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The Ethnology of Germany.- Part VI

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The Ethnology of Germany.- Part VI The Ethnology of Germany.- Part VI. The Varini, Varangians, and Franks.- Section I. Author(s): Henry H. Howorth Reviewed work(s): Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 12 (1883), pp. 525-553 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841691 . Accessed: 23/11/2012 02:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Fri, 23 Nov 2012 02:30:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH. -The Ethnologyof Gernmany. 525 to individualsor expeditionsfavourably situated for prosecuting such an investigation. I close by earnestlyhopina that the Council may take an early opportunityof favourablyconsidering my suggestionfor forwardingenquiry into this subject of palkeontologicalanthro- pology,or the questionof the When,Where, and How of man's origin. DIsCussION. Mr. JAMES HEYWOOD,Mr. PARK HARRISON,M. BERTIN, and Dr. GARSONtook part in the discussion. The CHAIRXAN,in summing up, expressed his opinion that the paper was well and carefullyput together,and had elicited a very useful discussion, but he doubted whetherit took in all the circum- stances of the case. Assuming that man was descended froma lower creature he thoughtit morelikely that several of the different races originatedin differentplaces than that theywere all descended fromthe same stock; and some of the areas of evolution were very likely buried in the sea. He doubted whether any one had ever supposed that men were descended frommonkeys, although many thoughtthat monkeys and men were descended fromthe same source. The districtin which the author expected to find the missing lilnk was well looked afterby continentalanthropologists, and in view of this, and of the fact that the whole Institute was a standing com- mitteefor the collection of anthropological information, he thought theappointment of a specialcommittee was notnecessary. T'he ETHNOLOGYof GERMANY.-PARTVI. THE VARINI,VARANGIANS, AND FRANKS.-SECTIONI. By HENRY H. HOWORTH,F.S.A. WE will commenceour paper, in which some very heterodox views will be maintained,by a survey of the various theories about the originof the Franks. One of these may be dismiissed almost in a sentence. This is the theoryof some too patriotic Frenchmen,includilig Dom Bouquet, Hadrianus Valesius, and lDubos, who argued that the Franks were of Gallic race-one author urgingthat they were descenldedfrom the Gauls who had formerlylived in the Hercynianforest. I nieednot say that no historianiholds this view now. The factsare absolutelyover- This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Fri, 23 Nov 2012 02:30:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions o26 H. H. HOWORTH.-TlheEthnology of Germany. whelmingto prove that in language, in laws, in customsand institutions,in nomenclature,in theirarchaeological remains- in fact,in everythingby whichwe can discriminateraces-the Franks were of Teutonicorigin. Another theorymight be dismissed equally quickly if its existence at an early date were not interestingon collateral grounds. Rospatt,author of one of the famous"Programms," so well known in Germany (entitled"Kritische Beitraigezur AeltestenGeschichteder Franken," p. I1), says: "WhentheFranks becamnea powerfulnation, and when the literaryclass, the clergy, as well as the chiefs,chiefly consisted of men of Frankishorigin, it was naturalthat classical antiquity should be searchedthrough to finda becomingancestry for the martialrace whichhad now becomeso important. Virgilwas then the mostwidely read and familiarwriter, and the expeditionagainst Troy and the founda- tion of Rome the mostfamous events in popular imagination. It was natural,therefore, that Troy should be made the point of departureof the French genealogists,and that the martial opponentsof the Romans should be derivedfrom Priam and his people." A genealogyof the Carlovingians,printed by Pertz (ii, 310), has the phrase," Priamus et Antenoregressi a Troja,venerunt in Secambria,et inde in Pannoniia,et inde in Maeotidespaludes, et inde juxta ripas fluminisReni in extremnaparte Germaniae." Again, a scholiast to Fredegar,whose notice is printed by Bouquet (ii, 391), after describing the wanderingsof the fugitivesfrom Troy, goes on to say: "IDenuo bifarea divisione Europam media ex ipsispar cum Francioneeormni Rege ingressa fuit. Qui Europam p.ervagantescum uxoribuset liberis Rheni ripani occuparunt. Nec procul a Rheno civitatem ad instar Troja, nominis aedificareconati sunt . et per Fran- cionemvocati sunt Franci." Mr. Perrysays this Trojan theory has been defendedin moderntimes by Turk," KritischeGesch. der Franken.'" A false reading in Cicero's"Ep. ad Atticum" (lib. xiv, epist. 10), where Fangonieshas been corruptedinto Frangones,has been broughtforward to prove that the Franks were known by that nanie in the time of Cicero (Cluveyius, " Germania Antiqua," iii, 82; "The Franks,"by W. C. Perry, p. 41, note 1). Of course this Trojan originof the Franks is merefable, but it is very curious how general these fables were. Ammiantus Marcellinus,after discussing various theories about the originof the Gauls, says: " Some, again,maintain that afterthe destruc- uionof Troy,a fewTriojans, fleeing from the Greeks,who were then scatteredover the whole world,occupied these districts, which at that time had no inhabitantsat all" (op. cit.,xv, 9). This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Fri, 23 Nov 2012 02:30:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions H. H. HOWORTH.-The Ethnologyof Germany. 527 We all know how many jibes have been cast at Geoffreyof Monmouthfor a similarpedigree which he gives to the Britons, and fewremember that, several centuriesbefore Geoffrey wrote, the same story was told in a truncated form by Nennius, anotherproof that Geoffreywas not the inventorand impostor he is oftenmade out to be. But returningto the Trojan story about the Franks. In the popularhistories of the last century it was the fashionto deduce the line of Frank kingsfrom an ancestor named Pharamund. Latterly,with everyjustice, this person has been treated as purely mythical. He is quite unknownto the earliest Frank chroniclers,Gregory of Tours and Fredegar,who would assuredlyhave mentionedhim had he reallyexisted. His name firstoccurs in an interpolatedpassage in a corruptcopy of Prosperof Aquitaine,where we read,under the year417, the twenty-sixthyear of Honorius: " Faramundus regnat in Francia." On which passage Mr. Perry speaks as follows:-" No value whateveris to be set on this passage of the work of Prosper,who lived in the fifthcentury." Two MSS. are extant, one of which appears complete and un- corrupted,and containsno referenceto Pharamund. The other is full of irrelevantinterpolations, and amongthem the passage above quoted,which probablydates fromthe seventh century. Henschenius,in his "Exegesis de Epistola Tungrensi,"doubts whetherthe, name occursbefore the ninth century. Long ago, Leibnitz,in a famouspaper on the Franks,which was published in 1720 as an appendix to Eccard's work entitled" Leges Francorum)' suggestedthat Pharamundwas a corruptionof Priam, and we, in fact,find Prosperof Aquitaine,who died in 463, in his noticeof Theodosijs,saying, "Priamus quidam regnat in Francia quantu4r altius colligerepotuimus." I am not sure that the name of Troywas not similarlysuggested by that of the Tongri,in whose land the Franks were earlysettled. The legend about Pharamundgrew out of the interpolated passage. above quoted,until, as Mr. Perry says,to Pharamund was ascribed,not only the permanenitconquest made at this time by the variotistribes of Franks,but the establishsaettof the monarchy,and the collectionand p1qbliQationof the well-known Salic laws. The "Gesta Francorum" nmakePharamund the son of Marcomir,while in the " Genealogies"published by Duchesne he is made the fatherof Chlodio. As we have said,he is clearly a fictitiou-speYson, and must be erased fromconsiderationi as in the same categorywith the Trojan originof the Franks. A third,theory about theirorigin, which is almost universally held now,is tliat the name connotesa Qonfederationof Teutonic tribeswlhich lived o-4 the lower and middle iRhine,aiid which had long been knowxito tlip,Romans under othernames such This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.71 on Fri, 23 Nov 2012 02:30:40 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 528 H. H. HOwORTH.-TheEthnology of Germnany. as the Sicambri,the Khamavi, the Bructeri,&c., &c., and which, in the latter part of the third century,adopted the common name of Frank. According to this theory,which has been adopted by Ledebur, Zeuss, and Grimm, among others,the Franks were not a new people,but an old and well-knownrace under a new name. This view
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