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Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rotterdam Architecture, Metropolitan for Office 39

A global history of the prison Cultures of confinement

Frank Dikötter seemed to miss the world around him. Over the course of the

pp.1, 4-8 pp.1, guest editor 20th century, confinement spread across the world to become the only recognised form of punishment alongside fines and ichel Foucault has written of a ‘great confinement’ of the death sentence; countries differing widely in political ide- Mthe poor that peaked between 1650 and 1789, as pun- ology and social background replaced existing modes of punishment of the body was replaced by a regime of surveillance ishment – from exile and servitude to the pillory and the gal- in the prison. Yet even a cursory look at modes of punishment lows – with the custodial sentence. Prisons now span the beyond the ‘Age of Enlightenment’ shows that the 20th cen- globe, from communist China to democratic Britain, as ever- tury, rather than the 18th, was marked by the incarceration of larger proportions of humanity find themselves locked behind vast masses of people, to such an extent that Alain Besançon bars, doing time for crime. Rates of incarceration have varied has characterised the period as ‘the century of concentration over the past century, but the trend is upwards, as new pris- camps’. Foucault’s vision of herding paupers and vagrants into ons continue to be built and prison populations swell in the countless new hospitals and prisons not only confused intend- Americas, Europe, Asia and the Middle East. ed policies with actual practices, thereby overstating the extent pp.20-21 of incarceration in France before 1789 – the philosopher continued on page 6 > pp.36-39 pp.9, 11, 17, 23, 35 23, 17, 11, pp.9, pp.22-28 Book reviews, Book > The road to hell is paved with good intentions, good with paved is hell to road The agendas, conference and Arts > > Rem Koolhaas warchitecture, Koolhaas Rem culture, material and Performance > >

First conditional release from the model prison in Beijing Introduction IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:49 Pagina 2

Contents #39 East-West meeting space ingapore’s Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong delivered the keynote speech at the SNovember 2005 East-West Dialogue in Barcelona*. ‘After Amman: Uniting to Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison Defeat Terrorism’ saw Goh address what he considers to be the greatest threat to 1&4 Introduction: cultures of confinement / Frank Dikötter humankind today. 5 Colonial Burma’s prison: continuity with its pre-colonial past? / Thet Thet Wintin and Ian Brown One of the main feeding grounds for terrorism is racial and religious tension. 6 India: the prisoners’ revolt / David Arnold Following the 1960s racial riots in Singapore, the government of the multi-religious, 7 In her aunt’s house: women in prison in the Middle East / Anthony Gorman multi-racial society adopted an ‘overlapping circles’ – in contrast to a ‘melting-pot’ 8 Blurring the boundaries: prisons and settler society in Hokkaido / Pia Vogler – approach to foster racial and religious harmony, where each community can be seen as a circle with its own values, beliefs and culture. ‘Where the circles overlap is the common space where we interact freely. We try to expand and maximize this Poetry space. The space which does not overlap is the community’s own space where they 9 Pulau di atas pulau & In-communicado / Sitor Situmorang are free to speak their own language, practice their own religion and have their own 9 kembara jauh & wayang i / Mohamad Haji Salleh way of life. This way, each community retains its separate identity and yet is bond- ed to each other through common national values.’

Research Against the backdrop of the recent riots in France, Goh’s words have become more 10 The prose of the world: the field speaks for itself / Saskia Kersenboom pertinent in the context of East-West dialogue. After all, it was the same Goh Chok 11 Ancient Chinese ritual dances / Nicolas Standaert Tong who more than ten years ago as prime minister of Singapore developed the 12-13 The Great Fifth / Samten G. Karmay idea of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) to improve dialogue between Asia and 14 Black Fever and British medical policy in India / Achintya Kumar Dutta Europe, at a low ebb since decolonization. He pleaded for cultural rapprochement, 15 Urban elections in the People’s Republic / Thomas Heberer for which he delineated three stages. 16 Rendering history through the Sinhala novel / Manouri K. Jayasinghe 17 In the footsteps of Hayam Wuruk / Amrit Gomperts note Director’s In the first, networking phase, gaps in knowledge of each other’s cultures need to 18 Asians in Africa: images, histories and portraits / Gijsbert Oonk be filled. Although this is a never-ending process, the past decade has witnessed 19 The virtual second generation: negotiating ethnicity on the internet / Urmila Goel deepening in our knowledge of each other’s cultures. We are now passing through the second phase, that of constructive dialogue, where common concerns take center stage in discussions on issues like terrorism, racial tensions, natural disasters, Rem Koolhaas IIAS annual lecture SARS, AIDS and avian flu – phenomena that underline our ever-growing interde- 20-21 Warchitecture / Rick Dolphijn pendence. Focusing on common concerns help erase xenophobic notions of each other’s cultures, so counter-productive to shaping our common future.

Reviews We as Asia scholars can facilitate this process by further strengthening academic 22 Women of the kakawin world / Dick van der Meij cooperation between Europe and Asia in the form of joint research projects and stu- 23 Caring for Japan’s elderly / Elisabeth Schröder-Butterfill dent exchanges. These pave the way for the third or consensus-building phase where 24 Museums, material culture and performance in Southeast Asia / Sandra Dudley shared values develop – which, in the long run, will enlarge our ‘common space’ 25 Bringing Indonesian media history to life / David T. Hill within the East-West encounter. < 26 Language and politics in Mao’s China / Manfred B. Sellner 27 Globalization and local development in India / Hans Schenk Wim Stokhof 28 Books received Director, IIAS

International Institute for Asian Studies * The second East-West Dialogue was organized by Casa Asia, the Asia Europe Foun- 29 IIAS fellows dation, the Club of Madrid, UNESCO, and the Forum Foundation, and held in 30 Hosting major international sports events: comparing Asia and Europe / Barcelona, 16-17 November 2005. Wolfram Manzenreiter and John Horne 31 European Alliance for Asian Studies 32 IIAS research 33-34 Announcements 35 A tale of two museums. Indonesia: The Discovery of the Past / Pieter ter Keurs 36-37 International arts agenda / Carol Brash 38-39 International conference agenda The International Institute for Asian Studies is a postdoctoral research centre based in Leiden and Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Our main objective is to encourage the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia and to pro- mote national and international cooperation in the field. The institute focuses on the humanities and social sciences and their interaction with other sciences.

IIAS values dynamism and versatility in its research programmes. Post-doctoral research fellows are temporarily employed by or affiliated to IIAS, either within the framework of a collaborative research programme or on an individual basis. In its aim to disseminate broad, in-depth knowledge of Asia, the institute organizes seminars, workshops and conferences, and publishes the IIAS Newsletter with a cir- www.iias.nl culation of 25,000. is for authors from around the world to share commentary and opinion; short research essays; book, journal, film and website reviews; fiction and artwork; and announcements of events, projects and IIAS runs a database for Asian Studies with information on researchers and conferences with colleagues in academia and beyond. We welcome contributions from our readers. research-related institutes worldwide. As an international mediator and a clearing- Please send your copy and queries to the editors at: [email protected] house for knowledge and information, IIAS is active in creating international networks and launching international cooperative projects and research programmes. Our guideline for contributors, advertisement specifications, upcoming deadlines, and current and In this way, the institute functions as a window on Europe for non-European schol- previous issues can be seen at: www.iias.nl ars and contributes to the cultural rapprochement between Asia and Europe.

Have the IIAS Newsletter arrive in your mailbox, four times a year, free of charge: IIAS also administers the secretariat of the European Alliance for Asian Studies [email protected] (Asia Alliance: www.asia-alliance.org) and the Secretariat General of the International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS: www.icassecretariat.org). To advertise in this newsletter: attn. Natasja Kershof: [email protected] Updates on the activities of the Asia Alliance and ICAS are published in this newsletter. <

2 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:50 Pagina 3

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IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 3 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:50 Pagina 4

> Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison

> continued from page 1

While the prison has become ever more entrenched on a global scale, it also represents an incontrovertible failure, in theory and in practice. While their proposed missions have varied – from retribution and incapacitation to deterrence and rehabilitation – prisons from the very beginning resisted their supporters’ intended purposes, generating wretched institutional conditions where humanitarian goals were heralded. The road to hell is paved with good intentions and the great expectations placed on prisons to perform often-contradictory goals (how is punishment compatible with reform?) stand in stark contrast to the climate of violence within its walls. A chasm separates proclaimed intentions from actual practices: monuments of order on paper turned into squalid places of human suffering confined by walls of bricks and mortar. Envis- aged as a haven for repentance – ‘a machine to grind rogues honest’ according to Jeremy Bentham – prison is often no more than an enclave of violence, producing caged misery at worst, enforced lethargy at best. Contrary to the workhouse or the lunatic asylum, the prison is a failed invention of modernity that has yet to be dismantled. Prisons do not reform criminals, do not reduce re-offending rates, and do not address the Work with bamboo pre-colonial Burma. As ideas moved across borders, they were der is also important, even if the prison was generally for male social problems conducive to crime; if anything, incarceration and cane in Jiangxi appropriated by modernising elites and transformed by distinct captives. Tony Gorman (p. 7) captures the many ways in which produces violence and generates crime by meeting harm with Number One Prison local political, economic, social and cultural conditions. Under- women in the Middle East suffered greater social stigma from harm. In the meantime, the prison has become all the more neath an overarching rationale based on the idea of humane being viewed as criminal deviants. Created and controlled by insidious as it has become firmly established, rarely challenged punishment, the prison was multivalent, capable of being adopt- men, the prison system was not isolated from the larger soci- by political elites and ordinary people alike. ed in a variety of mutually incompatible environments, from ety outside, but permeated by its political and social relations. the bagne in Vietnam and the cellular prison in China to the This is true too of work: most prisons emphasised industrial It is precisely the singular resilience of this failed institution concentration camps of South Africa. Confinement, in short, work as a chance for redemption and reformation, thus shap- that makes a history of the prison so urgent. It is not just acquired specific cultural and social dimensions which help to ing the prison as a male-centred institution. Prison work on another trendy topic of cultural history claiming a global explain its extraordinary resilience across the globe. Japan’s northern frontier is the topic of Pia Vogler’s contri- dimension, nor one more unremarkable aspect of a staid his- bution (p. 8), where she focuses on the prison’s permeability. tory of state institutions, but an inquiry into the formation of Foucault deserves credit for having transformed the history In Hokkaido even the children of guards were instructed in an incarcerating society in which we all live. A first step of the prison from an obscure field of institutional history into classrooms behind prison walls until 1886. towards a global history of the prison is to recognise that elites a thriving and exciting area of cultural studies. But too many around the world were generally fascinated by the peniten- Most historians have written about the prison in society, but tiary ideal and eager to embrace it, rather than compelled by as these articles point out, we need a history of society in the dark forces of imperialism to adopt it. The prison epito- archival evidence allows us to move away prison. Moving away from the serene panopticon we find that mised the dreams of state officials and local authorities in Latin from official rhetoric and lofty ideals towards the boundaries of most prisons were porous as guards col- America, while confinement was praised as a viable alterna- luded with prisoners, ideas and objects (drugs or books) moved tive to banishment by the first Qing envoys to Europe who vis- the messy realities of incarceration in and out of confinement, and, more generally, religious, ited Pentonville Prison in the 1860s. In colonial contexts, pris- social, ethnic and gender hierarchies were replicated inside ons were part and parcel of the ‘civilising mission’ of colonisers of his followers have taken on board his vision of the prison the prison, undermining the very notion of equality among as existing penal practices, often based on physical punish- as the perfect realisation of the modern state. Archival evi- prisoners to create social exclusion. Society colonised the ment, were viewed as ‘barbaric’ and ‘uncivilised’. Yet post-colo- dence – which allows us to move away from official rhetoric prison and undermined discipline to a much greater extent nial regimes more often than not consolidated rather than dis- and lofty ideals towards the messy realities of incarceration – than discipline ever managed to move out of the prison to mantled the prison for their own purposes. on the contrary, highlights the very limits of the state. As Car- order society. And where states did succeed – against all odds los Aguirre has pointed out in a recent book on the prisoners – to build more centralised and better policed prisons, it has The transfer of penal discourse and penitentiary institutions of Lima, the constant lack of financial resources, poor strate- generally been to maintain social inequalities and political- was not a one-way process. Diversity rather than uniformity gies of personnel recruitment, lack of control over prison ly repressive regimes rather than to reform the alleged crim- characterised the use of the custodial sentence as prisons both guards and corruption inside the penal system meant that the inal. Hard questions raised by the global prison need to be changed and adapted to existing notions of crime and punish- authorities who operated the prisons had great discretion in faced, lest we unwittingly contribute to the legitimacy of an ment. In the case of Burma, as Thet Thet Wintin and Ian Brown dealing with prisoners and often did not support the main institution which most penal specialists, including prison show (p. 5), the colonial imposition of a penitentiary scheme Foreign Section of the goals of prison reform. Entirely absent from ambitious directors themselves, wisely see as a failing sanction of last resonated with earlier forms of punishment, as various forms Ward Road Gaol in explanatory schemes about the panopticon are the prisoners resort only. < of confinement, in contrast to most parts of India, existed in Shanghai themselves. Just as the continued use of violence by prison guards created penal realities that had little to do with grand References designs on paper, prisoners were never the passive victims of - Aguirre, Carlos. 2005. The Criminals of Lima and Their Worlds: The a great ‘disciplinary project’. Prison Experience, 1850-1935. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. - Dikötter, Frank. 2002. Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern A comparative history of confinement that puts prison life China. New York: Columbia University Press. back into the picture not only tells us much about the agency - Morris, Norvak and David J. Rothman, eds. 1995. The Oxford History of ordinary people supposed to be captives, but also illustrates of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society. Oxford how and why prison fails to be redemptive. As David Arnold and New York: Oxford University Press. notes in his paper (p. 6), prisoners were seldom entirely com- - Salvatore, Ricardo D. and Carlos Aguirre, eds. 1996. The Birth of the pliant; in the long history of the colonial prison, there were Penitentiary in Latin America: Essays on Criminology, Prison Reform, many ways for prisoners to evade or resist the restrictions and Social Control, 1830-1940. Austin: University of Texas Press. prison authorities sought to impose upon them. Émile Durkheim observed long ago that the core problem of the Frank Dikötter is Professor of the Modern History of China at the prison as a form of discipline resides in the lack of inclination School of Oriental and African History, University of London, on leave among the majority of prisoners to participate in the process as Chair of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong. He has pub- of ‘reformation’. In other institutional situations such as the lished a series of micro-studies on the history of modern China, includ- school or the factory, the individual must to some extent share ing Crime, Punishment and the Prison in Modern China (2002, the goals of the disciplinary process for discipline to be effec- Columbia University Press) and Things Modern: Material Culture tive. By robbing prisoners of self-respect – so central to self- and Everyday Life in China (Hurst, in press). discipline – the prison did not produce ‘disciplined subjects’, but hardened recidivists.

If prisoner experiences are central to understanding the actu- All photographs from Frank Dikötter, Crime, Punishment and Prison in Modern China al workings of the penitentiary project, the question of gen- (2002, Columbia University Press). http://homepage.mac.com/dikotter/

Cultures of Confinement: The History of the Prison in Global Perspective, edited by Frank Dikötter and Ian Brown, will be published by Hurst. The volume, the end result of a research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, brings together specialists of the history of the prison in Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and highlights the complex cultural negotiations which took place in encounters between Europe and the rest of the world, pointing out the acts of resistance and appropriation which actively transformed the cultural meanings and social practices associated with confinement.

4 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:51 Pagina 5

> Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison Colonial Burma’s prison: continuity with its pre-colonial past?

The practice of confining convicted criminals in prison for a stipulated period of time – to punish or reform – is a modern western innovation. Pentonville in north London, opened in 1842 and said to be the first modern prison, had four wings radiating from a central hub from which guards could observe every cell, each holding a single prisoner. The ‘modern’ prison then became one of many western innovations (including the railway, scientific medicine and the filing cabinet) transported to the colonial world from the mid-19th century.

Thet Thet Wintin and Ian Brown to challenge those powers by executing or exiling the alleged offender. Political opponents, dishonest officials and debtors he Pentonville model, most dramatically the Pentonville could also find themselves put away for a long time. Tarchitecture, could soon be found across the world, and not just in the colonial world. Aerial photographs of the Rangoon There is one final continuity of particular importance for the Central Jail (now demolished) and Insein Prison clearly show The interior of historian seeking to understand the daily conditions and the central hub, from which radiate, like spokes of a wheel, the Let-Ma-Yoon prison administration of Burma’s pre-colonial and colonial prisons. long prison wings in which the convicts were held and observed. at Ava The sources for the pre-colonial and colonial prison are strik- As the ‘modern’ prison was transported to the colonial world, From Henry Gouger, ingly different, but both tend towards what might be termed it was transformed, or modified, partly by local circumstances, Narrative of a Two Years’ ‘an exaggeration of authority’. For the pre-colonial prison, the including colonial attitudes to the potential for reforming the Imprisonment in Burmah most vivid descriptions are provided by European residents character of ‘native’ peoples. But innovation had to take account who experienced it first hand. A particularly fine example is of existing indigenous practices of punishment, and in many Both the Burmese kings and the British colonial regime made Henry Gouger’s Narrative of a Two Years’ Imprisonment in cases had to adjust substantially to them. considerable use of convict labour outside the prison. The Burmah, first published in 1860 and reprinted in 2002, an kings would put convicts to work building irrigation canals account of the author’s incarceration in Ava’s death prison Let Breaking with the past and cultivating rice fields. The colonial regime used convict ma yoon between 1824 and 1826 during the first Anglo- At first sight, there appears to be the clearest contrast between labour to construct roads and, again, irrigation works. In Jan- Burmese war on suspicion of being a British spy. In words and the punishment regimes imposed by Burma’s kings before uary 1918, the 148th (Burma) Jail Labour Corps, made up of striking line drawings, Gouger conveys the stark horror of the British conquest and the prisons and practices constructed by 1,523 convicts, left Rangoon for service in Mesopotamia. In place – the fierce brutality of the jailors, the pitiful condition the colonial rulers. Convicted criminals in pre-colonial Burma the late 1920s, camp jails were established in two government- of the inmates, the dirt and smell: were most commonly punished by flogging, execution or exile; owned stone quarries in distant parts of the province. Under alternatively, they were tattooed, often on the face, to indicate the Burmese kings many convicted criminals were exiled far Putrid remains of cast-away animal and vegetable stuff.... the stale their crime – ‘murderer’, ‘rapist’ – or had their bodies muti- from the capital; the colonial regime also sent large numbers fumes from thousands of tobacco-pipes.... the scattered ejections of lated. At some point in the judicial process, individuals would into exile, the vast majority to the penal settlement in the the pulp and liquid from their everlasting betel, and other name- be held in confinement while their alleged crimes were inves- Andaman Islands. less abominations, still more disgusting.... the exudation from the tigated or during trial. They could also be held in order to be bodies of a crowd of never-washed convicts, encouraged by the ther- tortured to secure an admission of guilt, and if guilty, were There was also striking continuity in the use of convicts as mometer at 100 degrees, in a den almost without ventilation – is held until the sentence was carried out. Thus the pre-colonial jailors. In pre-colonial Burma, few individuals freely sought it possible to say what it smelt like? prison was a site in which important stages of the judicial work in prison, particularly in the lowest grades or for positions process took place; confinement in a prison was not, howev- involving the most gruesome tasks. It was therefore common In using such contemporary western descriptions, some er, in itself one of the punishments imposed by the pre-colo- for convicts, indeed the most violent and degraded, to be par- allowance must be made for cultural positioning. But perhaps nial state. In sharp contrast, by far the most common pun- doned in return for performing the duties of prison execution- more importantly, and as a close reading of Gouger’s own ishment imposed in a modern judicial system is confinement er, flogger, or interrogator. Clearly they were men of consider- account makes clear, it was common for those unfortunates for a stipulated period. able power in the pre-colonial prison. Similarly, convict staff – held in the prisons of pre-colonial Burma to avoid or lessen long-serving and trusted inmates who were appointed night the most brutal conditions by paying off the jailors. Horrors There was also the sharpest contrast in the physical structures watchmen, overseers, or convict warders – were essential in the surely took place, but in day-to-day existence, the brutal author- of the pre-colonial and colonial prison. The former had rela- running of colonial Burma’s prisons. Indeed the position of ity of the prison regime was often exaggerated. tively flimsy outer walls, essentially bamboo fences. The main convict officers was pivotal. Since senior staff in the prison, building was a single block, housing all the inmates, who were from the superintendents down to the warders, was exclusive- A comparable exaggeration, although for quite different rea- fettered to prevent escape. The colonial prison was the famil- ly either European or Indian, Burmese convict officers were the sons, can be seen in the material on the colonial prison. Per- iar structure of thick, high, stone walls and double gates; the only ones able to communicate easily with the mass of inmates. haps the most striking feature of this material is its sheer vol- central hub and radiating wings; and within the prison com- It was a position they could use to protect fellow inmates, but ume and obsessive detail. The annual reports on the prison pound, separate buildings and dividing barriers to ensure the perhaps also to exploit and abuse them. administration of British Burma each run to 50 pages or more, separation of different categories of prisoner and the differ- come laden with statistical appendices, and are supplemented ent aspects of prison life. There may also have been continuity in the use of the prison to with reports by India-wide jail commissions, jail riot enquiries, punish. As noted earlier, the prison in pre-colonial Burma was and special investigations. The number of inmates who con- Continuities a site to hold the accused – a place for torture, interrogation, tracted malaria in the Rangoon Central Jail in 1908, the num- On closer reflection, the contrast between the prisons of pre- and execution – but not for the confinement of convicts who ber flogged at Mandalay in 1920, the details of diet and death colonial Burma and the prisons and prison system construct- had received custodial sentences. But in practice, individuals are all recorded. This detail, in particular its sheer volume, gives ed by the British is less sharp. Important aspects of the prison were often held for long periods – the remainder of their natu- the impression of a colonial prison administration with from Frank G. Carpenter, under the Burmese kings were carried over into the British Prisoners in Rangoon, ral lives – in effect as a punishment, perhaps also as a deter- immense control and authority, with extraordinary capacity and period and are still present, while some of the ‘innovations’ 1910-1920, Library of rent. Monks claiming supernatural powers and disturbing the reach. But the day-to-day dynamics of colonial Burma’s prisons introduced by the British had pre-colonial antecedents. Congress social order could be confined, for the king would be reluctant may well have been very different. As indicated earlier, authority within the prison lay less with the European superintendents or the Indian warders, but with the Burmese convict staff. Physically, culturally, and linguistically close to the mass of inmates, they were decisive in the running of the jails, and often used their position for personal gain, but in ways that eased the harshness of the prison regime.

Both the pre-colonial and colonial prison in Burma can easily be portrayed as immensely powerful institutions – the former with a frightening capacity for horrific brutality, the latter, for harsh regimentation. In reality, that power was an exaggeration, undermined and weakened by the pivotal position occupied by the jailor staff and by the inmates themselves. <

Thet Thet Wintin is a doctoral student in history at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. Ian Brown is Professor in the Economic History of South East Asia at SOAS.

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> Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison India: the prisoners’ revolt

British India operated one of the largest prison systems in the world. During the 1860s the inmate population averaged 70,000, rising to 100,000 by the 1900s and 130,000 by the 1930s. Two to three times those numbers passed through the prisons in a single year owing to short-term sentences, numbers matched or exceeded only by the United States and Russia. The prison – an institution lacking extensive pre-colonial precedents – exemplified the British determination to control India.

David Arnold Partly in response to such defiant episodes, from the mid-19th Mutiny and Rebellion in 1857, when a number of prisons were century the colonial authorities embarked on a jail construc- attacked and their inmates liberated. The prison had come to n Britain and North America in the early 19th century the tion programme modeled on Pentonville prison in London. symbolize the alien, intrusive and oppressive nature of colo- Inew penitentiary system had sought to disaggregate prison Extramural labour was scaled down and emphasis given nial rule. populations, favouring solitary confinement and reducing pris- instead to the creation of jail industries that would ensure a oners to virtual silence. Owing to colonial parsimony and dis- more disciplined labour regime while helping to meet the Prison as resistance trust of subordinate Indian officials, little of this happened in costs of jail administration. These changes reduced but did The rise of nationalism and other political movements bred a India. Though less than 0.2% of India’s total population was not eliminate prisoners’ opportunities for escape. In fact, jail new type of prisoner. Although their separate status was not in jail at any one time, the British relied on the spectre of industries gave rise to new forms of resistance. In the 1840s fully recognized by prison authorities until the 1930s, these prison to discourage crime and combat insurrection. During prisoners at Agra and elsewhere in the northwestern provinces political, generally middle-class prisoners, while tending to the 19th century the British experimented with transportation, objected to being made to work in flour mills. In a carceral ver- distance themselves from those they looked down on as com- developed an extensive internal network of district and cen- sion of ‘everyday resistance’ (to echo James C. Scott), they ‘con- mon criminals, brought a new spirit of resistance to the prison. tral jails, formed several prison reform committees, and com- tinued wilfully to injure the machinery, and to throw them out Their methods included hunger strikes to force the authori- piled elaborate prison regulation manuals. But prisoners were of gear, and themselves out of work for 4 to 5 days at a time’. ties to make concessions over diet, dress, access to newspa- seldom entirely compliant, ‘docile bodies’, to use a Fou- Since the machines cost Rs 1,000 to 1,500 apiece, the provin- pers and visitors, and the performance of religious and polit- cauldian phrase. Solitary confinement was rare and instead of cial Inspector of Prisons was hardly pleased by this ‘spirit of ical observances. Nationalist prisoners also enjoyed wide silence Indian prisoners were ‘as a rule noisy and talkative, resistance’. When prisoners in the 1860s and 70s refused sim- support among the Indian public, their grievances publicized listless and slow in obeying orders’. During the long history ilar tasks, they were put on a reduced diet, but this merely to a degree unmatched in the 19th century by newspapers, of the colonial prison, from the 1790s to the 1940s, there were seemed to make them determined to ‘resist even more obsti- debates in the legislatures and formal petitions and resolu- many ways in which prisoners evaded or resisted the restric- nately than before’. They were flogged in an attempt to reduce tions. The harshest treatment was meted out to left-wing rev- tions the prison system sought to impose upon them. them to submission. olutionaries, some of whom were force-fed or otherwise bru- tally treated. The fatal fast of the revolutionary Jatindranath Evasion and non-compliance were widespread. Feigning ill- Messing with caste Das in 1929 obliged the British to concede separate status for ness or insanity was one way of avoiding work, while being The colonial authorities attempted another reform in the political prisoners.1 sent to the prison hospital afforded the opportunity of finding 1840s: replacing money doles given to prisoners to buy and an escape route from the jail. Similarly, when prisoners were cook their own food with a system of common messing. The Do these acts of evasion, protest and occasional outright resist- paraded and dosed with quinine as a prophylactic against British hoped this would decrease costs, but they also believed ance matter? They did not bring about the overthrow of the malaria, many spat out the medicine as soon as the doctor’s that caste ‘privileges’ were incompatible with the functions of colonial prison system or even modify the brutality and degra- back was turned, regarding the bitter drug as little better than a modern prison system. At Chapra jail in Bihar, in June 1842, dation that characterized much of its operation. Nevertheless, poison. Conversely, contraband, including tobacco, opium and the 620 prisoners were divided into 52 messes, each with its this aspect of prison history is noteworthy for several reasons. bhang, were smuggled into the jail and entered its internal own prisoner cook. The cooks, however, were the first to rebel, First, it shows the importance of the prison to wider histories economy. Indeed, much of the effective authority in prisons as common messing violated caste hierarchies by forcing of Indian resistance, the relative permeability of the prison to lay not in the hands of British officials and medical officers higher and lower castes together. Ten cooks were whipped for outside influences, the continuing connectedness – through but the warders who controlled the day-to-day operations of disobedience, but then the prisoners revolted en masse; rumour and riot – between the jail and society at large, and the jail. For while the British did not trust subordinate Indian though unable to break out of the jail, some 3,000 to 4,000 how an oppressive social hierarchy could be replicated with- officialdom, they did use convicts as warders: prisoners townspeople gathered in their support. Peace was restored in jail. Second, although many prisoners were abused, flogged (amounting to 10% of the entire prison population by the only when the magistrate, believing force could not prevail or half-starved for their defiance, prison resistance and revolt 1900s) who were promoted to positions of authority over other against such strongly held ‘prejudices’, suspended common did have some impact on the colonial authorities in India, prisoners and enjoyed a privileged status within the jail. Crit- messing. prompting them – for pragmatic rather than humanitarian ics saw convict warders as a major source of the corruption reasons – to investigate prison conditions (as, for instance, in and violence that occurred within India’s jails, and it was often Further messing-related disturbances resulted in the deaths the wake of the Alipur jail riot in 1834). Protests did not lead against their exploitation that other prisoners had to defend of 22 prisoners at Allahabad and Patna jails in 1846. By the to the abandonment of common messing in the 1840s and themselves. end of that year, the messing system had been introduced, 50s, but they did delay its implementation and impressed on wholly or partly, into 25 of the 40 jails in the northwestern the British the need to accommodate what they saw as pris- Escape provinces, but many officials continued to believe that it was oners’ caste ‘prejudices’. Third, a circularity or symbiosis devel- Right from the start, prisoners exploited opportunities to unenforceable. Although high-caste prisoners – Brahmins oped between the opposition the prison helped to arouse and escape. Early jails were often buildings converted from other and Rajputs, whose caste status seemed most at risk from the operations of the colonial regime. Just as prisons were con- uses and relatively insecure; prisoners could escape by brib- common messing - led these protests, the authorities admit- demned as ‘schools’ for the very crimes and vices they were ing or overpowering their guards, by setting fire to the jail and ted that ‘the prisoners one and all are opposed to it’. It was pos- intended to suppress, so they helped to generate (and to sym- fleeing in the ensuing confusion, or by smuggling in chisels sible to see prisoners’ invocation of caste as something of a bolize) resistance to colonial rule. But even with the mutineers and files to break locks and fetters. The use of convicts to repair contrivance. One official remarked how, when common mess- and rebels of 1857-8, and the ‘jail-going’ Gandhians of the roads far from the jails and with lax or inadequate supervision ing was first introduced, ‘it was a matter of great surprise how 1920s and 30s, the British saw little alternative to using the created further opportunities. In Bengal alone in the mid- many [caste] subdivisions arose, which nobody had heard of prison as one of the principal tools of coercion and contain- 1830s, there were 80 escapes from road-gangs, aided by ‘fel- before’. Some, he thought, were ‘got up by the prisoners them- ment. Their dependence on it to keep order guaranteed the low feeling’ between convicts and guards or by communica- selves in order to throw obstacles in the way of the scheme’. colonial prison system’s place as a battleground, and thus no tion between prisoners and their ‘unfettered comrades’. In Nonetheless, the Bengal and NWP governments felt obliged less a tool, of the Indian resistance the system’s ‘evolution’ and northern India between 1838 and 1843, 923 prisoners escaped, to proceed with caution and without ‘doing violence to the prej- efforts to stamp out actually fueled. < only 260 of whom were recaptured. udices or the feelings of the people’. The accommodation of caste within the prison ensured that the social hierarchy out- Note Even when they failed to escape, prisoners from time to time side the prison was replicated within it: low castes were obliged 1. For the protests of political prisoners and the colonial response to overwhelmed their guards and seized temporary control of to work leather or act as scavengers; those of high caste, or them, see Singh, Ujjwal Kumar. 1998. Political Prisoners in India. the prison. Bringing prisoners together in a single place, par- who had the wealth to bribe warders, lived a more comfort- New Delhi: Oxford University Press. ticularly when they shared some common identity or felt able existence and gained exemption from some of prison’s emboldened by their own exploits and numbers, posed par- more arduous and degrading tasks. David Arnold is Professor of the History of South Asia at the School ticular dangers for jail authorities. In 1834 prisoners at Cal- of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. His book The cutta’s Alipur jail, which held more than 1,000 ‘hardened’ The co-ordinated responses of north Indian prisoners to the Tropics and the Traveling Gaze: India, Landscape and Science, criminals awaiting transfer, seized control, murdered the local messing system and other grievances showed how much com- 1800-1856 will be published by University of Washington Press in magistrate and severely wounded the chief jailor. Although munication existed between prisoners in different jails and 2006. discipline was tightened thereafter, jail takeovers occurred how ready they were to complain about what they saw as unfair [email protected] periodically throughout the colonial period, such as at Fate- or discriminatory treatment. It worried the British that pris- hgarh in 1910, where convicts armed themselves with knives oners enjoyed support from Indians outside the jail, who from the jail workshop, and at Palayamkottai in 1925, where believed the administration was deliberately using prison reg- Mapillas, imprisoned after the Malabar Rebellion four years ulations to break caste and impose Christianity. Further, many earlier, took over the jail. But escape was not driven by inter- of the rebellious prisoners came from precisely those castes - nal forces alone. In a raid on Agra jail in December 1846, 50 Brahmins and Rajputs – that the British recruited into the to 60 armed men scaled the walls, drove off the sentries, and Bengal Army: indeed, many of the prisoners’ grievances released 192 prisoners. Most were recaptured, but of the 51 echoed those of the sepoys. Unsurprisingly, opposition with- prisoners who fled, 15 were killed and 12 wounded. in the jails, and public support for it, carried over into the

6 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:53 Pagina 7

> Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison In her aunt’s house: women in prison in the Middle East

According to an Arab saying, ‘Prison is for real men’ (al-sijn lil-jad’an). But it was also a place for women. The development of female imprisonment sheds light not only on the cultural and social meanings of the prison in the Middle Eastern context, but on how its acculturation intersected with indigenous attitudes towards women and crime.

Anthony Gorman form domestic service for the term of delivered clean clothes to inmates. In their sentence. the 1940s the Iranian Women’s Party mprisonment in the Middle East sought and received permission to Iblossomed during the 19th century, Within prisons, the situation was far inspect women in prison. supplanting older practices of corporal from uniform and segregation was not and capital punishment and financial always observed. While the prison at Little work has been done on the culture penalties. The confinement of women Damanhur in the Nile Delta boasted a of women’s prisons but, as with men’s was not a new phenomenon; previous- separate annex for women, others sim- prisons, it is clear that there were estab- ly it had existed within families on a per- ply confined women to a room in the lished hierarchies. Drug dealers, for sonalized basis. While the traditional men’s prison. Sometimes women were example, were at the top of the prisoner women’s quarters, the harem, has long imprisoned with men, as at Salonica; at pecking order. Emotional and physical had a grip on the western imagination, Alexandretta, they were occasionally relationships between inmates moder- lesser known institutions such as the chained because of the lack of a proper ated interactions in the prison. Tattoos, Dar al-Thiqa (house of trust) – where prison. Nevertheless, with the progres- Female Ward, such as the name of a husband, were couples were confined by order of the sive consolidation of state institutions, Central Prison Cairo used to emphasize a personal connec- mufti to work out marital difficulties – larger scale women’s prisons became an c. 1908 from Arnold tion, or a professional affiliation, with existed in Tunisia from the 16th centu- increasingly common feature, particu- Wright, Twentieth the symbol of a woman with swords Century Impressions ry. Another customary practice, the Dar larly in centres of the Ottoman Empire, of Egypt being favoured by prostitutes. Women Jawad, a place for the confinement of a such as the Zindan in Istanbul. In prisoners made collective demands on disobedient or rebellious woman, rep- Egypt, new women’s prisons were built women prisoners. Women were later tion in public life; with the development authorities who alternatively repressed, resented a more openly repressive in Bulaq and Shibin al-Kom in the exempted from whipping and being put of mass politics, women were detained negotiated with and accommodated instrument of the patriarchal order. By 1890s while at Cairo Prison they were in irons, or, if pregnant, from execution. as anti-colonial nationalists, communists them. the late 18th century, these practices had housed in a separate wing. In Algeria, As with male prisoners, women of high- and Islamists. Women were imprisoned extended to women’s prisons such as the French administration converted the er social status could receive better treat- not only for offences they had commit- The phenomenon of women in prison the Dar ‘Adil (House of Justice), pre- Lazaret, the old hospital in Algiers, into ment than those of lower social stand- ted, but because of their association with in the Middle East offers many complex sumably in response to the perceived the main women’s prison with separate ing or prostitutes, but this was not those who had. The principle of collec- readings. The prison memoirs of threat of social deviance and greater sections for long and short-term pris- routine. By virtue of the Capitulations, tive punishment applied in Algeria by activists such as Nawal al-Sa’dawi and insecurity among state authorities. Their oners, for those awaiting trial and young foreign women enjoyed better prison the French, employed particularly in Farida al-Naqqash speak of the relation- emergence marks the beginning of a detainees. conditions; after the abolition of extra- dealing with so-called bandit tribes, ship between political and non-political new development even if the continued territorial rights, new regulations in meant women suffered internment, prisoners, between women guards and use of the word dar (house) makes clear Across the Middle East, women were 1949 instituted differential treatment relocation and reclusion. Women were prisoners, between literate political pris- the domestic lineage of the institution. proportionally less prominent in pris- for Egyptian women, categorized as also imprisoned when the authorities oners and uneducated guards. Women ons than, for example, in France. From class A or B, depending on their social were unable to apprehend a male fami- were more marginal in prison than their As western political power encroached the early 20th century women repre- class. ly member, or joined their husbands in male counterparts, and suffered greater upon the Middle East, it sought to exert sented between 2 and 5% of all prison- prison because of economic depend- social stigma. Political prisoners suf- its ‘civilising’ influence on state insti- ers in Egyptian prisons – a proportion Women were an integral part of the ence. Such cases underline the depend- fered a sense of reproach for ‘neglecting’ tutions and governance. Prisons were that stayed consistent over the following Egyptian penal labour system. From the ent status of women propagated by the their proper duty, their children. Creat- particularly targeted. In 1851 the British decades – compared to 12-18% in French late 1820s convict labour became part of judicial system. ed and controlled by men, the prison government conducted a damning sur- prisons during the last quarter of the the programme of economic modern- system was not separate from society vey of Ottoman prisons, but singled out 19th century. (Elsewhere in the region, ization pursued by Muhammad Ali and Women in prison were not only prison- outside, but permeated by its political the separate imprisonment of women the figures seem comparable, although women, while not sent to convict pris- ers. Female guards were widely and social relations. Full of contradic- as one of the few causes for praise, in Turkey the numbers approached 10% ons, were sentenced to hard labour. By employed as early as the mid-19th cen- tions, it was an encompassing, all- something which one official put down in the 1930s). The female prison popu- 1856 their numbers required a special tury even if some women’s prisons, such embracing male institution that could to ‘eastern delicacy’. The widespread lation reflected the broad character of workplace: a textile workshop (iplikhane) as those in Iran in the late 1920s, pre- still be conceived of in feminine terms: practice of the time was to hold con- female society outside: more than 90% was established at Bulaq in the indus- ferred elderly guards. As visitors to the ‘aunt’s house’ (dar khaltu) or the victed women in the house of their reli- Muslim, drawn from the poorer classes, trial centre of Cairo. In effect, they inmates, women provided social contact ‘great vagina’ (bou daffa). < gious leaders, whether imam, rabbi, or almost entirely illiterate. Married became the seamstresses of the prison and sustenance, particularly before the priest, a married state official, the Bayt women numbered less than half of all administration, making clothes for state provided food to prisoners. As the Bibliography al-wali (‘House of the Governor’) in women prisoners though they were prison guards and inmates. In the mothers, wives and sisters of prisoners - National Archives, Foreign Office (FO) Egypt, the guardian of prostitutes in more prominent in local than central Lazaret women were employed sewing (and even, on occasion, of guards) 195/364 Letters relating to Prisons in Jerusalem, or even the jailer’s family prisons, suggesting they were held for or making matchboxes. Such work was women were at times vocal in demon- Turkey where women were required to per- less serious offences. Prostitutes num- squarely within the traditional definition strating and protesting injustices of the - Booth, Marilyn. Nov-Dec 1987. ‘Prison, bered about a third of all prisoners in of women’s activities. Education for system. Gender, Praxis’. Middle East Report. 35-41. central prisons. women prisoners in Egypt in the 1940s - Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. 1965. Criminalité included the teaching of housekeeping Uneven reform et changements sociaux en Tunisie. Tunis: Conditions and work and embroidery. Despite authorities’ unanimity on the University of Tunis. Prison conditions for women varied need for gender segregation in prisons, - Larguèche, Abdelhamid. 1999. Les Ombres widely in the 19th century. There was Offending public order women did not significantly figure in de la Ville, Pauvres, marginaux et minori- less corporal punishment and women The offences for which women were discussions on prison reform, perhaps taires à Tunis (XVIIIème et XIXème siècles) sometimes enjoyed greater comforts: in imprisoned tell us much about the social due to their relatively small numbers Manouba: Centre de Publication Universi- Algerian prisons, women slept on beds position of, and expectations placed on and their marginality within the insti- taire. instead of mattresses. Abuses no doubt women. In Tunisia in the 1860s, women tution. While a reformatory was set up - O’Brien, Patricia. 1982. The Promise of Pun- occurred. Violation of inmates were were imprisoned for debauchery and vio- for male recidivists in Egypt in 1907, no ishment. Princeton NJ: Princeton UP. reported in the women’s prison in Dam- lence, theft and debt in roughly equal equivalent institution was established - Tucker, Judith. 1985. Women in nineteenth- ascus; in Beirut, jailers were accused of proportion. Forty years later in Egypt, the for women repeat offenders. Girls were century Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. attempting to convert women to Islam. main offences were assault, theft and a the exception: a reformatory at Giza tes- Other prisons did not segregate the wide range of minor violations. That tified to the belief that youths were more Anthony Gorman is a Research Associate in sexes – a great humiliation in a sexual- women were found guilty of adultery out malleable than adult criminals. Public the Department of History at the School of ly segregated society. In Egypt under of proportion to their numbers is unsur- concern with prison conditions, partic- Oriental and African Studies, University of British occupation, rights for female prising, but their conviction in a dispro- ularly as they affected women, had to London. In addition to working on the histo- prisoners were enshrined in the prison portionate number of defamation cases, wait for women’s associations and ry of Middle Eastern prisons he is writing on regulations of 1884, which stipulated an offence of the verbally strong but organizations to take them up. The Soci- historical aspects of multiethnic society in the special consideration for pregnant physically weak, is intriguing. The ety to Stop Crime and Improve Prisons modern Middle East. Class A inmate in Cairo Prison, 1950s women and those with young children, imprisonment of women for political set up in Beirut by Adalayd Rishani in [email protected] Prisons Administration, Cairo Prison, Cairo, 1955 and that only female officers search offences illuminates female participa- 1928 conducted prison inspections and

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> Cultures of confinement: a global history of the prison Blurring the boundaries: prisons and settler society in Hokkaido

During the second half of the 19th century five high security prisons were established on Japan’s northern island of Hokkaido. What impact did they have on the settler communities in these northern territories? Close proximity between convicts and free citizens usually does not sit well among the latter, but the peculiar socio-economic aspects of confinement on Hokkaido spurred both inmates and locals to permeate prison walls for mutual benefit. An accident in the Horonai coalmines

Hokkaidm kaitaku kinenkan. 1989. Pia Vogler

okkaido did not exist as a political Hentity before the Meiji period (1868-1912). Only the southernmost part of Ezo, as the Japanese called these northern territories, was politically incorporated into the Tokugawa state. Against the backdrop of modern nation- building and fear of a Russian invasion, the incorporation of Ezo into the Japan- ese state became a priority for the early Meiji authorities. In 1869 Ezo was renamed Hokkaido and the colonization of the island formally began. Recruit- ment of a labour force from mainland Japan was an indispensable precondi- relationships between social spaces deeply involved in the region’s develop- was not only tapped by local residents. bathing houses and sake bars, locals tion for the agricultural development of meant to be separate. Indeed, the exam- ment. After the prison’s establishment Local businessmen employed convicts began to blame the prisons for ‘moral these vast and largely unsettled lands. ple of early modern Hokkaido illustrates in 1882, drilling revealed the poor qual- in their factories, such as Tsuchida decay’. Politicians and residents also wor- Yet the initial recruitment of impover- how the presence of prisons stimulated ity of the local ground water. Watanabe Masajirm, who, in 1889, took over a carried that the label ‘prison island’ created ished peasants and former samurai fruitful socio-economic exchange immediately contacted the Ministry of pentry workshop, a tailor studio, a vat a general perception of Hokkaido that failed to meet politicians’ expectations; between the local society and the prison the Interior to request the construction factory and a shoe factory previously would deter immigration. Against this a larger work force was needed to accel- population. of a pipe to provide the village with owned by the Kabato prison. To keep backdrop, popular campaigns achieved erate colonization. potable water. When the Ministry reject- production costs low, Tsuchida success- the implementation of a regulation pro- Immediately after their establishment, ed his request, Watanabe himself initi- fully applied for permission to hire pris- hibiting released convicts from settling While peasantry and former aristocracy the prisons were actually running local ated exploration and discovered an ade- oners (ASHK 1993: 389). on the island in 1894, marking the end engaged in modest settlement activities politics. When the first two penal insti- quate source. The construction of the of an era in relations between prisons in northern Japan, southern Japan expe- tutions opened in 1881 and 1882, the water pipe was later approved, and in As a result of this mingling of convicts and surrounding settler communities. rienced political unrest owing to local directors of the Kabato prison in Tsuki- 1888 Ichikishiri became the first place and locals, various goods and materials elites’ resistance to the new Meiji-gov- gata and the Sorachi prison in Ichik- in Hokkaido and the second in Japan found their way into and out of the pris- Large-scale interaction of prisons and ernment’s political authority. The 1877 ishiri (present-day Mikasa) exerted (after Yokohama) with a modern water ons. In 1882 the Kabato prison began society on Hokkaido lasted for only five Satsuma rebellion alone produced broad political influence in their pipe (Shigematsu 1970:227). Prisoners making soybean paste (miso) and soy years, but studying this sliver of Japan- 43,000 political arrests that resulted in regions. Tsukigata Kiyoshi, director of then constructed a dam and reservoir to sauce in its brewery, eventually produc- ese prison history is insightful. Con- the sentencing of 27,000 individuals to the Kabato prison, served as chief of irrigate the fields of neighbouring coming enough to cover prison consump- finement appears to have been a sec- imprisonment and forced labour. The Kabato, Uryt and Kamigawa counties, munities. By that time 2,832 people tion and, in some years, to sell surplus- ondary function of early Hokkaido existing system of town gaols was and from 1882 he was chief of the local were residing in Ichikishiri; 1,630 of es to merchants in the surrounding prisons; rather than being mere disci- unprepared for such a large number of police and postal service. Tsukigata’s them were inmates. region or in the cities of Sapporo and plinary institutions, prisons served as convicts. Inspired by Western reformist importance was reflected in how the Otaru. In addition to these official eco- socio-economic hubs and linked metro- ideas on prisons and punishment, Meiji local population addressed him: tengoku- nomic exchanges, prisoners also traded politan elites with settler societies on the authorities ordered the establishment of sama (Mr prison director) or tengoku with community members working nation’s periphery. Further, the Japan’s first modern prison in the north- kakka (his excellency, the prison direc- alongside them. In the Horonai coal exchange was not one-sided: both the ern prefecture of Miyagi. In 1879, a clus- tor). Thanks to its director’s various mines, for example, convicts secretly prison populations and neighbouring ter of central prisons on Hokkaido was posts the prison was equipped with produced rice wine (sake) in their sub- communities took advantage of people, also suggested. unique communication technologies terranean workplace. goods and knowledge permeating and served as a regional hub for com- prison walls. By blurring institutional Hokkaido was seen as the perfect place munication between Hokkaido and Banning prisoners from boundaries both groups shaped each for prisons, as prison labour could accel- Tokyo. Instructions from the Ministry of community life other’s environment. Tending to local erate colonization. In addition, Hokkai- the Interior to the surrounding settler Although welcomed in the beginning, economic needs, rather than trying to do was far away from the political hot society, for example, were transmitted the permeable character of Hokkaido’s apply theoretical models through spot of Kyushu and therefore perceived through the prison. prisons eventually became problematic, national policies, determined the struc- as an ideal place for isolating ‘political- Hokkaido prisons Hokkaidm kaitaku kinenkan. 1989. both on the macro and micro levels of ture and function of the prisons and the ly dangerous elements’ from mainland Almost 500 inmates were transferred to society. In 1886 policies shifted and pris- societies that surrounded them. < Japan. A third incentive was the hope Kabato two months after its inaugura- This development of local infrastructure ons were largely stripped of their local that, once released, former inmates tion, followed by another 500 one year through the prisons actually increased autonomy. Moreover, it became eco- References would stay in Hokkaido and contribute later. Kabato prison already employed the attractiveness and economic poten- nomically possible to forego the support - Asahikawa shishi hensht kaigi, ed. 1993. to an increase in the population. Five 140 people, but that would not be tial of the respective locations. Kushiro of prisons in everyday settler life. It was Shtjikan (kangokuho) shirym 6 [Historical prisons were thus established on enough. A wave of political arrests in prison in Shibecha also attracted modern therefore easy to marginalize convict sources for the central prisons]. Hokkaido between 1881 and 1894. Kaba- mainland Japan rapidly increased technology to eastern Hokkaido, where labour and, from 1886 onwards, pris- Asahikawa: Asahikawa shishi hensht. to, Sorachi and Kushiro were the central inmate numbers during the following U.S. agricultural methods enabled rice oners were mainly employed in coal and - Hokkaidm kaitaku kinenkan, ed. 1989. prisons; Abashiri and Tokachi served as years, which brought new immigrants, cultivation for the first time in that north- sulphur mines and road construction. ShTjikan. Kaitaku to shTjinrMdM [Prisons. The branch institutions. Each central prison especially from Northern Honshu, but ern region. Because of its many agricul- exploitation of land and convict labour]. Sap- held a particular inmate population: also from Kagoshima, in search of tural activities, locals saw the prison as a The segregation of prisoners from every- poro: Hokkaidm kaitaku kinenkan. political convicts were mainly held in employment as prison personnel. In place for agricultural testing, and since day community life contributed to a grad- - Shigematsu Kazuyoshi. 1970. HokkaidM Kabato, felons were sent to Sorachi, and addition to employment, local villagers convicts were clearing land that was ual shift in the settler population’s per- gyMkeishi [Imprisonment as punishment in prisoners originating from the military also benefited from prison services. In immediately sold to settler societies and ception of convicts. Newspaper editors the history of Hokkaido]. Tokyo: Zufu and police went to Kushiro. both Kabato and Sorachi prisons doctors distributed to new settlers, the prisons eagerly picked up stories of (mostly shuppan. received inmates in the morning and attracted still more newcomers. unsuccessful) escape attempts, con- Prison in society, residents of surrounding villages in the structing an image of ‘dangerous roughs’ Pia Vogler is pursuing postgraduate studies society in prison afternoon. In the absence of a primary The influx of immigrants increased who, once escaped from prison, would at the University of Geneva, preparing an The construction of prisons and other school building, the children of prison demand for skilled craftsmen. Prison- attack settlers. Influenced by such mass anthropological thesis on another aspect of ‘delicate’ institutions provokes ambiva- personnel were taught in ‘classrooms’ ers were trained to fabricate furniture media, settlers indeed became afraid of confinement, the (nocturne) agency of young lent sentiments among residents of within the prison until 1886. for private households. As craftsmen, prisoners. As the influx of mostly male Burmese refugees in Thai refugee camps. neighbouring communities. A closer they were not confined to prison work- job-seeking immigrants was accompa- [email protected] look at the interaction of prisons with As a local political personality, Sorachi shops, but also worked in the houses of nied by the establishment of morally their environment often reveals complex prison director Watanabe Koreaki was their clients. The prison labour force ambiguous recreational sites such as

8 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:53 Pagina 9

> Poetry travelling far Poetry by Sitor Situmorang di taman Firdaus From Bunga di atas batu (si anak hilang) ketika Tuhan mencari if you want to travel far Penerbit pt gramedia, Jakarta, 1989 dan memanggil-manggil: Adam! Adam! you must go alone

Translations from To love, to wander: Di luar perang saudara all roads are short The Poetry of Sitor Situmorang Sejarah menghitung korban that end in the noisy valley The Lontar Foundation, Jakarta, 1996 dan impian. the villages are hounded by quarrels Antara informan dan saya or overgrown with rituals hanya cahaya lilin Pulau di atas pulau dan jurang menganga if you want to scale mountains antara Tuhan you must follow the soul, bypassing cities and forests Untuk Tilhang dan Nahum dan manusia pertama. Antara dulu dan sekarang hidden from the first eyes terbentang peta perjalanan, or ordinary vague dreams. Pengalaman melimpah-ruah Incommunicado dan pegunungan tinggi kesendirian there is no village to will (Hostage) no company to ideas. Antara Selat Malaka dan samudra Indonesia, The cell is solid black, terbentang pulau Sumatra. the locking-up proceeds desolation is the prerequisite of ambition Bukit Barisan dari ujung ke ujungnya, from cracks in the door electric lights dreams are programmers of reality. Di atasnya danau, di atasnya pulau pierce the eyes. Samosir kesayangan. (at the nearest mosque Tersebut enam benua, the call to evening prayer wayang i kujalani tujuh samudra. has just finished) Mana paling indah? di selembar daun kulit A civilian informant looks around terkampung isi cakerawala, Jawab telah lama then strikes a match, diatur seperti semula, tanpa perlu bertanya: checking to see bentuk, warna, jenis Negeri terindah, that his prisoner is still there dinaungi pinggirnya. ialah setiamu (while outside civil war rages) pada daun Pangkal tolak kembara he lights a candle, ada gunung. di dasar samudra rindu. a stub from last night, pada gunung ada beringin then suddenly asks: pada beringin ada hutan “So you’re Sitorsitumorang?” pada hutan berkicau burung. Island on an Island I stare at the candle di hati hutan mengaum pertapaan for Tilhang and Nahum let my eyes grow accustomed to the light senyap dan jelas suara tafakur Between then and now and the buzz of that name di pinggir hutan riuh istana this journey’s map unfolds di sekeliling istana gerak mencurahkan warna. Experiences abound like the name of that one Tall mountains stand alone in Eden pada daun bersembunyi lambang When God was looking, pada lambang terkias andaian. Between the Strait of Malacca and Indonesia’s ocean and calling out: Adam! Adam! lorong menuju ilmu, stretches the island of Sumatra, ilmu membentang ujian. with the Barisan Range straddling it from end to end, Outside is civil war and on it a lake, and on the lake an island: History counts victims and dreams. pada hutan menimbun daun my beloved Samosir Between the informant and myself pada daun tumbuh cakerawala is but the candle light pada cakerawala ada hutan Six continents, and a yawning gap pada hutan ada daun. the seven seas I’ve traveled between God Which is the most beautiful? and the first man. shadow play i The answer has long been known with no need to ask: on a leather leaf The most beautiful country Poetry by Mohamad Haji Salleh a whole world is gathered, is your loyalty From Beyond the Archipelago arranged in its original state, Ohio University Center for forms, colours, types Where my journey once started International Studies, Athens, 1995 all sheltered by their borders. in the depths of the sea of longing. in the leaf kembara jauh there’s a mountain In-communicado on the mountain there’s a beringin jikalau kau mau kembara jauh in the beringin there’s a forest (Sandera) kau harus pergi sendiri in the forest birds chirp. Sel hitam pekat. Perkuncian berderak semua jalannya pendek in the heart of the forest roar silences dari sela pintu-cahaya listrik dan berakhir di lemah riuh quiet and clear is the voice of meditation menusuk mata. on the edge of the forest in the din of the palace (di mesjid terdekat kampung dijerit masalah around the palace movements pour their colours azan magrib atau dililit alat baru lewat) in the leaf are hidden symbols jikalau kau mau mendaki gunung in the symbols is analogy’s shade. Informan sipil melongok, ikut jalan hati, di belakang kota hutan all lanes lead to knowledge, lalu menggoreskan korek, knowledge spreads its roots. memeriksa yang terlindung dari mata pertama apakah tahanannya ada atau mimpi biasa yang kabur. in the forest leaves are heaped high (di luar bekecamuk perang saudara) in the leaves a universe grows tiada kampung pada cita in the universe there’s a forest Ia menyalakan lilin tiada kawan pada gagasan. in the forest is the leaf sisa semalam, lalu tiba-tiba bertanya sepi itu syarat cita “Kamu, ya, Sitorsitumorang?” mimpi itu rancangan kenyataan Mohamad Haji Salleh was Artist in Residence at IIAS in 2005

Aku memandang lilin Sitor Situmorang and Mohamad Haji Salleh read their poetry at the IIAS Windows on the Malay mambiasakan mata pada cahaya World Seminar on 20 and 21 October 2005. The seminar was organised by Prof. Md. Salleh dan nama itu mengiang Yaapar, European Chair of Malay Studies. seperti nama satunya

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> Research The prose of the world: the field speaks for itself

The procession advances slowly. The courtesans... perform obscene dances; ... the drums, trumpets, and all sorts of musical instruments give forth their discordant sounds. ... Those who have nothing else to do shriek and shout. ... To form a proper idea of the terrible uproar and confusion that reigns among this crowd of demoniacs one must witness such a scene. As for myself, I never see a Hindu procession without being reminded of a picture of hell.

Saskia Kersenboom

hus reports a French missionary in South India at the end Tof the 18th century (Dubois 1978:604-5). Saskia Kersen- boom and Thomas Voorter offer their own account of a Hindu procession in their joint production of the DVD Eye to Eye with Goddess Kamakshi (2006). Dubois’s advice that such an event should be witnessed first-hand alludes to the experiential nature of understanding. ‘Being there’ reigns supreme; next, however, looms interpretation. Both his and our world operate frames of reference that differ significantly from those that underlie an actual procession. To report, therefore, inevitably involves such ‘framing’.

In contrast to the travelogue, the present authors investigate DVD: temple ground the possibilities of interactive multimedia. They aim to simu- ‘Eye to Eye with Goddess late the perspective of an ‘eye witness’ by inviting the user to Kamakshi’ access the DVD. This forms the grid of its design and famil- iarizes the user with frames of reference employed by Hindus ly it inheres cultural practices. However, when it does articu- sound effects such as fireworks and gun shots. The sound file in their devotional practices. Earlier and recent fieldwork late itself it demands more media than the verbal alone: all the forms the flow chart of the linear journey. In this application, among daily and festival routines in South Indian temples senses are addressed in the encounter. This modern media the ‘shrieks and shouts’ do not come as a surprise: they high- immersed the authors in liturgical practices of textual recita- can do, to some extent, through the interactive use of the light the ultimate lustration of the goddess in her cleansed, tion, visual display and musical support (Kersenboom, 1984 media of ‘word, sound and image’. peaceful and sublime form, as she blesses her devotees after ff). This gradually led to a ‘logic of practice’ that informed the her long journey through the night. In real life, incorporation collection of data, their analysis and, ultimately, the design for Frames: the prose of the world immediately follows. their multimedia representation. To report means to frame: to select a grid, media, their mate- riality and to design their accessibility. The ritual procession Digital, interactive multimedia reset frames of reference that Interactivity: ‘being there’ is the ‘raw’, physical mode of communication where bodies have marked academic literacy for over three centuries. Field- The ingredients of real time and space are crucial to the per- meet in real time, real space, mixing and mingling their sub- work, data collection, interaction and co-authorship of spective of the eye witness. It is, however, not only the ‘eye’ stances with the natural elements. Its logic is one of transfor- researcher and informant as well as the physical categories of that is involved in this encounter. A ritual procession is per- mation: the devotee leaves the temple in an altered, stronger time and space, sensory perception and the human body are formed physically and purposefully. The picture of hell that psychic/physical state than when he or she entered the sacred central concerns in developing designs for interactive multi- looms large to Dubois fuels a deeply satisfying experience for grounds. media. Eye to Eye with Goddess Kamakshi invites an investiga- the goddess’s devotees. They throw their bodies, senses and tion into the various aspects of the inspiration that draws hun- souls into the procession, pulling the chariot by hand, feeling This the DVD cannot do either. The Digital Versatile Disc is dreds of Hindus every Friday to share her presence again and Kamakshi’s eyes on them, beating their cheeks in submission, an ultimate product of ‘literacy’. Unlike popular ideas that again. Its design is based on the cultural practices found in and, most important of all, uniting with her in an act of mutu- DVD is primarily used for displaying video, it can equally con- Hindu temples and their Sanskrit and Tamil normative man- al ‘incorporation’. The goddess absorbs her devotees by accept- tain word, sound and image files. In a way its design is simi- uals, offering a digital journey that branches out into an exten- ing their gifts of flowers, food and red kumkumam powder, lar to effective dramaturgy. The magic of the proscenium the- sive database of verbal and printed discourse, of instrumen- while she, in return, infuses herself into them through the atre, its dark auditorium and well-lit stage, the significant stage tal and vocal music, and of audio-visual recordings, sprinkling of holy water, by sharing the ‘leftovers’ of her food props and costumes are all foreground to a compelling story, iconography and material culture. This investigation and and flowers touched by her presence, and ultimately by shar- while at same time the actual performance guarantees phys- experimentation with multimedia representations as innova- ing and applying the red kumkumam worn on the forehead. ical distance between actors and audience. In the DVD, the tory methods for qualitative research seeks a new coherence Moreover, this powder can be taken home, abroad, anywhere stage is the television or computer screen, and the actors per- in scholarly argumentation and communication: a prose of – provided it is kept in a ritually ‘safe’ place – and thus live form their roles in digital form. The user can no longer touch the world – a digital language that speaks for itself. < interaction with the goddess is possible anytime, anyplace the performers, nor is he touched by them in an act of ‘mutu- through the simple act of applying the sanctified red dot. Video still. al incorporation’. The social dimension of seeing and being - Saskia Kersenboom and Thomas Voorter. 2006. DVD Eye to Eye with Darshanam: seen that still survives in the theatre has been obliterated in Goddess Kamakshi. Utrecht: Parampara Foundation. This the DVD cannot do. What it can do is program a trajec- mother and child the digital world. Instead, the user enjoys it in private and www.parampara.nl tory of information – nodes where ‘tacit knowledge’ can be Thomas Voorter, explores the flexible possibilities of the DVD. The loss of ‘prox- www.voorter.com articulated. This type of ‘expertise’ is highly pragmatic: silent- ‘Darshanam’ imity’ is creatively replaced by ‘autonomy’ over the process of learning. This new, multimedia prose can be stopped, repeat- References ed, fast-forwarded or paused. The digital procession turns a - Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cam- linear prose of the world into a non-linear, multi-layered, asso- bridge University Press. ciative adventure. If the user craves to explore the unknown, - Dubois, A. 1978. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies. Reprint. he can travel at random and at leisure into underlying layers Oxford: Oxford University Press. of information, stories, songs, dances, iconographies and - Foucault, M. 1970. The Order of Things, An Archaeology for the metaphysics stored under the objects that he encounters in Human Sciences. New York: Pantheon Books. the digital procession. This circumambulation is a celebration - Geertz, C. 1973. Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. of conceptualisation, beckoning the viewer to experience for - Kersenboom, S.C. 1984 ff. Nityasumangali, Devadasi Tradition in himself, and confront the real world. South India. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. - ——————. 1995. Word, Sound, Image, the Life of the Tamil Text Design: from ‘thick description’ to rich with CD-i Bhairavi Varnam. Oxford: Berg Publishers. application - ——————. 1997. Devadasi Murai, Remembering Devadasis CD- Participant observation is the key to the entire process of data ROM. New Delhi: IGNCA/UNESCO collection, data analysis and their representation. Endless - ——————. 2005. ‘Song of Love, Images of Memory’. Hobart, hours of participation in Hindu temple rituals preceded the Angela and Bruce Kapferer, eds. Aesthetics of Performance. New York: actual filming of the event in Kanchipuram on Friday, 31 Jan- Berghahn Publishers. pp. 64-88. uary 2003. Mutual sympathy, familiarity, and a natural com- - Voorter, T.J.H. 1999. Kyrgyz Heroes. Songs of Sanzhyra and Tales of petence to blend in with the proceedings were imperative for Batyrlar. http://www.voorter.com /. the presence of the camera and the process of filming the pro- - —————-. 2005. Darshanam DVD audio and visual record, sup- cession. Thomas Voorter was able to film its progression only plement to Kersenboom. after acquiring the necessary ‘tacit expertise’ of what and who make up the process and when, how and why the procession Saskia Kersenboom moves the way it does. Its itinerary, tempo and highlights Department of Theatre Studies empower Hindu devotion and had to be taken into account as University of Amsterdam keys to understanding it. The ‘terrible uproar’ heard by Dubois proved to be a very strategic use of musical instruments and

10 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:55 Pagina 11

> Research

Dance positions according to Zhu Zaiyu

and the Gest Collection,

Princeton University

First print of dances in the West, 1790 Ancient Chinese ritual dances (c) K.U. Leuven

From his arrival in China in 1750 as a young Jesuit missionary, Joseph-Marie Amiot took interest in ancient Chinese dances. In his eyes, they were part of a civilization dating back to those distant centuries ‘when Europe and most of the other known regions offered only forests and ferocious animals as habitants’. But beyond his own writings and two brief articles written in the early 20th century, the topic hardly attracted the attention of European scholars.

Nicolas Standaert an interest in philology and textual analysis, reflected in their dance. In print the visual representation of movement is study of words and their meanings. Zhu Zaiyu’s treatises on indeed very difficult to achieve, since movement can rarely be n 1761 the French periodical Journal Étranger published two music and dance belong to that movement. He saw his stud- represented by a sole image. That is why dance representa- Iof Amiot’s articles and he sent two more manuscripts to ies as part of the effort to ‘know better the past so as to put it tions nearly always include multiple images that break the Paris in 1788 and 1789. Though they remained hidden in into practice in the present’. He was interested in the search dance down into different stages of movement. In the case of European libraries, these manuscripts can truly be considered for ‘solidity and principles’, not ‘appearances and adornment’. these Chinese ritual dances, however, this is not a shortcom- forerunners to the field of ethnochoreography. It is important to underscore that scholars in the seventeenth ing because the illustrations correspond to a pause rather than century rarely limited their efforts to one domain. Mathe- to a movement. During this pause, the dancer does not ‘move’, The dances that Amiot described were ‘ritual dances’ per- matics, calendar studies, music, dance and rituals all came but remains static as long as the accompanying musical tone formed at state sacrifices: ritual celebrations during which the under Zhu Zaiyu’s scrutiny because they are all closely linked and chanting of the corresponding word of the poem last. This Chinese emperor made offerings to important state divinities to essential aspects of ritual. Mathematical sciences, for exam- succession of pauses can be compared to the concept of such as Heaven, the Sun, the First Farmer and Confucius. ple, are essential to the ritualization of time (the calendar) and ‘rhythm’ in early Greek texts. ‘Rhythmoi’ were originally the Held every fortnight, these rituals were impressively orches- the harmonization of sound (music); dance concerns the rit- ‘positions’ that the human body assumed in the course of a trated, and dances – usually performed by 64 professionals – ualization of space, or the geometry of ritual. dance. Pauses thus defined the very heart of the idea of accompanied the emperor’s oblations. The dances had a long rhythm. It was the still stance that was significant; movements history; the first descriptions provided by Chinese classical Comparison with other Ming era writings on dance, con- were mere transitions. Therefore, one possible explanation scholars date back to before 300 B.C. Our present-day knowl- cerning both the sacrifice to Confucius and the proposals to for the early development of printed choreographies in China edge about their practice, however, is derived from texts dat- reform the state sacrifices, reveals Zhu Zaiyu’s originality and is that the illustrations do not attempt to seize movement, but ing from the Ming dynasty (after 1368 A.D.) and from exten- creativity. He is the first to have discussed, described and rather to fix on paper the ‘frozen moment’ in dance transfor- sive choreographies printed since the sixteenth century. This designed the dances in such detail (his writings contain over mation. They emphasize this moment of non-action as the key is noteworthy, since one has to wait until the development of 600 illustrations of dancing positions). He created a com- to the transformation that takes place through ritual action. photography in the late 19th century for the reproduction of prehensive approach, establishing rules for combining danc- In Chinese ritual dance, then, stillness is the major step. similar choreographies in Europe. ing with vocal and instrumental music. In doing so, he also created new choreographies based on descriptions of ancient Toward the end of his life, Amiot felt even more compelled In terms of dancing theory, the most important and creative dances. Every choreography was divided into four movements to introduce the ancient Chinese dances to Europeans. To scholar on whose work Amiot based his analysis was the late and subdivided into eight positions. To each of these dances him it was important to ‘assign to the events that took Ming scholar Zhu Zaiyu (1536-1611). As a young man, Zhu he attached moral values, such as ‘benevolence’, ‘respect for place in China the place that they deserve in world histo- Zaiyu devoted himself to study and took a keen interest in the the ruler’ and ‘compliance to husband’. Thus, by attaching ry’. This he did not achieve until the rediscovery of his mathematical principles of music and of the calendar. He left moral values to the dances, Zhu Zaiyu created a spacialization manuscripts in Madrid and Paris just before the turn of 28 writings and is known in music history for his discovery of of ethics. Moreover, he did not limit himself to an analysis of the 21st century. < the calculation of equal temperament (the formula 122). the body’s movements; he also investigated the positioning of the feet in minute detail, being unique among all dance illus- For further reading Development of a dance theory trators for his inclusion of precise feet positions. In design- - Lenoir, Yves and Nicolas Standaert, eds. 2005. Les danses rituelles Two specific contexts inform Zhu’s accomplishments. First, ing choreographies, Zhu Zaiyu also coined a new dance vocab- chinoises d’après Joseph-Marie Amiot. Brussels/Namur: Éditions Les- in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the Ming empire was ulary and presented the basic curriculum for the ‘study of sius/Presses Universitaires de Namur. experiencing an economic and institutional crisis; its cause dance’. - Standaert, Nicolas. Forthcoming Spring 2006. ‘Ritual Dances and was judged to be disrespect of ritual. Improvement of state Their Visual Representations in the Ming and the Qing’. The East sacrificial music was proposed as a means to revive the col- The frozen moment Asian Library Journal 12-1 (Princeton University). lapsing empire and, as a result, there was a renewed interest Comparing these choreographies to the dances that are still in music and dance theory. The second context was the move- performed today in some of Confucius’s temples raises the Nicolas Standaert ment labelled the ‘concrete or solid studies’ (shixue). As a reac- question of whether these really are ‘dances’, which, by defi- Professor of Sinology tion against the excessive intuitionalist tendencies of the Wang nition, stress the movement of the body. Here the connection K.U. Leuven, Belgium Yangming school of philosophy (named after one of the most between the visual and print representations of these dances influential thinkers of the 16th century), scholars cultivated is crucial to understanding the specificity of Chinese ritual

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> Research The Great Fifth

At the time of the Fifth Dalai Lama’s birth in 1617, Tibet was in a state of religious, social and political turmoil. Political power was shared among various factions supported by different Buddhist religious orders who not only wished to propagate their teachings, but also to establish their economic power and political influence. The circumstances and strife surrounding the Fifth Dalai Lama’s birth are crucial to understanding the decisive role this exceptional man played in Tibet’s reunification.

Samten G. Karmay remained under arrest until his death in 1626, without ever Amdo, northeastern Tibet. In 1637, having defeated Chogth- seeing his son again. The ban on the quest for the reincarna- ur and his 40,000 men in Kokonor, Gushri Khan settled there n Tibet, religious, political and economic power have always tion lifted, officials of the Ganden Palace in Drepung sent a and soon became leader of the region’s Mongols. He and sev- Ibeen intertwined. Tibetan political theory is based on a con- delegation to request official recognition of the boy now liv- eral of his men traveled to Central Tibet that year disguised as fluence of politics and religion in the form of Lamaism, finding at Nakartse as the reincarnation of the Fourth Dalai Lama. pilgrims in order not to raise suspicion of other Mongol fac- ing its expression in choyon, a ‘preceptor-patron’ relationship tions. He received an audience with the Fifth Dalai Lama who, in which both parties are considered equal. The term was often The coming of the Fifth before the holy image of the Buddha in the Jokhang Temple used to designate the relationship between a Tibetan lama and In 1622 the boy was escorted from Nakartse and brought to in Lhasa, bestowed on him the name of Tendzin Chogyal, the the leader of a foreign country, such as that of Phagpa Lotro the Ganden Palace in Drepung Monastery. He was then King of Religion, the Holder of Doctrine, for having defend- Gyaltsen (1235-1280), the head of the Sakya Order, and Kublai enthroned as the Fifth Dalai Lama and received the name ed Gelug interests in the Kokonor region. The meeting would Khan, the Mongol emperor, in the 13th century. Lobzang Gyatso from Panchen Rinpoche, one of his spiritual have far-reaching historical consequences. masters. Owing to Panchen Rinpoche’s diplomacy, the king Turmoil in Tibet and his government had ceased hostilities against the Gelug. In 1641, after a year of fighting in Kham, Gushri Khan defeat- In 1548, the aristocrat Shingzhag Tsheten Dorje was appoint- However, the Gelug community in Tsang felt threatened by ed the king of Beri, an ally of the king of Tsang and a Bon prac- ed governor of Tsang province by the ruler of Central Tibet, a the establishment of a large Karmapa Monastery near Trashil- titioner. Gushri Khan’s prestige as a warrior was now as Rinpung lord. Shingzhag supported the Karma Kagyu Order hunpo. This increased the risk of Mongol intervention on the unequalled among Tibetans as it was among Mongols. Dur- and took up residence in Samdruptse castle (also called Shi- grounds of protecting Tsang’s Gelug community. ing the campaign against Beri, the Fifth Dalai Lama and the gatse), near the Gelug monastery Trashilhunpo. Soon after, he Desi discussed whether Gushri Khan and his men should rebelled against the Rinpung lords and proclaimed himself The Fifth Dalai Lama retained bitter memories of his child- return to Kokonor from Kham. They decided to send an emis- King of Tsang. Together with his nine sons he gradually hood during which the philosophical and religious regarding sary to Kham to contact the Mongol chief. In the presence of expanded his kingdom and established control over U and reincarnation served political purposes. In his writings he both the Dalai Lama and the emissary, the Desi pretended to Tsang, Central Tibet’s two main provinces. recalls with irony the political manipulations of his own reli- agree with the Dalai Lama that Gushri Khan should return to gious order, which involved the Mongols in all its affairs. He Kokonor. But just as the emissary was about to leave, the Desi The new government wanted to revive the institutions of the writes in his autobiography: ‘The official Tsawa Kachu of the ordered him to tell Gushri Khan to lead his army against the imperial period and to bring peace and prosperity to the coun- Ganden Palace showed me statues and rosaries (that belonged king of Tsang. try through a five-point policy, the so-called ‘Five Great to the Fourth Dalai Lama and other lamas), but I was unable Actions’, supported by various religious orders including the to distinguish between them! When he left the room I heard In early 1642, when news of Gushri Khan’s victory in eastern Sakya, the Jonang and the great Karmapa hierarchy. As the him tell the people outside that I had successfully passed the Tibet and his army’s advance against Tsang reached Lhasa, legitimate representative of authority, Shingzhag also main- tests. Later, when he became my tutor, he would often admon- surprising the Dalai Lama, the Desi finally told him the truth: tained good relations with the Gelug abbots of Trashilhunpo, ish me and say: “You must work hard, since you were unable that he had issued this order in the Dalai Lama’s name! The though the latter remained suspicious of the new dynasty’s to recognize the objects!” Dalai Lama was dismayed and remarked that the Desi had intentions. gone too far. However, it was now out of the question to turn back the Mongols. Shortly after, Gushri Khan’s army con- In 1577-78 the conversion to Buddhism of Altan Khan, the fronted the king’s troops in what was a long and bloody war. leader of the Tumed Mongols, and all his subjects by Sonam Towards the end of 1642, having resisted the Mongols and the Gyatso (1543-1588), the Abbot of Drepung Monastery (who Gelug Tibetans for almost a year, the king and his two minis- received the title Dalai Lama from the Khan and was later rec- ters finally surrendered. ognized as the Third Dalai Lama) was a spectacular success for the Gelug Order. The secular government in Samdruptse, Immediately, the Dalai Lama was invited to Samdruptse cas- however, viewed the event as a politico-religious alliance tle, where he was enthroned as the temporal leader of Tibet between the Gelug and a foreign power. and Gushri Khan offered him his conquests of central and eastern Tibet as a gift. For the first time in Tibetan history, a In 1589, the conflict was exacerbated when the Gelug recog- Dalai Lama, previously merely the abbot of a monastery and nized a child born that year to a Mongol family as the rein- leader of one religious order, became the country’s leader. Soon carnation of the Third Dalai Lama. The royal government took after, the Desi took on the function of Regent, and became this as a clear indication of the Gelug Order’s intentions. After responsible for government affairs, while Gushri Khan, who the child was installed in the Ganden Palace in Drepung never claimed a political position, retained his role as the new Monastery and enthroned as its abbot, Mongol intervention government’s defender, always ready with his army if the need in the Gelug Order, and therefore in Tibetan affairs, increased. arose. The Fifth Dalai Lama continued to address him as ‘king’ However, he died shortly thereafter, in 1616, and the royal gov- because he was still the king of the Mongols of Kokonor (and ernment forbade the search for his reincarnation. not because he was the ‘king of Tibet’ as has often been claimed). Thus the new state’s political structure took shape: Against this backdrop of turmoil, in 1617, a son was born to the Dalai Lama, as head of state, was placed above the choyon the famous noble Zahor family. Since the 14th century the structure, the ‘preceptor-patron’ relationship. The Desi family had lived in the Tagtse castle, the Tibetan kings’ former assumed the role of preceptor and Gushri Khan that of patron stronghold. Despite the king’s ban, however, officials of the even though he was not really considered a foreigner, since he Ganden Palace in Drepung Monastery had not renounced the had established himself in the Tibetan region of Kokonor and search for the Dalai Lama’s reincarnation. They had secretly placed himself entirely at the service of the Dalai Lama. selected three children, drawn by lot before the holy image of the Radeng Monastery, as possible reincarnations of the Dalai Miniature from the Sonam Chophel (1595-1657), treasurer of the Ganden Palace, The Ganden Palace in Drepung Monastery no longer befitted Lama. The child born to the Zahor family seemed the most secret visions of the was the prime architect of the Gelug’s rise to political power. the purposes of the new state, as the monastery could not be convincing candidate. At least two other Buddhist orders Fifth Dalai Lama. Later he received the title Desi, meaning ‘Regent’, which he considered Tibet’s political capital. This was equally true of sought to claim the child as the reincarnation of one of their (c) Musée national des would earn through his efforts to establish Gelugpa power. He Gongkar castle, Gushri Khan’s residence. So Konchog Chophel lamas who had also died in 1616. The family resisted their arts asiatiques Guimet, sought the support of the Dzungars of Western Mongolia and (d.1646), one of the Fifth Dalai Lama’s spiritual masters, sug- demands. In 1618, Dudul Rabten, the child’s father, was Paris. Courtesy of the inspired them with a military strategy of attacking Mongol gested Potala Hill as an ideal site for constructing a palace that Ethnographic Museum of involved in a plot against the royal government at about the tribes sympathetic to the king of Tsang, then the eastern could be used as the seat of government, as it was situated the University of Zurich. same time the Gelug secretly chose his son as the reincarna- www.musethno.unizh.ch Tibetans of Kham, who were also partisans of the royal gov- between the monasteries of Drepung and Sera and the city of tion of the Fourth Dalai Lama. Meanwhile, Panchen Rinpoche www.diedalailamas.ch ernment, and finally the king and his entourage in Tsang, Lhasa. Construction of the Potala palace began in 1645 and Lobzang Chogyen (1567-1662), abbot of the Trashilhunpo resulting in Gelugpa political and religious supremacy. the Fifth Dalai Lama and his government moved into its east- Monastery, persuaded the king to lift the ban on the reincar- ern section, the White Palace, in 1649. nation quest. As relations between the king in Tsang, sup- Gushri Khan: king of Mongols, ported by the Karmapa hierarchy, and the Gelug in U, sup- patron to the Dalai Lama The Dalai Lama as leader of Tibet ported by the Mongols, were tense, the king ordered the Zahor The Dzungars had indeed been actively supporting the Gelug During this time a new power, the Manchus (who spoke Tun- family to leave their Tagtse castle and live at court in Sam- in their own country. In 1636, one of their leaders, Gushri gus), emerged in the east. They had conquered China and druptse, but the mother, suspicious of the king’s intentions, Khan of the Qushot tribe, attacked the Mongol tribe of established their capital in Peking, but felt threatened by Mon- returned to her own family at the Nakartse castle in Yardrog. Chogthur, an ally of the king of Tsang. Originally from golia (today’s Outer Mongolia). The Fifth Dalai Lama had con- The child’s father, meanwhile, tried to escape to Eastern Tibet Khalkha, Chogthur’s tribe had been expelled from Central siderable religious and political influence not only in Mongo- but was caught by royal envoys, brought to Samdruptse and Mongolia in 1634 and had settled in the Kokonor region in lia, whose majority had converted to the Gelug Order, but also

12 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:56 Pagina 13

> Research

Xinjiang Qinghai Gansu

Leh Xining Indus Lanzhou Golmud Amdo KumBum Labrang Drichu Machu

Mt Kailash Zachu India Namtso Lake Chamdo Tsangpo Tsang Lhasa Nepal Drepung Lhatse Kham Ganden Gyantse Tsangpo Sichuan Gange Shigatse Khatmandu

Mekong Bhutan Brahmaputra Yangtse

in the Kokonor region. Thus he played an essential role in the ter-disciple relationship they were supposed to maintain with Using many local words, he wrote in a very free, personal style maintenance of peace, which the Manchus, fearing Mongol one another. Moreover, the Panchen Lamas were often used that allowed him to express his feelings and was at once frank attacks, desperately needed. against the Dalai Lamas, first by the Manchu, then by the and ironic. His autobiography is characterized by his spon- British in India, and by both the Kuomintang and Commu- taneity, sarcasm and humorous remarks concerning his own After receiving several invitations from the Manchu Emper- nist Chinese. status as a reincarnation and the fundamentalist attitude of or Shun-chih to visit Peking, the Fifth Dalai Lama finally his own religious order. Often, unlike traditional Gelug accepted in 1652. He set out with an entourage of 3,000 men The Fifth Dalai Lama’s ever increasing diplomatic activities authors, he gives his own independent interpretation of Bud- and the journey lasted nine months. Near Peking, the covered not only the Tibetan world, Mongolia, Ladakh and dhist doctrines, which he never attempts to impose. Con- Manchus built the Yellow Palace specifically for the Dalai Lama Bhutan, but extended as far as China. The danger of conflict cerning two treatises he had read, he writes: ‘When I finished to reside in during his visit, which lasted two months and was was ever present and the Dalai Lama not only had to ensure the Oral teachings of Manjushri (written in 1658), I had to leave marked by two grand imperial receptions in his honour. the survival of his own government but also to act as media- the ranks of the Gelug. Today, having completed the Oral teach- tor between rising political powers threatening to disrupt the ings of the Knowledge-holders (written in 1674), I will probably For having successfully completed this long and hazardous established order. have to withdraw from the Nyingma ranks as well!’ The sec- journey, he was welcomed home by all of Lhasa. In return for ond work concerns Dzogchen teachings and both texts are the Buddhist teachings he provided throughout his journey Under the Fifth Dalai Lama’s rule, as under the ancient considered masterpieces by all Tibetan Buddhist orders. Thus to Amdo Tibetans, Mongols, Manchus and Chinese, he was Tibetan empire, Kokonor in Amdo became one of the most his approach to the various religious and philosophical tradi- given thousands of horses, camels and precious objects. strategic regions. He was quick to realize this as he traveled tions was indeed deeply universalist, his reign marked by great the region in 1652 and 1653. Eight of Gushri Khan’s ten sons tolerance toward the religious orders. To take just one exam- In 1674, the Fifth Dalai Lama received the Karmapa Choying and their respective tribes had settled there in 1638, after their ple, after overcoming difficulties at the beginning of his rule, Dorje (1604-1674) at the Potala Palace, a reconciliation wel- arrival from western Mongolia, and constantly quarrelled over the Bonpo, followers of the Bon religion, Tibet’s only non-Bud- comed by both parties after the many conflicts and misun- territory. In 1656 and 1659, the Fifth Dalai Lama sent several dhist religion, became respected at both doctrinal and politi- derstandings between 1612 and 1642. But he was not so governors to Kokonor. Over time the region’s Mongols were cal levels. lenient towards other religious orders, banishing the Jonang completely Tibetanized but continued to enjoy prestige among from Central Tibet to Amdo, and forcing some Bonpo monas- the Tibetans as Gushri Khan’s descendants and played a sig- His exceptional, complex and engaging personality made teries to convert to the Gelug tradition. But the new govern- nificant role in the Gelug Order’s expansion in Amdo. him one of Tibetan history’s most important figures. His ment’s attitude was actually determined by political rather legacy had a profound effect on almost every aspect of the than religious considerations. In 1647, the Desi launched a military campaign against country’s culture, notably architecture, poetry, historiogra- Bhutan that ended in a humiliating defeat for the Gelug and phy, civil administration, painting and, of course, philoso- Two other incidents during the Fifth Dalai Lama’s rule pro- their Mongol allies. But the campaign against Ladakh in 1679 phy and meditation. He was remarkable as both statesman vide insight into that era’s court intrigues and the link between was successful, and the territories of Ngari, in Western Tibet, and monk, embodying the Buddhist ideal of a ‘great being’; religion and politics and its effects, which are still felt today. previously annexed by the kings of Ladakh, were regained. Tibetan tradition still venerates him as Ngapa Chenpo, the Among the three candidates for the reincarnation of the Thus under the Fifth Dalai Lama, Tibet – from Ngari in the ‘Great Fifth’. His strict monastic discipline concealed his Fourth Dalai Lama was Dragpa Gyaltsen, recognized as the west to Dartsedo and Kham in the southeast to Kokonor in great interest in tantric, magical rituals, and his affinity for reincarnation of another important lama of Drepung Amdo in the northeast – was unified for the first time since mystical meditation, which provided him with visionary Monastery. As a result, he was seen as a rival of the Fifth Dalai the Tibetan empire’s 9th century collapse. experiences throughout his life. These he revealed only in Lama even though he invariably proclaimed himself to be his his writings, largely unknown during his lifetime, which disciple. In 1654 he died under mysterious circumstances. A mystic, a humanist, a man of letters show his never ceasing concern for the welfare of his peo- Afterward, it was believed that his spirit had returned as a sort From the age of six until he was 24, the Fifth Dalai Lama stud- ple and country. The Fifth Dalai Lama continued to write of ‘protector of the Buddhist religion’. This marked the begin- ied traditional subjects such as Buddhist philosophy, Sanskrit until his death, in 1682, at age 65. < ning of his cult, by the Gelug Order, as a protective deity and poetry. He developed a keen interest in Buddhist philos- named Dorje Shugden. However, the cult has been contro- ophy and later composed a number of treatises on the subject. For further reading versial and was recently banned by the Fourteenth Dalai Lama At the same time, he also performed his duty as abbot of the - Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen. 1988 (reprint 1998). Secret Visions of the in India. monastery. In 1633, he met Konchog Lhundrup, a master of Fifth Dalai Lama. London: Serindia Publications. the Nyingma Order, whose teachings the Gelug had not always - —————. 1998. ‘The Fifth Dalai Lama and his Reunification of In 1662 Panchen Rinpoche died at age 93 and the Fifth Dalai approved. This meeting was a turning point in his life. He Tibet’. The Arrow and the Spindle, Studies in History, Myths, Rituals Lama immediately established the tradition of recognizing the learned about mystical practices and tantric rituals entirely and Beliefs in Tibet. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, pp. 504-517. reincarnation of Panchen Rinpoche. He ordered monks of the unknown to him and realized that his philosophical training great monasteries to recite a prayer, which he composed him- at the monastery alone was not sufficient to attain spiritual Samten G. Karmay, Directeur de Recherche émérite, Centre Nation- self, requesting the master ‘to return’. The reincarnation was enlightenment. al de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, was Numata Visiting discovered in 1667 in the Dru family, one of the five great lin- Professor at Leiden University and an IIAS visiting fellow from Feb- eages of the Bon tradition, probably in a gesture of reconcili- For despite his political achievements, the Fifth Dalai Lama ruary 15 until July 1 2005. The life of the Fifth Dalai Lama and his ation with this religious tradition, which he later recognized was more concerned with spiritual matters. He loved writ- work on Dzogchen meditation were the subject of two of his 15 lec- as one of Tibet’s official religions. Officially establishing the ing, whether he was traveling or in retreat. In addition to tures while at IIAS. tradition of this particular reincarnation has not always been a number of treatises on various subjects, he also wrote favourable to the political unity of the Gelug nor of Tibet as a about his visionary experiences, which he kept secret owing whole. The lamas of this series of reincarnation became to the disapproval of such matters by his own religious known as the Panchen Lamas and were often considered spir- order. His works fill 24 volumes, including a detailed his- itually eminent, but on the political level their relations with tory of Tibet enthusiastically written at the request of the Dalai Lamas were often difficult despite the spiritual mas- Gushri Khan in 1643.

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 13 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:57 Pagina 14

> Research Black Fever and British medical policy in India

Black Fever, or kala-azar, was a major health problem in northeast India under British rule from the 1860s. It affected Assam, Bengal and Bihar, both epidemically and endemically, and was a major cause of mortality. The disease attacked all economic classes and social groups, although it was less frequent among British and Indian troops. It led to depopulation and desertion, and affected the cultivation of tea and other crops, plantation profits and government revenue.

case in point: it was rampant in England to 1943. After 1920, responsibility for mittee (Bhore Committee), as part of the and India in the second half of the 19th tackling the disease was left to local post-War development plan, to report on century. While sanitary reform eradi- authorities, who had inadequate health conditions in India and take nec- cated this waterborne disease in the resources (Ray 1998: 71-72). Affected vil- essary measures for improvement. The West, nothing similar was carried out in lagers were often left to their fate and report portrayed a shameful picture and India. Only in Punjab were some meas- died untreated; Arthur Dash, Secretary recommended measures for controlling ures made after considerable bureau- to the government of Bengal in 1927 lethal diseases and improving public cratic foot-dragging. It is difficult to depicts in his memoirs a dismal kala- health. ascertain how much of the revenue col- azar dispensary in Bengal, staffed by lected in India was spent on health and unskilled medical practitioners. Though Health policy changed following inde- sanitation, but it was certainly not more the disease was showing signs of regres- pendence. Control of epidemic diseases than a fragment. It is undeniable that sion in certain districts in West Bengal received priority and modern medical low priority was given to the health of by 1944, the incidence was increasing technology was extensively used; both India’s rural population. in a number of districts in East Bengal, preventive and curative measures were particularly Chittagong, Dacca, and emphasised. Based on the Bhore Com- Parasites of the tropical The Medical Department, perhaps more Faridpur. Even in Calcutta, part of which mittee’s recommendations, the govern- diseases Kala-azar and than any other, felt the effect of financial had been a focal point of infection in ment of India launched health pro- Oriental Sore. Colour stringency. Fund retrenchment in med- 1920-21, the disease was not only more grammes and action plans for the control photomechanical ical research occurred frequently and prevalent in 1947 in that area, but had and eradication of major communicable reproduction of a reduced the research activities of the spread to other areas of the town as well diseases. The National Malaria Control drawing by A.J.E. Terzi, IRFA (GoI 1928: proceedings 20-21). In (Sengupta 1947: 281-286). Programme, launched in 1953, was one ca 1921. 1943 the expenditure per head on med- of the earliest effective steps in combat- Wellcome Library, London ical relief and public health for India was Curative and preventive measures to ing malaria. Because of the results it between 3 and 4 annas per annum. Of control the incidence were also meagre achieved and subsequent advice from the Achintya Kumar Dutta the sandfly was conclusively proven to this, only one-third went to preventive in Assam. There had been several kala- World Health Organization and other be the vector of kala-azar. medicine. In the UK Rs. 54/- per head azar epidemics and the incidence there countries, the government launched the ala-azar is an infectious disease per year was spent on medical relief was higher in the 1940s than in the pre- massive National Malaria Eradication Kcaused by a protozoan parasite Thus all probable methods of conquest alone (Vaughan 1944: 7). vious decade. Inadequate arrangement Programme in 1958. Matching assistance called Leishman-Donovan body, trans- of kala-azar became known. It was for the treatment of diseases in rural from the central government, hitherto mitted to humans by certain species of known that treatment of all cases in an There was no dearth of co-operation from areas of Assam was reported in public unavailable for any other public health sandfly, and characterised by sometimes endemic area would lead to control if not the people in combating kala-azar. In health reports (1933, 1944). The num- programme, was given to assure the acute fever of long duration, enlarge- eradication in that area. It was also Assam the people co-operated with ber of kala-azar patients at the CSTM states’ participation. Indoor residual ment of the spleen and frequently the known that modern insecticides, such health officials in maintaining regula- became so large that the staff were spraying with DDT in appropriate sea- liver, anaemia and progressive emacia- as DDT and pyrethrum, were effective tions under the Epidemic Diseases Act unable to cope. sons and fortnightly surveillance, fol- tion. It was first thought that outsiders against the sandfly. But the disease for checking the progress of kala-azar. lowed by treatment of all detected cases, carried the disease to the region after the could not be effectively controlled and The villagers reported kala-azar and Moreover, no effective means of pre- reduced the incidence of malaria from advent of British rule; the Garos in eradicated even up to the 1940s because requested medical assistance and attend- vention based on the epidemiology of 75m in 1947 to 0.1m cases annually by Assam described it as sarkari bemari or of inadequate funding and medical ed the anti-kalaazar campaign conduct- the disease was devised. Medical 1965, and deaths due to it were almost British Government disease. infrastructure, and because of the ed by the Health Department. The peo- research had provided important clues eliminated (Swasth Hind 1998: 27). As a deplorable environmental conditions in ple of Assam, Bengal and Bihar were not pointing to the sandfly as the vector, but collateral benefit to extensive insecticide Medical knowledge the ‘coolie lines’ of tea gardens, villages opposed to western medicine and they even after 1942 when the transmission spraying since 1953, kala-azar transmis- The disease seemed to have been and towns in Assam, Bengal and Bihar. walked many miles to dispensaries to agent was confirmed and the Director of sion also declined to negligible propor- brought under near-control after 1920 receive treatment. But the government’s Public Health in Assam advocated fur- tions and death due to it reached almost as diagnostic, curative and preventive Public health a low priority health policy had limited coverage; it ther preventive measures, means for nil by the mid-1960s. < measures were developed and imple- India’s public health services lagged could not bring the rural masses under controlling the vectors were not found. mented. Successful treatment started abysmally behind progress made in west- the purview of treatment facilities. Continuous surveillance in key areas References with the introduction of tarter emetic ern countries. Besides kala-azar, diseases could have helped to prevent its spread. - Arnold, David. 1988. Imperial Medicine and (the first effective antidote to kala-azar), such as malaria, cholera, and tuberculo- The majority of villagers were left out of But thorough surveillance could not be Indigenous Societies. New York: Manches- which from 1919 was spread through sis caused havoc among India’s rural the scope of the public health service. carried out because of a paucity of doc- ter University Press. propaganda campaigns, legal measures population, even in the 1940s. Many of Only the barracks, plantations, mines, tors. Nothing was done to prevent the - Bradfield, E W C. 1938. An Indian Medical and medical research. The number of these diseases were rampant in England factories and administrative headquar- spread of disease by attacking the trans- Review. Delhi: Government of India Press. special kala-azar hospitals and dispen- and other European countries up to the ters received adequate medical atten- mitting agent. There were neither short- - Grant, John B. 1943. The Health of India. saries increased thereafter in Assam and mid-19th century, though the neocolonial tion. Conditions in most rural dispen- term nor long-term projects for vector London. Bengal. By the mid 1920s, more effica- literature has portrayed India, in partic- saries were deplorable; they lacked control, either by spraying insecticides - Government of India (GoI). 1925 (May). cious drugs were found, the most suc- ular, as a quagmire of lethal diseases and medicine, qualified doctors and neces- or by providing better sanitation, even Education, Health and Land, Health cessful being urea stibamine. Treatment epidemics. Some recent writers have sary infrastructure. An official estimate after the War. Branch, Proceedings No. 20-21. with these drugs reduced mortality rates taken a more critical view, arguing that put the ratio of doctors to population in - Ray, Kabita. 1998. History of Public Health and the government of Assam made European commercial and political pen- India in the 1930s at a very inadequate Improvement of sanitation in rural Colonial Bengal 1921-1947. Calcutta: K P treatment compulsory under the revised etration in the 19th century and the cre- 1:10,000 (Bradfield 1938:2). The dis- areas and liberal use of lime wash might Bagchi & Co. Kala-azar regulations in 1920 under the ation of colonial infrastructure – roads, pensaries and hospitals in the 1940s have been effective in making condi- - Rogers, Leonard. 1928. Recent Advances in Epidemic Diseases Act. railways, plantations, and labour migra- could treat only a segment of the popu- tions unfavourable for the sandfly. But Tropical Medicine. London. tion – facilitated the dissemination of dis- lation. The bulk of medical relief for sanitary conditions in most towns in - Sengupta, P C. 1947 (May). ‘History of Research on the disease continued eases (Arnold 1988: 5). Besides kala-azar, India’s 400m, more than 80% of whom Assam, Bengal and Bihar, as in other Kala-azar in India’. The Indian Medical until the end of British rule under the dysentery and cholera were associated lived in villages, was still provided by parts of India, remained unsatisfactory Gazette: 281-286. Calcutta: Thacker’s Press Indian Research Fund Association with unsanitary conditions in the tea gar- practitioners of indigenous medical sys- until the end of British rule. In rural & Directorate Ltd. (IRFA) at the kala-azar research wards dens. Planters were reluctant to spend tems (Grant 1943: 16, 19). areas there was no conservancy system - Swasth Hind. 1998. Special Issue. New of the Pasteur Institute, Shillong and money on sanitary improvements and or protected water supply. Though pol- Delhi: Central Health Education Bureau. at the School of Tropical Medicine and Indians were blamed for their apathy and Deficient measures lution of the water supply was not direct- - Vaughan, Janet. 1944. Papers on Health Hygiene, Calcutta (CSTM). Experi- resistance to sanitary programmes. The public health service was only par- ly connected with the prevalence of kala- Survey Committee, India, Pt. I. ments were conducted on the vector’s tially developed in India and conse- azar, it is justifiable to suppose that behaviour, while early diagnosis of The colossal investment in both sanitary quently diseases were widespread. In defective conservancy might have been Achintya Kumar Dutta kala-azar used simple pathological reform and research into prophylactics Bengal, the recorded incidence of kala- a determining environmental factor. In Reader in History tests and new drugs such as sodium made a vast difference between the trop- azar (probably a fraction of the actual 1943 the government appointed the The University of Burdwan, West Bengal antimony gluconate (SAG). In 1942, ical and temperate zones. Cholera is a incidence) had been steady from 1924 Health Survey and Development Com-

14 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:58 Pagina 15

> Research Urban elections in the People’s Republic

From the 1950s onward, residents’ committees were established in China’s urban areas to ensure social and political control. Until the late 1990s, these committees consisted primarily of elderly women with little education. More recently, economic reform, social change and increased mobility have altered the structure of urban residential areas – the closure of state enterprises, the end of lifelong employment and social welfare, and an increasing floating population have necessitated new organizational structures.

Thomas Heberer leaders and 50 for ordinary members. dates or to demand an account of their Only Shenzhen has no age restriction, work. It is therefore too simple to argue ld residential areas based on affil- considering upper middle school edu- that elections are merely a way of legit- Oiation to state-owned economic or cation sufficient qualification. As the imizing authoritarian structures or administrative work units (danwei) are qualification requirements are higher monitoring people, despite their now disintegrating. The decline of pre- than the prestige and salaries associat- ambiguous character. viously privileged groups (e.g. urban ed with these positions, there is a short- skilled workers), the rise of new elites age of younger, qualified candidates. In contrast to indirect elections, direct (private entrepreneurs, professionals, elections allow people a greater degree new middle classes) and a growing float- The shequs we studied had only indirect of participation. Voters have an oppor- ing population mean many neighbour- elections, and many informants tunity to participate in the selection of hoods today are divided into areas inhab- declared that they knew little or nothing candidates and to discuss their pro- ited by groups of different status – about them. Opinions on the signifi- grammes. This increases the possibili- members of still existing or former dan- cance of residents’ committee elections ty for the articulation of common inter- weis, members of the local political and were divided, with fewer than half the ests and for the nomination of economic elite who have purchased new interviewees expressing unreserved candidates who will act in the interests flats, migrants from rural areas or other approval. This does not reflect a gener- of the residents in negotiations with the cities, and others. al indifference towards voting, since a Street Office or the district government. clear majority declared that elections to The call for ‘democratic elections’ may With the decline of the danwei, increased the district People’s Congresses were encourage people to put forward unemployment, urban poverty, and the important. Many felt that the residents’ demands and to establish shared inter- erosion of family structures and public committee had nothing to do with their ests. Moreover, achieving even minor order, traditional residents’ committees everyday lives. It was widely believed demands (such as the improvement or could no longer maintain order and (particularly in Shenzhen) that candi- maintenance of housing conditions) security. Thus, at the end of the 1990s, dates were nominated by the Street reinforces residents’ sense of empow- residential areas were merged and reor- Office and that elections were merely a erment, and thus fosters willingness to ganized into larger ‘neighbourhood rubber stamp. participate and a sense of community. communities’ (shequ) headed by ‘neighbourhood residents’ committees’. The Many voters thought that candidates Most informants felt that elections population of these neighbourhoods should introduce themselves personal- would be viewed positively: if those ranges from 3,000 to 16,000. ly and explain their programmes. While elected had a stronger sense of account- previously this was not a requirement, ability because they were elected, if peo-

The 1989 Organizational Law of Urban it is now stipulated in election regula- newsletter this of editors the with solely lies cartoon this of placement the for responsibility COOCER, ple who did not represent the interests Residents’ Committees outlines their tions and demanded by voters. In most of the residents would not be re-elected, two major tasks: to support the govern- cases elections are run fairly and are and if residents were able to put forward ment in preserving social stability, and monitored by higher authorities. This elections argue they would better repre- flicts between the population and local suggestions and voice their opinions. to provide inhabitants with services and seriousness, the increasing will of vot- sent the opinions of voters. More people authorities. Elections are a sign of political relax- social security benefits. Currently, their ers to participate in nominating candi- would understand the work of residents’ ation, and can provide information on responsibilities include many previous- dates and secret ballots have an impact committees and thus more people Residents’ committee elections are a dissatisfaction among residents. Addi- ly assumed by the state: birth control, on voter awareness. For instance, many would participate; direct elections would new, developing phenomenon. As they tionally, they encourage the removal of social welfare, job creation, improving residents knew that in Shenyang’s Tiexi make more explicit their responsibility continue, voters will identify with the incompetent and unpopular officials, hygiene, running leisure facilities, cul- district a residents’ committee had been to voters . process and become more involved. This thus acting as a corrective to power. They tivating social discipline, and increasing removed by residents when it failed to will increase citizens’ demand for infor- are thus a stimulus for officials to act in resident participation. The Party leader- resolve the crucial issue of water supply. Those who argued against direct elec- mation and participation, and candidates the interest of voters. In this way they ship sees shequs as the basic units for They were aware that such a procedure tions, particularly officials, said they will find themselves conducting more contribute to regime legitimacy and sta- creating a ‘harmonious society’, the new could apply in their own neighbour- were too expensive. Chinese social substantial campaigns to be elected or bility. Moreover, elections contain the social goal announced in September hoods too. scientists have calculated direct elections re-elected. The introduction of direct symbolic message that there is no alter- 2004. in a single shequ in Beijing would cost elections would therefore support the native to the rule of the Party and that In Shenyang a number of informants about 100,000 yuan in publication development of trust and legitimacy. participation will be confined to institu- Elections in shequs argued that paramount leaders were expenses, administration costs, remu- tionalized channels. Chinese law states that residents’ com- more important to the development of neration and gifts for polling assistants, The power of elections mittee members must be elected. Since a neighbourhood than elections. This etc. In Chongqing alone, a city with 1951 Increasing participation is a crucial ele- In electoral theory, elections are seen as 1999 elections in urban neighbour- argument derives from traditional polit- shequs in 2003, this would total 195 mil- ment of political modernization. Even if opportunities for citizens to influence hoods have been of two types. A minor- ical culture in its notion that unelected lion yuan. Neither cities nor neighbour- shequ elections are still a delegated form political leaders. Elections generate sup- ity of shequs have direct elections, with officials who operate according to the hoods can raise such amounts. Officials of voting we should not deny their par- port for a political regime. Theories of all residents voting; in the majority, ‘principle of justice’ will be more also fear they will be blamed for low ticipatory character. Admittedly, the democracy show a correlation between including those we studied, elections are respected than elected ones who do not, turnouts; they see little benefit flowing party-state selects the candidates and – election turnout and regime legitimacy; indirect, via residents’ delegates. Vacant and reflects long experience of pater- from the extra work and costs. The vot- in the case of indirect elections – deter- fair and regular elections create a sense positions on residents’ committees are nalism. It also reflects the fact that the ers interviewed saw things rather dif- mines the composition of the electoral of trust and empowerment and therefore advertised and applicants are invited to residents’ committee is identified with ferently, with supporters of general and bodies. But even delegated political par- of regime legitimacy. That is why the Chi- register for the nomination examination the government. As individuals can have direct elections predicting high ticipation (such as the right to vote), the nese leadership strives to learn from elec- which covers legal regulations, the no influence on the state, they are turnouts. requirement that elections follow the toral processes: it intends to increase the organization of neighbourhoods, and reduced to hoping that their leaders will regulations, and the possibility of voting state’s capacity for governance. < questions of general political and social be qualified persons who will act in the Residents are unhappy with indirect out poorly performing officials may be concern. The Street Office draws up the interest of the people – hence the vital elections. Moreover, indirect elections internalized and eventually lead to more Thomas Heberer list of candidates and assigns leadership importance of a ‘benevolent leader’ at are detrimental to the prestige of elec- autonomous patterns of participation. Professor of Political Science and East Asian roles on the residents’ committee, the top. tions and of residents’ committees. As Furthermore, delegated elections create Studies ensuring that candidates are qualified residents have little influence on the opportunities for electors, for example, Institute of East Asian Studies and trustworthy. Committee members Direct or indirect? selection of candidates, their interest in to make specific requirements of candi- University of Duisburg-Essen are subject to re-election after three Current voting procedures continue for- voting is low. Furthermore, they have the years: if they do a bad job, they will not mer practices: the residents’ committee impression that the authorities are not This article is based on the preliminary findings of the research project Participation, elections be re-elected. selects, the Street Office monitors, and interested in genuine voter participa- and social stability in rural and urban areas in China conducted by Gunter Schubert (Universi- a group of hand-picked people votes – tion. Currently, the central government ty of Tuebingen), focusing on rural areas, and the author, focusing on urban sites. The proj- In recent years the qualification require- procedures that result in low voter inter- plans to popularize direct elections ect is funded by the German Research Community (DFG). Three surveys were conducted in ments for candidates have been raised. est. While many would prefer direct throughout the country. But there is urban areas, based on interviews with residents and officials: in Shenyang in spring 2003, in In Shenyang and Chongqing a college elections, they support indirect voting, strong resistance among urban author- Chongqing in summer 2003, and in Shenzhen in spring 2004. The project examines the polit- or university degree is required, and the believing conditions for direct elections ities, who fear they will lose control over ical awareness of urban citizens and officials in terms of participation, elections and trust. maximum age for candidates is 45 for do not yet exist. Supporters of direct voters and candidates, reinforcing con-

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 15 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 16:58 Pagina 16

> Research Rendering history through the Sinhala novel

Sinhala scholarship was traditionally rooted in the Buddhist clerical establishment, and the vast majority of ancient and mediaeval literary works were of a religious nature. Except for a few political treatises, there were virtually no distinguished works of secular interest. From the late 19th century, however, a multitude of secular literary (prose) works began to appear; the close link be tween modern history and the evolution of the Sinhala novel can be traced back about seven decades.

Manouri K. Jayasinghe threatened by the anglicization overtaking Sri Lankan society place in 1956. Piyadasa, the main character, is a rural migrant in the pre-independence period. Apata Wetchche Dey (That caught up in the whirlwind, with no possibility of return. The ccording to K.M. De Silva, ‘in the first decade of the twen- Which Happened to Us) and Yanthan Galavunaa (Managed to fourth novel Vankagiriya (The Labyrinth) deals with the 60s, Atieth century there was a perceptible quickening in the Escape at Last) represent the views of this highly nationalistic when Piyadasa, now a disoriented, disillusioned youth, rebels pace of political activity in the island after the near immobili- writer as well as the period’s cultural climate. against accepted social norms and society in general. In Yali ty in formal politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth cen- Maga Vetha (Back on the Path), Piyadasa mourns his lost rural tury.’1 The early 1920s saw unrest among skilled workers; Martin Wickramasinghe (1890-1976) may well be the great- values; this novel is more inward-looking than outwardly encouraged by influential political leaders, they demanded est 20th century Sinhala writer. In his trilogy Gamperaliya (The focused. The recently published Dura Rataka Dukata Kiriya- better working conditions and higher remuneration. Marxism Change in the Village, 1944), Yuganthaya (The End of the Era, ka (Suffering in a Far-off Land) describes Piyadasa’s suffering entered Sri Lankan politics around 1926 through the Suriya 1949) and Kaliyugaya (The Epoch of Kali, 1957), he depicts the during higher education in England. A transformed man, he Mal movement and gained ground in the 30s, eventually transition of Sri Lankan society from the last vestiges of feu- returns to Sri Lanka, but not before the long-awaited victory resulting in the establishment of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party dalism to urban mercantile capitalism, which generated social- of the United Front in the 1970 general election has been (LSSP) in 1936. ism.3 Inevitably, his works deal with class differences. Gam- marred by the insurrection staged by the JVP in April the fol- peraliya is a great work of literature, the first full-fledged lowing year. Although independence was gained through a peaceful elec- Sinhala novel. It describes the advent of capitalism through toral process in February 1948, the post-independence histo- the experiences of farmers living in a feudal village in south- Another ahistorical work, Sarath Dharmasiri’s Sada Sulanga ry of Sri Lanka is spattered with blood. The passing of the ‘Sin- ern Sri Lanka. Though the novel is ostensibly the story of the (The Violent Winds, 1991), deals with the wasteland reforms hala Only’ Act in parliament in 1956 heightened tensions love between Nanda, the daughter of the feudal landlord, and initiated by the Colebrooke commission in the 1830s, their between Tamils and Sinhalese. With the opening of the econ- Piyal, a lower-caste school teacher, the theme of social change impact on the rural economy and the suffering of the rural omy in the 1960s, Sinhalese felt their jobs being threatened is its thread, evoked by the changing social status of the two people which culminated in the uprising of 1848. Piyadasa as their knowledge of English was poor compared to Tamils protagonists and their eventual marriage. Welikanna’s award-winning Sudu Sevanali (White Shadows, who had close contact with English missionaries. Unemploy- 1986), acclaimed as a mirror of the cultural, economic and ment among Sinhala youth contributed to the birth of the The two novels that follow continue this family saga. In Yugan- social spheres of mid-19th century, deals with the birth of the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP), which called for the lib- thaya, published just after independence, the order is reversed: National Liberation Movement around the hill country in 1848, eration of the Sinhalese people from the shackles of post-colo- the focus here is on Nanda and Piyal’s British-educated, rev- its struggle against British colonization, its eventual defeat nialism and led to the youth insurrection of 1971. olutionary grandson Malin Kabalana, who aims to change the and the establishment of British rule in every corner of the social system upon his return to Sri Lanka. The author explains country. Difference in political status, the rift between English and non- that the struggle of the working class against capitalism, espe- English speakers, and measures taken by the Sinhalese gov- cially in 1947, influenced the writing of this novel.4 In Kaliyu- The last category of novels, which reveal tendencies in mod- erning party resulted in the formation of a separatist group in gaya, written about a decade after independence, Wickramas- ern Sri Lankan history but give no hint of the period, falls into the Tamil community. Evolving through mergers and splits inghe highlights the confusion of Sri Lankans who had two groups, either figuratively representing politics or specif- over 35 years and using guerrilla and terrorist attacks to achieve embraced urban capitalism, describing Nanda and Piyal’s dis- ically indicating their political references and thus their rela- their ends, this group is known today as the Liberation Tigers enchantment with their family and offering insights into early tion to history. Miniwan P. Tilekaratne’s Thrushnaabharana of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). In the early 1980s the dormant con- post-independence Colombo high society. The trilogy is of his- (Bedecked in Jewels of Desire, 1991) is of the first type, and flict over land flared up, and the late 80s saw a period of vir- torical value because it represents the socio-political evolution takes a refreshingly new approach to political problems. The tual anarchy with government forces combating Sinhalese of the period. On the other hand, Viragaya (Detachment, 1956) protagonist, realizing the ridiculousness of the governing sys- insurgents in the south and separatist Tamil guerrillas in the is a masterpiece considered to be the turning point of mod- tem, attempts to undo it by using naivety to expose the idio- north. After 20 years of guerrilla war, an uneasy peace now ern Sinhala literature.5 syncrasies of the rulers. This novel could refer to various polit- prevails. ical regimes of the last few decades. Sunanda Mahendra, in K. Jayatileka’s Parajithayo (The Defeated, 1960), depicts the the more politically explicit Unu Alu Palla (On Burning History and the novel political and social realities of the 1950s. These emerge in the Embers, 1993), depicts the thorny public and family life of a In examining how the Sinhala novel reflects Sri Lankan his- obstacles to social advancement which confront Udeni, a leftist school teacher who goes to all ends to stand up for his tory, I consider history as resulting from disequilibrium in a young man from the village who goes to study in Colombo. convictions. This protagonist could be representative of the nation’s cultural, political or economic life. These closely relat- Another of Jayatileka’s novels, Delovata Nathi Aya (Those Not leftists of the mid-thirties as well as their modern-day heirs. ed aspects are in fragile equilibrium: any imbalance in one Belonging to Both Worlds, 1963), deals with the plight of the area will give it prominence over the others, thereby creating masses after independence, the author’s disillusionment with With the centenary of the birth of the Sinhala novel falling this social events recorded as history. From its beginnings up to the lack of change in Sri Lankan politics after 1956, and the year, it is hoped that this paper can serve as a tribute to it, by the early post-independence period, the Sinhala novel depict- political landscape of that period. tracing its evolution and the many ways the novel can and has ed history mainly as the result of changes in cultural and polit- been used to illustrate modern Sri Lankan history. < ical outlook; economic trends were given greater prominence T. B. Illangaratne’s Peraliya (Insurgency, 1972) and E.R. from the 1960s. Some Sinhala novelists set their work against Sarachchandra’s Heta Etchchara Kaluwara Na (1975)6 are mon- Notes a historical background, some treat events ahistorically, while uments to the 1971 youth insurrection. Gunadasa Amarasek- 1. De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: Hurst and Com- others favour the symbolic representation of political events era’s Asathya Kathaawak (An Unreal Story of a Death, 1977) pany. p. 373. which make up history. and its sequel Premeye Sathya Kathaawa (A Surreal Story of 2. Sarachchandra, Ediriweera. 2005. Sinhala Nawakathaa Ithihasaya Love, 1978)7 also treat aspects of the youth rebellion. Contin- haa Vitcharaya, 8th ed. Colombo: Sarasavi Publishers. Wasanawantha Pawula haa Kalakanni Pawula (The Fortunate uing into the 1980s, Sumithra Rahubhadhdha captures this 3. De Silva, K.M. op. cit. p. 39. and the Unfortunate Family, 1866) by Issac Silva (1844-1907) tumultuous period in her novel Itipahan (Candles, 1998), 4. Wickramasinghe, Martin 2005. Yuganthaya, 23rd ed. Colombo: Sir- can be considered the forerunner of the Sinhala novel. More alluding not only to the attempted youth revolution of the 70s, asa Publications. p. 11. a narrative than a novel, the tone is one of debate. In contrast, but also to the period of mayhem in the 80s. 5. Dissanayake, Wimal. 1971. Girikula haa Sandamadala (The Moun- Silva’s contemporary Bentota Albert Silva (1866-1919), known tain Summit and the Moon). Colombo: Hansa Publishers. p. 36. for Vimala (1892) and Adara Hasuna (Love Letter, 1894), Milestones in history 6. Translated by the author into English as Curfew and the Full Moon manipulates the imaginary to create atmosphere. Although Gunadasa Amarasekera, in his series of six novels begun in (1978). works of fiction, these authors’ writings cannot be classified the early 1980s, is the most prominent of the novelists who 7. Fernando, Vijitha. (Translation of both novels 2003). Out of the as novels since they lack many features of the form. Hence ahistorically illustrate milestones in history. He deals with the Darkness. Sri Lanka: Visidunu Publications. Meena (1905), a simple love story by Simon Silva (1874-1920), evolution and predicament of the rural middle class, which is recognized as the first Sinhala novel – it focuses on the inner migrated to the capital shortly before independence, and how Manouri K. Jayasinghe workings of the heroine’s mind, revealing a gift for character events in history influenced them. The first book in the series, Lecturer in Sinhala development, and bears other characteristics of the novel as Gamanaka Mula (The Beginning of a Journey), is set in the Institut National des Langues et Civilisations Orientales, Paris genre.2 immediate pre-independence era when migration to the towns [email protected] began. Gamdorin Eliyate (Out of the Village), depicts the post- Although secular prose works had been appearing for some independence period from 1948 to 1956 and the transforma- 25 years, the first writer to deal with history as a central theme tion of the rural middle class into one that emulated its urban was Piyadasa Sirisena (1875-1946), whose works reflect his counterparts. The third book, Inimage Ihalata (Ascending the commitment to safeguarding the values of traditional society Ladder), portrays the change in Sri Lankan politics that took

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> Research

Rocks washed by the sea as Hayam Wuruk probably saw them at the cape of Tanjung Papuma.

courtesy of author

In the footsteps of Hayam Wuruk

In the Old Javanese text Nagarakertagama or Desawarnana (1365), the Buddhist poet Prapanca describes King Hayam Wuruk’s journey through East Java in 1359. We followed the royal tracks in a 900-kilometer jeep expedition in June 2005 and discovered that many of the places can still be identified.

Amrit Gomperts Renes, the caravan passed through a for- descending the steep ravine is impossi- cape of Tanjung Papuma, nowadays a human hands on the southern shore of est referred to as Jati Gumelar or ‘spread ble. Thus, in 1359, the wooden or bam- small tourist resort. The rocks jutting up Ranu Segaran, in front of a terraced gar- out teak trees’ (DW 23.1). The Dutch boo bridge may have been in a moul- close to the beach remain as Hayam den; this site may well indicate the loca- he expedition departed from the topographic maps show details of vege- dering state but it could not have been Wuruk may have seen them (see photo- tion of the bwat ranten. Tcourt of Majapahit, during the day tation that locate the forest near the vil- entirely in tatters. Such bridges chal- graph). of the full moon on 8 September 1359. lage of Tasnan which my Javanese trav- lenge our archaeological imagination. At the end of the journey, the royal car- The royal caravan drove in ox-carts, with el companions recognized as jati ‘teak’. Close to this location, Prapanca’s topo- Prapanca’s (DW 32-33) lyrical descrip- avan headed for the court of Majapahit. dozens or possibly hundreds of follow- Prapanca also distinguishes irrigated graphical reference pasawahan or ‘area tion of the Siwaite forest hermitage of Prapanca, however, turned off for Rabut ers on foot; together they covered over rice-fields (sawah) and non-irrigated of irrigated rice fields’ suddenly Sagara is aptly expressed in the follow- Tugu to where his own family lived in 900 kilometres in two months. fields (tegal) which are also marked on appeared before us (DW 21.2). On both ing excerpts from Robson’s translation pahyangan, ‘the area of worship’ (DW maps. We were able to identify the road sides of the descending road that leads (1995:46-47). My additional interpreta- 59.1). Kern’s identification of Rabut R.A. Kern’s overlooked but nearly com- that Hayam Wuruk took to the city of from the ravine of Bobo Runting, sawah tions are in brackets [...]: Tugu with the village of Sumbertugu plete map of Hayam Wuruk’s journey Singhasari from the poet’s reference to extended into the plains as far as the eye appears well founded. A farmer of the (Kern 1927) provided the basic data for tegal (DW 38.2). could see. When the King departed to go on, it settlement of Sumbertugu showed us a our venture. Consultation of 500 Dutch was the forest hermitage of Sagara that stone pillar on a venerated spot amidst and Indonesian small-scale topo- Prapanca’s terminology may include Medieval tourists he headed for.... the maize fields. Locals refer to the loca- graphic sheets of the area verified and both toponyms and geographical The poet continues with the description It was splendid and extraordinary, in tion as Pepunden Tugu or ‘sacred land appended Kern’s work. Sixty per cent descriptions, and some distinctions can of a pleasure trip of Hayam Wuruk to the midst of the wooded mountains, its with pillar’, which is synonymous with of the two hundred place names and only be verified in the field. For exam- the shore of the Indian Ocean. This is layout bewilderingly beautiful.... Rabut Tugu. We left the pillar untouched topographical descriptions mentioned ple, Pakalyan is the name of a river, but the only part of the journey not includ- The bwat ranten pavilion bore several for the archaeologists. by Prapanca could be identified from the Old Javanese word pakalyan also ed on Kern’s map (Bullough 2004:19). paintings of stories and had a base of maps only. denotes a ‘river-bed’. As the riverbed Prapanca did not attend the trip (DW stone, polished and high; Much remains to be done on the geo- itself is jumbled with rocks, the royal 22.4-5), but he versified the words of Flowers of the nagakusuma tree lay graphical and archaeological aspects of We determined a geodetical datum for party must have travelled along the road someone else, expressed in Robson’s thick in the yard, the [shore-]side[s] Hayam Wuruk’s journey. With all Dutch Java and converted geographical coor- following the river of Pekalen (Robson translation as follows (1995:41): (tira) of which was [were] lined with a cartographic material of Java now freely dinates from Dutch topographical maps 1995:115). wall. ... available on the website of the Royal (1915-1942) into the current standard. Departing from there the King came And all the hermits and especially the Tropical Institute in Amsterdam Finally, we entered all the geographical A second example: the Javanese under- directly to Kuta Bacok where he dis- nuns, young and old, were virtuous (www.kit.nl), and because GPS technol- coordinates into a GPS satellite naviga- standing of the word jurang is more ported himself on the shore, and clever.... ogy is increasingly affordable, further tion system. A few highlights of our elaborate than just ‘ravine’. My Javanese Absorbed in looking at the rocks The young and pretty hermit-girls fieldwork is within easy reach. Finally, findings are sketched on the map below companions showed me that it may also engulfed by waves with showers of spray remained behind pining every one. archaeological research – and funding with references to Prapanca’s text refer to a river running through a ravine resembling rain. – is urgent to prevent the reduction of Desawarnana (DW; Brandes 1902). but crossed by a bridge. Following The toponym Sagara is geographically the subject to historical geography. < Kern’s map, we passed over modern The unusual term bacok, literally mean- associated with the area around Ranu Places not found on the maps bridges spanning impressive ravines. ing ‘chopped-off’, appears on one of our Segaran – literally ‘lake of Segaran’. The References A number of Prapanca’s toponyms The royal party must have traversed the Dutch topographic maps as the name of region comprises a total of five crater - Brandes, J.L.A. 1902. Nagarakertagama. could only be traced in the field. A place four jurang dalem or ‘deep ravines’ of the the village Gunung Bacok. We found it lakes with a diameter of 750 meters in a Lofdicht van Prapantja op Koning Rasad- called Daleman identified by Kern does river of Sampean (Robson 1995:112). near a stone quarry to which several remote and wooded area that retains its janagara, Hajam Wuruk, van Madjapahit. not appear on any of the detailed maps Such crossings would have required families of the village have long held the poetic beauty. The yard’s wall possibly Batavia: Landsdrukkerij. (DW 31.1). With the help of local farm- bridges spanning 50 meters strong male hereditary right of exploration. The stood on the shore (tira) of a lake. Zoet- - Bullough, Nigel. 2004. Menulusuri Jalan ers we found Daleman – a small run- enough to carry ox-carts. Another such excavated boulders are sold as house mulder (1982:1504) has suggested that Perjalanan Raja Hayam Wuruk ke Lama- ning spring amidst rice fields – along ravine is Bobo Runting which literally fundaments, offering an obvious expla- ranten might be the Old Javanese high jang pada Tahun 1281 r. Unpublished the road between Besuki and Binor. We means ‘mouldered and in tatters’ (DW nation for the etymology of the village speech form of the word ranu ‘lake’. paper, State University of Surabaya, 12 Feb- also were told that an ancient stone stat- 21.2). We identified it as the bridge name. In the 14th century, there was a Therefore, in combination with the cur- ruary. ue of a goddess, said to include an crossing the river of Sawaran near the hill with a kuta bacok ‘chopped-off peak’. rent toponym ‘lake of Segaran’ and the - Kern, R.A. 1927. De Reis van Koning Hajam inscription, had disappeared from the village of Juranglor, literally ‘North of the Today, after 650 years of excavating, it reference to shore (tira), the Old Woeroek door Lamadjang in 1359 A.D. Tijd- spot in 2004, suggesting that the place Ravine’. Today, piles support the con- has been reduced into a gunung gacok Javanese bwat ranten probably denotes schrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch may be of archaeological importance. crete bridge. There is no other road that ‘chopped-off hill’. From here, it is eight a ‘lake-pavilion’. Furthermore, the Genootschap 44:613-624. the caravan could have taken, and kilometres to the white beaches at the female hermits must have had access to - Robson, S.O. 1995. Desawarnana (Naga- The village of Balerah, which was passed water for drinking and sanitation pur- rakartagama) by Mpu Prapañca. Leiden: by the royal party to the east of the town poses. Of the five lakes, we found out KITLV Press. of Pasuruan, also does not appear on our from villagers that only the water of the - Zoetmulder, P.J. (and S.O. Robson). 1982. topographic sheets (DW 21.1). Neigh- lake of Ranu Segaran is potable. There- Old Javanese-English Dictionary. ’s-Graven- bouring villagers, however, recognized fore, the geographical location of the hage: Nijhoff. the name and directed us to a tiny five- hermitage may be narrowed down to the house settlement on one hectare amidst lake shore of Ranu Segaran itself. As we Acknowledgement: The author would like to irrigated rice fields. After 650 years, the should interpret Prapanca’s language express words of gratitude to the Bupati of inhabitants still refer to the hamlet as within the context and dimensions of Sragen, Mr. H. Untung Wiyono, who kind- Blerah. traditional Javanese and Balinese archi- ly sponsored our expedition: matur sem- tecture, the bwat ranten pavilion was bah nuwun! Prapanca describes topographical fea- likely an open verandah consisting of tures visible in the Javanese landscape bamboo and wood on a base of stones Amrit Gomperts is a freelance researcher to this day, referring to them by still with a palm-fibred roof. The hypothesis who has published on Old Javanese and

familiar Javanese terms. For example, author of courtesy is finally supported by the existence of Javano-Sanskrit texts. after leaving the still-existing village of The reconstructed tracks of Hayam Wuruk’s journey through East Java in AD 1359. several big black stones worked by [email protected]

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 17 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:00 Pagina 18

> Research < Three typical images of male members of the Karimjee Jivanjee family bear striking similarities. All look straight into the camera with serious, self-conscious expressions. Dressed for the occasion, they wear the Bohra turban, signifying their importance within the Bohra business community. Note that Yusufali, the family’s representative in the European market, is wearing a tie and a western business suit, testament to the adaptability of dress within the context of Bohra identity.

Hasanali Alibhai 1872-1918 Mohamedali A. Karimjee 1879-1940 Yusufali Karimjee 1874-1966 Asians in Africa: images, histories and portraits

Gijsbert Oonk photographer, whose intentions often remain unknown. The scenes often represent photographic styles which go beyond ery little is known about the history of South Asians in the East-African context – as cultural constructions, they VEast Africa, while much of what we know comes from for- belong to international photography. eign sources. This is not due to a lack of literate qualities; we know that South Asian merchants kept highly professional These pictures give an idea of the ‘faces’ of South Asians in account books and corresponded regularly with distant mar- East Africa at the end of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Yet kets. When the occasion demanded, they learned English, Ara- the exercise has limited potential, for in many cases we do not bic, Swahili and Portuguese to complement their knowledge know when, why and by whom the picture was taken. Never- of Gujarati and Kutchi. The historian could conclude that these theless, the history of these images gives some insight into men preferred to remain faceless – neither their family his- how some South Asians in East Africa wanted to be repre- tories, nor even their community’s history, was for sale. sented, either to their families or to a wider audience. <

Pictures and paintings may reveal new knowledge and insights For more information: on South Asian lives in East Africa. Taken for specific pur- www.asiansinafrica.com poses, such as weddings or the beginning of pilgrimages or Oonk, G. 2004. Asians in East Africa. Images Histories & Portraits. tours to India, they literally present ‘faces’ and ‘real images’ Arkel: SCA Producties. of the past. At the same time, they remain constructions of the [email protected]

Nanji Damodar 1880-1961 < < The original headquarters of the The picture of the Hindu Lohana Nanji Damodar was taken by an Indian photographer Karimjee Jivanjee enterprises, Zanz- in Mombasa around 1920. In the tradition of ‘swagger portraits’, the picture bears, like ibar, 1924. Front row, left to right: European photographs of the same period, diluted traces of painted portraiture. Here Mohamedali A. Karimji Jivanjee; Yus- Nanji Damodar is portrayed with a book in hand, suggesting a learned and intellectual ufali Karimji Jivanjee; Mr. Boyac and background, while he may not have been a great reader at all. As in the case of the Karim- Tayabali H.A. Karimjee. The picture jee family, dress is an important marker of identity. Here Nanji Damordar wears his was taken on the occasion of the visit black Hindu Nehru cap and white Indian dress. His shoes are too large, and may not of Mr. Boyac from Texas Company to have been his own: they are unpolished, unthinkable for a man of his standing. The pho- finalise an export deal to Tanganyika tographer may have suggested he wear shoes to present a more formal character. with Karimjee Jivanjee and Company as sole agents. The members of the family wear formal dress, with long sleeves according to Muslim fashion. Gijsbert Oonk and Henk Schulte Nordholt were the convenors of the IIAS workshop The South Typically, the European representa- Asian Diasporas: the creation of unfinished identities in the modern world, held in Rotterdam, tive is in the middle of the 23-24 June 2005. photograph.

18 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:02 Pagina 19

> Research The virtual second generation: negotiating ethnicity on the internet

The internet of the new global media, linking people transnationally, providing a public for the marginalised, fostering democracy – versus the internet of virtual irreality, detached from the real world, space for escape, leading to social isolation. From these extremes, research has moved to ethnographic analyses of what actually happens online. Here I analyse how, why and with what consequences second generation Indians in Germany do this.

Urmila Goel first time, their ancestral country of ori- net connections and basic computing Hindi version. There are special offers and network, from where further activ- gin had become the centre of xenopho- skills. It works almost independently of for IT Indians coming to Germany. The ities can take place, which might create bout 45,000 Indian citizens live in bic debate. offline hierarchies and dominant dis- mixture of English and German in the communities. AGermany. They are relatively few courses, and can link dispersed mem- name theinder.net makes Germans think compared to other ethnic minorities Three young Indian Germans began bers of marginalized groups. For some, it is also designed for an English-speak- In contrast to the ethnic societies of the such as the Turks, fewer also than exchanging emails and cartoons on the like homosexuals, the anonymity of the ing audience. On a closer look, howev- parents, theinder.net is pan-Indian. Tamils from Sri Lanka or refugees from topic. The idea of an indernet (network internet is an important factor; for other, theinder.net is very German, or rather, Regional conflicts, especially between Afghanistan. Indian migration to Ger- of Indians) developed, which led to the ers, like ethnic minorities, it is the pos- German-speaking. The English version South and North Indians, occasionally many started in the 1950s and 60s with website theinder.net. Wanting to interlink sibility for fast and cheap transnational has little content, the Hindi almost occur in the interactive areas. But as individual young men coming as stu- with websites of other ‘Indians’ in Ger- communication. For dispersed Indians none. The language used in the interac- long as the common language is Ger- dents, interns and professionals. In the many, they began contacting others of in Germany it seems to be the only tive elements is German. Sometimes man, there is a sense of Indianness late 1960s they were joined by young the second generation. The website space where many can meet regularly. Indian languages – or in some cases bridging language, regional and reli- nurses from Kerala. From the 1970s, grew: new technical features like chat Swiss German – are used, but never for gious differences. Many of the second entry to Germany became increasingly and a guestbook were included, new Marginalised groups can use the inter- long, as one or another user will com- generation consider it a special success restricted and Indians came either as content was put online, the editorial net to create their own spaces on their plain that she does not understand. to overcome the regional divisions lived asylum seekers or illegal workers. The team expanded and traditional print own terms – spaces where they can theinder.net is a transnational local by their parents and in India itself. latest phase of Indian migrants, from media began reporting on the project. meet others like themselves, where they website, a German-speaking portal for 2000 onwards, is comprised mostly of During the India boom in Germany the can discuss and negotiate their ‘we- ‘Indians’ and images of India in the But theinder.net is not only inclusive; it IT specialists. interest of Germans in the website ness’. They define and negotiate the German-speaking world. also marginalizes. Although some Mus- increased and today thousands of users rules, discourses and contents among lims and Pakistanis use the portal and The early migrants from the 1950s and click on theinder.net every month. themselves, and thus also their repre- This localisation is not only evident in some are even on the editorial team, the 60s started to found families in the 70s. sentation to a larger public. Theoreti- the language, but in content. theinder.net dominant Indian patriotism fostered on Many of the nurses from Kerala married The research project The virtual second cally, the public for a virtual space is the is not a detached virtual space, but close- theinder.net develops around Hinduness men from their own places of origin and generation analyses and focuses on ques- whole world. In practice, the public is ly linked to the physical space of Ger- and Hindi. Hindu nationalistic rhetoric thus a Malayali community developed tions of ethnicity, community and more restricted; as with the mass of many, the reason for its relevance. A appears in many places; most do not in Germany. The Punjabis, who came online-offline interaction. I interviewed information online, it needs good links major feature of the portal is the notice and mind, but others are put off. from the 1970s on, have their Gurdwaras the editors, users and non-users of and advertising to make the space announcement of events, especially par- Similarly, homosexuals have the impres- and places to meet, but many live in theinder.net as well as other founders of known to a wider public. ties, and later the reporting on them, sion that theinder.net is homophobic. In legally insecure situations without fam- ‘Indian’ projects in Germany to gain with pictures. The virtual space makes both cases, this is due less to particular ilies. Bengalis meet regularly to cele- insight into the relevance of this inter- These are also the self-defined aims of it possible for the dispersed second gen- articles that are clearly marginalizing – brate Durga Puja; IT specialists have net portal. theinder.net: communication and infor- eration to get information on what hap- the editorial team prevents this – but their internet meeting places. But in mation. The editors want to provide a pens offline and thus makes meetings rather, through the atmosphere created general, Indian Germans live dispersed Marginalised groups online space where the ‘community’ can inter- in physical space possible. Furthermore, in the interactive discussions, the selec- in the country and have little everyday The internet seems to be the right tool act and where those interested in India the interactive elements are used to get tion of articles and images. Exclusion contact with others of the same ethnic at the right time for second generation can get information. The form and con- to know other second generation mem- occurs by what is missing rather than background. From the middle of the Indian Germans. Since the second half tent are shaped by them, not by their bers, to flirt and to eventually meet what is there. < 1990s, members of the second genera- of the 1990s, the second generation no parents or host society. This independ- offline. tion began to search for and create their longer wanting to follow their parents, ence is important for the editors and Urmila Goel is a research assistant at the own spaces, organising parties and but wanting to do something on their users. Most of them stress the impor- A virtual community? Europa-Universität Viadrina in Frankfurt/ experimenting with the internet. own, has been growing. Own spaces are tance of meeting others like themselves; To talk of an online community Oder (Germany) studying South Asians in sought and created; the internet appeals as there are so few Indians in Germany, nonetheless does not seem adequate. Germany, especially the second generation. In the summer of 2000, Germany especially to young males. theinder.net this is something that hardly happens Although there is a feeling of commu- [email protected], www.urmila.de. References began discussing chancellor Schröder’s develops just when there is a general offline. theinder.net is thus one of the few nity for many individuals, community and more information on the ongoing plan to give ‘Green Cards’ to foreign IT search for own spaces and the majority spaces which is their own, where they is hardly established. Each part of the research project can be found at www.urmi- specialists. The opposition began a cam- of the second generation has internet do not have to explain themselves, internet portal has its own life, and its la.de/forschung (in German). paign against this, which soon became access. where they can just ‘be’. users do not meet as theinder.net com- known as the Kinder statt Inder cam- munity offline. Shared boundaries and paign (‘children instead of Indians’). The internet is a particularly suitable At first glance theinder.net appears to be symbols are lacking; theinder.net caters Many second generation Indians fol- media for marginalised groups, requir- a transnational website. It offers not just to the longing for community without lowed the campaign closely – for the ing only access to computers with inter- a German, but also an English and a being one – it provides a space to meet

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UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I PRESS WWW. UHPRESS. HAWAII. EDU

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 19 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:03 Pagina 20

> Rem Koolhaas IIAS annual lecture

SKYSCRAPERS AND SLEDGEHAMMERS The 10th IIAS annual lecture was delivered in Amsterdam on 17 November by world-famous Dutch architect and Harvard professor ...THE DAY AFTER Rem Koolhaas. Co-founder and partner of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) and initiator of AMO, its think-tank/mirror Zheng Shiling from Shanghai, Xing Ruan from Sydney and Anne- image, Koolhaas’ projects include de Kunsthal in Rotterdam, Guggenheim Las Vegas, a Prada boutique in Soho, Casa da Musica in Marie Broudehoux from Quebec City were Koolhaas’ discussants Porto and most spectacularly, the new CCTV headquarters in Beijing. His writings range from his Delirious New York, a retroactive following the lecture. To give our guests a chance to meet their manifesto (1978) to his massive 1,500 page S,M,L,XL (1995), several projects supervised at Harvard including Great Leap Forward Dutch and Flemish brothers in arms, IIAS organized a meeting (2002) and Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping (2002) to his most recent volume between a book and a magazine, Content at the Netherlands Architectural Institute in Rotterdam the fol- (2005). On these pages of the IIAS newsletter, itself a strange animal between an academic journal and newspaper, we explore why lowing day. Bearing the title (Per)forming Culture; Architecture and Koolhaas in his last book invites us to Go East; why he has a long-time fascination with the Asian city; why the Metabolists have Life in the Chinese Megalopolis, specialists of contemporary Chi- always intrigued him; why OMA has developed an interest in preserving ancient Beijing; and, perhaps most importantly, why he nese urban change – including scholars of architectural theory, thinks architecture is so closely connected to ideology. anthropology, sinology and philosophy as well as conservators, journalists and urban developers – engaged our international guests in discussion, entering territory left untouched or only WARCHITECTURE hinted at the day before. Rick Dolphijn This is an argument that can already be found in Koolhaas’ ture had Nazi Germany not bombarded it in May 1940. We early writings. Delirious New York, his architectural manifesto cannot but conclude that imperialist, autocratic regimes are elf-acclaimed amateur detective Rem Koolhaas began his of 1978, argues that the grid, the uniform block structure of 13 good for architecture. They give rise to the most daring archi- Stalk by tracing the development of the Asian city from the avenues and 156 streets, gives the tiny island its unique appear- tects and the most spectacular buildings. 1930s to today. Analyzing macro-political structures and how ance. The production of the Manhattan Grid was ‘the most they effectuated urban change, he discussed architecture courageous act of prediction in Western civilization...’ Back to Japan’s imperialist expansion. Here too we see a group under fascism, democracy, communism and the market econ- (1978:18). But it was not an act of empathy. It was an autocratic of young architects benefiting from opened land. Among omy, the four great ideologies that have dominated East Asia act, which – not for the first time – was good for architecture. them, recent graduate Kenzo Tange, soon-to-be father of the for the past 75 years. What emerged over the course of his lec- Metabolist movement (see frame), child prodigy of the Japan- ture was that whatever the name of the political regime, it was In his lecture Koolhaas gave another example discussed in Fragment of an image ese regime. In the postwar period, a democratic government authoritarianism – veiled or unveiled – which was the motor S,M,L,XL: the city center of Rotterdam, which would never of the OMA website that, as Koolhaas and his team found out, bought architectural of East Asia’s rise. have become a national and international center for architec- (www.oma.nl ) competitions by corrupting juries. Tange was the true Manchurian Candidate, Koolhaas claims, as shadowy politics Through the study of strategic infrastructure, Koolhaas turned this veteran of the fascist order into the face of the new showed how Chinese and Japanese governments have democratic architecture that placed Japan on the world map. reformed the Asian cityscape. Despite changes in name Tange, backed by his administrative creator Shimokobe and and appearance, their deeper ideas of political/architec- talented ghost-writers, brought the Metabolists their world- tural normalcy remained. Japanese fascism always implied wide fame at the 1960 World Design Conference. Their zenith Japanese democracy, Chinese capitalism always implied was at the 1970 World Fair when Japan, thanks to technolog- Chinese communism. Differently articulated, differently ical giants such as Sony, represented true modernism. A mod- performed, but similar, emblematic of that urban idealism ernism which in architecture was very much connected to which considers the utility of the mountain its ability to fill Superstar Tange. a hole. Two political/architectonic regimes that had big consequences for the Asian city and its architecture. Big China and warchitecture in every sense of the word. The newly installed Chinese communist regime began restruc- turing cities following Soviet ideology. Mao’s Red Book con- Japan and warchitecture tains pictures of villages with forests of chimneys, an image Koolhaas began his talk with memories from early childhood. seen today in every corner of the country, homage to the archi- At eight, his family moved to post-war Jakarta, a conglomer- tectural revolution that accompanied communist revolution. ate city of kampongs, the village structure found everywhere in Despite rigorous and often brutal spatial reforms following Indonesia. In Jakarta, the kampong appeared in its most con- the revolution, things really took off under Deng Xiaoping. densed form, making the city very different and much more ‘To get rich is glorious’, stated the paramount leader. And it modern than the ones he knew from Holland. Another thing shows, especially in town planning and in the ultra-fast com- he remembered from his Indonesian years was that Indone- position of stacks of concrete that only vaguely remind us of sians regarded the Japanese, at least at the start of their rule, the city as defined in the post-industrial West. as their liberators. With his students, Koolhaas studied developments in the Pearl The Japanese invaded territories in search of lebensraum. Like River Delta, five cities from Hong Kong to Macau, very dif- the Germans with their autobahns (and the Italians with their ferent in character but linked in their growth. It is estimated innovations in Ethiopia), the Japanese radically restructured that these five cities today house 20 million people, and will, the new lands as extensions of their own territory; architec- in less than 20 years, turn into a single urban conglomerate tural troops began planning new roads and railways to con- of 36 to 40 million inhabitants. Of nightmarish proportions, nect the new land and cities to the old. We can see this as a the largest in the world. crime, but it was definitely not the first time architecture and crime proved such a fruitful combination. What is happening today in the Pearl River Delta, Koolhaas notes, is not very different from what happened in Manchuria Japanese fascism was the second wave of architectural mod- 65 years ago. Here, too, land is colonized, regardless of inhab- ernism after the European invasion. Every extension of the itants. Nature is flattened with unusual rigor, railroads and high- Japanese empire was – at least in theory – rigorously over- ways laid down, territory straightened to the party’s demands. coded by modern planning, offering opportunities for great The government’s ruthless optimism and ‘blackboard-urban- architects to rise. Here Koolhaas makes the key argument of ization’ in these Special Economic Zones of unbridled capital- his talk: war, painfully enough, is good for architecture. Archi- ist experimentation is, moreover, a continuation of Maoist tra- tecture has little to expect from civil society. It is under auto- dition. The only difference is that market capitalism has today cratic, despotic or anti-humanist rule that architecture thrives, brought party officials money they previously lacked, provid- where the architect finds a colossal canvas on which to test his ing the regime with the tools to radically restructure territory, principles. in ways the hammer and sickle just weren’t capable of. ? MODERNITY: CHINESE Kenzo Tange (1913-2005) was an architect and critic skeptical of the nostalgic use of tra- In the meeting at the Netherlands Architectural Institute, Shanghai-based architect and dition in Japanese architecture and in what he saw as dull international modernism. He theorist Zheng Shiling argued that whereas Japan had succeeded in giving form to a sought something new. Together with brothers in arms Noriaki Kurokawa and Tadeo new Asian modernity, the current building boom in China has not led to a new ‘Chinese’ Ando, Tange combined symbolic forms from Japanese tradition with modern technol- architecture. Anne-Marie Broudehoux’s study of construction for the Beijing Olympics ogy, giving rise to the futuristic and fluid forms that symbolizes Asia’s new modernity. indeed showed the participation of major architects from the West (Norman Foster, Tange’s most famous project, the Tokyo Bay area, seems to show the Asian need to sur- PTW, Herzog & de Meuron). But no Chinese master builder is involved in any of these pass every western accomplishment. Tange, too, organizes territory following a grid, $500m projects. It is difficult to say why. One could argue that Chinese architects have but outran Manhattan and other American cities by taming the water. It was in Singa- (out of necessity) specialized in quantity rather than quality. But it may be more plau-

JAPANESE pore (another early ‘democratic’ state under Lee Kuan Yew’s iron rule) where the mod- sible to conclude that Chinese officials are only interested in getting China on the world ern metabolists’ vision was most nearly realized. map. And world recognition means the participation of world-famous architects, Zheng sadly concluded. MODERNITY: METABOLISM

20 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:04 Pagina 21

> Rem Koolhaas IIAS annual lecture CCTV = BIGNESS = REMOLOGY OMA’s new CCTV headquarters is 230 In S,M,L,XL, Koolhaas explains ulti- meters high and has a floor area of mate architecture, what mobilizes 360,000 square meters. Its novelty lies architecture’s full intelligence. He con- in its incorporation of every aspect of ceptualizes it as ‘BIGNESS’. It began TV-making (administration, news, about a century ago, paralleling other broadcasting, studios and program pro- modernist revolutions in the arts, a time duction) in a sequence of inter-con- when creative spirits like Picasso, Copyright Hans Werlemann / OMA / Werlemann Hans Copyright nected activities. The building is a Marinetti and Joyce radicalized their monolith, a block with continuous loops fields, united by a quest for what their of horizontal and vertical sections, an particular artform or medium of expres- urban site rather than a finger pointing sion was all about. Picasso experiment- to the sky. The irregular grid on the ed with painting as a two-dimensional building’s facades is an expression of play of colours and lines; Joyce worked the forces traveling throughout its struc- the margins of literature by messing ture, western and Chinese and neither. with language, signs and print; Marinet- ti, frontman of the Italian Futurists, rev- olutionized art by introducing speed and volatility into presumably static D forms. With Mies van der Rohe, Gropius and O Lloyd Wright, architecture began a productive period of experimentation, a W search that Koolhaas summarizes under five themes: a search for multiplicity, for elevation, for the facade, for a disinte- N gration of the urban tissue and most important, for a new ethics, beyond good FALL Artistic impression of the CCTV complex in Beijing and evil, beyond the imaginable. These themes give rise to Bigness. A true Nietzschean search for inhuman quantity: because architecture in the OF THE end can only achieve its goal by becoming ultrabig and fiercely inhuman. Can CCTV architecture therefore be bad, as Xing Ruan asked Rem after his lecture? No it cannot. It can never be. Architecture works with SKYSCRAPER crime, with despotic regimes, because this is the way to its goal: to achieve bigness. CCTV is no doubt the biggest building Rem Koolhaas has made. It performs the ultimate REMOLOGY. The history of the skyscraper is of eastward travel. Starting in the 1920s in New York and Chicago, it arrived in Europe and Africa after the Second World War and then on WELCOME TO to Asia. In the meantime its functions and meanings changed. The skyscraper has always been a capitalist tool, but there is no single way for capitalism to use it. Differences PHOTOSHOPOLIS! are easy to find. New York’s Sea- f there is one thing Koolhaas tries to grasp in his writings, the kitchen of the parental home. Skyscrapers are designed with- gram Building is a capitalist Iit is how cities of today perform a different logic than cities in weeks. Koolhaas states that the Chinese architect is the most machine made of steel and glass of the past. A logic he continuously conceptualizes in neolo- important in the world – the way his product is conceived because the building integrates gisms. Koolhaas is not interested in clarifying, nor in framing requires a deep and thorough understanding of the laws of archi- spaces and times, within and with- history. He writes experiences, swamping us with images and tecture. Or rather, it presupposes a radical unlearning of the laws out. How different are these com- signs of the unknown, the unheard of, urging us to think the of architecture which have made it such a cumbersome and plex early 20th century construc- social, cultural, political and architectural consequences of lethargic practice. tions from the high-rises now these new forms of life. merely collecting bureaucrats and Such rapid designing cannot happen with pencil and ruler, the businessmen in Pudong, the new So what makes the Chinese contemporary cityscape? Looking at standard equipment of architects not long ago. One needs Shanghai? One dimensional com- the urbanization of the Pearl River Delta, of the Three Gorges AUTOCAD, or better, PHOTOSHOP, the tool that combines positions, created merely to region, of the deconstructed cities of Shanghai and Beijing, Kool- everything possible in one frame. To cut and paste 200 meters impress. Just look at the symbol of haas overwhelms us with questions from what he sees, hears and of skyscraper in 20 days. This new way of designing has enor- Pudong, the Oriental Pearl TV feels. Isn’t it strange that the city centre of Shenzen is a golf- mous consequences for the kind of city that results. For cutting Tower. A building that hardly has course? What of our idea that skyscrapers form urban conglom- and pasting does not lead to cities where different styles and an inside, a sign of potentiality, erates, when, in China, a ten-story building is as readily built in forms of building achieve melodic coexistence. The city produced only to be admired from the other a ‘rural’ environment? And how come the government and pri- by PHOTOSHOP is the city of frantic coexistence. It is the true side of the Huangpu River, the new vate organizations have no qualms about the enormously expen- ‘City of Exacerbated Difference(c)’. Bund/the old City. The skyscraper sive Wu Freeway (it hardly touches the ground) which leads to is the emblem of the market nowhere? economy, of ultra-democracy, of IS OMA GETTING OLD? VIAGRA-potency. Koolhaas claims Koolhaas poses these questions not necessarily to answer but to Rem closed his lecture by admitting that his bureau has begun doing things he he could realize his CCTV non- conceptualize them. The building of seemingly unnecessary infra- wouldn’t have dreamt of ten years ago. A project he considers most eccentric: the skyscraper only in Beijing, in the structure and even complete towns, he captures in words like preservation of cultural heritage in Beijing. Should traditional hutongs, square court- still communist heart of increas- ‘POTEMKIN CORRIDORS(c)’ or ‘POTEMKIN CITIES(c)’. The yards enclosed by houses now giving way to modern high rises, be protected for ingly capitalist China. CCTV is a urban landscape no longer grows in harmonic concentric layers, future generations? statement against the banality of separated by time, united by space, but consists of atonal frag- the skyscraper, an exploration of ments pressed into one another like felt, ‘the generic city’. Only The problem with preservation, Koolhaas argues, is that it leads primarily to gen- the space of communism for gravity makes it stick, an urban form that lacks urbanity, that neg- trification, best intentions notwithstanding. It is unlikely that people who lived architecture today. And thus Kool- lects traditional differences between city and countryside, that there will still live there. Preservation is most often thought of in terms of authen- haas, in Content, invites us to thickens the body of the earth with a plaque of urbanity more and ticity, the restoration of buildings. But what forms a particular site? Showing a pic- KILL THE SKYSCRAPER! more organized by time, less and less by space. And what about ture of daily life in a Beijing hutong, Koolhaas argued that what should be kept was Zhouhai, a non-city without public spaces or people, that exists its atmosphere, for it is here that these miniature social units differ most from their on the horizon but evaporates as soon as you near it? Isn’t this modern high-rise counterparts. This way, preservation is not about stones or build- Rick Dolphijn lectures cultural philosophy at the cultural merely an ‘Announcement of the City’? ings, but keeping what cannot survive in modern environments: the life articulat- studies department at Erasmus University Rotterdam. ed between the buildings and its inhabitants. Nor does it limit the architect to pre- Currently he is also an IIAS-fellow researching The TIME-city, In his lecture, Koolhaas stressed the sheer speed by which Chi- serving buildings, or forbid new constructions. But it may also ask the architect the Asian Megalopolis and its Production of Life. nese cities erupt. Shenzhen, not yet a teenager, already claims not to take action ... something which comes unnaturally to him, Koolhaas admit- www.rickdolphijn.com several million inhabitants. Everywhere in China, building occurs ted. at great speed, often the product of a simple apple computer in

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 21 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:05 Pagina 22

> Review Women of the kakawin world

- Creese, Helen. 2004. Women of the kakawin world: marriage and sexuality in the Indic courts of Java and Bali. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. 357 pp. ISBN 0-7656-0160-5

Dick van der Meij

fter finishing this book, I suddenly realized I hardly ever Aread a scholarly work from cover to cover. There is a simple reason I did with this book. As quite rightly put by the author, the subject concerns gems of a hidden literary tradition: kakawin. Over a period of more than 1,000 years, these Old Javanese poems in Indian or Indian-inspired poetic metra constitute a world of beauty quite ‘beyond the realm of the senses’, as put by Raechelle Rubinstein, or in the words of Helen Creese, ‘beyond the power of the senses.’

Kakawin are usually inspired by the great Indian epics For here is the soul of all that pleases the heart, the epitome of the essence of beauty, said the Poet, Ramayana and Mahabharata and focus on romantic love, poet- Originating in the doctrines of the sacred Kamatantra, kept ever secret, composed in colloquial form to give birth to tales of wonder. ic lovemaking, idealized nuptial relationships and heroic bat- Mpu Dharmaja, Burning of Smara 1:23. 12th century, East Java tles. Kakawin were written in Java, and after the fall of the Hindu empire of Majapahit in the 15th century, in Bali. Most manuscripts containing kakawin texts were copied and composed in Bali, where the practice has continued to the present and widows – are explored in great detail through Javanese detail as to enable us to form an idea of the world outside the day. Gems from the Javanese period include the kakawin and Balinese kakawin. Their role in the Indic courts was confines of the literary tradition. Ramayana, Bharatayuddha, Sumanasantaka, Smaradahana restricted, but by no means insignificant – mostly noble and the popular Arjunawiwaha. The Balinese period includes women lived sequestered from the outside world in the inner The book is peppered with quotations from 15 kakawin from the Parthayana (edited by Helen Creese), Subadrawiwaha and courts of the palaces, closely guarded by their male relatives the Javanese period and 14 from the Balinese period. The many more. and female attendants. The role they played in courtship, mar- English translations provide the reader a unique opportu- riage, lovemaking and death is described in relation to the men nity to appreciate the beauty of the poems; it is to the great Kakawin are, or used to be, transmitted on palm leaf manu- they court, marry and follow in death. credit of the author that she has translated the Sanskrit-like scripts in Old Javanese script. Nowadays they are also pub- titles into English to make the poems and her book as acces- lished on paper, sometimes with a Balinese translation. A Despite its title, my sense is that the book is not so much about sible as possible. Helen Creese has done an admirable job (small) number of them have been edited by scholars in Dutch, women and female sexuality as it is about gender relations as and has succeeded in opening up the hidden kakawin world Indonesian or English. Helen Creese is the most knowledge- seen by women. The book presents these female roles by fol- for a public much wider than ever before. The book is there- able western scholar on the subject alive today. lowing lives from birth to death. The author has also linked fore a must for anyone seriously exploring Asian literature the kakawin world to remaining temple reliefs in Java and to in its widest sense. < Women of the Kakawin World leaves the battles and concen- Balinese illustrations of Old Javanese literature, evoking a con- trates on aspects of love, courtship, marriage, and their intri- tinuum between the literary world and the world as it might Dick van der Meij cacies. The role of women – as exemplary daughters, wives have existed, describing the world depicted in kakawin in such [email protected]

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22 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:05 Pagina 23

> Review Caring for Japan’s elderly

- Wu Yongmei. 2004. The care of the elderly in Japan. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp.224. ISBN 0-415-32319-3

Elisabeth Schröder-Butterfill The elderly in the study experience the tension between the people feel towards state support and home staff. With the ideal of co-residential family-based care and the reality of exception of physically dependent elderly people who have he Care of the Elderly in Japan is a fascinating ethnographic their lives, often characterised by a lack of family or family succeeded in forging close bonds with a particular matron over Tstudy of life in an institution for elderly people in subur- conflict, economic vulnerability or severe care needs. Con- a long period of time, none of the residents feel entitled to ban Tokyo. By drawing on six months’ participant observation sidering they belong to cohorts in which institutional care make demands or presume on the indulgence of staff, who as a care volunteer and in-depth interviews with residents, was associated with abandonment and the stigma of chari- remain ‘strangers’, not family. staff and visitors, Yongmei Wu constructs a detailed picture ty, their capacity for adaptation and positive reinterpretation of institutional care. of their situations is remarkable. One elderly woman, for The book’s strengths lie in the detailed descriptions of life in example, first suffered from the tensions her presence was the home, and the perspectives on Japanese society that are Wu’s primary interest lies in what constitutes quality of life creating in her son’s marital household and then found the opened up through the actions and statements of people asso- for elderly residents. Yet her secondary aims of under- non-normative solution of living with a married daughter ciated with the home. In reading about one elderly resident’s standing what brings elderly people, staff members and vis- embarrassing and constraining. Despite expressing disap- earlier neglect of his family when he was successful, or anoth- itors to the home, and how institutional old-age care is expe- pointment, even humiliation, at not receiving the custom- er man’s involuntary confinement to a mental institution by rienced and evaluated by different subgroups, occupy most ary care she feels she earned by serving her parents, hus- his mother when he was young, we are reminded that even in of the book and yield many of its most interesting insights. band and children, this woman actively sought admission the past Japanese family solidarity could not be taken for grant- The core chapters describe the home, which combines to the residential home and thrives on its leisure activities ed. And lest we rush to the conclusion that whole-sale insti- ‘assisted living’ with a nursing care section; the experiences and services. tutionalisation of elderly people is likely in the near future, of residents before and after entry; staff members’ perspec- consider the following statistic and anecdote. In 1995, less tives on work, workplace, and old-age care; visitors’ evalua- Optimism among many older residents is not easily recon- than 2% of people aged over 65 in Japan resided in some kind tions of the home and their reasons for visiting or volun- ciled with the pity with which some staff and visitors view of old-age institution. (This fact actually renders the book’s teering; sources of conflict in the institution; and an them. Their negative views are epitomised by the head matron, title misleading). One young trainee caregiver, impressed with assessment of the impact of policy changes on life and work who tells the author: ‘Look at the residents ..., aren’t most of the quality of food in the home, took some for her grand- in the home. them unfortunate people? ... I think many elderly here will mother to taste, but she flatly refused. The trainee apologised: pass away in misery. This is their fate’ (p. 102-3). Most mid- ‘to her, the food in a home for elderly is dirty. There is still prej- The study takes place at a key juncture in Japanese welfare his- dle-aged care staff and visitors have ambivalent feelings about udice towards institutions’ (p. 146). tory. Ideas about welfare and responsibility for old-age care are institutional care, claiming to prefer it for themselves over being renegotiated, while the actual practice of welfare provi- ‘becoming a burden’ on children, yet eschewing institutional This prejudice is doubtless waning, partly due to the intro- sion is radically changing following the introduction in 2000 solutions for their own parents. It is only the youngest cohorts duction of the entitlement-based care insurance system. In of the new Long Term Care Insurance system (LTCI). With it, – young care staff and students on placements – who seem to one of the best chapters of the book, Wu reports on attitudes institutionalisation and formal old-age care, traditionally con- have embraced the view of welfare as entitlement. Wu shows to the new law before its implementation and assesses its sidered acts of government benevolence, are redefined as the that normative consensus exists most readily where severely implications soon after its introduction. The picture that right of every elderly person. This redefinition is not taking place frail or impaired elderly people are concerned. Residents, staff emerges is far from rosy. Cuts in government fees and the smoothly or uniformly. One of the great contributions of the and visitors agree that the quality of care the home can offer exclusion of ‘non-essentials’ have meant that food quality has book is the way in which the author captures and juxtaposes the such patients far surpasses what families could provide, while dropped and leisure activities now have to be paid for by res- disparate, ambivalent, and at times contradictory views differ- the burden of such care on family caregivers, many of whom idents themselves, with the result that participation is declin- ent cohorts and players have about non-family care in Japan. are elderly women themselves, is considered unacceptably ing. The home’s renowned dietary section is under threat, high. while staff are increasingly hired on a part-time basis. Link- [advertisement] ing fees to the degree of elders’ dependency has also led to the The book’s drawbacks lie in its weak theoretical underpin- home accepting more care-intensive patients, leaving less time nings and discussion. Some of the theories dealt with, like dis- and resources for maintaining the autonomy and well-being engagement theory, are outdated; even in the topical area of of more independent residents. In a market-based environ- quality of life, more recent works are not considered. In the ment, aspects which contributed most to residents’ quality of empirical chapters, links to theory are brief and chiefly con- life (leisure activities, excellent food, an emphasis on Japan- fined to footnotes. The discussion of the empirical material ese traditions, ‘a loving heart’ among the criteria by which remains too close to the case studies which form its core; employees were hired) are sadly no longer assets. greater abstraction and critical commentary by the author would have been desirable. Wu has succeeded in portraying both institutional old-age care, and the ambivalences surrounding the question of how best That said, Wu’s analysis of Japanese cultural constructs sur- to manage care for frail elderly people, in such a way that the rounding family relationships and their applicability to insti- reader doesn’t – and can’t – come away with his or her mind tutional care is fascinating. For example, the notion of amae, made up. The author’s perceptive description of the institu- which refers to a person’s ability to presume upon another tion and its elderly and non-elderly members avoids judge- person’s care and indulgence, is central to intergenerational ment and thereby does justice to the sensitivity and complex- family relations and has been invoked to explain Japanese eld- ity of intimate care at the end of a person’s life. < ers’ more willing dependence on others compared with elders in the West. Wu is able to challenge the view that amae is Elisabeth Schröder-Butterfill also found among unrelated ‘patient-caregiver’ relations by St Antony’s College, Oxford University An essential instrument for understanding pointing to the powerful sense of indebtedness that elderly [email protected] the facts of mainland China’s recent history [advertisement] All 1625 issues of China News Analysis dating from 1953-1998 available on CD-Rom With full search capacity in Traditional and simplified Chinese And in various forms of romanisation.

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IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 23 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:06 Pagina 24

> Review Museums, material culture and performance in Southeast Asia

- Fiona Kerlogue, ed. 2004. Performing objects: museums, material culture and performance in Southeast Asia. London: The Horniman Museum. xiv + 187pp. ISBN 1 903 33801 8

Sandra Dudley

ecently, an increasing number of Rbooks have dealt with museum- related issues and with material culture. From the perspective of many working in the intersection of these areas, however, the number of books on material culture in museums is still relatively small – despite Kerlogue’s suggestion to the contrary in her introduction. True, there are now classic volumes (such as Karp and Lavine 1991), together with works on museums and material culture in terms of cultural property or colonialism or both (e.g. Peers and Brown 2003, Bennett 2004). A growing number of volumes also deal with collection histories and practices (e.g. Shelton 2001a and 2001b; Gosden and Knowles 2001). Yet overall, there are still relatively few works addressing the huge and important subject of material culture in and of museums. (c) Peter Hilz, April 1998 April Hilz, Peter (c) New books in this area are thus usually In the bowels of the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden welcome, and this one is no exception. The result of a 2001 conference of the museum material culture. Some chap- The book then considers the sociopolit- um. Two chapters on colonial-era col- very nature of museums, what they do, Association of Southeast Asian Studies ters do indeed do this, but others take a ical uses and history of museums in lections in European museums – Anto- and how and why they do it. in the UK, its regional focus also makes different approach. The prospective Southeast Asia. Katherine McGregor’s nio Guerreiro on the cartographer it of significant interest to area special- reader could also be forgiven for expect- case study of the colonial-era Batavia Jacques de Morgan’s late 19th century In general, this is an ethnographically ists. ing from the title that the book concen- Museum’s transformation into the journey across mainland Malaya and his rich and thematically wide-ranging trates on museums, performance and Indonesian National Museum draws on collection of Orang Asli material (Musée book. It is also, as with other books in Kerlogue, who does not have a paper of material culture located in Southeast Anderson’s ideas about national identi- de l’Homme), and Sudeshna Guha on this Horniman Contributions in Criti- her own in the book, applies recent the- Asia. Again some of the chapters do ties (1991), and Nicole Tarulevicz’s Ivor Evans’ photographs taken on the cal Museology and Material Culture oretical approaches to the lives of objects this, but others interrogate museum and examination of the Singapore National Malaya peninsula and in northern Bor- series, nicely produced with black and by comparing museum objects with material culture issues that today are Museum’s presentation of history draws neo (Cambridge Museum of Archaeol- white illustrations, and is a pleasure to stage actors. The objects’ ‘performance’, either physically outside Southeast Asia largely on Foucauldian approaches. ogy and Anthropology) – are both inter- read. The reader will not find in-depth she argues, emerges when they are or thematically general enough to per- Both are well-written and useful case esting excursions into aspects of the theoretical analysis, but hopefully they utilised in exhibitions; curators provide tain to areas other than or in addition to studies, but without new theoretical con- imperial endeavour. It is also pleasing will come away feeling they have gained their ‘lines’ in the form of labels and text Southeast Asia. Some Southeast Asian- tributions to analysis of nationhood and to find a chapter on photographs in a new insight into the ethnographic con- panels. When they are back in the muse- ists may thus initially be disappointed, the representation of history. book about museums and material cul- texts and themes raised. I regret that the um store, they are ‘resting’, like actors while many museum and material culture; ignored for too long, photographs book has so little on mainland Southeast between jobs. We may, she suggests, ture specialists with no interest in Laurens Bakker, in the book’s only are only now being seen as material cul- Asia, and I would also have liked an question these objects’ roles, their rela- Southeast Asia may never pick up the chapter dealing solely with representa- ture in their own right (see Edwards and index. < tionships to the stories they tell during book at all. Yet to potentially disappoint tions examines the differences between Hart 2004). a ‘performance’, and how their role in a or lose readers because of its title would representations of the island of Nias in References museum can be reconciled with their be a shame, for this is a fascinating, ethnographic museums in the Nether- Three chapters examine material objects - Anderson, B. 1991. Imagined Communities: previous role in ‘real life’ as opposed to wide-ranging and well-edited book, of lands and in Indonesia (including on intended for use in public performance. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of ‘stage life’. interest to Southeast Asianists and Nias itself). Dutch museum represen- Two contributions on puppets (Poh Sim Nationalism. London: Verso. museum and material culture special- tations and their focus on religious Plowright and Matthew Cohen) empha- - Bennett, T. 1995. The Birth of the Museum. While interesting, this object/stage actor ists alike. belief and practice are at odds with sise in different ways the multiple con- London: Routledge. analogy is problematic. I am not sure, changes in recent decades in the texts of material culture and the inter- - ——-. 2004. Pasts Beyond Memory: Evolu- for example, that objects ‘rest’ when not Preservation, posterity importance of these issues on Nias sections of these contexts across time tion, Museums, Colonialism. London: Rout- on display. They may still be experienced and pusaka itself. Bakker uses this to discuss the and space. As an analysis of a ‘new tra- ledge. and interacted with by museum staff The opening chapter questions the very problems museums face in keeping up dition’ in transformation, Laura Nos- - Edwards, E. & J. Hart, eds. 2004. Pho- and others, and their traces – material, notion of museums and what they do, with socio-cultural shifts within the zlopy’s paper on ogoh-ogoh effigies in tographs, Objects, Histories: On the Materi- textual, imaginary – may linger in places and challenges the conventional view continually changing communities Bali then raises important questions ality of Images. London: Routledge. other than their current one. Similarly, that preserving objects for posterity in they represent in their essentially fixed, about the nature of tradition and cul- - Gosden, C. and C. Knowles. 2003. Collect- I am not sure the museum lives of museums is largely a Western idea. static displays. This well-written chap- tural authenticity. It is a well-written ing Colonialism: Material Culture and Colo- objects are less ‘real’ than their pre- Christina Kreps explores the Indonesian ter is one of the most valuable in the ethnographic account, and the author is nial Change. Oxford: Berg. museum lives: rather than being syn- concept of pusaka both ‘as a non-West- book, although its conclusion would keenly aware of the wider questions, but - Karp, I. and S. D. Lavine, eds. 1991. Exhibit- chronously juxtaposed to reality as ern form of cultural heritage preserva- have been enhanced had Bakker pre- it would have been nice to see more the- ing Cultures: the Poetics and Politics of Muse- actors’ stage performances are to their tion’ and in terms of ‘how practices sur- sented a more detailed description of oretical underpinning and location of um Display. Washington, D.C.: Smithson- real lives, objects’ lives in museums rounding the care and treatment of how museums might begin to tackle these issues within the literature on ‘tra- ian Press. come after their lives in their original pusaka constitute forms of museologi- these problems. dition’. - Peers, L. and A. K. Brown, eds. 2003. Muse- ethnographic setting. cal behaviour’ (p.1). By problematising ums and Source Communities. London: the idea that only in the West is there a The fabric and The closing chapter by Andy West on Routledge. On one level, this is really just nit-pick- concern for the care and preservation of performance of life contemporary material culture and - Shelton, A., ed. 2001a. Collectors: Individu- ing over Kerlogue’s otherwise effective cultural heritage, Kreps seeks – and to a The book then moves to collections and urbanisation in southern China asks if als and Institutions. Horniman Museum. introduction. On another level, it relates large extent succeeds – both to under- collecting. Genevieve Duggan’s chapter and how museums should reflect rapid - ——-. 2001b. Collectors: Expressions of Self to another quibble – over the book’s title. mine arguments used to legitimise is a richly detailed, though uncritical socio-cultural change. In some ways this and Other. London: Horniman Museum. Performing objects implies, especially keeping others’ cultural property in account of textile traditions on Savu and goes back to the relationship between given the early thrust of the introduc- Western museums and to question the the contemporary process of docu- collections and representations of cul- Sandra Dudley tion, that the book will examine the lives ‘imposition of Western-style systems of menting and collecting textiles and relat- tures raised in previous chapters. It also Department of Museum Studies and performances of specific items of cultural heritage management’ (p.2). ed materials for the Horniman Muse- returns to the wider questions on the University of Leicester

24 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:06 Pagina 25

> Review Bringing Indonesian media history to life

- Steele, Janet. 2005. Wars Within: The story of Tempo, an independent magazine in Soeharto’s Indonesia. Jakarta and Singapore: Equinox Publishing and ISEAS. xxxiv + 328 pp, appendices, index, ISBN 979-3780-08-8

- Tesoro, José Manuel. 2004. The invisible palace: the true story of a journalist’s murder in Java. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. 326 pp, maps, sources, ISBN 979-97964-7-4

David T. Hill Syafruddin, known commonly as Udin, was a journalist with oranda, witness testimony, police reports, and personal inter- the local Jogjakarta daily paper Bernas. He had stirred the ire views, to present these to the reader as creative non-fiction – he appearance within the past year of these English-lan- of local political figures including the regent (bupati) Colonel an account of the events prior to and after the murder, more Tguage books about the Indonesian press says a lot about Sri Roso Sudarmo with his forthright exposure of corruption in the genre of novel than of history or reportage. He begins, both the vibrant state of the publishing industry in Indonesia and malfeasance. After the more routine forms of verbal intim- ‘This is a work of non-fiction. But, like all true stories, not and the burgeoning international interest in – and increasing idation failed to silence him, this unassuming small-town everything found within is fact.’ While this treatment may quality of research about – that country’s media. From the reporter was beaten to death one evening at the door of his seem a touch strained in places – such as when he recounts same innovative English-language publisher in Jakarta, the modest home. Government investigations ignored evidence mystic encounters with Javanese dukun (seers) – the technique books focus on different, if overlapping, aspects of the Indone- pointing to the involvement of political figures and instead is vividly successful as a general strategy to bring the com- sian press. Importantly, each offers a new and exciting framed a scapegoat in an attempt to deflect public criticism plexities of the case to life. The Invisible Palace opens up the approach to the writing of media history, setting them apart and close the case. Despite tireless efforts by journalist col- New Order’s media and system of ‘justice’ to informed scruti- from previous studies. leagues and press organisations to focus evidence upon more ny, and the tale is a powerful one. credible culprits and to press for their conviction, no one has Steele, a specialist in Media and Public Affairs at George Wash- been found guilty of the murder, nor have any officials been There is much common ground in these two books: the split ington University, came to Indonesia in 1997-8 as a Fulbright jailed for the miscarriage of justice which accompanied the between the official journalists’ association PWI and the professor. While teaching about American mass media at the state cover-up. activist Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI); the forms University of Indonesia during the final assault against the of intimidation used against Indonesian journalists, and their New Order, she was drawn inexorably to that community of Tesoro’s goal was to examine ‘how injustice functions: What strategies for resisting; the craven behaviour of authorities activists involved in the Indonesian media’s struggle against happens when, in the wake of a crime, the authorities seek not bowing to the dictates of the regime. Though the analytical government constraints, an agglomeration of media workers to punish the perpetrator but to hide him and not to discover approach, style and focus of the books vary greatly, together that gravitated around the memory of Indonesia’s most the truth but to bury it’ (p.25). Despite the separation of the they flesh out, in the lives (and deaths) of the journalists they prominent newsweekly, Tempo. When Tempo was banned by Indonesian Police Service from the Armed Forces after the fall feature, the fate of the profession in an authoritarian state. In the Suharto regime in June 1994 (together with two other of Suharto, Tesoro’s account of the botched police investiga- making such history so readable, the authors – and their pub- weeklies, DeTik and Editor) it spawned waves of protest around tion, including the failure to protect evidence, may be of added lisher – are to be congratulated. < the country, and came to symbolise the middle-class’ broken interest given heightened curiosity about the conduct of recent hopes for political openness. Ex-Tempo staffers mobilised high profile arrests in Indonesia. David T. Hill is Professor of Southeast Asian Studies and Fellow of above and below ground against the New Order, and generat- the Asia Research Centre at Murdoch University, Western Australia. ed a substantial part of the agitation that was to bring the A Philippines-born journalist and Yale-graduate, Tesoro was He was a Visiting Fellow at IIAS in November 2004, researching local regime down in May 1998. based in Indonesia for Asiaweek from 1997 to 2000, when he media in post-Suharto Indonesia. resigned to write The Invisible Palace. In it, he has attempted [email protected] Steele’s engagement with the spirited staff of Tempo through to unravel hundreds of pages of court transcripts, legal mem- this period led her to delve more deeply into what made them tick. She pushed back into the history of the magazine’s establishment, ranged over its various crises and bans, through to [advertisement] its resurrection after the eventual fall of Suharto. Returning regularly to Indonesia, spending extended periods living, NUMBER 8 NOW AVAILABLE researching and teaching in the capital, Steele acquired a valuable insight into the ethos and camaraderie of these media workers and the principles around which they coalesced. Wars Within opens up this circle of journalists, their motivations, their conflicts, and their commitments.

For Steele, as for a generation of Indonesians, Tempo had come Social Science Research on Southeast Asia to symbolise the best of Indonesian journalism; it was pas- Recherche en sciences humaines sur l’Asie du Sud-Est sionate, probing, innovative, articulate, outfront, and prepared to take the consequences. Yet Tempo was also, in some sens- ARTICLES es, politically compromised; a product of the early New Order’s Tending the Spirit’s Shrine: Kanekes and Pajajaran in West Java alliance with the anti-Sukarnoist student movement in elim- Robert Wessing & Bart Barendregt inating the Left, the magazine enjoyed the backing of figures L’Enchaînement des appartenances: dossier coordonné par Guillaume Rozenberg such as Golkar’s treasurer Eric Samola, who became Tempo’s Des gardiens des confins aux bâtisseurs des plaines: le parcours d’une population tibéto-birmane du Laos publisher. Steele writes with great sympathy of the complexi- Vanina Bouté ties of operating a news publication in an authoritarian polit- Le nouveau partage du monde. Pauvreté et dépendance dans les marges du Yunnan (Chine) ical environment, in which the cultivation of close relations Stéphane Gros with power-brokers was part of a necessary balance between Urang Banten Kidul (gens de Banten Sud): entre autorité coutumière et souveraineté nationale en Indonésie idealism and pragmatism. Éric Bourderie L’expression du particularisme arakanais dans la Birmanie contemporaine Wars Within is more than an academic account of the rise, fall, Alexandra de Mersan and rise of one Indonesian newsmagazine. Based on thorough research, it is engagingly readable, with characters – both well- REVIEW ARTICLES known and those behind the scenes – emerging from the Women’s War. An Update of the Literature on Iban Textiles pages with the texture of well-crafted fiction. Steele eschews Michael Heppell the conventional unfolding of arms-length history to tell the Around Balinese Music. Catherine Basset & Michael Tenzer reader of her own interactions with, and attempts to understand, the community and events she unravels for us. Yet the NOTE text never lapses into name-dropping. Her insights provide Les missionnaires et la botanique: l’exemple du père Urbain Faurie en Extrême-Orient an entrée into the Tempo community, and, through it, a broad- Chantal Zheng & Zheng Shunde er understanding of the cultural politics of the New Order. SALES & SUBSCRIPTIONS State terrorism EDISUD, La Calade, RN 7, 13090 Aix-en-Provence, France Ph.: 33-(0)4-42216144 - Fax: 33-(0)4-42215620 - www.edisud.com - E-mail: [email protected] If one can read Wars Within for all the pleasure of a tale well- Subscription (nos. 7 & 8): 30.50 Euros told, The Invisible Palace takes us a step further to a re-telling of Price per issue: 18.30 Euros history as ‘faction’. Steele’s account of Tempo is one of uplifting spirit and determination in the face of a repressive state; MOUSSONS, c/o IRSEA, MAISON ASIE PACIFIQUE Université de Provence, 3, place Victor-Hugo, 13003 Marseilles, France Tesoro’s subject matter is the gruesome underbelly of state ter- Ph.: 33-(0)491106114 - Fax: 33-(0)491106115 - E-mail: [email protected] rorism. He lays bare the circumstances surrounding the murder of Indonesian journalist Fuad Muhammad Syafruddin in Moussons is a joint publication of IRSEA and LASEMA August 1996, and the cover-up of the state’s involvement.

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 25 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:07 Pagina 26

> Review Language and politics in Mao’s China

- Ji, Fengyuan. 2004. Linguistic engineering: language and politics in Mao’s China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2536-5

Manfred B. Sellner order to phoneticise the script and thus otism, socialism), keyword slogans (the erences. It lacked any sense of struc- abolish the traditional writing system. ‘Great Leap Forward’), and even Chi- tured curriculum, because instruction magine that George Orwell’s account Most forcefully propagated and nese character slogans (such as the was based on themes of Mao worship Iof an imaginary future society is actu- enforced, however, was the successful ‘eight character constitution’ to popu- and reciting stock phrases of propagan- ally a meticulous copy of 30 years of Chi- program of linguistic engineering dur- larize agricultural policy). Its success da that ignored structured grammatical nese Communist Party control over ing the Great Proletarian Cultural Rev- was so great that even illiterate peasants foreign language instruction. thought and language climaxing with olution (1966-1976). It was used as an began to use ‘ideological vocabulary’ in the Cultural Revolution.1 Imagine that instrument of ideological persuasion to daily life. The vocabulary of everyday Because of the Revolution’s apparent Orwell’s ‘newspeak’ of Nineteen Eighty- create new, revolutionary human life was thus semantically extended to success, it comes as a surprise that Ji can Four owes its model not to Nazi Ger- beings. conform to Party policy and to show its summarize 30 years of indoctrination many but to the mechanisms of lin- user’s commitment to the Party and by concluding: ‘The Maoist dream of a guistic engineering (‘the attempt to ‘Love’ especially to chairman Mao. Thus ‘rev- revolutionary people retooled by for- change language in order to affect atti- Ji begins by reviewing the possibility of olutionary love’ became the basis of the mulae, propaganda, and directives to fol- tudes and beliefs’, p. 3) as propagated in guided interpretation of messages and relationship between husband and wife, low the right path remained a fantasy’ ‘Maoist newspeak’. Then you will real- the relationship between language and while ‘hot love’, pertaining solely to the (p. 246). But as we all know, a great deal ize that Orwell’s utopia is not a novel- thought, as initiated and covered by the Party and Chairman Mao, showed one’s has changed with the rise of Deng ist’s fantasy, but, for the most part, a ‘Whorfian-Hypothesis’ and Relevance ‘Mao worship’. At the same time, the Xiaoping in 1978, when the Party moved lucid account of the possibilities of mind Theory. She subsequently reviews in distinction between ‘blood relatives’ away from most of its totalitarian goals and language control of a society. detail linguistic engineering before the and ‘party associates’ was semantically and policies and the people followed suit Great Cultural Revolution: how infor- and politically eliminated, so that all Mao zhuxi yulu: lishide jingyan (Quotation at breakneck speed. It is well known and documented that mation was controlled and disseminat- Chinese became ‘quin ren’ (relatives) or from Chairman Mao: the historical experience) the Chinese Communists were firmly ed by several government agencies ‘xiongdi’ (brothers and sisters) of one Beijing: Beijing Chubanshe, 1968. Ji’s book makes fascinating reading. committed to language reform after from the beginning of the communist another. Printno. 68105-6. She brings much new information to their 1949 takeover. They initially con- takeover in 1949; how radio, newspa- IISG, the S.R. Landsberger collection the attention of people interested in centrated on simplifying the traditional pers, film, school lessons and discus- The red and the black ‘Chinese Affairs’, to socio-linguists writing system and on a massive litera- sions with communist cadres in schools Linguistic engineering was driven to its interested in language planning and cy program (about 80% of the popula- and workplaces propagated political extreme during the Great Cultural Rev- tural Revolution’) were (re)named to policy, and to historians and political tion was largely illiterate at the time of information in a linguistic form that olution. Ji gives convincing examples to conform to Mao’s revolutionary spirit. scientists who want to know more the proclamation of the People’s Repub- even illiterates could process, grasp and show that Mao’s words became the stock Simultaneously, one was afraid to com- about the Great Cultural Revolution and lic). Their less successful endeavours memorize. The author gives numerous phrases of everyday life and communi- mit a ‘one-character-mistake’ (yi zi zhi its foundations. The linguistic part of were the unification and dissemination examples of strategies that included the cation in China. People fought ‘quota- cha – the mispronunciation of one Chi- the book is written non-technically, in a of putonghua, or ‘common language’ propagation of a personality cult (‘quo- tion wars’ (da yulu zhang) to win argu- nese character) because it could destroy clear style, and thus makes pleasant (actually, the speech of Beijing), and the tations from Chairman Mao Zedong’), ments, while streets, shops, theatres, an individual and his family: mispro- reading even for a wider audience. She popularization of the phonetic tran- numerical formulae of various kinds and even people and children (the name nouncing the name of a leader was includes so much background infor- scription-system, known as pinyin, in (‘the Three ‘isms’’: collectivism, patri- ‘Wenge’, for example, meaning ‘Cul- taken as a measure of counter-revolu- mation that history and politics stifles tionary conviction. In brief, the era’s the emphasis on linguistics, resulting [advertisement] Chinese discourse was in part speaking in a pace that sometimes drags. Never- and writing using quotations from the theless, it should be on the bookshelf of ‘Mao Bible / The Little Red Book’ and every non-totalitarian-oriented reader was characterized as ‘repetitive, nar- as a constant warning against the pos- rowly political, and cliché ridden’ (p. sible impact of ‘the people’s democrat- 155), with the color ‘red’ elevated to cult ic dictatorship’ that is now trying to pro- status. Thus there were (good) ‘red tect its people by formulating new words’ (hongzi), a (good) ‘red storm’ directives of censorship.2 < (hongse fenbao) and (good) ‘red terror’ (hongse kongbu), all of which contrasted Notes with ‘black’ (hei), symbolizing all evil in 1. For excellent as well as first-hand accounts Mao’s empire. of the reform attempts between 1949 and the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, It is not surprising that the so-called see also Martin, Helmut. 1982. Chinesische ‘Public Criticism Meetings’, in which Sprachplanung. Bochum: Studienverlag suspected opponents of the communist Brockmeyer; and Geduhn, Hans-Jörg. 1985. regime were verbally and physically Sprachplanung in der Volksrepublik China dehumanized, were also macro-struc- 1976-1980. Bochum: Studienverlag Brock- tured to consist of rituals and formulae. meyer. Geduhn concentrates on the time Ji argues that these were the agents of between 1976-1980, when the Chinese persuasion and control of the people authorities concentrated on reactivating that permeated all public and private their original language planning efforts. In life: even traditional greeting habits this respect, these German accounts com- were changed, and characters in the new plement Ji’s monograph. model revolutionary operas spoke in 2. See Yuwen, Zongguo. 1957. (Chinese Lan- standardized scripts that revealed their guage) ‘Editorial’ (August 1957, p.2). class and exposed their ideological Reprinted in Seyboldt, Peter Y. and Chiang, standpoint, thereby following Mao’s dic- Gregory Kuei-Ke, eds. 1979. Language tum that art should be secondary to pol- Reform in China: Documents and Commen- itics. The result was a culture lacking lit- tary. White Plains, N.Y: Sharpe; Folkstone, erary imagination. Hardly any novels Kent: William Dawson & Sons Ltd. See this were published between 1966-1972, volume also for representative accounts of while Mao’s works were published en Chinese Communist rhetorics. masse. Manfred B. Sellner When life is primarily a class struggle Department of Linguistics against the ‘black evil’, school instruc- University of Salzburg tion is of primary importance to its [email protected] rulers. The study of English survived the Cultural Revolution, probably owing to Mao’s 1968 remark that ‘It’s good to know English’. Yet, as Ji illustrates nicely, the method of instruction was completely void of any foreign cultural ref-

26 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:07 Pagina 27

> Review Globalization and local development in India

- Landy, Frederic and Basudeb Chaudhuri, eds. 2004. Globalization and local development in India: examining the spatial dimension. New Delhi: Manohar & Centre de Sciences Humaines. 248 pp. ISBN 81-7304-540-2.

Hans Schenk ect area in the 1980s. The WB (pressured by American NGOs) Globalization is defined in a neutral way: the progressive agreed to a loan for further investment under the condition extension to the entire planet of exchanges of all kinds is sup- he nation-states of the world open up from above and from that more attention be paid to the project’s environmental and posed to operate in all directions, in this case to and from Tbelow, write editors Landy and Chaudhuri in their intro- socio-economic impacts. Other foreign NGOs also started to India. In the case studies, however, most of the exchanges duction. The interaction of ‘globalization’ and ‘localization’ – take interest. Heuze argues, however, that the entry of the new come to India (barring a few exceptions, such as the export of i.e. ‘the progressive extension to the entire planet of exchanges global actors ‘introduced an additional dimension without India’s traditional medical system, and of footwear). Many of of all kinds’ (p.7) and increasing political power at the local changing old power equations’ (p.155). These remained invari- the global actors remain by and large the familiar ones from level – challenge the national role in economic development. ably in favour of local, regional and national elites, while no the pre-globalization era such as the World Bank, foreign The editors question how these interacting forces affect one seemed to care much about the plight of former peasants NGOs and multinationals. Foreign involvement in India’s eco- development processes at local, regional, national and global and un-skilled workers. Heuze cynically concludes: ‘No one, nomic development is stronger than it was a few decades ago. levels. not even the ecologists who were fascinated by the talk of the Private capital investments are now easier to make (e.g. the “good wild tribal” who had to be protected, found fault with Japanese automobile industry) and out-sourcing by Western The volume contains nine case studies, each focusing on prob- the fact that the peasants of the villages surrounding the five companies has become fashionable (the IT sector), but the lems and developments in a specific economic sector. Begin- giant power stations themselves had no electricity’ (p.160). pattern has not really changed: the exchanges come mainly to ning with the overall opening of India’s economy in the 1990s, India, for a simple reason – to make profits. Few profitable the reader moves to India’s health systems (western and The authors in this book show relevant dimensions of ‘eco- exchanges from India to the world exist. Globalization can indigenous), electricity supply, the leather industry in Tamil nomic development in practice’. The cases also show that glob- hardly be called a neutral process. Nadu, diesel engines in Maharashtra, a hydro-electric plant in al or local – spatial – levels contain many actors with conflict- Madhya Pradesh, oil-seeds, dairy in Gujarat and Haryana, and ing interests. The levels are heterogeneous, divided by social, One wonders, therefore, whether development guided by glob- finally, to food security and fertilizers. Each case study makes economic and political position, as the well-presented case alization is substantially different from the worldwide devel- for interesting reading. Lachaier’s contribution on the suc- studies clearly show. The book concludes with a plea to focus opment paradigm of the 1950s and 1960s: western-styled cessful adaptation of erstwhile diesel pump builders to the on the micro-level when looking at development to avoid gen- modernization. One may wonder as well whether the impact sophisticated demands of the multi-national car industry and eralizing visions. of globalization should not be described in terms of the 1970s Kennedy’s study of the strategies of leather industrials to cope – those of unequal economic and political power, such as cen- with national anti-pollution measures convincingly demon- Old wine in new bottles? tre versus periphery or dependencia relations. The editors only strate the interplay between forces operating at several levels The book, however, is puzzling for several reasons. Many of casually mention the (former) exploitative and unequal char- influencing the fortunes of local actors. Heuze’s intriguing the issues discussed in the case studies sound familiar when acter of world economic relations (p.11), and add that exclu- case study deals with a large development project in the mid- looking at earlier Indian history and need not be specifical- sion is now replacing exploitation. Discussion on the inequal- dle of nowhere, ongoing for over four decades, which I will ly attributed to globalization. Some cases, such as the hydro- ities of both the progressive extension of exchanges and its discuss here in detail. plant, deal with foreign involvement much earlier than the exploitative/exclusive impacts would have enriched the book. 1990s. Though India’s economy was more protected in the Are not exploitation and exclusion basic elements of interna- Heuze presents the complexity of a large-scale development pre-globalization past than it is now, there are many exam- tional economic relations and of economic development with- project in which all possible levels from local to global are pres- ples of past foreign economic involvement (e.g. steel plants in India? ent: a public sector hydro-plant on the borders of Uttar Pradesh with Russian, German, US and British participation in the and Madhya Pradesh. The author discusses the project’s 1960s, Maruti, Green Revolution rice varieties, World Bank The book gives insights into the often contradictory mecha- impact from 1960 onwards. 80,000 local peasants were the loans for urban improvement, cement and Operation Flood), nisms that determine India’s development. The framework, first victims of the project; they were displaced and provided apart from more ideological foreign involvement (e.g. fam- into which the case studies are squeezed, would have bene- with scant agricultural land and few project-related jobs. Pri- ily planning in the 1960s and early 1970s). Even the phe- fited from a historical perspective that could perhaps even have vate companies moved into the area as it developed into a new nomenon of localization, here dated from the 1992-3 con- led to a re-valuation of current hypes. < industrial region. New forms of administration – Special Area stitutional amendments (p.16), began much earlier. Rural Development Authorities – replaced existing village and dis- self-governance in a hierarchy of village and regional coun- Hans Schenk trict councils. Economic, social and administrative changes cils (panchayats) was attempted in the 1960s, and failed for AMIDSt Research Institute led to the emergence of new actors on all levels, often with a variety of reasons. What is then the surplus value of the University of Amsterdam conflicting interests. Tension and in-fighting among the new globalization-locality framework? Do we need the interact- [email protected] elites included public sector interests competing with private ing concepts of globalization and localization to understand sector interests, politicians with administrators and issues of the issues, problems and solutions so clearly analysed in the competency between local, state and national authorities, and case studies? Landy and Chaudhury turn this argument between authorities in the two states. around by casually remarking that globalization is much older than the concept, although new means of communi- The already complex political scene became considerably more cation have led to growing complexity (p.13). Is their concept confused when foreign (global) actors came to the fore. The of globalization then window-dressing, a display of old wine World Bank and foreign and Indian NGOs entered the proj- in new bottles?

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ASIAN FOLKLORE STUDIES

A semi-annual journal dedicated to the study and preservation of Asian traditions

This year’s issues include articles on: *Silkworms and Consorts in Nara Japan *Bridal Laments in Rural Hong Kong *Urban Adaption of Paharia in Rajshahi *Hmong-American Oral Culture Traditions *Cross-dressing, Gender, and Sex

Subscription rates for two issues/year: Institutions US $40.00, Individuals US $22.00 Contact address: Editor, Asian Folklore Studies, Nanzan University 18 Yamazato-cho, Showa-ku, 466–8673 Nagoya, Japan e-mail: [email protected]

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 27 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:08 Pagina 28

> Books received Interested in reviewing one of our Books editors the from copy a Request Received? [email protected] at: Denoon, Daniel. 2005 Daniel. Denoon, the and Australia separation: trial A Guinea New Papua of decolonisation 228, pp. Books. Pandanus Canberra: 1-74076-171-5 ISBN 2006 Paul. Kratoska, 1942- railway Thailand-Burma The writings selected and documents 1946: volumes) (six 2000, ca pp. Routledge/Curzon. London: (set) 0-415-30950-6 ISBN tables, 2005 Ling. Giok Ooi Asian Southeast in Housing cities capital 90, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-265-4 ISBN eds. Griffin M. Helga and J. Anthony Regan, 2005 conflict the before Bougainville: ill., 566, pp. Books. Pandanus Canberra: 1-74076-138-3 ISBN Wah. Kin Chin Lijun, Sheng Swee-Hock, Saw 2005 and realities relations: ASEAN-China prospects 374, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-342-1 ISBN Thompson Scott W. and Kusuma Snitwongse, 2005 eds. Asia Southeast in conflicts Ethnic 173, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 5 340 230 981 ISBN 2005 Lachlan. Strahan, reckoning of Day ill., 396, pp. Books. Pandanus Canberra: 7 167 74076 1 ISBN 2005 B.J. Terwiel, the from history: political Thailand’s times recent to Ayutthaya of fall ill., 328, pp. books. River Bangkok: 974986308 ISBN 2005 ed. Gungwu Wang Asian Southeast five Nation-building histories 288, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-317-0 ISBN Southeast Asia Southeast Deloche, Jean. 2005 Jean. Deloche, revisité 1673-1824 Pondichéry vieux Le anciens plans les d’apres Pondichery. de Francais Institut Pondichery: 85539-649-2 2 ISBN French, ill., 160, pp. 2005 Francois. Grimal, de l’oeuvre de mots des Index Bhavabhuti Pondichery. de Francais Institut Pondichery: 644-1 85539 2 ISBN French 432, pp. 2005 Brockington. John and S. Anna King, Indic in divine love other: intimate The religions Limited. Private Longman Orient Delhi: New 81-250-2801-3 ISBN 423, pp. 2005 ed. Kadrine Ladrech, terrible the of iconography Bhairava: India South in Siva of form Pondichery. Francais Institut Pondichery: ROM CD 2005 Paban. Patit Mishra, between rapprochement Cultural Asia Southeast and India Organisation. Book National Delhi: New 81-87521-17-1 ISBN 198, pp. 2005 Albertina. Nugteren, rituals beauty: and bounty, Belief, India in trees sacred around 509, pp. publishers. Brill Leiden: 90-04-14601-6 ISBN D.P. editor: (general ed. Bharati Ray, 2005 Chattopadhyaya). and colonial India: of Women in 3 Part IX (Vol. periods postcolonial and philosophy science, of History civilization) Indian in culture tables, 622, pp. Publishers. Sage Delhi: New 0-7619-3409-x ISBN 2005 Rowena. Robinson, survivors Muslim violence: of Tremors India western in strife ethnic of 261, pp. publications. Sage Delhi: New 0-7619-3408-1 ISBN 2005 Vijayabaskar. M. aand Ashwani Saith, economic Indian and ICT’s work, economy, development: regulation 474, pp. Publications. Sage Delhi: New 0-7619-3339-5 ISBN tables, 2005 ed. Amita Singh, towards reforms: Administrative practices sustainable 319, pp. Publications. Sage Delhi: New 0-7619-3443-x ISBN Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. 2005 Tsuyoshi. Hasegawa, Truman, Stalin, enemy: the Racing Japan of surrender the and Harvard of Press Belknap The Cambridge: ill., 382, pp. Press. University 0-674-01693-9 ISBN 2006 Barak. Kushner, imperial Japanese war: thought The propaganda Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2920-4 ISBN ill., 242, pp. 2005 Yukiko. Nishikawa, in role changing Japan’s crises humanitarian tables, 227, pp. Routledge/Curzon. London: 0-415-36902-9 ISBN 2005 Morgan. Pitelka, potters, Raku culture: Handmade Japan in practitioners tea and patrons, Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2970-0 ISBN ill., 236, pp. 2006 eds. Chilson, Clark and L. Paul Swanson, religion Japanese to guide Nanzan Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-3002-4 ISBN 466, pp. 2005 H.P. Willmont, Gulf: Leyte of battle The action fleet last the Press. University Indiana Bloomington: 0-253-34528-6 ISBN ill., 398, pp. 2005 Tobias. Hübinette, nation: orphaned an Comforting international of representations in Koreans adopted and adoption culture popular Korean 265, pp. University. Stockholm Stockholm: 91-7155-157-3 ISBN tables, & maps ill., 2004 Moon. Kyung Hwang, the in status social birth: Beyond Korea modern of emergence Center. Asia University Harvard Cambridge: tables, & maps ill., 481, pp. 0-674-01656-4 ISBN 2005 Jung. Jae Song, use structure, language: Korean The context and 185, pp. Routledge. London: 0-415-32802-0 ISBN V. et Barazer-Billoret -L., M ( Bruno Dagens, 2005 eds.). Lefevre monde du images et temples Traités, et d’histoire études indien: d’archéologie Pondichery. de Francais Institut Pondichery: 2-87854-308-4 ISBN French, 325, pp. Korea Asia South Wu Hung and Katherine R. Tsiang eds. 2005 eds. Tsiang R. Katherine and Hung Wu visual Chinese in face and Body culture Center. Asia University Harvard Cambridge: 0-674-01657-2 ISBN ill., 448, pp. 2005 Tamney. B. Joseph and Fenggang Yang Chinese in religions and market, State, societies 90-04-14597-4 ISBN 258, pp. Brill. Leiden: 2005 Rae. Linda Bennett, single modernity: and Islam Women, reproductive and sexuality women, Indonesia contemporary in health tables, 183, pp. Routledge. London: 0-415-32929-9 ISBN 2005 Ineke. Putter, de bord tinnen een op Sago Dutch, ill., 254, pp. Jonker. Ineke Groede: 90-9019746-x ISBN 2005 Wachlin. Steven and Leo Haks, postcards early 500 Indonesia: 288, pp. Press. Archipelago Singapore: 981-4155-25-x ISBN ill., colour 2005 Anna-Gretha. Hoadley, Nilsson Order New vs literature Indonesian 1965-1966 of aftermath the orthodoxy: ill., 158, pp. publishing. NIAS Copenhagen: 87-91114-61-6 ISBN 2005 Sebastiaan. Pompe, study a court: supreme Indonesian The collapse institutional of 494, pp. University. Cornell Ithaca: 0-877277-38-9 ISBN 2005 ed. P. Budy Resosudarmo, of economics and politics The resources natural Indonesia’s tables, 292, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-312-x ISBn 2005 Janet. Steele, an Tempo, of story the within: Wars Soehato’s in magazine independent Indonesia 328, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-327-8 ISBN 2005 Carol. Sorgenfrei, Fisher avantgarde the acts: Unspeakable and Shuji Terayama of theatre Japan postwar Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2796-1 ISBN ill., 335, pp. Indonesia Japan Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 274, colour ill., colour 274, pp. Publishers. Brill Leiden: 90-04-14241-x ISBN 2005 C. Richard Bush, the in peace making knot: the Untying Strait Taiwan Institution Brookings D.C.: Washington 0-8157-1288-x ISBN 416, pp. Press. 2006 M. Edward Gunn, language local regional: the Rendering media Chinese contemporary in Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2883-6 ISBN ill., 261, pp. 2006 Tamara. Jacka, gender, China: urban in women Rural change social and migration, tables, 329, pp. Sharpe. M.E. Armonk: 0-7656-0821-9 ISBN 2005 Nathaniel. Keith Knapp, and children filial offspring: Selfless China medieval in order social Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2866-6 ISBN 300, pp. 2005 ed. Roman Malek, Christ Jesus of face Chinese The 3a) (volume Serica. Monumenta Institut Augustin: Sankt Chinese, and English ill., 1311, pp. 3-8050-0524-5 ISBN 2005 Wang. Edward Q. and On-cho Ng use and writing the past: the Mirroring China imperial in history of Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2913-1 ISBN 306, pp. 2005 ed. Leo Suryadinata, Asia Southeast & He Zheng Admiral 166, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 981-230-329-4 ISBN 2005 Zhenping. Wang of Islands the from Ambassadors in relations China-Japan Immortals: period Han-Tang the Press. Hawai’i of University Honolulu: 0-8248-2871-2 ISBN 387, pp. 2003 ed. Chaohua Wang, paths many China, One 368, pp. Verso. York: New London, 1-85984-537-1 ISBN Silk Road in the tenth and eleventh and tenth the in Road Silk centuries China Baber, Zaheer ed. 2005 ed. Zaheer Baber, society and internet the CyberAsia: Asia in tables, 241, pp. Publishers. Brill Leiden: 90-04-14625-3 ISBN 2005 eds. Zhu Ying and John Benson, Asia in Unemployment tables, 208, pp. Routledge. London: 0-415-34318-6 ISBN 2005 ed. Torkel Brekke, civilizations: Asian in war of ethics The perspective comparative a 211, pp. Routledge/Curzon. London: 0-415-34292-9 ISBN 2005 Zhuo. Schmidt, Jing- discourse Dramatized Publishing. Benjamins John Amsterdam: 90-272-1565-0 ISBN 336, pp. 2005 ed. H. Paul Kratoska, Japanese wartime the in labor Asian histories unknown empire: ill., 433, pp. Sharpe. M.E. Armonk: 0-7656-1263-1 ISBN Michael Jürgenmeyer, Clemens Jürgen, Rüland, 2005 Ziegenhain. Patrick Nelson, H. change political and Parliaments Asia in 324, pp. ISEAS. Singapore: 9-7898-12-302731 ISBN 2005 Martin. Andrew Fischer, in exclusion social and growth State economic recent of challenges Tibet: growth ill., 187, pp. publishing. NIAS Copenhagen: 87-91114-63-2 ISBN tables, & maps 2005 A. Ruth Miller, in crime and sin authority: Legislating Turkey and empire Ottoman the 187, pp. Routledge. London: 0-415-97510-7 ISBN 2004 Mohammad. Ali Rather, Asia Central in transformation Social Company. Publishing Classical Delhi: New 81-7054-395-9 ISBN 208, pp. 2005 Lilla. Russell-Smith, Dunhuang: in patronage Uygur Northern the on centres art regional General Asia Central > Books received Books > Books received Books

28 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:08 Pagina 29

> IIAS fellows a contribution to the to contribution a (Finland) (the Netherlands) (the (China) (China) (Japan) n (China) n the Netherlands the Japan Buddhism, of tion Taiwan Education, of Ministry Relations, al Netherlands the Studies, Development ences Research Studies Research Tropical of Homoeroticism in Imperial China: key China: Imperial in Homoeroticism project documents Research fellow within the joint NWO/Leiden joint the within fellow Research University/IIAS Lan- the of Syntax ‘The programme research China’ Southern of guages Research fellow within the ASSR/IIAS/NWO the within fellow Research in Marginalization ‘Socio-Genetic programme (SMAP) Asia’ Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow, sponsored by CASS by sponsored fellow, Affiliated BDK:Promo- the for Society Kyokai, Dendo Bukkyo BICER:Education- and Cultural International of Bureau CASS:Sciences Social CNWS:of Academy Chinese Amerindian and African, Asian, of School IDPAD:in Alternatives on Programme Indo-Dutch KNAW:Sci- and Arts of Academy Netherlands Royal KRF:NIOD:Korea Foundation, Research Korea Documentation War for Institute Netherlands NSC:NWO: Taiwan Council, Science National Scientific for Organization Netherlands SSAAPS:Asia-Pacific Advanced of School Swedish SASS:WOTRO:Sciences Social of Advancement Academy the Shanghai for Foundation Netherlands East Asia East Masae KATO Dr marginalisa- socio-genetic on study comparative A a as ‘West’ the to relation in ‘Asia’ in Japan tion: group reference 2008 April 1 - 2005 April 1 MA Leppänen Jan-Eerik eth- vulnerable and marginalisation Socio-genetic China Southwest in groups nic 2009 February 1 - 2005 February 1 MA Schuling, Rhoda syntax Zhuang 2006 September 15 - 2005 September 15 Chunguang WANG Chinese of integration the and networks Social society. Dutch into migration 2006 June - 2006 January 3 MA Leo, WONG syntax Cantonese 2006 September 13 - 2004 September 13 Cuncu WU Dr references and documents homoerotic of survey ‘A collection’, Gulik Van the in 2006 May 31 - 2006 April 1 sponsors: fellow and partners IIAS ASSR:Research, Science Social for School Amsterdam Research fellow within the ASSR/IIAS/NWO the within fellow Research in Marginalization ‘Socio-Genetic programme (SMAP) Asia’ Research fellow within the joint NWO/Leiden joint the within fellow Research Syn- ‘The programme research University/IIAS China’ Southern of Languages the of tax (UK) (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (Malaysia) (Malaysia) (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (Russia) (Australia) (the Netherlands) (the (Philippines) Affiliated fellow Affiliated IIAS Professor, European Chair for Malay Stud- Malay for Chair European Professor, IIAS the and University Leiden by sponsored ies, Malaysia Education, of Ministry Jasper van de Kerkhof, MA Kerkhof, de van Jasper IIAS/NIOD the within fellow Research nationalism. and ‘Indonesianisasi programme econ- the of reorientation and emancipation The commerce’ and industry of world the and omy 2005 December 31 - 2002 October 15 Kullanda Sergey Dr terminology social Austronesian of evolution The Nusantara in formation state early and 2006 April 9 - January 9 Lindblad Thomas Dr IIAS/NIOD the within coordinator Programme nationalism. and ‘Indonesianisasi programme econ- the of reorientation and emancipation The commerce’ and industry of world the and omy 2006 October 1 - 2002 October 1 Martinez Julia Dr East Netherlands the from migration Labour Australia northern to Indies 2006 June 17 - May 15 and 2005 June 18 - 6 Reyes Portia Dr into exploration An history: of Filipinization The Southeast of indigenization contemporary the historiography Asian 2005 December 31 - 2004 August 10 Salleh Haji Muhammad manuscripts Pantun 2005 December 31 - October 1 Schröder-Butterfill Elisabeth Dr in networks social and vulnerability Old-age Asia Southeast 2005 December 31 - 2004 May 1 Steinhauer Hein Prof. Terwiel Jan Barend Prof. and Asia Southeast Mainland of floodplains The history environmental 2007 January 1 - 2005 January 1 Vel Jacqueline Dr Sumba on action in adat politics: Uma (Indonesia) 2006 February 28 - 2004 September 1 Yaapar Salleh Md. Prof. Malay- in study A Pantoum: and Pantun relations literary European 2005 February 5 - 2003 February 5 in Tuah Hang Relations: Literary Malay-Dutch Netherlands the 2006 February 5 - 2005 February 5 Affiliated fellow Affiliated Artist in residence in Artist Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated IIAS Professor IIAS Indone- East of ‘Ethnolinguistics Chair Special Nijmegen University Radboud the at sia’ 2006 September 1 - 1998 September 1 Affiliated fellow Affiliated (Thailand) (Russia) (Indonesia) (Russia) (Malaysia) (the Netherlands) (the (UK) (Sweden) (UK) (USA) (France) (the Netherlands) (the Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Senior fellow Senior Affiliated fellow, sponsored by the Swedish the by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Vetenskapsrådet Affiliated fellow Affiliated Alexandre Sotov, MA Sotov, Alexandre Rgvedic in study A tradition: of Ideology semantics 2006 June 2 - January 2 Stolyarov Alexander Prof. Indian North mediaeval early of list Digital grants plate copper 2006 June 6 - March 6 Asia Southeast MA Ariyasajsiskul, Supaporn its in study A policy: trade foreign Ayutthaya’s Late empha- an with context international and regional (1733-1758) Boromakot king of reign the on sis 2007 September 1 - 2003 September 1 Bankoff Gregg Dr natural and community coping: of Cultures Philippines the in hazard 2007 August 31 - 2004 September 1 Berlie Jean Dr Myanmar of Muslims 2006 January 31 - 2005 December 1 Whah Yee CHIN Dr Malaysia in entrepreneurship Chinese 2007 June 30 - April 1 Djenar Noverini Dwi Dr Indonesian written and spoken in Preposition 2006 December 1 - September 1 Dijk Wil Dr slaves Asian in trade VOC’s The 2005 December 31 - 2004 October 1 Forth Gregory Prof. Asia Southeast in ‘wildman’ of Images 2006 May 1 - 2005 September 1 Foster Anne Dr 1850- Asia, Southeast in policies opium Colonial moral and power imperial to Challenges 1940: authority 2006 June 30 - January 1 Hägerdal Hans Dr between meeting the Timor; modern Early interests colonial and groups indigenous 2006 July 20 - 2005 July 20 Hüsken Frans Prof. Java: central in communism of history social The 1920-1965 2006 January 21 - 2005 November 14 Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow, sponsored by CNWS by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation (Nepal) (the Netherlands) (the (Japan) (Russia) (India) (India) (UK) (Indonesia) stravivarana (India) (USA) ; An annotated translation into translation annotated An ; PA G la: Sattasa la: tanjalayoga A A Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation Research fellow within the ASSR/IIAS/NWO the within fellow Research in Marginalization ‘Socio-Genetic programme (SMAP) Asia’ Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow and IIAS representative in representative IIAS and fellow Affiliated India Animals in stone, Indian fauna sculptured fauna Indian stone, in Animals time through 2005 December 31 - 2003 January 1 Gupta Agnihotri Jyotsna Dr India: in counselling and genetics Reproductive and screening genetic regarding Decision-making diagnosis prenatal 2007 August 31 - 2004 September 1 Harimoto Kengo Dr the of chapter first the of edition critical A P 2006 March 31 - 2005 November 1 Khoroche Peter Dr H 2006 September 30 - August 15 Lysenko Viktoria Dr perception indirect and direct on thinkers Indian 10 and 2006 November 30 - September 1 2007 March 10 - January Marianti Ruly Dr Indonesia and Pakistan in women Elderly 2005 December 31 - 2004 June 1 Munshi Shoma Dr television: satellite Indian of world new The society and networks Transnational 2006 November 1 - 2004 November 1 Plofker Kim Dr with CE, 1800 - BCE 500 India, in Mathematics Islamic with relationship its on emphasis special CE) 1800 - (750 mathematics 2006 September 9 - 2004 September 9 Rath Saraju Dr texts Sanskrit collection Catalogue 2008 December 5 - 2004 January 5 Sharma Karuna Dr and Women devaluation: to reference From 1800 c. - 1200 c. India Medieval in labour 2007 January 2 - 2006 January 2 Shrestha-Schipper Satya Dr Himalayas: the in hills the from Migrating of organization social the on impacts The Nepal) (Western Jumli the 2005 December 31 - 2004 March 1 Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation English Affiliated fellow, sponsored by NWO by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (the Netherlands) (the (UK) (New Zealand) (New (the Netherlands) (the Affiliated fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow Affiliated Stationed at Leiden and the Branch Office Branch the and Leiden at Stationed Amsterdam IIAS/ the within coordinator Programme (EPA) Asia’ Programme ‘Energy Clingendael 2007 April 15 - 2002 July 1 Prof. Henk Schulte Nordholt Schulte Henk Prof. Sleeboom Margaret Dr the within coordinator Programme ‘Socio-Genetic programme ASSR/IIAS/NWO (SMAP) Asia’ in Marginalization cultural, social, political, its and genetics Human implications ethical and 2005 December 15 - 2001 September 17 Soo N. David Dr emerging the into investigation An Globalisation: space? in force new A industry. space Asian 2005 December 31 - 2002 October 4 Asia Central Amineh Parvizi Mehdi Dr McKay Alex Dr Himalayas Indian the and Tibet of history The 2008 October 1 - 2000 October 1 Leenders Rieke Dr Siberia in relations Interethnic 2006 March 1 - 2005 March 1 MA Nyssen, Liesbet Siberia in relations Interethnic 2006 March 1 - 2005 March 1 Odé Cecilia Dr Asia South Bhattacharya Bhaswati Dr 1500-1950 India, in diaspora Armenian The 2006 December 31 - 2005 May 1 Bode Maarten Dr cul- of construction the and value of politics The and buying Marketing, commodities: tural products, medical indigenous Indian criticizing 1980-2000 2006 April 30 - February 1 Geer der van Alexandra Dr Programme coordinator within the IIAS the within coordinator Programme Taiga’, and Tundra from ‘Voices programme Energy Sakhalin and NWO by sponsored Ltd. Company Investment 2006 November 1 - 2002 July 1 Affiliated fellow, sponsored by Gonda by sponsored fellow, Affiliated Foundation IIAS Professor IIAS University Erasmus the at Chair Special History’ ‘Asian Rotterdam, 2007 October 1 - 1999 October 1 Stationed at the Branch Office Amsterdam Office Branch the at Stationed fellow Affiliated Affiliated fellow within the IIAS initiative IIAS the within fellow Affiliated Asia’ in technology space of ‘Development Stationed at the Branch Office Amsterdam Office Branch the at Stationed fellow Affiliated Stationed at the Branch Office Amsterdam Office Branch the at Stationed fellow Affiliated or via or (India) (USA) (Russia) (Belgium) (the Netherlands) (the (Taiwan) (the Netherlands) (the a Research fellow, within the ASSR/IIAS/NWO the within fellow, Research in Marginalization ‘Socio-Genetic programme (SMAP) Asia’ 2006 August 20 - May 20 Affiliated fellow Affiliated Programme coordinator within the IIAS net- IIAS the within coordinator Programme and Art Asia Southeast and ‘South work by sponsored (ABIA), Index’ Archaeology Foundation Gonda 2008 June 1 - 2003 June 1 > IIAS fellows IIAS > 2005 December 15 From doctoral post of categories several hosts IIAS Spon- Studies. Asian in (fellows) researchers the to contributes fellows these of sorship and expertise enhancing of aim institute’s underdevel- of exploration the encouraging pres- to invited are Fellows study. of fields oped coop- and seminars, in participate lectures, ent Fellowship programmes. research in erate (no time any at submitted be can applications deadline). application fellowship IIAS and information More at available are forms application www.iias.nl/iias/fellowships.html [email protected] fellows: of Categories 1.fellows Affiliated 2.fellows Research 3.fellows Senior 4.Professors IIAS 5.Residence in Artists General Chirkova Katia Dr Dolphijn Rick Dr and megalopolis the of rise The TIME-city: The life everyday the for consequences its 2006 January 31 - 2005 August 1 MA Lu, Melody and East in marriages cross-border Intermediated Asia Southeast 2006 July 31 - February 1 Patra Kumar Prasanna Dr genetic of study comparative Cross-cultural Japan and India in research 2008 December 15 - 2005 December 15 Pollock Sheldon Prof. modern early of histories intellectual Comparative Asi Raven Ellen Dr Remijsen Bert Dr systems prosodic word Hybrid 2006 July 31 - 2002 July 1 Programme coordinator within the programme the within coordinator Programme development: database ‘Trans-Himalayan by sponsored Subcontinent’, the and China CASS/IIAS/KNAW 2006 September 1 - 2005 September 1 fellow Affiliated Senior fellow Senior Affiliated fellow Affiliated IIAS fellows IIAS

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> ASEF/Alliance Hosting major international sports events: comparing Asia and Europe

Major international sporting events have an extraordinary capacity to generate emotionally powerful and shared experiences. Events like the Olympic Games, the Football World Cup, and other major sporting events reveal both the appeal and elusiveness of sport. In the age of global television, the capacity of major sports events to shape and project images of the host, both domestically and globally, make them highly attractive for political and economic elites.

ASEF/Alliance Workshop chic income’) that arise from the bid- land has already reached a saturated benefits of major sports events. Barcelona, Olympic Barcelona and post- 9-11 March 2005 ding process are difficult to measure. level of modernity, allowing the city to Research into ten events in five cities in Olympic developments in the city University of Edinburgh John Horne (University of Edinburgh) host and perform credibly in multi-sport Britain suggest that a European model revealed the importance of partnerships addressed the North American experi- events, as demonstrated by the Asian where events are staged in existing – public and private, and across differ- Wolfram Manzenreiter and John Horne ence of hosting major sports events to Games in 1966, 1970, 1978 and 1998. sports facilities is more cost effective ent sectors of public life – to create offer a contrasting view on the over-esti- The problem for countries such as Thai- than the North American model of ‘transversal synergies’ and to include the he pursuit of hosting major (or mated benefits and under-estimated land – already established on the global building facilities in the hope that events whole city in revitalisation projects. T‘mega’) sports events has become costs of hosting. He suggested that tourist route – is the unpredictability of or franchises will be attracted to them. Barcelona has benefited from continu- increasingly popular among govern- adopting ‘boosterism’ or ‘skepticism’ economic benefits. ity in strategic thinking on revitalisation ments, corporations, and civic ‘boosters’ were difficult to avoid in assessing Wolfram Manzenreiter (University of and architecture as a means of urban worldwide. They argue that major eco- impacts. Even where economic analyses Salomé Marivoet (University of Coim- Vienna) discussed the winners and los- redevelopment. nomic, developmental, political, and demonstrate that profits can be made on bra) outlined research on the European ers among cities in Japan that hosted socio-cultural benefits will flow from the operational costs of sports mega Football Championships held in Portu- half the 2002 FIFA Football World Cup. The final discussion summed up the them, easily justifying the costs and events, much of this can be accounted gal in 2004 and introduced the mass While the regional impact was overesti- issues presented in the papers. First, risks involved. Numerous studies fuel for by the free labour provided by the media into the workshop’s discussions. mated in most economic dimensions there was a need to distinguish more the popular belief that sport is a gener- volunteer force enlisted to help run such Her paper considered the impact of the and in each of the ten host regions, the clearly between increasingly commer- ator of national as well as local econom- events. mediatized event on the internal imag- social benefits received overtly positive cial international sport ‘mega-events’ ic and social development. Economical- such as the Olympics and the Football ly it has been viewed as an industry World Cup, ‘big sports events’ that gen- around which cities can devise urban erate large national audiences and regeneration strategies. Socially it has media audiences abroad but are closed been viewed as a tool for the develop- to competitive bidding, and other ‘major ment of urban communities and the sport events’ with different scope and reduction of social exclusion and crime. effect. Second, the dichotomies of post- colonialism (such as ‘Asia-Europe’) were Most of these studies, however, have reflected in differences in approach been conducted in advance of the events towards mega-events by developed and on behalf of interested parties without newly industrialised economies, estab- adequate measurement of final and lished and emerging nations. Third, intermediate outputs as well as inputs. mega-events were considered of utmost Critical post-event studies point to their importance for the projects of moderni- uneven impacts. Research shows that ty as well as post-modernity, albeit with costs have usually been underestimated Lidong Jiang distinctive goals. For modernizing whilebeneficial impacts have been over- nations, hosting a mega-event is a clear estimated. Regarding social regenera- marker of international esteem for tion, there is an absence of systematic developmental achievements; in post- and robust empirical evidence on the modern societies, events large and small social impacts of projects. In order to Nicholas Aplin (National Institute of ined community and the way different appraisal. With the increase of size of fulfill the role of image generator. improve research standards, partici- Education, Singapore) described local groups in Portugal sought to capitalize the conurbation where the hosting Fourthly, economic gains are less likely pants at the workshop ‘Hosting Major sporting traditions and the influence of on national identification externally. In occurred and its rise of importance on than social benefits, though this kind of International Sports Events: Comparing former Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew as particular she demonstrated how cor- the national map, satisfaction with the legacy is difficult to plan and control. Asia and Europe’ addressed method- the main reasons for Singapore’s resist- porate nationalism was produced when impact of the multi-site event decreased. ological, theoretical and empirical issues ance to the allure of sports mega events. national symbols of the past were por- Most participants, Manzenreiter noted, While the subsequent direction of the gained from mega-event research in In some ways this was similar to the trayed as present-day ‘brands’ of nations were in favour of more transparency in research agenda stimulated by the specific localities and temporalities. People’s Republic of China’s previous on a globally mediated stage. Xin Xu the bidding process and more research papers was uncertain, participants at the resistance to competitive sport. Yet in (Olin Institute for Strategic Studies, to explore the possibilities of expanding workshop stressed the necessity of The papers were arranged in sessions Singapore, the alternative choice of a Harvard University/ Ritsumeikan Asia social benefits deriving from the mega- multi-disciplinary research and inter- according to the following topics: failed sports-for-all policy failed to realize sus- Pacific University, Japan) also dealt with event experience. Mustafa Ishak national collaboration to go beyond the bids and successful bids; nation and tainable mass participation rates. Yi national identity, in terms of its impact (National University of Malaysia) limits of one’s own research perspective. economy building; assessing the costs Jiandong (Beijing Sport University) pre- on political relations between the ‘two demonstrated that events such as the Our view was that the workshop suc- and benefits for developed and newly sented a roadmap to 2010 of sports Chinas’ (the People’s Republic of China Commonwealth Games in 1998 and ceeded in that it enabled all to share industrializing economies; identity pol- events’ hosting in China. Data never and the Republic of China, Taiwan). He Grand Prix (Formula One) car racing greater awareness and recognition of the itics and political identities; evaluating seen before outside China provided foresaw the danger that both unifiers had put Malaysia on the global sporting differences and similarities between the the economic and sporting impact of ample evidence of China’s pursuit of the and secessionists might highjack the map. He argued that these events had experience of hosting major interna- sports events and promotional activities; Beijing 2008 Olympics for both status Beijing Olympics in 2008 for their helped the country to acquire modern tional sports events in developing and and case studies of impacts and out- and economic investment purposes. In respective political ambitions. state-of-the-art sports facilities, spurred developed nations, modern and post- comes. discussion it was questioned how long huge infrastructure investments and modern cultures, and post-industri- the investment would last and how even- Kathy Van den Bergh (Vrije Universiteit fostered an enhanced sense of national alised and newly industrialised Harada Munehiko (Osaka University of ly the benefits would be spread. While Brussels) asked how sports events and pride. Hence he emphasized the impor- economies. Health and Sport Sciences) focused on hosting certainly is popular with the other sports promotion vehicles can tance of sport to processes of economic the City of Osaka’s unsuccessful bid to political elite, larger parts of the Chinese increase participation in sport. While it development in newly industrialized Wolfram Manzenreiter host the 2008 summer Olympic Games. people might have different ideas. is often assumed that there is a correla- countries and nation building in multi- East Asian Studies He argued that failure was due to tion, it is not based on sound empirical ethnic societies. Finally Francesco University of Vienna Osaka’s minor global importance and to Gerd Ahlert (Institute of Economic evidence. Van den Bergh reported on Muñoz Ramirez (Universitat Autònoma external factors favoring the other Asian Structures Research, Osnabruück) out- attempts to devise and test an instru- de Barcelona, Spain) identified the John D. Horne competitor, Beijing. Critics pointing to lined a robust econometric forecasting ment to evaluate sports promotion as a importance of place in determining suc- Scottish Centre for P.E., Sport and the huge costs and poor state of public model that has been applied to the Foot- means of increasing participation. She cess or failure in hosting sport events. Leisure Studies finance in Japan were silenced by the ball World Cup 2006 in Germany. The concluded that outcomes exist but An illustrated guide to pre-Olympic University of Edinburgh powerful image of the Tokyo Olympics. calculation based on the Sport Satellite expectations are usually too ambitious. Harada argued that despite lack of suc- Account predicts huge pre-event invest- Sport economist Chris Gratton The ASEF/Alliance Workshop ‘Hosting Major International Sports Events: Comparing Asia cess, Japan’s second largest conurbation ments and low direct economic impacts. (Sheffield Hallam University) argued and Europe’ was convened by John Horne, Hirose Ichiro and Wolfram Manzenreiter, and was area was able to pursue urban revital- But economic gains can be made indi- that only through specific studies of held at the University of Edinburgh 9-11 March 2005. Revised versions of some of the papers ization. Initial losses can spur cities onto rectly through marketing and nation major events in particular locations is it will be available in J. Horne and Wolfram Manzenreiter, eds. Sports Mega-Events. Oxford: later gains, even though delayed bene- branding. Sombat Karnjanakit (Chula- possible to answer questions about the Blackwell (forthcoming). fits for communities (in terms of ‘psy- longkorn University) argued that Thai- economic impact and benefits or non-

30 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:10 Pagina 31

> ASEF/Alliance

2 - 14 July 2006 30 November - 2 December 2005 Asia Alliance Leiden, the Netherlands Centre for Khmer Studies, Cambodia The European Alliance for Asian Stud- Water in mainland Southeast Asia ies is a cooperative framework of Dr. Philippe Peycam, Centre for Khmer Studies, Cambodia European institutes specializing in Shared views for common challenges: Prof. Barend Jan Terwiel Hamburg University, Germany Asian Studies. Its partners are: (ex)changing perspectives on the 5-7 January 2006 NIAS - Nordic international legal order in the 21st century National University of Singapore, Singapore Institute of Asian Studies Pensioners on the move: social security and trans- Director: Dr Jørgen Delman border retirement migration in Asia and Europe Leifsgade 33 DK 2300 Copenhagen S, Call for participants to the 13th ASEF University Dr. Mika Toyota, Asia Research Institute, National Denmark University of Singapore T +45-35-32 9500 Are you an MA (graduate) student, under 28, with an interest in Asia-Europe relations? Do you want to devel- Dr. Anita Böcker, Institute for the Sociology of Law, F +45-35-32 9549 op your leadership qualities and meet talented university students from Asia and Europe to share thoughts Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, the Netherlands [email protected] on developments in international law? If so, the organisers of the the 13th ASEF University invite you to apply www.nias.ku.dk to this two-week intensive summer school in Leiden, the Netherlands, 1-13 July 2006. 20-22 January 2006 Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand IFA Recent years have seen dramatic changes in international law and practice that challenge traditional views of Voices of Islam in Europe and Southeast Asia Institut für Asienkunde state sovereignty. As the threat of terrorism grows, judicial systems worldwide struggle with pressure from Dr. Uthai Dulyakasem, Institute of Liberal Arts, Director: Dr Günter Schucher states to allow investigation and punishment to be more widely applied. The ASEF University will address the Walailak University Rothenbaumchaussee 32, ethical issues behind these developments, as well as the wider (legal) context of the global world order. Dr. Cynthia Chou, Institute of Cross-Cultural and Regional D-20148 Hamburg, Germany Studies, Head of Southeast Asian Studies, University of T +49-40-428 8740 For information and application details, please visit www.iias.nl or www.asef.org or contact Copenhagen F +49-40-410 7945 [email protected] Amis Boersma or Josine Stremmelaar Valerie Remoquillo June 2006 www.duei.de/ifa International Institute for Asian Studies Asia-Europe Foundation Buon Ma Thuot, Vietnam P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA 31 Heng Mui Keng Terrace Locating the communal in Asian land tenure EIAS Leiden, the Netherlands Singapore 119595 Thomas Sikor, Institute of Agricultural Economics and European Institute for Asian Studies [email protected] [email protected] Social Sciences, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany Director: Dr Willem van der Geest 35 Rue des Deux Eglises, 1000 Brussels, Belgium T +32-2-230 8122 F +32-2-230 5402 [email protected] www.eias.org

CERI - Sciences Po Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques Director: Prof. Christophe Jaffrelot The 56 rue Jacob, 75006 Paris, France T +33-1-58717000 F +33-1-58717090 Annual [email protected] The www.ceri-sciencespo.com Annual Asia CEAO Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental Asia Director: Prof. Taciana Fisac Centro de Estudios de Asia Oriental Universidad Autonoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain Europe T +34-91-397 4695 Europe F +34-91-397 5278 [email protected] www.uam.es/otroscentros/ Workshop Series 2006/2007 The Asia-Europe Foundation asiaoriental/especifica/ (ASEF), Singapore, was established by members of the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) on 15 February 1997. ASEF promotes engagement SOAS between the civil societies of Asia School of Oriental and African Studies The European Alliance for Asian Studies and the and Europe and the forging of mutual understanding. Director: Prof. Colin Bundy Asia-Europe Foundation welcome proposals for University of London The European Alliance for Thornhaugh Street / Russel Square, Asian Studies is a co-operative workshops on themes of common interest to Asia framework of European institutes London, WC1H 0XG, United Kingdom specializing in Asian Studies. T +44-20-7637 2388 Members include the International and Europe, to take place in 2006/2007. Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS); F +44-20-7436 3844 NIAS - the Nordic Institute of [email protected] Asian Studies; the Institute for The deadline is 1 February 2006. politicians, journalists and representatives of competence in relation to the workshop’s Asian Affairs (IFA); the European www.soas.ac.uk Proposals will be refereed by an Asia-Europe industry are welcome. topic (p.5) Institute for Asian Studies (EIAS); Selection Committee; six will be selected for • The topic should be innovative and • Detailed programme including paper titles the Centre for International realisation. Applicants will be informed of the interdisciplinary, address shared interests (p.6) Studies and Research (CERI- SSAAPS Committee’s decision by June 2006. between Asia and Europe, be of • Itemised, detailed budget showing expenses Sciences Po); the Centro de The Swedish School of Advanced Asia interregional/multilateral importance, and and expected income (p.7) Estudios de Asia Oriental (CEAO); Financial support, up to a maximum of stimulate interregional dialogue. • Envisaged follow-up including publication(s) the School of Oriental and African Pacific Studies € 12,500 per workshop, consists of contribution • Workshops initiated by young postdocs (p.8) Studies (SOAS); and the Swedish towards travel and accommodation. aimed at creating an academic network are School for Advanced Asia Pacific Director: Prof. Thommy Svensson favoured. Deadline and address Studies (SSAAPS). The STINT Foundation, Skeppargatan Criteria Proposals should be received (by regular mail) • Three day expert workshop, to be held The proposal before 1 February 2006. * ASEM COUNTRIES: 8, 114 52 Stockholm, Sweden between September 2006 and September Maximum eight pages, in English. Austria, Belgium, Brunei, T +46-70-6355160 2007 in an ASEM member country.* The proposal should contain: Secretariat Asia-Europe Workshop Series Burma/Myanmar, Cambodia, • Jointly organised by an Asian and a European • Title of the workshop, proposed dates and c/o International Institute for Asian Studies China, Cyprus, Czech F +46-8-6619210 institute from ASEM member countries. venue, names of initiators and organising P.O. Box 9515 Republic, Denmark, Estonia, [email protected] • Participants: coming from at least eight institutions in Europe and Asia (include at 2300 RA Leiden Finland, France, Germany, different ASEM countries (Asia and Europe least two signed letters of intent), and one The Netherlands Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, www.ssaaps.stint.se equally); male/female parity; balance contact address (p. 1) Ireland, Italy, Japan, between senior experts and promising junior • Introduction to the topic and scientific Korea, Laos, Latvia, researchers objectives (p.2-4) Address for hand delivery or private courier Lithuania, Luxemburg, IIAS • Participants are invited primarily from • List of confirmed participants, with service: IIAS, Nonnensteeg 1-3, 2311 VJ Malaysia, Malta, (secretariat Asia Alliance) academia - though contributions from institutional affiliations and disciplinary Leiden, The Netherlands Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, More information: Thailand, United Kingdom, www.asia-alliance.org For more information www.asia-alliance.org and www.aews.asef.org Vietnam. call for proposals

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> IIAS research

[advertisement] IIAS research programmes, networks & initiatives Announcement

Programmes Trans-Himalayan database development: China and the subcontinent (Phase I) Care of the aged: gender, institutional provisions and The project’s main goal is to combine the database of cognate social security in India, the Netherlands and Sri Lanka words in Tibeto-Burman languages, maintained by the Insti- This IDPAD/IIAS research project addresses the implications tute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Chinese Academy of of population aging for the social security and health care of Social Sciences) with language data of the George van Driem elderly people. As the experience of ageing is highly gendered Himalayan Languages Project (Leiden University) to create a and can vary according to class, caste, and religion, the proj- joint, online database of Tibeto-Burman languages with a mir- ect seeks to capture the dimensions, characteristics and trends ror-site in Leiden. The project’s second objective is to contin- related to aging among different social and economic groups, ue documentation of endangered Tibeto-Burman languages with an emphasis on women. This comparative study of the in China in cooperation with the Institute of Ethnology and Netherlands, Sri Lanka, and India draws on diverse experi- Anthropology. ences of development to contextualize the aging process. Coordinator: Katia Chirkova Coordinator: Carla Risseeuw

Energy programme Asia Networks This programme on the geopolitics of energy focuses on Chinese, Indian, Japanese and South Korean strategies to secure oil and ABIA South and Southeast Asian art and archaeology index natural gas from the Caspian region (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, The Annual Bibliography of Indian Archaeology is a global Turkmenistan, Iran, and Russia) and the Persian Gulf. The pro- network of scholars co-operating on an annotated biblio- gramme is institutionally supported by IIAS and the Clingen- graphic database for publications covering South and South- dael International Energy Programme (CIEP), Den Haag. east Asian art and archaeology. The project was launched by Coordinator: Mehdi Parvizi Amineh IIAS in 1997 and is currently coordinated by the Postgradu- ate Institute of Archaeology of the University of Kelaniya, Comparative Indonesianisasi and nationalization Colombo, Sri Lanka. The database is freely accessible at From the 1930s to the early 1960s, the Indonesian economy www.abia.net. Extracts from the database are also available as transformed from a ‘colonial’ economy, dominated by the bibliographies, published in a series by Brill. The project Dutch, to a ‘national’ economy in which indigenous business receives scientific support from UNESCO. Intellectual assumed control. This NIOD project explores this transfor- Coordinator: Ellen Raven mation, studying the late-colonial era as well as the Japanese www.abia.net occupation, the Revolution and the Sukarno period. Two issues are given special attention: Indonesianisasi (increased oppor- Changing labour relations in Asia Histories of tunities for indigenous Indonesians in the economy) and CLARA aims towards a comparative and historical under- nationalization, in particular the expropriation of Dutch cor- standing of labour relations in different parts of Asia, includ- porate assets in Indonesia in 1957-58. ing changes within national economies, links to internation- Coordinator: J. Thomas Lindblad al markets and the nature of state intervention. It focuses on Early Modern five overlapping themes: the labour process, labour mobility, Illegal but licit: transnational flows and permissive labour consciousness, gendered labour and labour laws and polities in Asia labour movements. This research programme analyses forms of globalisation- Coordinator: Ratna Saptari Asia from-below, transnational practices considered acceptable (licit) by participants but which are often illegal in a formal Transnational society, media, and citizenship sense. It explores limitations of ‘seeing like a state’, and instead This multidisciplinary network studies the complex nature of privileges the perspectives of participants in these illegal but contemporary cultural identities and the impact of the glob- IIAS Masterclass licit transnational flows. alization of information and communication technologies on 30 May - 2 June 2006 Coordinator: Willem van Schendel the (re)construction of these identities. The programme is based in the Netherlands while the projects are carried out at Leiden, the Netherlands Islam in Indonesia: the dissemination of religious author- numerous fieldwork sites. ity in the 20th and early 21st centuries Coordinator: Peter van der Veer Led by: Forms and transformations of religious authority among the Sheldon Pollock (William B. Ransford Professor of Sanskrit and South Asian Studies, Indonesian Muslim community are the focus of this research Columbia University, New York, USA) programme. The term authority relates to persons and books IIAS initiatives as well as various other forms of written and non-written ref- How to understand the logic of an intellectual order founded upon ideologies erences. Special attention is paid to the production, repro- Development of space technology in Asia of continuity and preservation, rather than ideologies of improvement and obso- duction and dissemination of religious authority in the fields The space age has dramatically impacted all nations. In Asia, lescence? A comparative intellectual history of the early modern world (1500- of four sub-programmes: ulama (religious scholars) and fat- the ‘space-faring nations’ of India, China and Japan have suc- 1800) can address this question more effectively and develop a more heuristi- was; tarekat (mystical orders); dakwah (propagation of the cessfully developed space technologies and applications. Other cally powerful theory than can any one scholarly tradition investigated in faith); and education. Asian nations have readily adopted these applications, includ- isolation. This masterclass will bring together experts in the field of Sinology, Coordinator: Nico Kaptein ing satellites for telecommunications, for gathering data on Indology and Middle Eastern studies to consider shared issues not only in the the weather, and environmental and earth resources. IIAS is historiography of early modern knowledge, but also in the theoretical challenges Socio-genetic marginalization in Asia launching this new research initiative and has initiated a series we must confront in writing the intellectual history of the non-West, where even The development and application of new biomedical and of workshops on the topic. the terms of the theme ‘intellectual’ and ‘history’ do not go without saying. The genetic technologies have important socio-political implica- Coordinator: David Soo focus will be put on three forms of knowledge: aesthetics, political thought, and tions. This NWO/ASSR/IIAS research programme aims to moral philosophy. gain insight into the ways in which the use of and monopoly Piracy and robbery on the Asian seas over genetic information shape and influence population poli- Acts of piracy loom large in Asian waters, with the bulk of all Also presenting: cies, environmental ethics and biomedical and agricultural officially reported incidents of maritime piracy occurring in Michael Cook (Professor of Near Eastern Studies, Princeton University, USA) practices in various Asian religious and secular cultures and Southeast Asia during the 1990s. This is of serious concern Benjamin Elman (Professor of East Asian History, Princeton University, USA) across national boundaries. to international shipping, as the sea-lanes between East Asia, Quentin Skinner (Professor of History, Cambridge University, UK) Coordinator: Margaret Sleeboom-Faulkner the Middle East, and Europe pass through Southeast Asia. IIAS and the Centre for Maritime Research at the University Deadline for registration: Syntax of the languages of southern China of Amsterdam are currently identifying issues and concerns, 15 March 2006 This project aims to achieve a detailed description and in-depth and are delineating core elements of an interdisciplinary analysis of a limited number of syntactic phenomena in six research programme on piracy and robbery at sea in Asia. Registration and information: languages, both Sinitic and non-Sinitic, spoken in the area Coordinators: Wim Stokhof and John Kleinen International Institute for Asian Studies south of the Yangtze River. The project will systematically com- Manon Osseweijer pare these descriptions and analyses to contribute to the devel- For more information on IIAS research: www.iias.nl PO Box 9515 opment of the theory of language and human language capac- 2300 RA Leiden ity, through the study of non-Western languages. T +31 (0)71 527 2227 Coordinator: Rint Sybesma F +31 (0)71 527 4162 [email protected] www.iias.nl

32 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:13 Pagina 33

> Announcements

‘Bhima and the flower’ eigners who studied and worked in Youth performance Greater China, has picked up the gaunt- This episode from the Mahabharata is like let. Its vision is that Chinese and English, a fairytale about greed, beauty and exile. already major languages in education, The strong Bhima tries to find the beauti- business, and tourism, will continue to ful Madaara flower for his wife Draupadi. gain in importance, and that the world is On his journey he meets in a match the becoming increasingly bilingual. Monkey god Hanuman. Interpreting the word chinglish as a con- The Kattaikkuttu Sangam, directed by P. traction of the words Chinese and English, Rajagopal, looks after the economic and it suddenly becomes a semantic novelty. artistic interests of actors in Tamil Nadu Semantic not only in the sense that the and cares for the education of young word is re-inventing itself, changing its nese media? Maybe not, but come what actors. Together with Hanne. M. de Bruin, original meaning of bad English, but also may, Chinese will not be replaced by a he has raised a union, theatre centre and in the web sense by making ample use of phonetic or characterless system any time youth theatreschool. the semantic web and FOAF & RDF tech- soon. A slow but continuing trend of what nologies, allowing for more efficient could be called chinglification will be more More information querying. likely. www.kattaikkuttu.org Hundreds of millions of young Chinese In September 2005, a test version of the Kalai Manram supports the Kattaikkuttu are doing everything within their power to new Chinese-English email system went Traditional music theatre by Concept & direction: P. Rajagopal, Sangam in the Netherlands. master the English language as it is the live at http://beta.chinglish.com. What the Kattaikkuttu Sangam Hanne M. de Bruin Esmee Meertens surest ticket to professional advancement. sets chinglish apart from conventional Costumes: Hanne M. de Bruin T 020-6222841 Simultaneously, tens of millions of for- webmail in the tradition of yahoo and hot- Kattaikkuttu is popular music theatre from Actors: P. Rajagopal, B. Saravanan, Evelien Pullens eigners are looking to improve their Chi- mail are the language features such as Tamil Nadu, South India, which combines N. Ramalingam, K. Maheswaram T 030-2715560. nese language and culture skills. Knowl- translation and pronunciation tools, fully intense singing, comical parts, improvi- Musicians: R. Kumar (harmonium), [email protected]. edge of the Chinese language is no longer integrated into the email environment. sation and ritual traditions. A Kattaikkut- T. Rangasami (mrdangam/dholak), the exclusive domain of scholars. Moreover, switching between Chinese and tu performance is played by twelve actors C. Chandiran (mukavinai) English has been made very simple. It is and three musicians at night. It is rooted Chinglish.com: Chinglish.com intends to meet the needs also possible to use both a Western and a in rituals and religion and is an essential ‘The eightienth day’: Chinese-English email of Chinese-English communities by build- Chinese name on the same email account. part of life of South Indian rural commu- about the meaning of war ing into its portal maximum flexibility nities. ‘The eightienth day’ (Pattinettam nal) is a Few analysts or trend-watchers will dis- between simplified Chinese, traditional This ‘one system, two characters’ repre- shortened version of a traditional full agree. The internet and China are fueling Chinese, and English. All content is presents China’s paradoxical relation with From 21 January till 1 February the Kat- night performance. The theme comes globalization and the world economy. sented in a chinglish format, i.e. Chinese itself, the rest of the world, and the inter- taikkuttu Sangam from Kanchipuram will from the famous Indian Mahabharata Chinese and English are the most wide- and English text in juxtaposition, comple- net. What remains to be seen is whether tour the Netherlands with two perform- epic. The play opens with King Duryo- spread languages on the web today. mented by a language toolbar facilitating chinglish.com will truly be able to live up ances of this expressive and colourful dhana in impressive costume who reflects Combining them in a meaningful man- the overall language learning process. to the role it aspires to. The challenge is music theatre from rural India. The audi- on his own acts in the horrible war ner would lead to an interesting alliance. certainly bigger than mere semantics. ence is invited to watch the make up between families. All his 99 brothers are Will the Chinese language really start before the play and cultural anthropolo- killed, as well as his friend Karna. With the Chinglish.com, a Dutch startup run by a appearing in European, South American, More information: gist Hanne de Bruin will explain the per- dead in his eyes he talks to the god Krish- group of Chinese engineers who studied and African newspapers, the way English www.chinglish.com formance. na and the other survivor, the clown and worked in the West and a group of for- has been making an appearance in Chi-

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Asia Research Institute Fellowships at the International Institute FELLOWSHIPS AT THE ASIA RESEARCH INSTITUTE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE for Asian Studies IIAS invites postdoctoral researchers to apply for fellowships in Leiden or Amsterdam. Applications are invited for the following positions: The institute focuses on the interdisciplinary and comparative study of Asia in the 1) one Research Fellowship in the Migration cluster to begin in August 2006; humanities and social sciences, and their interaction with other sciences. IIAS research 2) one Visiting Research Fellow in the Changing Family cluster from August 2006 to 31 March 2007; 3) three Postdoctoral Fellowships (one position each in the Changing Family cluster, the Cultural covers South, East, Southeast and Central Asia. IIAS Fellows are offered office facilities, Studies cluster and the Open cluster) to begin in August 2006; and while the institute will mediate in gaining access to libraries, archives and other 4) two Postdoctoral Fellowships (one position each in the Migration cluster and the Religion and Globalisation cluster) to begin in January 2007. institutions in the Netherlands. Fellows may be asked to give a lecture or organise a workshop, remain in contact with European researchers, and make due reference to IIAS at the Asia Research Institute (ARI), National University of Singapore (NUS). in (future) publications, (partly) made possible through research done during your stay. The Institute is also seeking up to two Postdoctoral Fellows for its new “Asian Cities” research initiative from 1 August 2006. Please refer to our website in November 2005 for more information. IIAS has five categories of fellowships for researchers: Interested applicants should consult the website www.ari.nus.edu.sg for details of conditions and • Affiliated fellows application procedure. Applications will close on 31 January 2006. • Research fellows (upon vacancy only) • Senior fellows Enquiries and applications to:- • IIAS professors (upon vacancy only) • Artists in residence Human Resources Asia Research Institute IIAS fellowship applications can be submitted at any time. National University of Singapore Vacancies are announced in the IIAS Newsletter and on the website. 5 Arts Link, Level 4 AS7, The Shaw Foundation Building For more information and an IIAS fellowship application form see Singapore 117570 the IIAS website at: www.iias.nl Fax: (65) 6779 1428 For specific information, please contact Amis Boersma or Wouter Feldberg at: Email: [email protected] [email protected]

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 33 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:13 Pagina 34

> Announcements

Dealing with the Gods are displayed alongside remarkable loans Announcement (De Goden Verzoeken) from museums as well as private collections. A range of audiovisual material Exhibition on rituals in the Hindu religion accompanies the classical Indian objects. 17 December 2005 - 10 September 2006 Tropenmuseum Amsterdam Visitors have a choice of three personal Images of the ‘wildman’ routes through life to experience the exhi- On 17 December 2005 the Tropenmuse- bition: the path of wisdom (linked to the um in Amsterdam launched the exhibition god Ganesha), the path of love (linked to Dealing with the Gods: Rituals in Hindu the god Krishna) or the path of wealth in Southeast Asia Religion. The display introduces visitors to (linked to the goddess Lakshmi). Each the deities, traditions, fragrances and path provides a key with which to start colours of Hindu religion. Following the interactive presentations. This allows vis- IIAS Masterclass, 7-10 February 2006, Leiden path of wealth, wisdom or love, visitors itors to participate in rituals, to receive Led by: make their way through the Hindu world. small (digital) gifts and to find extra infor- Gregory Forth (Professor of Anthropology, University of Alberta and IIAS senior fellow) Hundreds of items are presented, ranging mation. Each path teaches visitors how to from domestic shrines, prints and objects Deal with the Gods. Featured speakers: to temple statues made in India especial- Jet Bakels (Independent researcher, Amsterdam) ly for the exhibition. A highlight of the col- For more information and visual David Bulbeck (School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University) lection is a 1,000 year old figure of the material: Raymond Corbey (Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University) Hindu sun god Surya. Anna Brolsma the Tropenmuseum Southeast Asia has been the site of a series of representations of hairy manlike crea- The central theme is contact between Hin- T. +31 (0)20 - 5688418 tures, partly interpretable as ‘crypto-species’ and comparable to the better known dus and their gods; many different rituals [email protected]. Himalayan ‘yeti’ and North American ‘sasquatch’ or ‘bigfoot’. Remarkably, these make this contact possible. Exuberant cel- http://home.planet.nl/~j.e.m.houben Southeast Asian figures have received virtually no attention from anthropologists or ebrations mark festivals such as Holi and www.jyotistoma.nl scholars in related disciplines. To the extent that these figures have been considered, Divali, other customs relate to birth, mar- they have been treated as imaginary constructs and subsumed in ethnographic riage and death, while many simple prac- writing as spiritual beings. The recent discovery of Homo floresiensis and the tices are for everyday use. Whether it’s in Oral masterpieces online hypothetical linking of the palaeoanthropological discovery with local categories of the temple or at work, at home or in the putative ‘wildman’ suggest the need to reconsider indigenous representations. This car, the gods, for Hindus, are everywhere. New Masterpieces of the Oral and Intan- masterclass pursues how anthropologists should understand local reports of ‘wild- gible Heritage of Humanity Ceremony man’ and how their occurrence as components of local folk zoologies and cos- With India as the backdrop, the imagery www.unesco.org/culture/intangible- mologies may challenge time-honoured analytical principles and categories of social of Bollywood and the hundreds of objects heritage/35eur_uk.htm and cultural anthropology. presented in the exhibition provide a mag- nificently colourful and theatrical show. Registration and information: Rarely shown exhibits from the museum International Institute for Asian Studies, Manon Osseweijer PO Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, T +31 (0)71 527 2227, F +31 (0)71 527 4162 [email protected], www.iias.nl

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Call for Papers

Japan aktuell is an internationally refereed academic journal published by the Institute of Asian Affairs, Hamburg that focuses on current developments in Japan. The bimonthly journal has a circulation of 500 copies and reaches a broad readership in academia, administration and business circles. Articles to be published should be written in German or English and submitted exclusively to this publication. Japan aktuell is devoted to the transfer of scholarly insights to a wide audience. The topics covered should therefore not only be orientated towards specialists in Japanese affairs, but should also be of relevance to readers with a practical interest in the region. The editor welcomes contributions on contemporary Japan that are concerned with the fields of international relations, politics, economics, society, education, environment or law. Articles should be theoretically grounded, empirically sound and reflect the state of the art in contemporary Japanese studies. All manuscripts will be peer-reviewed for acceptance. The editor responds within three months. Research articles should not exceed 10,000 words (incl. footnotes and references). Manuscripts should be submitted to the editor in electronic form (stylesheet: www. duei.de/ifa/stylesheet).

Recent and forthcoming topics: Collective identity between Japan und the US after September 11th, 2001 (in German) Innovation capacity and competitiveness in East Asia (in German) Japan’s leading role and EU influence on financial integration in East Asia

Editor : Anja Walke For submission of articles please contact: Institute of Asian Affairs Annual Subscription Rates: Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg • Germany Six issues per year, available in Phone: +49 40 4288740 • Fax: +49 40 4107945 print and digital form E-mail: [email protected] € 82.00 per year *) (Students € 40.00 *)) Subscription and advertising info: Online edition: fee per article [email protected] *) plus postage Website: www.duei.de/ifa

34 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:14 Pagina 35

> Arts A tale of two museums Indonesia: The Discovery of the Past

The exhibition Indonesia: The Discovery of the Past will be on show in De Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam from 17 December 2005 until 17 April 2006. The result of co-operation between the Museum Nasional of Indonesia (MNI) in Jakarta and the Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde (RMV) in Leiden, the exhibition is drawn from the collections of both museums, often referred to as the best Indonesian collections in the world.

Pieter ter Keurs for further co-operation. The exhibition Standard for a kris The exhibition will display examples and catalogue – both addressing the two Tabanan, Bali from all three parts of the Lombok ince January 2004, staff from both institutions’ collecting histories – are the Collected by W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp, treasure. Smuseums have been co-operating most visible results thus far. RMV 1586-142 in an intensive programme addressing Not all Indonesian rulers were at war storage facilities, registration, conser- Many similarities exist between the MNI with the Dutch; many tried to develop vation, training programmes, research and RMV collections as they often orig- friendly relations by exchanging gifts, and, last but not least, the creation of a inate from the same source. Finds from whose value depended on the receiver’s large-scale exhibition from the collec- archaeological sites or ethnographic col- status. Many colonial officers brought tions of both museums. Indonesia: The lections were often (not always) divided their gifts to the Bataviaasch Discovery of the Past enabled the project between the colony and the motherland. Genootschap, while others brought team to combine training with practical This is the central focus of the exhibi- some superb objects to Holland after results, providing a successful formula tion as well as of the preparatory retirement and donated (or sold) them research. The division of ethnographic to the museum in Leiden. collections became official policy in 1862, but collections were often sepa- Some Dutch developed an interest in rated before then. A team of curators ‘kunstnijverheid’ (applied art) at the end from both museums worked for two of the 19th and beginning of the 20th years to compare documentation, to century. G.P. Rouffaer, who together update information about the MNI col- with H.H. Juynboll wrote a standard lections from old Dutch sources, to work on batik, can be seen as part of this develop the storyline, and finally, to write tradition. Another important figure, J.E. the articles for the catalogue. Jasper, was a colonial officer who organized Jaarmarkten (annual markets), usu- The Museum Nasional is the successor ally in Batavia or Surabaya, where prod- of the Museum of the Bataviaasch ucts from all over the country were sold. Genootschap van Kunsten en Weten- Jasper worked with the Javanese artist schappen (Batavian Society of Arts and Mas Pirngadi to publish major volumes Sciences) founded in 1778 by VOC offi- on Inlandsche Kunstnijverheid (Local Arts cer J.C.M. Radermacher. The Dutch and Crafts). N. Adriani and A.C. Kruyt Society of Sciences began its activities of the Protestant Mission in Central in 1752; Radermacher proposed a Sulawesi documented, collected and branch in Batavia, which eventually stimulated trade in decorated barkcloth became the independent Bataviaasch from Central Sulawesi. Both the MNI Genootschap van Kunsten en Weten- and RMV collections include siga (head schappen. The Genootschap – a typical cloths) from Adriani and Kruyt with Enlightenment institution – stimulated their price tags still attached. research in the cultures and nature of the archipelago and collected archaeo- The exhibition and catalogue also focus logical and ethnographic material. Dur- on collecting in East Indonesia: scien- ing the English period in the early 19th tific expeditions such as the military century, Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles exploration of West New Guinea (A.J. backed the Genootschap’s activities, Interest in the archipelago went The Discovery of the Past displays objects Gooszen), and by missionaries (B.A.G. while Dutch authorities under King beyond the scientific. The last decades from these colonial wars from the col- Vroklage, P. Middelkoop), civil servants William I developed in the following of the 19th century saw European lections of both museums. The Lom- (J.G.F. Riedel, G.W.W.C. van Hoëvell) decades a keen interest in the cultures imperialism at its height, and although bok treasure is a special case. Found and scholars (P. Wirz). All contributed and nature of the East Indies. Although the search for ethnographic ‘treasures’ after the local ruler was defeated in to the collections of the Bataviaasch there was scientific interest, politics and was never used to justify military 1894, it was sent to Batavia; a part of it Genootschap and the RMV and can be economics were never far removed. involvement, some superb collections was later sent to Holland. In 1977 a seen in the exhibition in De Nieuwe were found in the palaces of local large part of the Dutch Lombok collec- Kerk. They reveal ªthe story of colonial Indonesia: The Discovery of the Past fea- rulers, in particular in North Sumatra tion was returned to Indonesia where collecting and of contact between Euro- tures some of the most spectacular and on Bali and Lombok. Indonesia: it is now part of the MNI collection. peans and local people. They tell a story Hindu-Buddhist statues collected in the of appreciation, but also a story of early 19th century. The main display image-building by means of collections. concentrates on the Singasari period They show images Europeans had of (end of the 13th century), including six ‘the other’ and – less explicitly – how large Singasari statues from the Leiden ‘the other’ thought of Europeans. On collection and the Prajnaparamita from this last issue, however, much more the Jakarta collection. Also included are research is necessary to understand how the finds of Muteran, Combre and Puger local people experienced the arrival of Wetan. In all cases the artefacts were the colonizer. < divided between Leiden and Batavia. Pieter ter Keurs C.B.H. Baron von Rosenberg is a good Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, Leiden example of an early collector of ethnographic material who played a major role in producing the first catalogue of Wayang kulit figure, For further information on this project the Bataviaasch Genootschap’s collec- Batara Brama, and upcoming exhibition please visit tions. Other 19th century scientific expe- Purwadipura, www.rmv.nl and www.nieuwekerk.nl. The ditions include those by the Natu- Central Java conference Collecting cultural heritage in Kris urkundige Commissie (Natural Science 1856, collected by Indonesia: ethics, sciences and politics, co- Badung, Bali Committee), the Nederlandsch Aardrijk- W.L.H.A. Harloff, organized by IIAS, will be held in Amster- Collected during the conquest skundig Genootschap (Dutch Geo- Painted leather, horn, dam, 23-25 March 2006. Contact person: of Badung in 1906, graphical Society) and A.W. Nieuwen- Length: 59 cm, Pieter ter Keurs: [email protected] RMV 1602-17 huis’ travels through Central Borneo. RMV 37-729

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 35 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-200517:15Pagina36 36 formance art contributes to the development Germany Greece T +81 3 5777 8600 of international performing art and also pow- House of World Cultures National Museum of Contemporary Art www.mori.art.museum > Arts agenda erfully asserts an acute sense of culture. The John-Foster-Dulles-Allee 10 Exhibition space: Athens School of Fine Arts exhibition is comprised of 58 pieces of artwork 10557 Berlin 256 Peiraios street, Ag. I. Rentis Until 9 January 2006 Carol Brash selected from over 300 entries. T +030 397870 T +30 210 9242111 2 Hiroshi Sugimoto: End of time www.hkw.de www.emst.gr In his art, Hiroshi Sugimoto attempts to highlight and expand our perception of such IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 December | #39 | Newsletter IIAS France National Museum of Asian Art - Guimet 23 March - 14 May 2006 Until 31 December 2005 abstract qualities as time, light, space, move- Australia Until 18 March 2006 6 Place d’Iéna Between past and future: new photography and Videographies - the early decades: from EMST`s ment, spirit, and the nature of reality. This The Art Gallery of New South Wales Xu Tan: Loose 75016 Paris video from China collection exhibition is the first chance to survey the Art Gallery Road, The Domain This is Xu Tan’s first solo exhibition in China. T +01-56 52 53 0 The House of World Cultures provides the The exhibition includes 80 representative sin- artist’s whole photographic body of work, Sydney NSW 2000 The exhibition will present five video installa- www.museeguimet.fr first comprehensive look at innovative pho- gle channel video works by some of the most made from the 1970s until present. It includes T +02 9225 1700 tions in a very loose manner, reflecting the tography and video produced in China since important video artists, including Mona his best-known works, such as the Dioramas, www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/ invisible conflicts of contemporary Chinese Until 13 February 2006 the mid-1990s. The exhibition features 130 Hatoum and Nam June Paik. It is a complete Seascapes, Theatres, Portraits, Architecture, Artssociety and culture.agendaArt treasures from Vietnam: sculpture from works by 60 Chinese artists and reflects the presentation of the basic post-formalist Sea of Buddha, and Conceptual forms. The 16 December 2005 - 29 January 2006 Champa enthusiastic adoption of media-based art by trends of contemporary international art, exhibition also includes the artist’s most Shirin Neshat Art Museum - The Chinese University of The Indian-influenced kingdoms of the Cham- younger Chinese artists. Their works, often which adopted this technological medium recent experiments: fusions of photography New York-based Iranian artist Shirin Neshat Hong Kong pa gave birth to the original form of art seen ambitious in scale and experimental in nature, from the middle of the 60s until the 80s. with architecture and traditional Noh theatre. describes her work as a visual discourse on Shatin, N.T. in this exhibition. This display introduces this reflect the range of individual responses to Colors of shadow, a new series of color photo- feminism and contemporary Islam. For this Hong Kong important aspect of Vietnam’s artistic her- changes taking place in China’s economy, Indonesia graphs of changing light in the artist’s studio, two-screen installation and series of photo- T +852-26097416 itage by bringing together three collections of society, and culture. Komaneka Fine Arts Gallery will have its world premiere. graphs she drew inspiration from Shahrnoush www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/amm/ Cham art: those of the Da Nang and Ho Chi Jl. Monkey Forest, Ubud Parsipour’s contemporary novel Women With- Minh-Ville museums in Vietnam and that of Museum of East Asian Art Gianyar 80571, Bali 28 January - 7 May 2006 out Men and the Koran. Until 5 February 2006 the Guimet museum. Many of the stone, Universitätsstraße 100 T +62 361 976090 Tokyo - Berlin/Berlin - Tokyo Elegance in relief: carved porcelain from wood, bronze, and silver sculptures exhibited D-50674 Cologne http://gallery.komaneka.com This exhibition explores the cultural contacts 26 January - 23 April 2006 Jingdezhen of the 19th to early 20th centuries here were made between the 4th and 16th T +0221 940518 0 between Tokyo and Berlin, and the develop- Unryuan: contemporary lacquer master Featuring masterpieces by Chen Guozhi, centuries. www.museenkoeln.de/english/ Until 4 January 2006 ment of these two cities as avant-garde cen- Kitamura Tatsuo, working under the art name Wang Bingrong, Li Yucheng, and others, this museum-fuer-ostasiatische-kunst/ Bali biennale 2005 at Komaneka ters of art and literature from the end of the Unryuan, specializes in the techniques, forms, display demonstrates the art of carved porce- Les Biennales de Lyon Theme: space and scape 19th century until present. and styles of traditional Japanese lacquer lain flourishing at Jingdezhen from the 19th 3 Rue du Président Edouard Herriot Until 15 January 2006 Bali Biennale - Astra Otoparts Art Award 2005 work. His fascination with the lacquer of the and early 20th centuries. Objects include 69001 Lyon Splendor of the sons of heaven - classical Chinese celebrates the cultural pulses and dynamics Korea Edo period (1615-1868) inspires him to emu- brush pots, vermilion boxes, paperweights, T + 04 72 07 41 41 carpets 1400-1750 that enliven the visual arts in Bali. With ‘Space National Museum of Contemporary Art late the technical sophistication and bold incense holders, vases, table screens, and www.biennale-de-lyon.org This first major exhibition on this little-known and scape’ as the main theme, the exhibition San 58-1 (Gwangmyeong-gil 209) approach to design characteristic of the peri- snuff bottles. The pieces are selected from subject brings together 60 rare masterpieces acknowledges a wide range of cultural explo- Makgye-dong, Gwacheon-si, Gyeonggi od. His works include writing cases, incense private and public collections worldwide. Until 31 December 2005 from European and American museum and rations and highlights the cultural openness T + 2 2188 6000 boxes, tea wares, inro containers and netsuke Lyon biennial of contemporary art 2005: private collections. It includes examples of the of the island. www.moca.go.kr toggles. University Museum and Art Gallery experiencing duration oldest extant Chinese carpets, at least three The University of Hong Kong Controlling the duration and the time proto- monumental imperial palace examples from Italy Until 30 January 2006 10 February - 26 March 2006 94 Bonham Road, Pokfulam cols of exhibition has, like the controlling of the 16th century, and examples from the 17th Multiple venues in Turin including: Cubism in Asia Yukinori Yanagi T +852 2241 5500 space, become a major aesthetic issue. This and 18th centuries which demonstrate the fur- Castello di Rivoli Museo d’Arte Contempo- Aiming to present the Cubist style that was Yukinori Yanagi explores questions of nation- www.hku.hk/hkumag/main.html biennial seeks to reaffirm that a work of art is ther development of carpet design. The car- ranea, Casa del Conte Verde, Chiesa di Santa popular throughout Asia from the 1920s until alism and cultural identity through two of an event before being a monument or a sim- pets were made in the regions of Ningxia and Croce, Fondazione Sandretto Re Rebaudengo, the 1960s, this exhibition, for the first time in Japan’s best-known national symbols: the Until 26 February 2006 ple testimony and that art is an experience Gansu. Examples of other works of art will be GAM Galleria Civica d’Arte Moderna e Korea, introduces 130 pieces from 11 Asian

chrysanthemum crest (emblem of the imperi- Heavenly creations: an exhibition of Chinese that engages the spectator. The biennial juxtaposed to show how similar patterns were Contemporanea, Fondazione Merz, and countries: Korea, China, Japan, India, Sri International arts agenda > al family) and the hinomaru, the rising sun of snuff bottles includes work by Paul Chan, Surasi Kusol- used in other media. ‘PalaFuksas’ Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Thai- the Japanese flag. When the Kangxi emperor began using snuff, wong, Michael Minghong Lin, Jun Nguyen- www.torinotriennale.it land, Philippines and Vietnam. he spawned a passion among aristocratic cir- Hatsushiba, Yoko Ono, Rirkrit Triavanija, and Museum of Indian Art Canada cles for its container. These bottles were ele- Du Wang. Lansstraße 8 Until 19 March 2006 the Netherlands Art Gallery of Greater Victoria vated to an exquisite miniature art form. This Berlin-Dahlem Turin Triennial Muziekgebouw aan’t IJ 1040 Moss Street exhibition will feature over 300 snuff bottles T +030 8301 361 Each edition of the Turin-based triennial exhi- Piet Heinkade 1 Victoria, British Columbia V8V 4P1 from the collections of five Hong Kong con- www.smb.spk-berlin.de/mik/e/s.html bition of contemporary art will have two sec- 1019 BR Amsterdam T +1 250 384.4101 noisseurs, including bottles made of glass, tions: one showing original experimental T + 020 788 20 10 http://aggv.bc.ca/ porcelain, jade, quartz, and other soft stones; Until 29 January 2006 works by 75 artists from all over the world and www.muziekgebouw.nl organic materials, inside-painted glass, and Unknown Tibet - Treasures from Buddhist the second consisting of two solo exhibitions Until 15 January 2006 rock crystal, and bottles of both imperial and monasteries to celebrate the work of two young, mid-career Until 1 January 2006 Images from the tomb: Chinese burial figurines non-imperial origins. These valuable metalworks from Tibetan artists. The first edition, T1, is entitled The Star Ferry Movements Chinese burial figurines reveal ancient monasteries now in the Spuhler collection are Pantagruel Syndrome. Paintings, sculptures, Part of the Hong Kong China Festival Chinese beliefs about death and the supernat- The Macau Museum of Art being displayed to the public for the first time. photographs, installations, videos, perform- Dutch photographers Ting Chan and Yee Ling ural world, and can also provide insight into Macao Cultural Centre, Gilded metal hinge straps and doorknockers ances, sound projects and collective and Tang (both born in 1972) have selected work the lives of these people. The Art Gallery’s Av. Xian Xing Hai, s/n, NAPE from red lacquer-coated monastery portals anonymous projects explore our Pantagru- that shows two different aspects of the inter- collection of tomb figurines spans a period Macau are impressive for their rich use of Buddhist elian universe. Included are works by Tamy action between China and the Netherlands. from the 2nd century BC through the Ming T +853-791 9814, 853-791 9800 symbols and reflect temple wealth. Also Ben-Tor, Xiaoyun Chen, Hochul Choi, Anmy With the theme ‘Double blood’, Ting Chan dynasty (1368-1644). This exhibition also www.artmuseum.gov.mo included are mountings and hinges for Le, Nalini Malani, Takashi Murakami, Sejin confronts the ethnic mix which is the visible includes a recent addition: a Tang dynasty chests, horse saddles, harnesses and other Park, Li Pi, Wit Pimkanchanapong, Ana result of Chinese immigration to Holland. Yee (618-906) prancing horse. Until 19 February 2006 leather horse fittings, and small boxes for Prvacki, Araya Rasdjarmrearnsook, Ling Tang presents a reflective double portrait Inward gazes: documentaries of Chinese valuables and ritual objects. The combination Porntaweesak Rimsakul, and Ahlam Shibli. about hectic and lively Hong Kong. China performance art of Central Asian, Indian, Nepalese, Chinese, Vitamin Creative Space ‘Inward Gazes’ is derived from Chapter 54 of and Islamic style elements reflect the numer- Japan The Nieuwe Kerk 301, 29 Hengyijie Chigangxilu the Dao De Jing by Laozi. The body is an ous cultural and artistic influences which Mori Art Museum Dam Square Haizhuqu, 510300 Guangzhou important subject of mutual discovery, con- shaped Tibetan art. 53F Roppongi Hills Mori Tower Amsterdam T +86 20 84296760 tact, care, encouragement, resistance, inter- China: the three emperors, 1662-1795 6-10-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku T +020 638 69 09 www.vitamincreativespace.com change and introspection. Today, Chinese per- Royal Academy of Arts, London, UK Tokyo 106-6150 www.nieuwekerk.nl/en/index.htm IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:16 Pagina 37

> International arts agenda Japan Society Japan Street 47th East 333 10017 NY York, New 3015 752 212 + T www.japansociety.org 2006 February 19 Until history of history Sugimoto: Hiroshi photo his for best-known is Sugimoto Hiroshi drive-ins, and theaters movie empty of series This museums. wax and dioramas, seascapes, exquisitely Sugimoto’s juxtaposes exhibition photogra- the from selected works, minimalist fossils, with series, recent most and past pher’s from ranging artefacts religious and artworks from drawn all century, 15th the to prehistoric extended an is result The collection. own his per- as spirituality and life time, of exploration history. and nature of contexts the in ceived Art of Museum Simon Norton Boulevard Colorado W. 411 91101 California Pasadena, 6840 449 +626 T www.nortonsimon.org 2006 March 27 Until mother nurturing goddess, avenging Durga: of incarnations the explores exhibition This on focusing Goddess, Great Hindu the artworks 70 Approximately Durga. of images Asia Southeast and Nepal, Tibet, India, from on works rare them among featured, are folding and folios watercolor including paper exceptional and altar, festival a manuscripts, which of many sculpture, stone and bronze These public. the by seen been never have God- the of nature dual the illustrate works fear- a and mother nurturing a both as dess warrior. some Museum Textile The NW Street, S 2320 20008-4088 DC Washington, 0441 +202-667 T www.textilemuseum.org/ 2006 February 12 Until Japan of masters Rozome con- 15 of work the features exhibition This folding including - artists Japanese temporary creat- all - kimono and panels scrolls, screens, tech- dyeing wax-resist a rozome, using ed culture, Japanese ancient in Rooted nique. resist-dyeing other by eclipsed was rozome 20th- by embraced been has but methods, artists. Japanese century 2006 February 26 Until -century 19th of attire splendid leather: & Silk Asia Central ruling the by worn accessories and Garments Turk- of elites nomadic and urban and class Tajikistan, Kirgizstan, Uzbekistan, menistan, this of focus the are Kazakhstan of part and as well as coats outstanding Six exhibition. children’s covers, pigtail belts, boots, hats, reflect veils and pouches, purses, clothing, use multifaceted and production copious the tex- of blossoming the and leather and silk of in century 19th the during arts related and tile Asia. Central - routinely juxtapose traditional objects or objects traditional juxtapose routinely - references. modern with images iconic House of oracles: a Huang Yong Ping retrospective Ping Yong Huang a oracles: of House USA Minneapolis, Center, Art Walker Museum Essex Peabody Square India East 01970-3783 MA Salem, 1876 745 866 9500, 745 +978 T www.pem.org/ 2006 July 23 Until Mahal Taj of complex surrounding its and Mahal Taj The of one remain courtyards and gates, gardens, monu- architectural greatest world’s the and photographs, drawings, Paintings, ments. explore collection museum’s the from models remarkable this of appeal and architecture the site. Museum and Society Asia Street) 70th (at Avenue Park 725 10021 NY York, New 6400 288 +212 T www.asiasociety.org 2006 April 16 - 2005 December 14 Vietnam of arts Ancient and geographic, historical, full the Exploring through Vietnam of dimensions cultural exhi- this art, fine of objects 150 approximately cultural of hub a as country the reveals bition prehis- the from interchange commercial and BC millennium first the in period toric the from works Early century. 18th the through culture Son Dong the and culture Huynh Sa contain that jars burial elegant large include bronze and axes, iron adzes, stone polished of beads jewelry, drums, as such artifacts Gold gold. and glass, stones, semiprecious stones semi-precious and precious jewellery, and Funan of kingdom the in Eo Oc from are metalwork and sculpture ceramics, Cham exhibi- the of section final The included. also An Hoi of centre trade active the at looks tion the at and centuries 18th to 16th the from central and northern in produced ceramics Vietnam. Until 22 January 2006 January 22 Until death life, self, Araki: Nobuyoshi taboos social documents Araki Nobuyoshi exhibi- This death. and sexuality surrounding Japanese contemporary encompasses tion old of scenes poetic from ranging sub-culture urban of side dark the from images to Tokyo life. Arts of Academy Royal Piccadilly House, Burlington 0BD W1J London 8000 7300 +020 T www.royalacademy.org.uk/ 2006 January 17 Until I part architecture Chinese Contemporary devel- and building rapid undergoing is China in force dominant a becoming is and opment by propelled is This architecture. of future the as such events international major on focus a occurring is and Olympics Beijing 2008 the domestic extraordinary of dynamics the within depicts series two-part a in first This change. sponta- of series a through processes these impressions. photographic neous 2006 April 17 Until 1662-1795 emperors, three the China: the to devoted is exhibition magnificent This China. imperial of riches cultural and artistic emperors, three of reigns the Spanning focuses it Qianlong, and Yongzheng Kangxi, last China’s of rulers powerful most the on col- the from mainly Drawn Qing. the dynasty: this Beijing, in Museum Palace the of lections major- the works, 370 over includes exhibition Europe. in seen been never have which of ity Museum Albert and Victoria Kensington South Road, Cromwell 2RL SW7 London 2000 7942 +020 T www.vam.ac.uk 2006 January 15 Until and photography new future: and past Between China from video Cul- World of House under description See Berlin. tures, States United Center Art Walker Avenue Hennepin 1750 55403 Minnesota Minneapolis, 7600 375 +0612 T www.walkerart.org 2006 January 15 Until Ping Yong Huang a oracles: of House retrospective retrospective first the presents exhibition This Chinese contemporary this of work the of and traditions diverse with Working artist. artis- an created has Ping Yong Huang media, installa- provocative of comprised universe tic reconsider to viewer the challenge that tions national to art, of idea the from everything sculptures Huang’s history. recent to identity, of legacies the on drawing - installations and as Cage John and Povera, Arte Beuys, Joseph philosophy and art Chinese traditional as well and ; two ; of the of . century China. The China. century th A Manual of Birds of Manual A and 19 and th Illustrated Album of Sea Ornaments Sea of Album Illustrated Illustrated Album of the Miao People Miao the of Album Illustrated tion provides a comprehensive view of the of view comprehensive a provides tion 20th the since art Taiwanese of development century. anonymous albums describing sea creatures sea describing albums anonymous titled The National Palace Museum Palace National The 2, Sec Rd. Chih-shan 221 Taipei 2021 2881 +02 T www.npm.gov.tw/index.htm 2006 January 25 Until at knowledge and art form: of aesthetics and Art court dynasty Qing the animals of paintings court ages, the Through This court. the to tribute a as presented were under- and appreciation an offers exhibition and art between interaction the of standing 18 in science Oddities Sea of Record Illustrated Thailand Gallery Queen’s The Bowonniwet Rd., Klang Ratchadamnoen 101 Bangkok Nakhon, Phra 1 5360 281 +662 T www.queengallery.org 2006 January 24 Until art of Spirit commitment, stamina, Emjaroen’s Pratuang series historic his in evident are creativity and leaf, lotus on drops Dew Universe, works: of Lotus- and rainbow, Grain river, the of Magic exhibition This consciousness. of essence to 1963-2005 from works Pratuang’s compiles creative his of step each record and reflect and drawings, paintings, oil including path, the features also exhibition The poems. 2004-2005. in created paintings artist’s Turkey Modern Istanbul Sahasi Liman Cad. Mebusan Meclis-i Istanbul - Karakoy No:4 Antrepo 00 73 334 +212 T www.istanbulmodern.org 2006 January 8 Until gravity of Centre celebration the with coincides exhibition This and Biennial Istanbul International 9th the of artists international The events. cultural other common invisible an by united works present the in either equilibrium, on reflection thread: the or cultural, the psychological, the physical, Ghada by works Includes sphere. political Kapoor. Anish and Amer Kingdom United Gallery Art Barbican Centre Barbican Street Silk 8DS EC2Y London 4141 7638 020 + T www.barbican.org.uk focus is on the Qing period, including several including period, Qing the on is focus as such albums, Qianlong period; the depiction of minorities of depiction the period; Qianlong in Gao emphasizes the contemplation of the of contemplation the emphasizes Gao painting. of crux the as vision inner Asian Civilisations Museum Civilisations Asian Place Empress 1 179555 Singapore 7798 6332 +65 T www.nhb.gov.sg/ACM/about_overview.shtml 2006 April 9 Until priests and rulers for textiles dressing: Power collection Hall Chris the from Warring the from treasures silken 125 With this century, 20th early the to period States inner the to you brings display extensive relations Power City. Forbidden the of courts highlighted are beyond and China within Works silks. these of splendour the through and robes, priests’ robes, dragon include hangings. many Switzerland of University the of Museum Ethnographic Zurich 40 Pelikanstrasse Zürich CH-8001 11 90 634 +044 T www.musethno.unizh.ch/ 2006 April 30 Until Lamas Dalai The Holiness His with coincides exhibition The fea- It anniversary. 70th Lama’s Dalai 14th the of statue one and thangka one least at tures display on Also Lamas. Dalai 14 the of each silk large (including documents written be will depict- scrolls seals), impressive with scrolls Lama, Dalai the of deities protective the ing Dalai (the Palace Potala of representations and given gifts residence), winter Lamas’ and letters, rare Lamas, Dalai the by received photographs. old Newsletter.) this in 14-15 pp. (See Taiwan Museum Arts Fine Taipei 3, Sec. Road, N. ZhongShan 181, 104 Taipei 7656 2595 +02 T [email protected] www.tfam.gov.tw 2006 January 8 Until variations metropolitan - land Alien urban- and industrialization the reconsider To rela- the as well as cities, Taiwan’s of ization inhabitants, its and city the between tionship topic the under pieces gathers exhibition this Taiwanese from are which works, The ‘city’. of three into divided are artists, overseas and and spaces, Lost cities, Geometric categories: of layers many The wonderland. Hard-boiled to presented are residents its and city the art modern the from experience city the show perspective. 2006 January 22 Until the from highlights treasures: of Century collection permanent Arts Fine Taipei the 1983, in founding its Since collec- permanent a established has Museum exhibi- This artworks. 3,800 than more of tion is the first the is Gao Xingjian experience Xingjian Gao retrospective exhibition on the Nobel Prize Nobel the on exhibition retrospective novelist acclaimed An Asia. in work Laureate’s ink his for known also is Gao playwright, and anoth- as works ink the to Referring paintings. output, literary his to expression of mode er Until 17 April 2006 April 17 Until past the of discovery the Indonesia: col- the of history the presents exhibition The her- Indonesian of distribution the and lection Soci- Batavian the by together brought itage result a as grew collection society’s This ety. pas- the expeditions, military and scientific of gover- as such collectors individual of sions nors and princes from gifts and missionaries, and Indone- or family royal Dutch the to sultans masterpieces hundred three Over rulers. sian in Indonesia of Museum National the from Ethnolo- of Museum National the and Jakarta Lei- in Volkenkunde) voor (Rijksmuseum gy sculp- large six including display, on are den century), (13th period Singasari the from tures treasures palace and finds gold important as well as Bali, and Lombok, Sulawesi, from East and West from ethnographica unique 35 p. (See Guinea. New including Indonesia, Newsletter.) this in Museum Stedelijk 5 Oosterdokskade Amsterdam AD 1011 911 5732 +020 T www.stedelijk.nl 2006 January 15 Until videos and films recent Fudong, Yang in born Fudong, Yang artist Shanghai-based lived who generation the of part is 1971, contemporary in changes radical the through work his in theme recurring A society. Chinese values ethical and emotion of loss the is fea- exhibition This generation. his among pho- of series two and works video eight tures between difference the examining tographs, western more modern, the and China Maoist vari- uses Fudong developing. is that society concentrating narrative, no but styles ous or close-ups, impressions, visual on instead texts. spoken occasional with panoramas wide Singapore Museum Art Singapore Road Basah Bras 71 189555 Singapore 3323215 +65 T www.nhb.gov.sg/SAM 2006 January 1 Until Blink! the on perspective a presents exhibition This Singapore’s of changes social and physical to 1965 before just from years nation-building land- eye, an of blink a in Almost present. the Blink, changed. have history social of marks and places and life, people, at look a take and at pace the and change about think to pause occurred. has it which 2006 February 7 Until experience Jingxian Gao to works new ten with works ink 60 Featuring unveiled, be

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> International conference agenda 7 March 2006 March 7 France Paris, antagonisme, sinisation: et Islamisation complémentarité? (CNRS) Allès Elizabeth speaker: - CNRS CNRS, Lasema-CNRS, by organized EFEO X, Paris Université Picard Michel & Meyer Fernand convenor(s): www.cnrs.fr information: 2006 March 12 States United Berkeley, Nepal monarchy: the and Maoists Democrats, crossroads the at Nepal on symposium affairs public Studies, Asia South for Center by organized Berkeley California, of University information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/nepal.html 2006 March 20 - March 18 India Mumbai, conference corporate Asian 16th Society’s Asia conference and Company & Jones Dow by co-organized (CII) Industry Indian of Confederation the www.asiasociety.org/conference/ information: 2006 March 24 - 22 Singapore the in religion society: civil of unravelling The world modern the of unmaking and making conference Institute, Research Asia by organized Singapore of University National [email protected] information: www.ari.nus.edu.sg/conf2006/ucs.htm 2006 March 24 - 22 States United Diego, San International and divide North-South The Studies convention ISA annual 47th www.isa.org information: 2006 March 25 - 23 Netherlands the Amsterdam, Indonesia:ethics, in heritage cultural Collecting politics and sciences conference Keurs ter Pieter contact: [email protected] 20 - 24 February 2006 February 24 - 20 Argentina Aires, Buenos - Science Social the on forum International nexus policy workshop Government the and UNESCO by organized Argentina of [email protected] information: http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en 2006 February 24 - 23 Singapore global and identities local Asia: in Naming change conference Institute Research Asia by organized Yangwen, Zheng Macdonald, Charles contact: Reid Anthony [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], www.ari.nus.edu.sg/conf2006.naming.htm 2006 February 25 - 24 States United Chicago, in polity unified a of visions empire: Imagining present the to antiquity from Southasia student graduate Asia South annual third conference and Languages Asian South by organized Asian Southern on Committee Civilizations Chicago of University Studies [email protected] information: http://sagsc.uchicago.edu/ 2006 February 27 - 25 Cambodia Riep, Siem comparing Asia: Southeast mainland Rethinking challenges cultural and social conference Studies Khmer for Center by organized [email protected] information: 2006 March 2006 March 4 - 2 Indonesia Surabaya, vernacular in knowledge local Rethinking in place of concept the anchoring settlements: world post-global and post-dissaster the vernacular on seminar international third settlement [email protected] information: http://architecture.petra.ac.id/ISVS3-06/ annual South Asia conference Asia South annual st February 2006 February 2006 February 5 - 3 India Kolkatta, culture society, history, diaspora: Armenian The networks trading and seminar Chaudhury. Sushil convenor(s): University Calcutta by organized [email protected] information: 2006 February 4 States United Berkeley, a in coexistence social and hybridity Discursive slum Bombay lecture Fuchs Martin speaker: Studies, Asia South for Center by organized Berkeley California, of University information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/fuchs.html 2006 February 9 - 7 India Delhi, New global new a for paradigms Asia: East and India order seminar Prakash Shri & Thakur Ravni contact: & [email protected] [email protected] 2006 February 10 - 7 Netherlands the Leiden, Asia Southeast in folk’ ‘wild of Images masterclass IIAS Forth Gregory convenor(s): IIAS by organized Osseweijer Manon contact: [email protected] 2006 February 11 - 9 Netherlands the Amsterdam, and Leiden America Latin and Asia in insurgencies Maoist seminar Shrestha-Schipper Satya convenor(s): IIAS/IISG by organized Rozing Marloes contact: [email protected] 2006 February 18 - 17 States United Berkeley, 21 Studies, Asia South for Center by organized Berkeley California, of University berkeley.edu at csasevnt information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/conference/conference.html 10 January 2006 January 10 France Paris, de sinisation/hanisation la conçue est Comment Chine? la lecture (EHESS) Thoraval Joël speaker: - CNRS CNRS, Lasema-CNRS, by organized EFEO X, Paris Université Picard. Michel & Meyer Fernand convenor(s): www.cnrs.fr information: 2006 January 14 - 12 Thailand Thammarat, Si Nakhon Asia Southeast and Europe in Islam of Voices workshop ASEF-Alliance (Walailak Dulyakasem Uthai convenor(s): of (Univ. Chou Cynthia & Thailand) Univ. Copenhagen) [email protected] information: 2006 January 13 Netherlands the Leiden, and South of ceramics earth: Asian From Asia Southeast seminar Raven, Ellen convenor(s): Boer Theuns-de Gerda IIAS/ABIA by organized Feldberg Wouter contact: [email protected] 2006 January 20 - 18 Singapore tech- and religion on workshop graduate Fourth Asia contemporary in nology Institute Research Asia Ramsay Jacob and Lim Francis convenor(s): [email protected] 2006 January 24 France Paris, Insulinde? en sinisation de parler Peut-on (CNRS) Salmon Claudine speaker: - CNRS CNRS, Lasema-CNRS, by organized EFEO X, Paris Université Picard. Michel & Meyer Fernand convenor(s): www.cnrs.fr information: 2006 January 28 States United Berkeley, Symposium Security Pakistan Studies, Asia South for Center by organized California of University information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/pakss.html January 2006 January 2006 April - January Netherlands the Amsterdam, Challenge Asian The Seminar Muller SWR-Hendrik eighth and Veer der van Peter convenor(s): Buijs Govert KNAW by organized www.knaw.nl information: 2006 January 1 Denmark Copenhagen, Chinese China? in made Responsibly responsibility social corporate & development workshop Business Copenhagen and NIAS by organized School information: http://nias.ku/activities/conferences/htm 2006 January 7 - 5 Singapore Singapore, and security social move: the on Pensioners and Asia in migration retirement transborder Europa workshop ASEF-Alliance of University (National Mika convenor(s): (Radboud Böcker Anita and Singapore) Nijmegen) Universiteit [email protected] information: 2006 January 9 - 5 China Kong, Hong China on seminar graduate annual Second (GSOC) Service Universities and NIAS by organized Chinese the of Studies China for Centre China South its and Kong Hong of University Programme. www.nias.ku.dk information: 2006 January 9 Netherlands the Amsterdam, (DPRN) Network Review Policy Development Meeting Asia South seminar IIAS/ASiA by organized Schijndel van Peggy contact: [email protected] 2006 January 10 - 9 Cambodia Riep, Siem in medicine of history on conference First Asia Southeast Studies Khmer for Center by organized www.khmerstudies.org information: - a journal about women and women about journal a - Manushi society information: [email protected] December 2005 December 2005 December 16 Netherlands the Amsterdam, (DPRN) Network Review Policy Development Meeting Asia Southeast seminar Universiteit IIAS/Vrije by organized Stremmelaar Josine contact: [email protected] 2005 December 18 - 16 Thailand Bangkok, region Pacific Asia the in securities Human Asia-Pacific the of conference seventh Association Sociological www.asiapacificsociology.org information: 2005 December 20 - 17 India Delhi, New civilization Indic the in cultures and Religions conference international second (IsNew) Network Studies Indic by organized and 2005 December 19 Netherlands Amsterdam, democratic and stability social Towards to challenges Eurasia: Central in governance security regional presentation book Morozova Irina convenor(s): IIAS by organized Rozing Marloes contact: [email protected] 2005 December 19 China Kong, Hong interdisci- Delta: River Pearl the of challenge The dynamics global-local its for approach plinenary conference Hong Science Social of Division by organized Technology and Science of University Kong information: http://ihome.ust.hk/~demologo/ 2005 December 24 - 22 India Varanasi, a in education their and youth, Children, India globalizing Postcolonial for Centre by organized Education Setty Rohit organizer: [email protected] > International conference agenda conference International > Agenda

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> International conference agenda You can increase public awareness of your of awareness public increase can You conference in this newsletter and in the con- your submitting by Asia Agenda online www.iias.nl/portal/ to details ference September 2006 September 2006 September 9 - 7 Singapore in tourism rethinking origin: Asian Of Asia contemporary [email protected] information: www.ari.nus.edu.sg/conf2006/tourism.htm 2006. September 26 - 25 India Goa, for techniques GIS and sensing Remote Gi4DM: disasters predicting and monitoring geo- on symposium international second management disaster for information Remote for Society Indian the by organized FIG, AGILE, with cooperation in Sensing UNOOSA TUDelft, ORNC, ISPRS, www.commission4.isprs.org information: 2006 October 2006 October 20 States United Berkeley, Asia in state Islamic new a Founding lecture Uberoi Singh Jit speaker: Studies, Asia South for Center by organized California of University information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/uberoi.html 2006 November 2006 November 12 - 11 States United Berkeley, in studies Punjab and Sikh culture: Translating perspective global conference Studies Asia South for Center by organized Asia Southeast and South of Department and California of University Studies, Nijhawan Michael contact: [email protected] http://ias.berkeley.edu/southasia/ translatingculture.html July 2006 July 2006 July 14 - 10 Kingdom United Edinburgh, conference Sanskrit world 13th of Association International by organized Studies Asian and (IASS) Studies Sanskrit Edinburgh of University The (LLC), [email protected] [email protected] www/arts/ed/ac/uk/sanskrit/13thWSC 2006 August 2006 August 2 - 1 USA Chicago, Asian of Association the of conference Annual (AAP) Performance [email protected] information: www.yavanika.org/aaponline/ 2006 August 4 - 3 Singapore 2005 to 1800 Asia, in place China’s Rationalising conference Hong Liu & Yangwen Zheng convenor(s): Institute Research Asia by organized information: [email protected] & [email protected] 2006 August 23 - 20 China Beijing, for implications Asia: new the and Tourism practice and policy research, [email protected] information: www.pkutourism.com/news/map/ conference2006.htm 2006 August 26 - 24 Senegal Dakar, politics religion, South: global the and Youths the and Asia Africa, in youth of making the and East Middle conference (ASC), Centre Studies African by organized CODESRIA IIAS, ISIM, Ossewiejer Manon contact: [email protected] 2006 August 26 - 25 Australia Canberra, aboard and home at missionaries: Asia-Pacific history missionary ANU biennual second conference University National Australian convenor(s): NIAP by organized [email protected] information: 2006 September 2 - August 27 Germany Bonn, / Königswinter for Association International the of seminar 11th Studies Tibetan [email protected] information: www.iats2006.uni-bonn.de 24 - 25 June 2006 June 25 - 24 China Beijing, and efficiency energy of cooperation global The impediments its CASS with cooperation in workshop, EPA Dan Shi and Amineh Mehdi convenor(s): Industrial of (Institute IIAS/CASS organizer: Economics) Amineh Mehdi contact: [email protected] 2006 June 27 - 25 Singapore 1850-2000 state, Chinese nation, Chinese Society Historical the of conference biannual China Century Twentieth the for Institute Research Asia by organized Dubois Thomas contact: [email protected] 2006 June 29 - 26 Australia Wollongong, of critiques from reconstructed: Asia studies postdoctoral to development ASAA the of conference biennial 16th Vickers Adrian convenor(s): [email protected] information: www.uow.edu.au/arts/conferences/asaa/index.html 2006 June 28 27- Kingdom United Manchester, Asian South on conference international Third culture popular information: [email protected] www.arts.manchester.ac.uk/subjectareas/ drama/research/centreforscreenstudies/ conferences/ 2006 June 30 - 27 Netherlands the Leiden, South modern on conference European 19th studies Asian Kolff Dirk convenor(s): IIAS by organized Rozing Marloes contact: [email protected] www.easas.org 2006 July 1 - June 29 Germany Münster, and identity cultural of articulation ritual The Indonesia in order socio-political Platenkamp Jos convenor: Platenkamp Jos contact: [email protected] 19 - 20 May 2006 May 20 - 19 Kingdom United London, contemporary and historical away: and Home perspectives Gujarat the of conference biennial first Association Studies [email protected] information: www.gujaratstudies.org/ 2006 May 30 - 29 Netherlands the Leiden, pre-modern in sciences exact and Empires Eurasia seminar Hogendijk Jan Plofker, Kim convenor(s): IIAS by organized Rozing Marloes contact: [email protected] 2006 May 31 - 29 Netherlands the Leiden, history’? of ‘dharma a there Is seminar Schneider Axel convenor(s): University IIAS/Leiden by organized Aalderink Karin contact: [email protected] 2006 May 31 - 29 India Kolkata, in conservation environmental of Concept India ancient [email protected] information: 2006 June 2 - May 30 Netherlands the Leiden, Asia pre-colonial in history Intellectual masterclass Pollock Sheldon convenor(s): IIAS by organized Osseweijer Manon contact: [email protected] 2006 June 2006 June 1 Vietnam Thout, Ma Buon tenure land Asian in communal the Locating workshop ASEF-Alliance (Humbolt Sikor Thomas convenor(s): Nguyen (Tay Vui Tan Nguyen & University) University) [email protected] information: 2006 June 18 - 14 Germany Bochum, 20th and 19th mining: of history social The century seminar advanced graduate European ESTER by organized Social and Economic in Training for School Research historical Tenfelde Klaus contact: [email protected] www.rug.nl/posthumus/eSTERInternational Program 27 - 30 April 2006 April 30 - 27 States United Austin, medicine Asian traditonal in subtance and Sense congress international sixth the for Association International by organized Medicine Asian Traditional of Study www.iastam.org/coferences.htm information: 2006 April 29 States United Cambridge, student graduate studies Korean annual 10th conference Harvard Institute Korea by organized University Cho Jean Sue contact: [email protected]. www.fas.harvard.edu/~korea/ksgsc/index.html 2005 May 1 - April 30 States United Berkeley, & transmission imagination, invention, Koyil: Nadu Tamil of temples the Conference Tamil U.C.Berkeley Little Layne contact: [email protected] http://tamil.berkeley.edu/TamilConference %202005/tamilweb.htm 2006 May 2006 May 13 - 11 Lithuania Vilnius, transition in cultures and memory Cultural [email protected] www.oc.vu.lt/confer_eng_3.html 2006 May 13 - 12 Singapore of processes historical the expansions: Asian Asia in expansion polity workshop Institute Research Asia by organized information: www.ari.nus.edu.sg/conf2006/expansion.htm 2006 May 15 - 12 Netherlands the Leiden, Worlds and Korea writing and Imagining Haboush, Kim Hyun Ja convenor(s): Eggert Marion Walraven, Boudewijn Walraven Boudewijn contact: [email protected] 2006 May 20 - 18 Netherlands the Leiden, an in langugages artificial of generosity The perspective Asian seminar Stokhof, Martin Staal, Frits convenor(s): Benthem van Johan Stokhof, Wim IIAS by organized Rozing Marloes contact: [email protected] 27 - 29 March 2006 March 29 - 27 Germany Bonn, action to concept From early on conference international third warning III EWC by organized Stevens David contact: [email protected] 2006 March 31 - 27 Netherlands the Leiden, linguistics Chinese in springschool EACL First masterclass Sybesma Rint convenor(s): for Association European by organized Linguistics Chinese Sybesma Rint contact: [email protected] http://dbs.rub.de/EACLdat/default_en.htm 2006 April 1 - March 31 Netherlands the Leiden, soci- hill changing of understanding an Towards India Northeastern of eties Maaker de Erik (s): Convenor Maaker de Erik : Contact [email protected] 2006 April 2006 April 6 States United Berkeley, field the of states studies: Vietnam [email protected] information: http://ias.berkeley.edu/cseas 2006 April 9 - 6 States United Francisco, San meeting annual AAS www.asianst.org information: 2006 April 20 - 18 Vietnam City, Minh Chi Ho quality for search the Education/training: conference international [email protected] information: www.educationhcm.com 2006 April 23 - 21 States United Lisle, conference ASIANetwork annual 14th Bohr Richard P. contact: [email protected] 2006 April 28 - 27 Netherlands the Leiden, city Indonesian the of decolonisation The African) and (Asian comparative in (1930-1960) perspective KITLV and NIOD by organized Colombijn Freek contact: [email protected]

IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005 39 IIAS_NL#39 09-12-2005 17:18 Pagina 40

Staff Board IIAS Extraordinary Chairs Wim Stokhof (Director) Prof. P. van der Veer - Chairman (Utrecht University) Prof. H.G.C. Schulte Nordholt (the Netherlands) > Colophon Ilko Batakliev (WWW) Prof. P. Spyer (Leiden University) Special Chair at the Erasmus University Rotterdam Amis Boersma (Project Coordinator) Prof. B.J. ter Haar (Leiden University) ‘Asian History’ Ines van Dijk (Secretary) Dr J. de Jong (Groningen University) 1 October 1999 - 1 October 2007 Wouter Feldberg (Fellow Programme Coordinator) Prof. M. van der Linden (IISG/University of Amsterdam) Winda Handajani (Database Assistant) Prof. M. Sparreboom (Erasmus University, Rotterdam) Prof. H. Steinhauer (the Netherlands) Manuel Haneveld (IT-Manager) Special Chair at Nijmegen University Takeo David Hymans (Managing Editor) Academic Committee ‘Ethnolinguistics with a focus on Southeast Asia’ Natasja Kershof (Editor) Prof. T. Atabaki (IISG/University of Amsterdam) 1 September 1998 - 1 September 2006 Roald Maliangkay (Coordinator, Branch Office Amsterdam) Dr E.W. Ball (Free University, Amsterdam) Heleen van der Minne (Secretary, Branch Office Amsterdam) Prof. H. Beukers (Leiden University) Manon Osseweijer (Coordinator of Academic Affairs) Prof. P.P.S. Ho (University of Groningen) IIAS Newsletter #39 Anne-Marie Petit (Secretary) Dr G. Persoon - Chairman (Leiden University) Winter 2005 Joost Postma (Database Programmer) Prof. C.I. Risseeuw (Leiden University) Anouschka Premchand (Office Assistant) Prof. B.C.A.Walraven (Leiden University) International Institute for Asian Studies Marloes Rozing (Financial Manager, Seminar Coordinator) P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands Josine Stremmelaar (Executive Manager) T +31-71-527 2227 Paul van der Velde (Senior Consultant) F +31-71-527 4162 Shaoqing Wang (Trainee) [email protected]

> IIAS Staff IIAS > Editors Takeo David Hymans & Natasja Kershof Staff

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40 IIAS Newsletter | #39 | December 2005