. Water Resources Master Plan(1990) 8. CurrentStatus_JamaicaFreshWater 9. WRA Organization Chart 10. Water Resources Act (Draft for Amending) 11. Current Status of Flood Early Warning System 12. RioCobre_AutomaticFloodWarningSystem_ResponseOrders 13. RioCobre_ContactList_FloodAltert 14. RioCobre_CommunityFloodwarningSystem 15. Presentation Materials_Drainage Master Plan J05 WRA 16. WRA Corporate Strategic Plan 2012-2016 17. Flood Control Workshop 18. Floodplain Management Regulations 19. Typical Automatic Gauging Station 20. Flood1979 21. Presentations – flood 22. Presentation- RioGrande Flood 23. Training Material_FLOODS - 5-12 24. Community Based Early Warning Systems in Jamaica, 2003 25. COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROJECT 26. The Challenges of Community Flood Warning Systems in Jamaica, 2003 27. PROPOSED EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR THE COMMUNITIES OF WINDSOR AND PROSPECT PORTLAND

1. Study Presentation Data for JICA 2. Micro Zoning Data 3. Accelerograph Photo J06 UWI 4. Jamaica Seismograph Network 2014 for JICA 5. Jamaica Seismograph Network Operational Plan2013-2014a 6. Portmore Project Final Report_Dec5081- Mines and Geology 2 7. Basic Data

Collected Information List in Jamaica (4/4) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks 1. Public Safety Project (PPT) 2. Jamaica Public Safety Network.kmz 3. NWA Organization Chart 4. Budget for Disaster and Each Parity（Dec.2009 – Jan. 2011 5. GIS Data of Road and Disaster 6. Design Manual for Civil(Abridgment) J07 NWA 7. Comprehensive Drainage and Flood Control Scheme Final Report 8. Disaster Management Application Simulation Manual (Abridgment) 9. 2008-2011Corporate Plan 10. Draft 2012-2013 Corporate Plan 11. Organizational Reprezentation of the Directive, Regional Implementation & Special Services 12. Presentation for WB 1. PPT presentation- Natural Disasters and Environment J08 NEPA 2. PPT presentation- The Building Act and Codes 1. Forest Department’s Disaster Mitigation Plan Handbook J09 FD 2. FD Organization Chart 3. Budget（Last 3 years） 1. MOFP existing organization chart J10 MOFP 2. Terms of Reference Financial Committee for Disaster Fund 3. Disater Management Budget 1. Corporate Plan (Draft) 2. Budget (2013-2014) 3. Organization chart 4. Location of rainfall stations MET J11 5. Location of automatic weather stations Service 6. Stations parameters 7. Meteorological Observation Information 8. Severe weather order-ver2011 9. Map for Flood prone area (photo) 1. AnnottoBay Climate ChangeRisk Reduction Project J12 AnnottoBay 2. PropsedPriorityClimateChangeActions 3. Drainage Study 1. St.Mary Disaster Management Plan (2014) St.Mary 2. Reach Community Disaster Management Plan (Portland Parish) (from J13 Parish ODPEM) Council 3. Report on Landslide in St.Mary (from MGD) 1. Portmore Storm Surge Risk Map Portmore 2. Portmore Flood Map J14 Municipality 3. Portmore Shelter List Council 4. Portmore Evacuation Plan J15 WB 1. Workshop Material 1. UNDP Strategic Plan: 2014 – 17 2. Draft Country Program Document for Jamaica (2012 – 2016) J16 UNDP 3. United Nations Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) Jamaica (2012 – 2016) 4. CPAP Results and Resources Framework

Collected Information List in Saint Lucia(1/2) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks 1. Newspaper about Heavy Rain in December2013 S01 JICA 2. Newspaper about Heavy Rain in December2013 3. Report of Carribbean Disaster Management Cooperation 1. NEMO Programming Framework 2012 – 2017 2. Organization Chart（Current, Proposed） 3. Disaster Catalog(Feb/13/2014) 4. Types of Assessment Reports for Emergency Relief and Short-term Restoration 5. Case of Emergency Operation（Dec.2013 heavy Rain） 6. Case of National Damage Assessment Report（Dec.2013 Heavy Rain） 7. STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES GUIDELINES 8. Standing Operating Procedures Volume 1: Agencies of the National S02 NEMO Emergency Management System (2009) 9. Standing Operating Procedures Volume 1: Agencies of the National Emergency Management Organization (2014) 10. Standard Operating Procedure for Flood Early Warning System in Corinth 11. Standard Operating Procedure Volume2: Standard Operating Procedures for The National Emergency Operations Centre 12. Saint Lucia Flood Contingency Plan (2006) 13. Saint Lucia Flood Contingency Plan (2014 under review) 14. Tsunami Contingency Plan (under review) 15. Law Data 1. ECLAC: MACRO SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND EVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE DAMAGE AND S03 MFEAPSS LOSSES CAUSED BY HURRICANE TOMAS, 2011. 2. WB, Rapid Damage and Loss Assessment (DaLA) Preliminary Findings, 2014 1. SLASPLA Proposal for Disaster Vulnerability Reduction Project and Pilot Program for Climate Resilience 2. Damage and Loss Assessment at HIA after 2013 Dec disaster S04 SLASPA 3. SLU_SPCR~Part1 4. SLU_SPCR~Part2 5. SLU_SPCR~Part4 6. SLU_SPCR~Part5 1. Disaster Preparedness Presentation 2. WB（PPCR-DVRP） Wish Project List S05 WASCO 3. Disaster Vulnerability reduction Project and pilot Program for Climate Resilience S06 LUCELEC 1. LUCELEC : Disaster Management Plan 1. Red Cross: Strategic Plan 2010-2015 2. Red Cross: Disaster Management 5 year Work Program, 2010-2015 S07 Red Cross 3. Updated Disaster Management Plan, 2010 4. Vulnerability ad Capacity Assessment (14 communities) 1. MEHDL: SOP (Standard Operation Procedures) 2. Draft School Safety Policy Guidelines, 2012. 3. MEHDL: Handbook for Shelter Managers, Emergency Response and Mitigation in Schools S08 MEHDL 4. Typical Drawings for Retrofitting School (CDB Project) 5. Project Proposal for Flood Mitigation for Bexon Primary School 6. Project Proposal for Smart Shelter Programme 7. DRRM within the educational sector for Japanese consultant

Collected Information List in Saint Lucia (2/2) No. Agency Collected Information Remarks 1. ConsituencyCouncilActA S09 MSTLGE 2. OrganizationChart_MSTLGCE 1. Information for Japanese (Estimation of Bridge Rehabilitation, Organization Chart, Information about Design Manual) 2. Damage Assessment Report of torrential rain in 24th December 2013 3. Damage Assessment Report of harricane Thomas S10 MIPST 4. Improvement of the Drainage Systems in Castries and Anse La Raye, 2003. 5. Disaster Response Plan 6. Bridge Investigation Document 1. SLMS, Emergency Procedures (revision, May 2013) 2. Station GPS coordinates 3. Final Combined Strategic Plan 4. FurtherRevised_DVRP-PPCR Proposal MetServices WRMA 04 S11 SLMS April 2013 5. Final MOU St Lucia Met Services & Water Resource Management Agency 14141.doc 6. Meteorological Services Strategic Plan 7. METservice Work Programme(1) 2012-2013 1. MSDEST, Strategic Plan, 2013-2017 2. MSDEST, Performance Plan, 2013 3. Organization Chart of MSDEST 4. Extract from DRAFT Project Appraisal Document-PPCR-DVRP S12 MSDEST 5. PPCR-DVRP Activity Summary 6. PPCR-DVRP Synopsis 2014 7. Institutional Arrangements for PPCR 8. Extract from DRAFT Project Appraisal Document-PPCR-DVRP (Inadeqacy Area by PPCR-DVRP Investment) 1. Location of Fire Stations & Manner of response to emergencies S13 Fire Service 2. Fire service Budget 1. Letter of Agreement between FAO and Forest Division, “Provision of of funds from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United S14 FD Nations from the European Commission” 2. National Sub-Project to the GEF-IWEco Project, “Soufriere Watershed Situational Analysis Report” 1. Final Strategic Plan for the WRMA, 2012-2017 2. WRMA Introduction PPT 3. National Water Policy, 2004 4. Water and Sewerage Act, 2005 S15 WRMA 5. Revised Water and Sewerage Act, 2008 6. Observation Station List （Information, Site） 7. Daily Rainfall Data 8. Equipment List 9. WRMA Introduction PPT for Students S16 SMS 1. Saint Lucia Survey Map

3. Attendance List

Jamaica

Organization Title Names

Director General ODPEM Richard Thompson (Acting) ODPEM Deputy Director Horare Glaze ODPEM Michelle Edwards Senior Director Karena Aikery Mitchell ODPEM Mitigation, Plannning & Research (Counterpart) ODPEM Pauline Brown ODPEM Boverley Thompon Director HRM ODPEM Yronne Bernok Director of finance ODPEM Planning Analyst Leiska Powell ODPEM SNR telecoms engineer Roul Corniffe ODPEM Regional coodinator south Camille Beekford Palmer ODPEM Regional coodinator east Marlon Brown ODPEM DRM specialist Anna Tucker ODPEM St.andrew parish disaster coodinator Terry Forrester ODPEM Allison Gordon Met.service Head weather researcher Evan Thompson Met.service Director Jeffery Spooner Met.service Sector head, apploed met Jacqueline Spencee Met.service Acting section head data procession Adham Shaw Met.service Sector head, ~~MET centre Lourence Brown WRA Water Resource Engineer Rudo Udika WRA Senior Hydorologist Michael R A Wilson WRA Deputy Managing Director Hrerbert Thomas WRA Asstant Hydro-geologist Uton Henry WRA SNR technical assistant Steve Houson WRA Bernary Williams WRA SNR hydrologist Michael Wilson MGD Director Norman Harris MGD Geologist Canute Ricketts MGD Mrs. Marsha Downswell MGD Mr. Odane Reid NEPA Civil engineer Allan Hamilton NEPA Leonard Franus Direcotor NEPA Urban&Regional Planner G Berelt NEPA Legal manager Marie Chambers PIOJ ManagerBilateral Programmes Pauline Morrison PIOJ GIS Analyst Nadine Brown PIOJ SNR project Economist Marsha Woolcock PIOJ Manager Sustinable Development Hopeton Peterson NSDMD Principal Director Rohan A. Richards NSDMD GIS Infra Manager Mark Codling NWA Director technical service Roger Smith NWA Project Manager Edmarine Lowe-ching NWA GIS Officer Stauy-Ann Austin NWA Project Officer Jordan Poole NWA GIS Manager A Edwards NWA Operater Manager Michael Saunderson NWA Corporate planner Orlan Simpson NWA Patrick Rose Director Plannig NWA Asst. parish managerClarendon Parish James stewart NWA Ernest Clarke UWI Earthquake Unit Professor Head Department Simon Mitchell UWI Earthquake Unit Seismic Analyst Raymond Stewart UWI Earthquake Unit Seismic officer Karleen Black UNDP National Disaster Response Analyst Keith Ford UNDP Deputy resident representative Elsie Chounoune UWI Disaster risk management div. Lechirer Arputa Mandal UWI Disaster risk management div. Geologist Anestoria Shalkowski UWI Disaster risk management div. Director DRRC Dr.Barbara Carby UWI Disaster risk management div. Admin assintant Tameka Claudius Forest department CEO conservator of forest Marelyn headley Forest department chief forestry officer michael Bobb Organization Title Names

Annotio bay community Vice chairman Ruel Fraucis development &environmental St.Mary Parish Travis Graham Social Development Commission Ministry of Labour and Social Security Pamiel Scott St.Mary Parish Mayor Levan A. Freeman St.Mary Parish Bruce Farrell St.Mary Parish Rovel Morris St.Mary Parish Carmen Samuda St.Mary Parish Yolande Jankie St.Mary Parish Lincoln Dixon St.Mary Parish Ava Murdock Clarendon Parish Council D/sept R&W Garfield Thompson Clarendon Parish Council DU~~ planning Dickala Thompson Clarendon Parish Council Physical plannner Staphel Thomas Clarendon Parish Council Actg Parish disaster coordinator Eleawy Coorls St.Catherine Parish disaster coordinator Patricia Lewis St.Catherine Councillor Peter Davis St.Catherine Manager Michael Morris St.Catherine Building Officer Max Russell St.Catherine Planning coodinator David Robinson St.Catherine Mayor Neuuree Scott St.Catherine Counciller/cathrtinePDC Dannell Marriott Portmore Disaster coodinatoor Phillipa Ricketts Edmund Fire Brigade Calvin Poweu Fire Brigade Heather Williams Fire Brigade Andrew Wildman Portmore Councillor Ainsley Parkins Portmore Leon Thomas Mayer PMC Portmore Councillor Yvonne Mccormack Portmore Chief admin manager Keny Chamdes MoF Unit head physical infarastructure unit per division Rochell Dacres MoF DFS-corporate services(actg) Audrey Mckenzie MoF DFS-puble expatition~~coodinator Hope Blake MLGE Senior director technical service Dwight wilson MLGE Permanent secretary Dione Jennings NWC Risk manager insurance Carl Medowell NWC corporate pla manager Jacqueline Cameron NWC Assistant vice president Lewis Lakemart NWC Vice president planning & special reject Maijore Segree NWC Rohan Forrester NWC Gaswaine Johnson NWC Clifton Barrows Jamaica Constabulary Force– St. Mary Mr. Dean Johnson Jamaica Constabulary Force– St. Mary Mr. Gary H. Flash Jamaica Constabulary Force– St. Mary Ms. Velonique Campbell Saint Lucia

Organization Title Names

NEMO Director Dawn French NEMO Training officer Andrew George NEMO/MOH Telecom oparator Fabian Lewis MoF Deputy chief economist Bonaventure Henry MoF Economist Michael Gittens MoF Deputy ps John Callke MoF Asst.economist Nadine Isidore MSDEST Water resource officer Fitzgerald John MSDEST Sust,devt and enviroment officer Dawn D Nathaul MSDEST Deputy chief sustinable development officer Annnehe Rathgan-reo MSDEST chief sustinable development &environment officer Crispin d'Auvergne WRMA/MET Director(Ag) Venantious Descartes WRMA/MET Information system manager Jason Ornest SLASPA Internal auditor Cuthbert Nathoniel SLASPA Chief engineer Chidi Tobias MSTLGCE Deputy director Velola Joseph Red Cross Director General Terencia gesilloud Red Cross Disaster coodinator hubert Pierre MEHRL School safety coodinator Bermez Khodoro LUCELEC Construction engineer Nigel Fulgence LUCELEC Health safety environment and security officer Priscilia Stanislas Fire service StoTOIS? officer Bernard Prospere Fire service Deputy chief fire officer Lambert Charles Fire service Assistant divisional officer George Victorin Fire service Station officer Charles Jeron Fire service Accountant Shaween Emmanuel Fire service Divisional officer Ditney Downes Fire service Divisional officer Olens Charles Fire service ICT Officer Warn Augustin Fire service Dvisional officer Joseph Joseph Fire service EMS ambulance Officer Fernando James MSTLGCE Local government officer Justine Charles MSTLGCE STO Derene Gustave MSTLGCE STO Brenda Wilson MSTLGCE STO Jahto Mahal MSTLGCE Town Clerk Kizzie Joseph MSTLGCE Chair person Edsel Edmund MSTLGCE Chair person Frederick Jongue MSTLGCE Chair person Alleyne Regis MSTLGCE Councilor Dana Deferville MSTLGCE Community Facilitator Dilan Alcee MSTLGCE Ausbert Regis Demnery MSTLGCE Community Facilitator Eleanor Joseph PPS Deputy chief physical planner David Desie MPDHUR Chief housing and urban renewal officer Jenny Daniel MPDHUR canrographer David Alphonse surver&mapping MPDHUR Chief architect Augstin Payonette Architects section MTHCI Director of product development Ann-margaret Adams MTHCI Permanent secretary Donovan Williams MSTLGCE(PS) Permanent secretary Juliana Alfred MIPST Permanent secretary Ivor Daniel MIPST Financial Analyst Calvin Lee MIPST Project engineer harricane thomas project Laurna Raoul MIPST Project coodinator special project unit Mary P Augustin WASCO Managing director Vincent Hippolyte WASCO Utilite services palanning design manager Aly Anthony WASCO Strategic planning manager Justin Sealy

4. Photo in Jamaica

Photo１ Photo２ Dry sttone pitching or Gabion is installed in up-and-down The bridge installed by the Chinneese loan. Banking of stream of the bridge for bridge protection. In the case of abutments part disturbs a part of river cross section. the mild slope bank, levee protection was not able to be seen other than around the bridge part.

Photo３ Photo４ There are water gage and siren near Rio Cobre river in Water gage station in Rio Cobre rriver. The water level which the community has possibility of flood in Sppanish for flood warning is informed to ODPEM via WRA. Town. Parish Council obtains the information from ODPEM.

Photo５ Photo６ Overflow bridge in Rio Cobre river. NWA orders Gate in upstream of overflow bridge in Rio Cobre river. roadblock in flood warning situation. NWA orders roadblock in flood warrning situation. Field Suurrvey Photo in Jamaica

Photo７ Photo８ Moneague Lake. Flood is occurred by spring water due Because there is not water gate in drainage outlet from to karst landscape. PortMore, flood is occurred by poor drainage when the tidal level is high.

Photo９ Photo１０ Beach in Portmore. The coastal sand is ran off by Revetment is developing in shoreline where storm surge shoreline erosion in storm surge. damaged.

Photo１１ Photo１２ Bridge restored by Canadian assistance. They put Community center is used as shelter which is designated temporary bridge for military use. by ODPEM. Field Survey Photo in Jamaica

Photo１３ Photo１４ Slope failures of a large-scale can be seen in the Slope failures of mountainous area are caused by mountainous area along rivers, and assumed to be caused reducing vegetation due to development of agricultural due to hydraulic action in the bottom of unstable steep land with a small rain. A small collapse often induced slopes. collapse of a large scale.

Photo１５ Photo１６ Steep slopes of a crack developed rock are easily Proceeding of weathering to vulnerable places of cracks destabilized and lead to collapse. leads to big collapse at a steep slope.

Photo１７ Photo１８ A small-scale collapse is seen frequently along the road. Sediment flowing out (collapse) with surface water from Slope is formed of brittle sandstone. slope along the road. A slope is formed of poorly consolidated sand. Field Survey Photo in Jamaica

Photo１９ Photo２０ Road embankment was collapsed and washed away due Collapsed section of embankment was part of the fill in to flooding from upstream (pictured left). small stream (from upstream of Photo 19)

Photo２１ Photo２２ The land mass is moving in MGD's point of view. The Slope failures have rarely seen because of functioning land mass is likely moving due to surface associated with drainage facilities across the road in the mountainous groundwater flow when it rains. area.

Photo２３ Photo２４ Drainage capacity of low altitude has increased to cope Poor drainage facilities of the road are one of the causes with combined drainage flow from the area of high for slope failures during heavy rains in newly developed altitude where drainage capacity is insufficient. residential area. Field Survey Photo in Jamaica

Photo２５ Photo２６ Condition of kick off meeting at ODPEM in 13th Jan. Monitoring equipment in UWI-Earthquake Research Unit

Photo２７ Photo２８ ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) control Information and Communication room in ODPEM room in NWA

Photo２９ Photo３０ Meteorological monitoring equipment in Norman WB workshop in 29th Jan. Manley International Airport Convention & Survey Photo in Jamaica

5. Photo in Saint Lucia

Photo１ Photo２ Cheap box culvert is installed in the river instead of the Stream bed is rising for the sediment discharge by bridge in many cases. The pipeline is a narrowed pass. hurricane Thomas etc. Decreasing of discharge capacity is apprehended.

Photo３ Photo４ Situation of water gage station. The maintenance is not There is gutter in part of roads. enough by failure of battery and so on.

Photo５ Photo６ Since superstructure of the bridge flowed out by the Around a river, there are piloti houses in consideration of Christmas heavy rain, temporary bridge was installed by the water level at the time of a flood. the U.S. army. Field Survey Photo in Saint Lucia

Photo７ Photo８ School broken by Christmas heavy rain. It is told that The children's evacuation plan is formulated at the the school does not have rebuilding plan. elementary school.

Photo９ Photo１０ The school in a flood plain. It is expected of Drainage around Hewanorra International Airport. It and piloti-ization. However, since it is located in a flood is arranged to avoid the airport. At the time of the 2013 plain, it cannot be used as a shelter. Christmas heavy rain, the airport sank by the flood.

Photo１１ Photo１２ Situation around GFL Charles Airport in capital Castries Road around GFL Charles Airport. The elevation is low Since elevation is low in some part, the airport may in some part. become impossible to use by storm surge. Field Survey Photo in Saint Lucia Photo１３ Photo１４ Collapsed land mass appears to have flowed down to the Debris flow that occurred in the slope failures (Valley on downstream. Slopes are composed of highly weathered the downstream side of the photo 1) have flown down pyroclastic rocks and talus deposits. the valley.

Photo１５ Photo１６ Remains of debris flow caused by slope failures are seen Drainage crossing the road has not yet destroyed for in the valley. Debris still remains in the valley except functioning of facilities, however it is unknown whether road section. study on the estimated flow of the valley was performed.

Photo１７ Photo１８ Sediment deposited on road after a disaster has been Woods spilled from dam reservoir are seen in the bottom removed. Consequential damages are anticipated due to of the spillway. Increase of sedimentation due to erosion remaining sediments of slope failures in many places of in the reservoir has become one of issues. the road. Field Survey Photo in Saint Lucia（Heavy Rain Damage in 24 Dec.2013）

Photo１９ Photo２０ Road embankment collapsed due to flooding. Upstream (Side photo of 7 - from Upstream side) Road side of road embankment (pictured left). Drainage embankment of filling the swamp of the terrain collapsed facilities are washed away. completely.

Photo２１ Photo２２ Corrugated drainage pipes are mainly used in road Submersible Bridge accompanied by drainage of crossing a stream. Bridge is proposed in such section in corrugated and culvert. Damage of the bridge is small, experience of disasters. but road was damaged by turbid water .

Photo２３ Photo２４ Bridge affected by river overflow in flood. Deterioration Road drainage changed from corrugated tube to box of old bridges is remarkable. Reconstruction of bridges culvert. Embankment is severely damaged by excessive might be required. water over drainage capacity. Field Survey Photo in Saint Lucia（Heavy Rain Damage in 24 Dec.2013）

Photo２５ Photo２６ Condition of kick off meeting at NEMO in 12th Feb. Information and Communication room in NEMO. Because there is only one volunteer staff as administrator, the maintenance is not enough.

Photo２７ Photo２８ Weather observation facilities in Hewanorra International Communication device for earthquake information in Airport. NEMO. The earthquake information is sent to UWI Seismic Research Unit in Torinidad and Tobago.

Photo２９ Photo３０ Sulfur Springs. It is a dormant volcano and sulfur is Interpretation Center near Sulfur Springs. Volcanic blowing off. UWI is observing the volcano situation. structure and history can be learned here. Many tourists visit here. Convention & Survey Photo in Saint Lucia

6. Photo for Seismic Resistance

Photo１ ODPEM Photo２ Public Hospital OAS built as three-story. Seismic resistance is thought of It is a comparatively high-rise building in Jamaica. It is as a certain level. getting older and there is a possibility that earthquake resistance is falling.

Photo３ Fire Station Photo４ Police Station Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to low-rise building.. low-rise building although it is old.

Photo５ Jamaica House Photo６ Post Office It is used as office, and degree of attention from citizen is Although urgency is low, it is comparatively large-scale not so high. It is in off-limit area. building. As many cracks are seen in the surface of a wall, aging is progressing. Condition of Buildings in Jamaica

Photo７ Parliament Photo８ Secondary School Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to It is a building of a low rise and is aging. Moreover, low-rise building. compared with a governmental building, the maintenance is not enough.

Photo９ Office Buildings Photo１０ Church Since the private buildings are designed by entrusted A church is used as a shelter. It is said that brick is not so overseas contractor in many cases, seismic resistance is weak for earthquake although many of them were built thought of as a certain level in colonial days.

Photo１１ Devon House Photo１２ General Houses It is one of the most famous buildings in Jamaica. Since Although most of them are flat, but they are very it is a tourist resort, it is difficult to perform aseismic vulnerable. reinforcement. Condition of Buildings in Jamaica

Photo１ NEMO Photo２ Public Hospital Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to It is comparatively new and the seismic resistance is flat. thought of as a certain level.

Photo３ Fire Station Photo４ Police Station 低層の建築物のため、一定の耐震性は確保されてい Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to ると考えられるが、前の消防局は地震により使用不 low-rise building although it is also old in Saint Lucia. 能となっている。

Photo５ Government Building1 Photo５ Government Building2 It is a high-rise building in St. Lucia It is aging and it is It is a high-rise building in St. Lucia It is new but it is thought that earthquake resistance is not high. thought that earthquake resistance is not high. Condition of Buildings in Saint Lucia

Photo７ New Government Building1 Photo８ Secondary School It is a new government building under construction. The It is a building of a low rise and is aging. Moreover, detail design is not clear, but the seismic resistance is compared with a governmental building, the thought of as a certain level maintenance is not enough.

Photo９ Resort Hotels Photo１０ Bridge Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to There is no installation of bridge falling prevention low-rise building. equipment. The condition is same in Jamaica.

Photo１１ Castries Market Photo１２ General Houses It is one of the most famous buildings in Saint Lucia. Although most of them are flat, but they are very Seismic resistance is thought of as a certain level due to vulnerable. simple structure like warehouse. Condition of Buildings in Saint Lucia

7. Outline of CDEMA

Appendix7 Outline of CDEMA

CDEMA which was CDERA （Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency） previously, was established as agency which control all Caribbean disaster risk management in September 2009. There is head quarter in Barbados.

“Evaluation Report on The Caribbean Disaster Management (CADM) Project Phase1” mentioned that CDEMA budget is made up of contribution from member countries and project budget from donors. CDEMA has large aspect as coordinator. Therefore, the contribution from Caribbean countries is used as staffs cost in CDEMA. Project budget is contributed from donors in each project.

CDEMA built up “Regional Comprehensive Disaster Management (CDM) Strategy and Programming Framework 2014-2024 Draft” as their action plan. The goal of the draft CDM Strategy 2014-2024 Draft is to realize “Safer, more resilient and sustainable CDEMA Participating States through Comprehensive Disaster Management” in the report. This goal is supported by four high level priority outcomes and sixteen outputs as represented in the CDM Logic Model. The strategic framework also embodies seven elements which when realized will lead to the desired future state of Participating States. These are:

i. National, regional and sectoral institutions with adequate/minimum standards of capacity to deliver the CDM program

ii. Knowledge management which is applied for fact-based decision-making

iii. Disaster resilience which is enhanced within key sectors of the economy

iv. Operational readiness at regional, national, sectoral and local levels

v. A clearly established and understood nexus between CCA and DRR with programming and governance harmonised

vi. Community resilience which has been enhanced for the most vulnerable with gender concerns addressed at all stages and levels

vii. Resource allocation which underpins the ability to deliver the strategy

Logical model for CDM strategy is shown in a table in next page. Table Logic Model for the CDM Strategy outlining the plan's purpose and cross cutting themes.