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Universidade Estadual De Campinas Instituto De Artes UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE ARTES IRANI DA CRUZ CIPPICIANI THERU-K-KOOTHU: UM OLHAR SOBRE AS CULTURAS TEATRAIS POPULARES DO SUL DA ÍNDIA THERU-K-KOOTHU: A LOOK AT THE FOLK THEATRE CULTURES OF SOUTH INDIA CAMPINAS 2020 2 IRANI DA CRUZ CIPPICIANI THERU-K-KOOTHU: UM OLHAR SOBRE AS CULTURAS TEATRAIS POPULARES DO SUL DA ÍNDIA THERU-K-KOOTHU: A LOOK AT THE FOLK THEATRE CULTURES OF SOUTH INDIA Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutora em Artes da Cena, na área de Teatro, Dança e Performance. Thesis presented to the Institute of Arts of the University of Campinas in partial fulfillment of the requeriments for the degree of Doctor in Scene Artes: Theatre, Dance and Performance. ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Cassiano Sydow Quilici Este trabalho corresponde à versão final da tese defendida pela aluna Irani da Cruz Cippiciani, e orientada pelo Prof. Dr. Cassiano Sydow Quilici. CAMPINAS 2020 3 FAPESP e CAPES, processo nº 2016/10719-0, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. 5 COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA DA DEFESA DE DOUTORADO IRANI DA CRUZ CIPPICIANI ORIENTADOR: PROF. DR. CASSIANO SYDOW QUILICI MEMBROS: 1. PROF. DR. CASSIANO SYDOW QUILICI 2. PROF(A). DR(A). MARÍLIA VIEIRA SOARES 3. PROF(A). DR(A). MARIANA BARUCO MACHADO ANDRAUS 4. PROF(A). DR(A). JOANA PINTO WILDHAGEN 5. PROF(A). DR(A). ANA PAULA IBAÑEZ Programa de Pós-Graduação em Artes da Cena do Instituto de Artes da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. A ata de defesa com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros da comissão examinadora encontra-se no SIGA/Sistema de Fluxo de Dissertação/Tese e na Secretaria do Programa da Unidade. DATA DA DEFESA: 31.01.2020 6 DEDICATÓRIA À rica cultura tradicional da Índia, clássica e folclórica, que me ofereceu um caminho. A Draupadi Amman por me abrir os olhos para uma Índia até então ignorada. Aos muitos companheiros de jornada, de hoje e de ontem. Ouçam, ouçam todos: a concha começa a soar. O mundo está em constante mudança E é preciso aprender a mudar com ele. Canção folclórica de Tamil Nadu Versão adaptada por Na Muthuswamy Fundador do Koothu-P-Pattarai 7 AGRADECIMENTOS À FAPESP e CAPES, processo nº 2016/10719-0, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo. O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Código de Financiamento 001 Cassiano Sydow Quilici, pela orientação serena Mr. Na. Muthuswamy (in memoriam), pelo primeiro contato com o Theru-K-Koothu Edilson Castanheira Dra. Mariana Baruco Machado Andraus – Instituto de Artes, Unicamp Dr. Matteo Bonfitto – Instituto de Artes, Unicamp Dra. Marília Vieira Soares – Instituto de Artes Unicamp Dr. Eduardo Okamoto - Instituto de Artes, Unicamp Dra. Verônica Fabrini - Instituto de Artes, Unicamp Dra. Joana P. Wildhagen – UFAL Dra. Ana Paula Ibañez Dr. K. R. Rajaravivarma – Department of Performing Arts, Pondicherry University Dr. A. Chellaperumal – Department of Anthropology, Pondicherry University Dr. V. Arumugham - Department of Performing Arts, Pondicherry University Durai Elumalai e Suresh Venda – Sri Thantoniamman Therukkothu Nadaga Sabha, Akkur village Hanne M. De Bruin e P. Rajagopal – Kattaikkuttu Sangam, Pujarasantankal Village Sambandan e Palani Murugan – Purisai Duraisamy Kannapa Thambiram Parambarai Theru Koothu Manran Thanjavur-K-Koothu Group - Aarsuthippattu Village V. Parthiban – KSR College of Education Koothu-P-Pattarai – theatre company, Chennai Rustom Bharucha 8 RESUMO Esta tese é voltada ao estudo de uma forma popular de teatro de rua da Índia: o Theru-k-koothu, tendo como objeto de pesquisa o estudo da cultura teatral que o caracteriza, buscando compreender o fenômeno teatral nos aspectos cultural, social e histórico e suas imbricações na vida comunitária. A pesquisa parte da observação desta forma teatral, de origem rural e popular, tendo como eixo norteador seu evidente envolvimento com toda a cultura ritual local. Avança, então, para a compreensão e análise de sua estrutura de organização e funcionamento como a forma dramática mais importante do estado de Tamil Nadu e se encerra apontando a influência e reverberação do Theru-K-Koothu na cena teatral contemporânea, dentro do estado e no exterior. Deste modo, pretende-se oferecer um primeiro contato com esta forma de teatro folclórico da Índia, estudo inédito no Brasil e em Língua Portuguesa, abarcando aspectos antropológicos e avançando em direção aos aspectos cênicos que se sedimentam, não apenas no campo teatral, mas em todo o espectro da vida comunitária, num processo complexo, orgânico e fluído entre vida e arte. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Índia, Cultura Folclórica, Oriente, Teatro Ritual, Interculturalismo. 9 ABSTRACT This thesis is dedicated to the study of a popular form of theater of India: Theru-k-koothu, having as object of research the study of theatrical culture that characterizes it, seeking to understand the theatrical phenomenon in cultural, social and historical aspects and their impact in common life. The research is based on the observation of this theatrical form, of rural and folk origin, having as guiding axis its evident involvement with all the local ritual culture. It then advances to the understanding and analysis of its structure of organization and functioning as the most important dramatic form of the state of Tamil Nadu and ends by pointing out its influence and reverberation of Theru-K-Koothu in the contemporary theatrical scene, within the state and abroad. The research intends to offer a first contact with this form of Indian folk theater in Brazil, study unheard in Portuguese language, covering anthropological aspects and advancing toward the sedimentation of its dramatic aspects, not only in the theatrical field, but in the entire spectrum of community life in a complex, organic and fluid process between life and art. KEY WORDS: India, Folk Culture, East, Ritual Theatre, Interculturalism. 10 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURE 1 – PREPARANDO A MAQUIAGEM. INTÉRPRETE PARTHIBAN V. COMPANHIA DA THERUKOOTHU DA REGIÃO DE KONGU, TAMIL NADU. ................................................................................................. 27 FIGURE 2 - CRONOLOGIA DO TEATRO INDIANO CLÁSSICO E FOLCLÓRICO. .............................................. 35 FIGURE 3 - MAPA DA ÍNDIA. .................................................................................................................. 38 FIGURE 4 - OS DIFERENTES GÊNEROS DRAMÁTICOS. ............................................................................. 44 FIGURE 5 - O TEATRO DE BONECOS DA IDADE MÉDIA NO OCIDENTE E O MANIPULADOR DE BONECOS CHINÊS. EM AMBAS AS TRADIÇÕES, VEMOS PREVALECER A IDEIA DO ‘HOMEM TEATRO’. .................. 46 FIGURE 6 - EXEMPLO CONTEMPORÂNEO DE POORVARANGA EM MONTAGEM DE RUA DA COMPANHIA KOOTHU-P-PATTARAI. COM: GURU SOMASUNDARA ENCENANDO GANESH E PRAKASH (IN MEMORIAM) A FRENTE. ................................................................................................................................... 72 FIGURE 7 – FIGURINOS, ADEREÇOS E MAQUIAGEM DE UM ATOR KOOTHU. ............................................... 74 FIGURE 8 – EXEMPLO DE KOLAM FEITO EM FRENTE A UMA CASA NA CIDADE DE CHENNAI EM COMEMORAÇÃO AO PONGAL OU ANO NOVO NO ESTADO DE TAMIL NADU, COMEMORADO NO MÊS DE ABRIL. ............... 75 FIGURE 9 - EXEMPLO DE VASUDEVA NA CIDADE DE CHENNAI EM 2006. NA FOTO APAREÇO AO LADO DA ATRIZ RUDRA, DA COMPANHIA KOOTHU-P-PATARRAI E DO ARTISTA POPULAR QUE ENCARNA KRISHNA. ................................................................................................................................................... 86 FIGURE 10 - MAQUIAGEM. INTÉRPRETE PARTHIBAN V. COMPANHIA DA THERUKOOTHU DA REGIÃO DE KONGU, TAMIL NADU. .................................................................................................................. 92 FIGURE 11 - VISTA DE TEMPLO NA ÁREA RURAL DE PONDICHERRY, TAMIL NADU, ÍNDIA. .......................... 95 FIGURE 12 - SRI THANTONIAMMAN DO TEMPLO DE MESMO NOME, AKKUR VILLAGE. ................................. 96 FIGURE 13 – EXEMPLO DE AMMAN OU DEUSA MÃE EM UM TEMPLO NA ÁREA RURAL DE PONDICHERRY/TAMIL NADU. ........................................................................................................ 97 FIGURE 14 - KOOTHU TITLR: ARJUNA TAPASU NO PADAVATTAMMAM KOIL KUMBABISHEGAM (CERIMÔNIA DA RENOVAÇÃO). ............................................................................................................................ 119 FIGURE 15 – MATÉRIA DE JORNAL DE 2008, SOBRE FESTIVAL REALIZADO NA VILA DE AKKUR. ................ 120 FIGURE 16 - APRESENTAÇÃO DO EPISÓDIO DO MAHABHARATA 'A MORTE DE KICHAKA' OU ‘KICHAKA VADHA’, COM A COMPANHIA SRI THANTONIAMMAN THERUKKOOTHU NADAGA SABHA, DA VILA DE AKKUR, COM DIREÇÃO DE D. 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